Lake - kekahi mea o ka hydrac, he kino maoli ia i loko o ka wai wai, hoʻopiha ʻia i loko o ka loko wai (moe moe) me ka wai a ʻaʻole i pili pololei me ke kai (kai). ʻO ka pano kahi kumuhana o ke aʻo ʻana o ka ʻepekema limnology. I ka huakaʻi, aia ma kahi o 5 miliona mau loko o ka honua.

Mai ka nānā aku o ka honua honua, he loko nō ke kulu i ka manawa a me ka lewa, ua hoʻopiha ʻia i nā mea i loko o ka wai wai, ʻo nā wahi o ka noho ʻana ma waena o ke kai a me ka loko.

Mai ka nānā ʻana aku o ka hiʻona ʻāina ka hiʻona kūlohelohe o ka ʻāina, kahi a ka wai e hōʻuluʻulu ai a hōʻiliʻili ai. ʻAʻole ʻāpana ʻo nā lehelehe i nā moana.

ʻOiai ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻopihapiha ʻana o nā loko i ka manawa lōʻihi, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka muliwai, ua hoʻomākoakoa pinepine ʻia ka waihona hoʻopono i nā loina, a ʻo nā wai i loaʻa i loko o ia kumu ʻaʻole ia o ka mea nui e hoʻoholo nei i kona ʻano. Hoʻokomo nā lakes i ka kahe o ka muliwai, ke waiho nei i nā wai nāhe i ko lākou hollows a hāʻawi iā lākou i nā manawa ʻē aʻe. Nā hanana kūlohelohe i nā wai o nā loko. Hōʻalo kekahi mau mea mai ka wai i lalo i nā ʻōpū, aʻo nā mea'ē aʻe - ʻo ia hoʻi. I kahi nui o nā loko, ʻoi loa me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻole, ka nui o ka ʻike o ka paʻakai ma muli o ka hoʻopu ʻana o ka wai. ʻO ka hopena ke hoʻololi nui i ka paʻakai a me ka ʻano paʻakai o nā loko. Ma muli o ka inertia koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi o ka wai wai, nā loko nui i hoʻomalū i ke aniani a me nā mahana o nā wahi e puni ana, e hōʻemi ana i ka makahiki a me ka wā o nā ʻano o ka mea meteorological.

ʻO ke ʻano, ka nui a me nā kiʻekiʻe ma lalo o nā ʻōpū moana e like me ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā ʻāpana lalo. Hoʻouku ka uhi ʻana i nā loko i kūkulu i nā ʻano ʻāina hou, ʻeleʻele a i ʻole convex. Kūʻai pinepine nā Lakes, a me nā mea hoʻihoʻi hou, a hoʻihoʻi ka ʻenehana i ka wai i mea e hoʻopiʻi ai i nā wahi o nā wahi kokoke. Ma muli o ka hoʻomau mau ʻana o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā mea maʻamau a me nā minela i loko o nā loko, e kau ʻia ana ke kāʻei mānoanoa o nā ʻōpū lalo. Hoʻololi kēia mau waihona kālā me ka hoʻomohala aʻe o nā waihona waiwai a me ko lākou hoʻololi i ka pahū a i ʻole ka ʻāina. Ma lalo o nā kūlana holoʻokoʻa, ua hoʻohuli ʻia e lākou i nā pōhaku o keʻano kumu.

ʻO nā ʻalani Tectonic: nā hiʻohiʻona, nā hiʻohiʻona

ʻO nā loko Tectonic he mau kino wai i hana ʻia i loko o nā ʻāpana o nā hewa a me nā haʻalulu o ka ʻōpala o ka honua.

Kuhi 1. ʻO nā ona Tectonic. Aʻoaʻo24 - ke hoʻololi pūnaewele no ka hana o nā haumāna

Kele, loaʻa kēia mau mea i ka hohonu a hohonu hoʻi, a ʻokoʻa nō hoʻi me nā kuʻuna pololei. Aia kēlā mau loko i ka hohonu ma nā kahawai. ʻO nā kahe ʻona o Rusia (e hoʻohālike: Dalnee a me Kurilskoe ma Kamchatka) i hōʻike ʻia e kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. No laila, ka kahe ʻana o nā Kurilskoye e kahe ana ma ka ʻaoʻao kūkulu hema o Kamchatka, i loko o kahi ʻōpū hohonu hohonu. Ua puni ʻia kēia wahi e nā mauna. ʻO ka hohonu o ka loko ka mea e pili ana iā 360 m, a he nui kekahi o nā kahawai mauna e kahe mau ana mai ka wai piʻo. Mai kēia kahe wai e kahe ana i ka muliwai Ozernaya, ma nā kahe o nā wai puna maikaʻi a hiki i ka alo. Ma ka waenakonu o ke kaʻauwai aia he mokupuni i ke ʻano o kahi kūlana liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, kaulana i kapa ʻia ka "heart-stone". ʻAʻole i kahi mamao aku i ka loko ke loaʻa nā kūlike pumice kū i kapa ʻia ʻo Kutkhiny Bata. I kēia lā, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Lake Lake Kurilskoye he wahi mālama ia a hoʻolaha i kahi ʻano koa zoological maoli.

