ʻO ka inoa poemula o nā ʻano - nightingale, ʻaʻole naʻe he pili i ka mele o kēia manu a pili pū me kona kala, hoʻomanaʻo no ka ʻano o ka pō. ʻOi aku ka pololei, kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo ka ʻohe a me ka ʻoi aku paha i ʻohe. Ma ka pālahalaha āpau, ka hīmeni nightingale he manu migratory. Ma ka hapa nui o nā wahi noho i hiki mai i ka hapa o ka lā o ʻApelila. Hele hōʻea - i ka wā mua o Mei.
Mai nā lā mua mai o ka hōʻea ʻana, ʻike ʻia nā kāne ma nā nests he nui ma mua o ka wahine e noho ana i nā wahi hana pūnana a hoʻomaka i ka hīmeni ʻana. Loaʻa ka pōkole ʻo Nightingale i ke koho ʻana i nā wahi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ai ma kahi o ka mokupuni o ka muliwai. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui o kona mau wahi hānai, ʻo ia ka marshy, hiki ʻole i ka papakū, ke pā nui ʻia me nā wailele, ʻohe a me nā mea kanu momona o ke kai a me nā mokupuni o nā wahi wai. ʻAʻole ʻike ka manu i ka palapu a me nā haʻalulu, koho ʻo ia i nā puddles i nui me ka pulupulu a me nā mea kanu lāʻau. Holo ka lua i ka holōʻau pōkole me nā māla nui e ʻūhū i nā ʻōpala, a me nā kahe o nā kahawai, nā loko a me nā loko. Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i kēia manu ma luna o nā puʻu swamping, i waena o nā wahi nahele i nā ʻōpala a me ke ʻano o nā kuʻina i piʻi nui ʻia me nā ʻoka.
He mea hūlū a me ka moʻo ia manu like nightingale. ʻOiai ka hapanui o kēia cricket i ka huki ʻana i nā pūʻulu (wahi) ma kahi liʻiliʻi (40-70 m) kahi mamao mai kēlā me kēia, ka hoʻomalu mau ke kāne i ko lākou mau pūnaewele a hoʻomaka pinepine i nā hakakā. I kēia mau minuke, ua emi ko lākou mālama. No laila, e ʻike i kahi hakakā kirikola ma mua o ka ʻike ʻana i kahi manu kū mālie. I nā hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho, hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia kahi hoʻolālā hierarchical. Ma mua o ka hiki ʻana mai o nā wahine, hīmeni nā crickets nightingale ma nā piko o nā ʻehā a i ʻole nā pua, e like me nā mea he nui a me ka lawena. ʻO ke mele o ka pōʻai ʻo nightingale, ʻoiai ke mau nei ia nā hiʻohiʻona like o ke ʻano o nā hīmeni ʻEulopa ʻē aʻe, akā ʻo ka hiʻohiʻona ma mua o ka muliwai a me nā kupapaʻu maʻamau. Inā mele monolithic a monotonous ke mele o nā hīmeni ʻelua, a laila ka pō i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke mele, me he mea lā, kāhea i nā kani pākahi ponoʻī, a laila hoʻoili ʻia lākou i loko o kahi hīleni maoli. Hoʻomaka ka hīmeni i nā kani kani leo haʻahaʻa, vaguely hoʻomanaʻo i ka manaʻo nui o kēia ʻano, hele hou aku nei mau kani i mea pinepine aʻe, e lilo ana i ʻano "zirrrr". ʻO kēia ʻano o ke kūkulu ʻana i ke mele, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻokō i kona kumu mai nā hāmeʻa ʻana i ʻōlelo iki ʻia ai, akā no ka pili pū ʻana i kēia kumu me ke ʻano ʻōnaehana manu. I waenakonu o ka wā moena e hānai ana i ka holo ʻana o ka holomua ma ka lā, i ke ao a me ka pō. Ke kani nei i ka manawa holoʻokoʻa a hiki i ka hānai ʻana i nā moa. Mai nā lā mua o Iulai, ma hope koke o ka haʻalele ʻana o ka lehulehu i nā moa, hiki ke lohe ʻia ke mele wale i ke kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi. Ma hope o ke mele ʻana i ka wā, i ka wā incubation a hānai ʻana i nā moa, hīmeni kēia hīkeke, e peʻe ana i ka hohonu o nā mānoanoa, a he paʻakikī ke ʻike.
He mea kupaianaha nō nā subspecies o Āsia, ma kahi o nā nohona i hōʻike mua ʻia, kani pinepine ʻia i ka ʻōpala ʻōpala a me ka akamai maoli e hūnā i kā lākou pūnana i ka mānoanoa o ka pono ʻohe, e like me ka pīhoihoi. Hōʻalo nā lua o nā ʻuʻuku me ka maka o ka puʻu a i uhi ʻia a nani ʻole ke komo ʻana o ka puka i ka pūnana. Nā manu o ka subspecies ʻAmelika i loko o ka ʻohe i nā pā, akā pili mau i ka wai.
Kūkulu ʻia ka pūnaka (ʻaʻole i kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 30 cm) ma luna o ka wai o ka wai a i ʻole ka ʻāina. Ma kekahi manawa ua kapili ʻia ma ka ʻāina i loko o kahi hopohopo liʻiliʻi o ka hummock a hoʻoikaika ʻia i waena o nā kumu lāʻau o ka mea kanu lāʻau. ʻO ka pūnana kekahi o nā lau maloʻo a me nā lau o ka ʻoi, ʻohe a me nā mea kanu ʻala. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia nā pā o waho i ka palau a me nā palupalu, nā pā hale i loko e paʻa ana a me nā suites o nā keʻokeʻo maloʻo. Kūpono ka nūnū i kahi hemisphere nani me ka hohonu, hoʻowalewale, i kekahi manawa ʻoiai ʻo kahi pālahalaha halihali hoʻi. ʻO ka manawa niki, ua uhi ʻia mai luna mai e ka puʻu a maloʻo a iʻa mauʻu, i ʻike ʻole ʻia ai ia.
Clutch o 4-5 mau hua keʻokeʻo me nā ʻūpoki brown i ka Mei - Iune. Hoʻokomo kahi wahine i ka hoʻopili, a hānai pū ʻo ia i nā moa. I ka wā inkubation, lawe pinepine ka kāne i ka meaʻai wahine. Holo nā pipi hānai i nā lā 12-14. E like me nā hua manuahi, nā meaʻai nightingale he nui o nā pepeke liʻiliʻi a me kā lākou huaʻulu (reed aphids, lele, nā namu, e komo ana i nā centipedes, nā pōkole liʻiliʻi a me kā lākou mau mea kanu, a me nā mea kikoʻī).
He kūlike ka ʻano o ke ʻano o ka hīmeni ʻike. ʻO ka lohe ʻana i ka leo a i ʻole ka ʻike ʻana i ka pōpilikia, lele a ka pākeke a lele koke i ka mānoanoa o nā pau. ʻAʻole i liuliu mai laila, nā leo ʻekemu "tf ... tf ... tf" - kahi hōʻailona hōʻike e pili ana i ka pōʻino, i ʻōlelo nui ʻia i ka wahine. Ke hauʻoli nei, hoʻomaka ka Cricket e hoʻohui i kahi pīkī iki i ka hōʻailona mua. Mālama koke ka ʻili, a hoʻomaka ka manu i ka hua o nā lāʻau. I nā wā hopohopo nui, ʻo ka pops nightingale pops a hoʻokuʻu i kahi wikiwiki "chk-chk-chk-chk". Me ka wahine, kamaʻilio pinepine ʻo ia me kahi hick calmer. Hoʻomaʻo pinepine i kēia koi, hoʻāla ʻia, e lilo i hōʻailona o ka pōpilikia. Ke ʻai ʻia nei kahi pōleʻa lawaiʻa e kokoke kokoke ana i ka lepo. I ka wā e hānai ai, e hoʻopau mau ʻia ka mele kāne a ke kāne. Holo holo ka pulikeke i ka ʻōpū (ʻaʻole i lele), palaki poʻʻo iho i waena o nā kumu lāʻau o ka mea kanu a i ka manawa like me ka nui o ka moa wai a i ʻole coronet. I ka pōpilikia, huna koke ʻo ia i ka kāwele i ka palalā. Ma ʻAukake - Kepakemapa, lele mau nā pōkole pōlani no ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo.