E noi i ka nīnau i nā poʻe loea a loaʻa
pane i 15 mau minuke!

ʻO ka mea kupaianaha, aia nā loko tectonic i loko o nā ʻōpuna keʻokeʻo a me nā kīleʻe piha wale nō. Loaʻa kēlā mau loko like i ka ʻāina o ʻEulopa. No ka laʻana, ʻike ʻia nā loko o ka lua pele ma ka moku Eifel (ma Kelemānia), kahi kokoke i hōʻike ʻia ai ka hemahema o ka hana lua pele i ke ʻano o nā wai wela. ʻO ka lua wai piha i loko o ka wai ka mea nui o ia mau kaila wai.

ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālikelike, ʻo Crater Lake o Mazama Volcano ma Oregon i kūkulu ʻia ma kahi o 6.5 tausani mau makahiki i hala.

Aia kona laula i 10 km a hohonu aʻe o 589 m. Ua hana ʻia kahi hapa o ke kaila i nā awawa pōkole ma ke ʻano o ka pale ʻana e kahe kahe mau kahe, kahi kikio ka wai i ka manawa a me nā ʻano wai. Oia ke ano o ke Kivu reservoir, oia ke ana i hollow o ke kaohi o ko Hikina Hikina, aia ma ka palena o Zaire me Rwanda. Kahe aku nei ke kahawai ʻo Ruzizi ma luna o 7 tausani mau makahiki aku nei mai Tanganyik, e holo ana ma ke kahawai ʻo Kivu a i nā ʻāpana ʻākau, e kū pono ana i ka Nile. Akā mai kēlā manawa, "hoʻopaʻa ʻia" ke kahawai me ke kaʻe ʻana o kekahi lua pele e kū kokoke ana.

Ka pukana kiko o nā loko tectonic

ʻO nā kaila o nā tectonic o ka honua he ʻike hoʻohaʻahaʻa i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i lalo, i hōʻike ʻia ma kahi ʻano kuʻipihi wehe.

ʻO nā kaʻina loina a me nā waihona hoʻolimalima i loko o ka hoʻopihapiha ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia nui ʻia ka hoʻomaha ʻana o nā laina kīkī, akā i kekahi mau hihia kūikawā hiki ke ʻike.

Hiki i nā loko tectonic Glacial ke loaʻa i lalo kahi i uhi ʻia me nā "scars" a me nā "aloha hulu hipa", kahi e hiki ai ke nānā ʻia ma nā kahawai kaʻe a me nā mokupuni. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻaoʻao hope mai ka pōhaku paʻakikī, ʻaʻole mau a hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia. Ma muli o kēia kaʻina hana, loaʻa kahi helu liʻiliʻi o ka hōʻiliʻili o ka ua. Nā neʻe ʻekomi kūpono o Lūkia, ua pili nā geographers i nā ʻāpana: a = 2-4 a me kahi = 4-10. ʻO ka hohonu hohonu o ka wai (ma luna o 10 m) o ka huina nui e pili ana i ka 60-70%, papau (a hiki i 5 m) - 15-20%. Hōʻike ʻia kēlā mau wai i nā wai like ʻole e like me ke kuhikuhi ʻana i ka wai. ʻO ka mahana o ka wai o lalo e waiho ana i ka manawa o ka wela wela ma luna. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka hoʻomehana molika. Lele loa nā pā ʻai ma kēia mau ʻona, no ka mea hiki ke ʻike pono wale ma nā kahakai i nā pā paʻa.

Lakes of the tectonic origin

ʻO ka ʻepekema o ka limonology e hoʻopaʻa nei i nā loko. Ma ka hoʻomakaʻana, hoʻokaʻawale ka poʻe ʻepekema i kekahi mau ʻano, aia i loko o nā loko tectonic. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia lākou ma muli o ka neʻe o nā papa lithospheric a me ke ʻano o nā mea kaumaha i ka ʻōpala o ka honua. Pēlā i hoʻokumu i ka wai hohonu loa i ka honua - Baikal a me nā mea nui i loaʻa - ʻo ke kai Caspian. Ma ka ʻōnaehana Hikina Hikina Hema, ua hoʻopuka ʻia kahi hewa nui, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai kekahi mau loko:

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• Tanganyika,
• Kauhane Albert
• Nyasa
• ʻEulā,
• ʻO ka kai make (ʻo ka wai liʻiliʻi loa i ka honua).

I ko lākou ʻano, he mau wahi pōkole a me ka hohonu o ke kai nā tectonic, a me nā pāpaho kaulana. ʻO ko lākou lalo, me kahi mea rula, aia ma lalo o ke kai. He wahi hāmama maikaʻi e like me ke kaʻe o ka curved haomaʻo. Hiki i nā ʻāpana o nā ʻano ʻano ʻāina i lalo. Hoʻolako ʻia nā kahakai o ka ʻāpana tectonic me nā pōhaku paʻa, a hiki i ka pili ʻana i ke hika. I ka awelika, ʻo ka wai hohonu o nā loko o kēia ʻano he a ma 70%, a me ka wai pāpio - ʻaʻole iʻoi aʻe ma mua o 20%. ʻAʻole like ka wai o nā loko tectonic, akā i ka nui o ke anuanu.