Nā hōʻailona waho o ka pōkō nightingale
He manu liʻiliʻi ka ʻili manu nightingale he 13-15 cm ka nui o nā ʻēheu he 18-121 centimeter. Kau paona - 14-18 kākā. ʻAhuʻula ʻia ka plumage. He ʻulaʻula ke kino o luna, me ke kani ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO ka ʻili a me ka umauma he brownish ma nā ʻaoʻao.
ʻO ka ʻōpū ma waenakonu he keʻokeʻo a keʻokeʻo paha me kahi paʻu brownish nāwaliwali. Kūkulu ʻia ka mea e mālama i nā hulu loloa o ka ʻulaʻulaʻula māmā. ʻO nā hulu o ka suprahanga he mau pana ʻono māmā. Pahu ʻia ka ʻōpiopio aniani mai ka lehelehe mai waho. ʻEleʻele ka hulu o ka hulu.
Aia kahi ʻaneʻu ākea ʻehāʻulaʻula ākea e holo ana ma ka maka o kahi maka. Kuhi ka huelo i ke ʻano o kahi pānaʻi. Aia ka pōʻeleʻele ma luna ma luna, he melemele keʻokeʻo ma lalo. ʻĀkala nā wahi keke me kahi kui pink. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka ʻāpana o ka plumage o nā kāne a me nā wahine. ʻO nā kamaʻilio pōleale pōleʻeleʻeleʻeleʻeleʻeleʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele mua i luna ma luna a ʻoi aku ka lalo ma mua, ma mua o nā manu makua, me nā keiki ʻuʻuku i kihi i ka ʻeha.
ʻOkoʻa nā kaʻe manu ʻana i nā polikika he nui me ka hoʻoiho ʻole ʻana o nā ʻoki i ka umauma, nā hulu lōʻihi o ka underbelly, he lei pale o ka hulu manu ma lalo iho, kahi kaila manamana nui, ka leo, a me nā hiʻohiʻona.
Ka Makahiki Kēleʻālua Nightingale
Kolo ka pōʻai ʻo Nightingale ma nā kikowaena waena a ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ʻEulopa, ma kahi ʻano maʻamau ia. Noho ia i Central a me Asia Asia.
Loaʻa ia ma ʻApelika ʻākau. E ʻike ʻo Migratory i Aferika i ka wā hoʻoilo ma ka hoʻoilo ma ke kahawai ʻo Nile, i nā ʻolua o ka Euprates, a me ka ʻaoʻao kahawai o ke Kai Hikina. I Italia, ua hoʻonui aku ia i nā 200 mika ma luna o ke kai. Koho ʻia ka pōleale lawingale i ʻekolu subspecies.
ʻO ka palaualelo ʻo Nightingale
Noho ka pōkole poʻo Nightingale i kahi moe reed i lalo o ka papa, a me nā wahi me nā mea kanu kokoke kokoke i ka wai: nāʻu, nā ʻōpala.
Koho i nā palekele hiki ʻole i nā mea kanu, pāpō lāʻau.
I ka manawa like, makemake ʻo ia i kahi kokoke i ka wai e wehe i ka wai uʻi a i nā ʻāina. Mālama ʻia ia ma nā mokupuni o nā kahua kanu a i ʻole paha ma ka pihi o kahi waihona kō.
No ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, koho ʻo ia i nā wahi maloʻo ʻole, nā wai ʻole i hoʻopulu ʻia a paʻa paha nā māi maloʻo loa.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻokele nightingale cricket
Kūkulu mau nā polikiki Nightingale i nā moena ʻoi ʻole hiki ʻole. Noho pinepine nā kauā ma nā piko o nā ʻoihana, ʻohe, nā lāʻau, nā pōhaku nui, a me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. I ka manawa like, hoʻihoʻi lākou i ka buzz lōʻihi a monotonous, like hoʻi me kahi creak, o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻana i ka laina lawaiʻa e pili ana i ka ʻoi uila. Hāʻawi kēia hiʻohiʻona i ka inoa makika i nā manu.