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Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kino wai

Kū mai nā ʻōlaʻai no nā kumu like ʻole. ʻO kā lākou mea hana kūlohelohe:

Ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka honua, holoi pinepine nā kīʻaha me nā wai. Ma muli o ka hana o ka makani, hana ʻia kahi pōpilikia, ma hope o ka pulupulu i puhi aku ai i ka ʻā, a hāʻule ka ʻūhū i ka mauna me ka pōʻino o ka awāwa. Hoʻopili kēia i ka moena no ka waihona waiwai e hiki mai ana.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kumu o ka loko i:

• loko wai
• lawai wai
• mauna kai
• glacial loko
• wai poʻo
• ʻekahi ʻeke,
• nā wahi ʻino.

Pahu ʻia nā loko o Tectonic ma muli o ka hoʻopiha ʻana i nā pōpoki liʻiliʻi i ka pehu me ka wai. No laila, ʻo ke kai Caspian, ʻo ia ka nui o ka wai nui ma Rūsia a me ka honua holoʻokoʻa, i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā hoʻololi. Ma mua o ka piʻi ʻana o ka kuahiwi Caucasus, pili pololei ke Kai Caspian me ka ʻeleʻele. ʻO kekahi kumu hou e kupanaha nei i ka pālahalaha nui o ka ʻōpū o ka honua ʻo ia ka ʻĀina ʻĀpika Hikina, e neʻe ana mai ka ʻaoʻao hema o ke konela ma ka ʻākau i ka hema a Asia. Eia kahi kaulahao o nā kaila tectonic. ʻO ka poʻe kaulana loa ʻo Tanganyika, ʻo Albert Edward, ʻo Nyasa. I ka like o ka pūnaehana, ʻike nā poʻe loea i ka Pate Make - ʻoi loa ka lika tectonic haʻahaʻa ma ka honua.

ʻO nā ʻāpana moana ke kūlima a me nā alo moana, aia no nā ʻāpana ʻākau o ke kai Adriatic. ʻO kekahi o nā mea kikoʻī o nā reservoir ka nalowale ka hūnāwai o kā lākou hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me ka hiki ʻana mai. ʻO kēia ʻano kūlohelohe pololei i hilinaʻi nui i ka dinamics kūlohelohe o ka wai lepo. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona kūpono o kēia mea i manaʻo ʻia ʻo Lake Ertsov, aia ma South Ossetia. Aia ka ʻōpū o nā kuahiwi ma nā kīʻaha pōkini, a i nā ʻano he papa lehalaha ke hoʻololi ʻia ka mānoanoa o ke anuanu.

ʻAʻole loaʻa iā mākou ka pane
i kāu nīnau?

E kākau wale i kāu
pono ke kōkua

ʻO ka loko kai nui ka nui o ka honua

Aia nā wai nui tekaleka nui a me ka nui ma ke kahawai ʻo Suna:

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• Randozero
• Palle
• Salvilambi
• Lawaʻakai
• Sundozero.

I waena o nā loko o ke ʻano kectonic o Kyrgyzstan, pono kekahi e kapa ʻia Son-Kul, Chatyr-Kul a me Issyk-Kul. Aia pū kekahi mau loko i ka ʻāina o ka Pl-Ural Plain, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma muli o ka hiʻi tectonic o ka ʻāʻī o ka honua. ʻO ia ʻo Argayash lāua ʻo Kaldy, Welgi a me Tishki, Shablish a me Sugoyak. Ma Asia, aia nā wahi kai tectonic Kukunor, Khubsugul, Urmia, Biwa a me Van.

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I ʻEulopa, aia kekahi mau loko o nā wahi no ka tectonic. ʻO kēia ʻo Geneva a Weettern, Como a me Boden, Balaton a me Lago Maggiore. Ma waena o nā kahe ʻāina o ka ʻĀpika Amerika, e pono e haʻi i ka ʻōlelo ʻo ʻAmelika Nui. ʻO Winnipeg, Athabasca a me Big Bear Lake nā like like.

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Aia ka loko Tectonic ma ke awāwa a i ʻole ma ka wahi o nā ʻono o ka manamana. Uaʻike lākou i ka hohonu hohonu a me ka nui. I ke kaʻina hana o nā ʻōpū moana, ʻaʻole nā ​​kaona o ka lithosphere wale nō e lawe, akā haki hoʻi i ka ʻōpala o ka honua. Aia ma lalo o ka moana kai ka palena o nā ʻāpana tectonic. Kēia mau wahi reservoire i loaʻa ma luna o nā ʻāina a pau o ka honua, eia naʻe, ʻo kā lākou helu nui loa aia ia ma ke kihi o ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻōpala o ka honua.

Nā ʻatikala e pili ana

Hālau ma ke kahawai ʻo Hangan
"ʻO ka ʻike ʻana o ke keiki, lohe a ʻike hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka ʻike, ʻoi aku nā kumuhana o ka hana i loaʻa iā ia i loko o kona ʻike, ʻoi aku ka nui a me ka pono, nā mea like ʻole, o kāna TV.

Nā ipuhila kūleʻa o ka nui ma waena o ka moku
He waiwai koina ʻāina no ko mākou ʻāina, ua hōʻoia ʻia nā hōʻike mālama hona no 11% o ka honua, a ʻo nā kumuwaiwai ʻoihana ʻenehana (3.9 miliona mau pū) he nui loa ia ma ka honua, e piʻi ana no ka 30% o ka honua. Loaʻa nā mālama mālama kaulike ma mua o 300 miliona mau o nā lāhina. . ^ E Ha yM.

Hiʻohiʻona maʻamau

I ka ʻōlelo o ka honua honua, he loko nō ke ʻano he nui a me ka manawa, piha me nā mea wai. Ma ka ʻano honua, kahi i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he pohihihi paʻa o ka ʻāina, kahi e hōʻiliʻili ai ka wai a ma hea. Ke hoʻomau nei nā ʻano kikoʻī kemika o nā loko no kahi manawa lōʻihi. Ua hoʻōla hou ka ʻano mea hoʻomehana me kahi mea liʻiliʻi ma ka muliwai. Eia nō kekahi, ʻaʻole e hana nā kumu keu i loko ona me ke kumu nui o ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke aupuni. Hāʻawi nā lakes i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka kahe wai. ʻO ka hopena kūlohelohe e kū i loko o nā wai. I ka wā o nā launa pū kekahi, e noho ana kekahi mau mea i loko o ka hoʻomehana lalo, nā mea ʻē aʻe e hele i loko o ka wai. I kekahi mau kino wai, ka mea maʻamau ʻole me ka wai ʻole, māhuahua ka ʻike o ka paʻakai ma muli o ka hoʻopu ʻana. Ma muli o kēia kaʻina hana, kahi hoʻololi nui i ka paʻakai a me ka minima o nā loko i loaʻa. Ma muli o ka inertia thermal nui, hoʻoluʻu ʻia nā mea nui i nā kūlana kime o nā ʻona pili, e hoʻoneʻe ana i ka fluctuation makahiki a me nā makahiki.

Nā hoʻohauleʻa Bottom

I loko o kā lākou hōʻemi ʻana, loaʻa nā loli nui i ka hoʻomaha a me ka nui o nā waihona loko wai. Me ka piha o ka wai nui o nā wai, kūkulu ʻia nā puka hou - papala a convex. Hoʻokomo pinepine nā alaka i nā pale i ka wai. ʻO kēia, ke kumu no ka hana ʻana i ka wai I loko o nā loko kahi e hoʻomau nei ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā minerala a me nā mea moʻomeheu. ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā kāwili sedimentary paʻakikī. E hoʻololi ana i ka wā o ke kūkulu hou ʻana i nā kino wai a me ko lākou loli i ka ʻāina a i ʻole nā ​​kau. Ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau, e hoʻohuli ʻia nā ʻōpū o lalo i nā minuke mauna o nā mea kūlohelohe.

Kahi helu

E ko lākou kumu, ua mahele ʻia nā kino wai:

1. ʻĀpono ʻono. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia lākou ma muli o ka hoʻopiha ʻana o nā pōpoki i ka ʻāwī me ka wai. No laila, ʻo ke kai Caspian, kahi nui loa i loko o Rūsia a me ka honua holoʻokoʻa, i hana ʻia e ka neʻe ʻana. Ma mua o ka piʻi ʻana o ka kuahiwi Caucasus, pili nā kai Caspian me ka ʻeleʻele. ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona o ka hewa nui me ka hewa nui ʻo ka ʻĀpana East Rift Structure. Pono ia mai ka aina hema a ka aina ma ka akau a i ka hema o Asia. Aia ma waena he kaula paʻa o nā loko tectonic. ʻO Lake ka mea kaulana loa. Albert, Tanganyika, Edward, Nyasa (Malawi). No ka ʻĀina make ke ʻano nā ʻōnaehana like. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka wai o ke kaʻo tectonic haʻahaʻa ma ka honua.
2. Na wai loko.
3. Seʻa moana loko (estuaries, lagoons). ʻO ka mea kaulana loa ʻo ka lihi o Venetian. Aia ia ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ke Kai Adriatic.
4. Nā loko ʻino. ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona o kekahi o kēia mau kaʻi kālā a me ko lākou mau manawa maʻamau a nalo. Kālele kēia ʻano hanana i ka dinamika kikoʻī o ka wai lepo. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o ka loko karst he Lake. ʻO Ertsov, aia ma Hema. ʻAsetalia.
5. Nā ʻoloka mauna. Hoʻopili lākou i nā hāmeʻa spinal.
6. Nā ʻāpana hanohano. Ke hoʻohālikelike lākou i ka wā e neʻe ai ka mānoanoa o ka hau.
7. Lake Lake. Kūkulu ʻia kēlā mau ʻeneki i ka wā e hiolo ai ke kuahiwi. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o kēlā loko ka loko he Lake. Ritsa, aia ma Abkhazia.

Kolepa mākona

Aia kēlā mau loko i loko o nā kalani a me nā lua ʻōpala. ʻIke ʻia kēlā mau loko ma ʻEulopa. Nā hoʻohālikelike, aia nā moanawai pele i ka ʻāina Eifel (ma Kelemānia). Ma kahi kokoke iā lākou, ʻike ʻia ka hana nāwaliwali o ka hana pele. ʻO ka ʻano maʻamau ka nui o ia mau loko ka mea aie a piha i ka wai. Oz. ʻO ka lua pele o ka lua pele o Mazama ma Oregon ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo ia ma mua o 6.5 tausani mau makahiki i hala. O kona laula he 10 km kona hohonu a 589 m.ʻia kekahi mau loko i ka wā i kālai ʻia ana ke kahe o nā pele ma nā awāwa. Hoʻololi, e hōʻiliʻili ka wai i loko o lākou a me kahi ʻano hoʻopukapuka. No laila, laʻa, ʻike moana. ʻO Kivu ka hollow o ka Hikina Hikina Hikina Hikina, aia ma ka palena o Rwanda a me Zaire. Ke puka nei i waho o ka loko. Kahawai ʻo Tanganyika Ua kahe aku ʻo Ruzizi ma ke kahawai ʻo Kivu ma ke kūkulu ʻākau, i ka Nile. Akā mai ka manawa mai ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke kahawai ma hope o ka neʻe ʻana o kahi lua pele, ua hoʻopiha nei i ka pahu.

ʻO nā ʻano ʻē aʻe

Hiki i nā loina ke kau i nā puʻu limestone. Hoʻopake ka wai i kēia pōhaku, kahi kahe nui. Hiki i kēlā mau loko ke ulu i nā wahi paʻakai ma lalo o ka paʻakai. Hiki ke ulu mai nā alani. Ua makemake ʻia lākou, e like me ke kānāwai, no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai no nā ʻano like ʻole. Hoʻohui pinepine ʻia ka hana ʻana o nā loko kūlohelohe i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka honua. Eia nō naʻe, i kekahi mau hihia, ʻo ko lākou helehelena ka hopena ʻaoʻao o lākou.No laila, no ka laʻana, ua kūkulu ʻia nā reservoir hoʻouluulu i loko o nā kiʻi i hoʻomohala ʻia. Ma waena o nā loko nui he mea nui e nānā i ka loko. Nasser, aia ma ka palena o Sudan a me ʻAigupita. Kuhi ʻia e ka hana ʻana i ka awāwa wai. Naila. ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona nui o ka loko loko o ka loko nui o ka loko. Mahu. Ua ʻike ʻia ma hope o ke kau ʻana o ka ʻehā ma ka muliwai. Kolona. E like me ke kānāwai, e lawelawe ana nā kahe i nā wahi iʻike ʻia a me nā wahi e pili ana i nā wahi kai.

ʻO ka loko nui e ka ʻekahi papalaha nui

ʻO kekahi kumu nui i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā wai wai o ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻōpala o ka honua. Ma muli o kēia neʻe ʻana, holo mau nā glaciers i kekahi mau hihia. Ma mua nā kaukau ma nā pāpū a ma nā kuahiwi. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokua ma nā ʻāpana a me waena o nā puʻu i nā kaumaha. ʻO nā loko Glacial-tectonic (mau hiʻohiʻona: Ladoga, Onega) he mea maʻamau loa ma ka ʻĀkau Hema. Ua waiho iki ʻo Avalanches i nā hopohopo hohonu ma hope iho o lākou iho. Hoʻohui ka wai i loko o lākou. Hoʻopaʻa ka huki (moraine) i nā mea kaumaha. No laila, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā mea kanu i loko o ka Pae o Lake. Aia ma ka wāwae o Bolshoi Arber aia ke kai. ʻĀnapana. Ua kū kēia kino wai ma hope o ka wā o ka hau.

ʻO nā ʻona Tectonic: hōʻike, hoʻohālike

Kūkulu ʻia kēlā mau ʻeneki ma nā wahi he nui nā palia a me nā hemahema. ʻO ka maʻamau, hohonu ka palena o nā kahe tectonic o ka honua. ʻOkoʻa ka ʻokoʻa i nā kahawai laina pololei. ʻIke ʻia kēia mau wai wai i loko o nā puʻu hohonu. ʻO nā kahe ʻona o Rusia (e hoʻohālike: Kurilskoye a me Dalnee ma Kamchatka) i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka wahi haʻahaʻa (ma lalo o ke ʻano moana. No laila, loko o Loaʻa ʻo Kurilskoye ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Kamchatka, i kahi pue hohonu nani. Kokoke ʻia ia wahi i nā mauna. ʻO ka hohonu ka mea nui o ka waihona kālā he 360 ​​m. He mau māka nalo, mai nā kahe nui o nā kahe. Mai ke kahe kai e p. Lake. Hiki mai nā wai wela i ka ʻāina ma ke kahakai. Ma ka waena o ka loko aia kahi liʻiliʻi kiʻekiʻe - he mokupuni. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka "pālua-naʻau." ʻAʻole i kahi mamao aku i ka loko ke loaʻa nā kūlike pumice kūʻokoʻa. Kāhea ʻia lākou ʻo Kutkhins baht. ʻO kēia Lake ʻO Kurilskoye kahi mālama mālama kūlohelohe a hoʻolaha i kahi ʻano kūlohelohe zoological.

Kālā

Aia, ma waho o Kamchatka, ua ʻike ʻia nā loko tectonic? ʻO ka papa inoa o nā mea waiwai kaulana i loko o ka ʻāina e loaʻa nā mea like ʻole:

Aia kēia mau wai wai i ka ʻauʻau o ka muliwai Suna. Ma ka nahele-steppe Trans-Urals, hele pū nā kai tectonic. Nā hiʻohiʻona o nā kino wai:

ʻAʻole hohonu ka hohonu o nā wai wai ma ka pāpū Trans-Ural ma kahi o 8-10 m Ma o ko lākou kumu, ua kapa ʻia lākou i ka loko o kahi ʻano erosion-tectonic. Hoʻololi ʻia ko lākou kaumaha i kēlā me kēia, i lalo o ka mana o nā hana erosi. Nui nā kino wai i loko o nā Trans-Urals e hoʻopili ʻia i nā ʻāpana wai kahiko. ʻO kēia mau, ma nā ʻano mokulele tectonic e like me Kamyshnoye, Alakul, Peschanoe, Etkul a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

He loko ʻauʻau

Ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o East Siberia aia kahi wai. He pakanikani ʻo Baikal. ʻO kona lōʻihi ma mua o 630 km., A ʻo 2100 ka lōʻihi o ke kahakai. ʻO ka laulā o ka waihona kālā e kūlike mai 25 a 79 km. ʻO ka ʻāpana ākea o ka loko he 31.5 mau mika square. km Ua noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia loko wai i ka hohonu loa o ka honua. Aia ka nui o ka nui o ka wai o ka wai ma ka Honua (23 tausani m 3). ʻO kēia kahi 1/10 o ka waihona honua. ʻO ka holo hou ʻana o ka wai ma ke kōkana e loaʻa ana ma luna o 332 mau makahiki. ʻO kona wā nui ma kahi o 15-20 miliona lita. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Baikal kekahi o nā kaikuana kahiko.

Terrain

Aia ʻo Baikal ma kahi minamina nui. Ua puni ʻia e nā kuahiwi i uhi ʻia me nā taiga. Hōʻike ʻia ka wahi ma kahi o ke kō. ʻAʻole i kahi mamao aku i ka loko ona, kahi kaulana e hoʻonui ʻia ana. E holo kuʻi ana nā ʻōiwi ma kēlā me kēia i ke ala mai ke komohana a hiki i ka hema. Ua hoʻokaʻawale lākou e nā kaumaha hollow. Holo nā awāwa wai ma lalo o kā lākou ʻaoʻao, a kūkulu ʻia nā kaona liʻiliʻi tectonic i kekahi mau wahi. Koho ʻia ka hemahema o ka honua i loko o kēia lā i kēia lā. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia kēia e nā ʻōlaʻi pinepine ma kahi kokoke i ke kīʻaha, ka ulu ʻana o nā wai wela ma ka papakū, me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā wahi nui o ke kapakai. ʻAeʻulaʻula-wai ka wai i loko o ka loko. Kuhi ʻia ia e ka hoʻowalewale kūwaho a me ka maʻemaʻe. Ma kekahi mau wahi, hiki ke ʻike maopopo i nā pōhaku e waiho ana ma ka hohonu o 10-15 m, ua keu me ka algae. Hōʻike ʻia ka disc keʻokeʻo i loko o ka wai a hiki i kahi hohonu o 40 m.

Nā hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa

ʻO ke ʻano o ka loko he mahina lahilahi. Kūlia ke kōlea ma waena o 55 ° 47 'a me 51 ° 28' lulu. latitude and 103 ° 43 'and 109 ° 58' hikina. loa. ʻO ka laulā ākea ma ke kikowaena he 81 km, ka liʻiliʻi (ma ke alo o ka Delenga River delta) he 27 km. Aia ka loko i loko o ke kai nui ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 455 m .. 336 nā kahe a me nā kahawai kahe i loko o ke kino wai. ʻO ka hapalua o ka wai e komo ana mai loko mai o ka muliwai. Selenga. Hoʻokahi wai kahe mai ka wai - ke Angara. Akā, pono e ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka kaiāulu ʻepekema ke kū nei nā kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka nui o nā kahe e kahe ana i ka wai o ka wai. Manaʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻepekema aia he hapa iki ma mua o 336.

ʻO ka mea wai e hoʻopiha ai i ka loko i manaʻo ʻia he mea kūʻokoʻa i ka kūlohelohe. E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei, he kahaha ka wai a maʻemaʻe, waiwai nā oxygen. I ka wā ma mua, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ke ola nei. Ua mālama ʻia nā ʻano maʻi like ʻole me ka wai Baikal. I ka puna wai, ua ʻoi aku kona ʻike. I nā ʻōlelo e hōʻike ai, ke kokoke mai nei i ka maʻamau - ka moana o Sargasso. I loko o ia mea, ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻike ka wai ma ka hapa o 65 m. I ka manawa o ka wā o ka pua o ka algae, ua emi ke kuhikuhi o ka loko. Eia nō naʻe, i kēia manawa ma ka mālie mai ka moku e hiki ke ʻike i ka hohonu ma kahi hohonu. Maʻalahi loa ke kahe ʻia e ka hana a nā mea ola. Mahalo iā lākou, nāwaliwali ka moana. He like ka wai me ka hoʻolālā e hoʻoneʻe ʻia. ʻO ka mea nui o ka Lake He paʻakikī paʻakikī ʻo Baikal. Ma kēia hana, hāʻawi ka moku'āina i ka pale o nā kaiāulu kūikawā ma kēia wahi.

Nā Pūʻulu Lakes

Ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻa lōʻihi ʻana i nā loko, ua ʻike nā ʻepekema i kekahi o nā ʻano i loaʻa i kēia ʻano wai.

1. ʻO ka wahi o ka aniani wai.
2. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kahakai.
3. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kai. No ke ana ʻana i, e lawe ʻia nā kihi mamao loa o ke kahakai. I ka wā o ke ana ʻana, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka laulā ākea - ʻo ia ka māhele o ka māhele i ka lōʻihi.
4. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ke kīʻaha e hoʻopiha ʻia me ka wai.
5. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka hohonu hohonu o ka waihona kālā, a ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka hohonu hohonu hoʻi.

ʻO ka loko nui loa o ka honua ʻo ka Caspian, a ʻo ka hohonu hohonu hoʻi o ka Lake Baikal.

Max. wahi papa, tausani km 2

Aia kēlā aupuni

ʻO ke kumu o nā loko

Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāpana a pau i ka ʻāina ma lalo o ka ʻāina. Hiki i nā ʻāinana ponoʻī ke lilo i hope a me ka kumu exogenous. E hoʻoholo kēia mea i ka ʻano a me ka nui o ka reservoir. Aia nā kuʻi nui, aia nā wahi kihi tectonic. Hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou ma nā puʻu tectonic, e like me Ilmen, i nā hopu (Baikal) a i nā ʻāpana puʻu a me nā kuahiwi mauna.

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā waihona nui i loaʻa i kahi kumu tectonic paʻakikī. I loko o kā lākou kūkulu ʻana e pili ana i nā hana kuʻuna, hoʻopili ʻia. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā ʻāpana āpau tectonic e ka nui nui a me ka hohonu hohonu, ka ʻike ʻana i nā pali pōhaku. Aia ka lalo o nā wai nui o ka wai ma ke kai o ke kai, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā aniani.

Aia kekahi ʻano hoʻohālike i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā loko tectonic: ua ʻike ʻia lākou ma nā ʻanuʻu o ka honua a i nā ʻona wīwī paha, akā hiki ke hoʻōla i nā pale. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ia mau loko ka inoa ʻo Ladoga a me Onega, aia ma ka Baltic Shield.

Nā ʻano o Lakes

Aia ka papa ʻaina ʻana o ka loko e ke kahe o ka wai.

1. Palapala ʻole. E kahe aku nā kahawai i loko o kēia mau ʻano wai wai, ʻaʻole naʻe kekahi i kahe. Aia ka hapa nui o lākou ma nā wahi me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ʻaʻole i: i ka wao, semi-wao. ʻO ka Caspian Sea-Lake e kapa ʻia i kēia ʻano.
2. Hoopaa ana. E kahe ana nā kahawai i loko o kēia mau loko, a mai laila mai lākou. Kahi ʻike mau ʻano ʻo ia mau ʻano ma ka wahi o ka ʻōpū nui. Nui nā ʻano kahawai e kahe ana i kēlā mau wai, akā maʻamau ka mea e kahe kahe o kēlā. ʻO kahi kumu hoʻohālikelike o ka loko o tectonic o ka ʻano mea hana o Baikal, Teletskoye.
3. Laha wale nō nā ʻono. He nui nā muliwai e kahe ana i kēia mau loko a kahe. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona ʻo Lake Ladoga a me Onega.

I kekahi kino o ka wai, loaʻa ka meaʻai ma muli o ka pohā, nā kahawai, nā kumuwaiwai o lalo. ʻO ka hapa, hoʻokaʻawale ka wai mai ka ʻaoʻao o nā wai o ka wai, kahe a kahe a hele i lalo paha. Ma muli o kēia hiʻohiʻona, ʻokoʻa ka nui o ka wai i loko o ka wai. No ka laʻana, ʻo Chad i ka manawa o ke anuanu e uhi ai i kahi āpana he ʻumikumamālua tausani mau kilomita square, akā i ka manawa ua, e noho ana ka loko i kahi wahi i ʻelua hapa o ka nui - ma kahi o 24 tausani mau kilomita mau kilomita.

Baikal

ʻO ka wai hohonu loa a puni ka honua me ka wai hou. Aia ʻo Baikal i Siberia. ʻOi aku ka nui o kēia pākeke ma mua o 31 tausani mau kilomita square, ka hohonu o 1500 mika. Inā ʻoe e nānā i ka Lake Baikal ma ka ʻōlelo o ka nui o ka wai, a laila e lawe wale ia i ka lua o ka lua ma hope o ka Caspian Sea-Lake. Hōʻele mau ka wai ma Baikal: i ke kauwela - ma kahi o ʻewalu mau hapa, a i ka hoʻoilo - ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o ʻekolu. ʻO iwakāluakūmālua nā mokupuni: ʻo Olkhon ka nui. 330 kahawai na kahe o Baikal, aka hookahi wale no kahe - na ka Angara.

He hopena ʻo Baikal ma ke kaʻe o Siberia: palalulu ʻo ia i ka hoʻoilo a hoʻoilo i ke kauwela. ʻO ka hola wela ma Ianuali ma kahi o -17 ° C, a me ke kauwela +16 ° C. I ka hema a i ke ʻākau, e hāʻule ana ka nui o ka ua i ka manawa - mai ka 200 a 900 mm. Mai Ianuali a hiki i Mei, ua uhi ʻia ʻo Baikal me ka hau leʻaleʻa. ʻO kēia no ka wai maʻemaʻe a me nā wai maʻalahi - hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā mea a pau e hana ana i loko o ka wai i kahi hohonu a hiki i ke kanahā mau mika.

ʻO nā ʻano wai ʻē aʻe

Aia nā loko nāpae lacrectial i hua ʻia mai ka hoʻoili ʻana e nā glaciers o nā pohō tekalike o ka honua. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ia mau loko ka ʻai ʻo Onega, Ladoga. Ma Kamchatka a me nā ʻāpana o Kuril ka mau loko pele. Aia nā ʻauʻau wai i ʻike ʻia ma muli o ka glaciation kontinental.

Ma nā kuahiwi, ua ulu kekahi mau loko no ka blockages, no ka laʻana, ʻO Ritsa Lake i loko o Caucasus. Hele nā ​​loko liʻiliʻi ma luna o nā kalst dips. Aia nā loko i hoʻoponopono ʻia i loko o nā pali pākaha. Ke ʻōhulu nā ʻano o nā limu permafrost.

ʻO nā ʻōlaʻi o nā kumu he glacial-tectonic i loaʻa i nā mauna wale nō, akā, i nā pāpū hoʻi. Hoʻopiha ka wai i nā kīʻaha i kanu ʻia e nā glacier. I ka neʻe ʻana o ka glacier mai ke komohana ʻākau a hiki i ke kūkulu hema ma waena o nā ulana, ka mea i manaʻo ʻia e ka māka. Ua hoʻopiha ʻia me ka wai: nui nā kino wai i hoʻokumu ʻia.

Lake a Ladoga

ʻO kekahi o nā loko nui e ka nui gacial-tectonic ʻo Ladoga. Aia ia ma ka lihi o Leningrad a ma Karelia.

ʻO kahi ʻāpana o ka loko he ʻumikūmālua ʻumikūmākahi mau kilomita square: ʻo ka laulā o ke kaʻe wai he ʻewalu 140 mau mile, a ʻo 219 ka lōʻihi. He hawele ka hohonu a puni o ke apana: ma ka aoao akau ma waena o ka ewalu a i elua haneri mika, a i ka hema - a i ke kanahiku mau mika. 35 ʻAi ʻia ka muliwai o Ladoga, a hoʻomaka wale hoʻokahi - ʻo ka Neva.

Nui nā mokupuni ma ka wai kai, kahi nui o Kilpola, Valaam, Mantinsari.

Hoʻolāleʻa ʻo Lake Ladoga i ka hoʻoilo, a wehe iā ʻApelila Hōʻuluʻulu ka pā wai i ka lewa: ma ka ʻāpana ʻākau he ʻumikūmāhā ʻokoʻa, a ma ka ʻaoʻao hema paha he iwakālua kūmaha.

ʻO ka wai i loko o ke kaʻe he ʻano hydrocarbonate me ka mineralization palupalu. Maemae, hele ke ākea ʻehiku mau mika. I loko o ka makahiki he mau ʻino (ka hapa nui o lākou i ka hāʻule), mālie (pinepine i ke kauwela).

ʻO Onega a me nā loko ʻē aʻe

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mokupuni ma ka mokupuni ʻo Onega: aia ma mua o hoʻokahi tausani. ʻO Klimetsky ka nui loa o lākou. ʻOi aku ma mua o ka kanalima mau kahe e kahe ana i loko o kēia kōwaiwai, a nona nā Svir wale nō.

Nui nā loko tectonic ma Rūsia, ma waena o kahi ʻāpana kime, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Ilmen, Saimaa, Lake Onega.

Aia nā loko o nā ʻano like ma Krasnaya Polyana, no ka hoʻohālike ʻo Khmelevskie. Hāʻawi ʻia kā lākou hoʻokumu ma o ka ʻili i kū mai ma ke ʻano o ka luku ʻana o ka ʻōpala o ka honua. ʻO nā leki i hoʻoiho ʻia mai kēia alakaʻi i ke ʻano o ka hollows i piha ka wai. A ʻo kahi kumu, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā kaʻe ʻo Khmelevsky i kēia wahi, ua lilo ia i māka nui aupuni. ʻEhā mau loko nui a he nui nā kukuna pāpaho, nā pahū.

ʻO nā loko nui ma Rūsia e waiwai koʻikoʻi. He puna nui kēia o ka wai wai. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka wai o nā loko he nui. Aia nā hale hoʻolauleʻa ma nā panila, ua mākaukau nā wahi lawaiʻa. Ma nā loko nui loa, e like me Ladoga, ka lawaiʻa e hana ʻia nei.