Ka neʻe ʻana i ka polikole Nightingale ka holo a ʻelua ma ka ʻāina a ma nā ʻae e waiho ana ʻo ka ʻehā. E hele pololei ana ʻo Males ma ke kumu o nā mea kanu, piʻi i luna loa o ka ʻohe. E hele ana nā manu, ʻaʻole piʻi mai, a hiki ke noho lōʻihi no ke kuapo ʻana i nā kumu lāʻau, e paʻa ana i kā lākou mau wāwae ma kahi maʻa. Noho ʻo Warbler ma ke ʻano ʻehā, e waiho ana i ko lākou mau wāwae ma kahi ʻē. No laila hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka kanu ʻana i nā pū kalo nightingale mai nā ʻano manu ʻē aʻe.
Ka Holo Piha Noi
I ka pūnāwai, i ka wā hoʻomaha, e noho ana ke kulekele kāne male i nā kumu o nā mea kanu a hīmeni i ka lā a i ka pō, ʻaʻole i noho mālie a hiki i ke ʻano wela o ke ao. I ka hōʻea ʻana, hoʻonohonoho nā kāne i nā hoʻokūkū maoli ma ka hana mele. I Mei a me Iune, me kā lākou hīmeni ʻana, hoʻolaha lākou i nā mea hoʻokūkū e pili ana i ka ʻāina i noho ʻia, no laila e hoʻokuke lākou i kā lākou mau hoa paiʻe i ke kahua ulu.
Hoʻomaka ke mele me nā kani kūikawā, e like me ka popo o nā ʻūheʻe lepo kaheʻe ʻana. Hoʻouna ʻia kēia me ka hana o nā mea he nui i nā haʻuki, ʻohi mua a lohi, ma hope a wikiwiki hoʻi.
Ma ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kauwela, ke mele wale nei nā pōkoi nightingale i ke kakahiaka nui a me ke ahiahi.
I ka ʻAukake, ʻaʻole mele pinepine ʻia nā mele manu. Pane mau mele kaleke mau mele kāne ma ka piko o nā ʻohe. I ka manawa like, ke wūwī nei i nā hulu ma ka ʻāʻī, huli i ko lākou poʻo i nā ala like a wehe i ko lākou beaks ākea. Mai nā kani o ke mele ke paʻakikī loa ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka noho o ka manu. Ma ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ke kūleʻa nei ka holomua poʻo i ka pahu a me ka hoʻokaʻawale.
Inā hemo ka pōpilikia, a laila hoʻomaka ka manu i kahi mele haʻalulu i waena o nā māla loloa. A laila e lūlū a kani hou i ka lei o ke kumu. Hoʻokūkū ʻia kekahi mau mea kīloi i kahi pūnana i 2-3 mau pule. Lawe ke kāne i ka mea kūkulu hale: nā wīwī a kūleʻa a ke kēnā i luna a 25 sentimita lōʻihi, lau maloʻo a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe.
Hana ka wahine i kahi pūnana nui, aia ia i kahi wahi i hūnā ʻia ai a hūnā ʻia ma waena o nā lau o ka ʻoi, ma ke kiʻekiʻe a hiki i 30 cm mai ke alo o kahi waiwai nui a kīwī paha. Palapala ke ʻano, papaha nā ʻano, ʻike ʻia he ʻula o ka makahiki i kau ʻia i ka makahiki i hala. ʻOi aku ka pololei o ka pā ma mua o ka hale āpau. Uhi ʻia ka pūnana me nā mauʻu mai luna mai.
I ka lua o ka lā o ʻApelila, ua hoʻolilo ka wahine i kahi mea liʻiliʻi he 3-5 liʻiliʻi, e pili ana i nā hua he 2 cm. Ke keʻokeʻo a keʻokeʻo paha lākou i ka kala, uhi ʻia i nā pulu hina a i ʻole nā ʻāpana poloka, i kekahi manawa me nā ʻūpī poni. Hoʻopili ʻo ia i nā hua no nā lā 12-14. ʻAe ke hoʻoluʻolu ke kāne i ka masonry, akā lawe pū i ka meaʻai ʻo ka wahine. Hōʻike nā keiki i ka waena o Mei a i Iune paha i ka lā 11-15th a noho i loko o ka pūnana no kekahi mau pule ʻelua. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka ʻelua a ʻelua mau ʻekahi mau pūʻulu pōkole i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Tsvirkun salўiiny
ʻO ka'āpana āpau o Belarus
ʻĀina Slavkovye - Sylviidae.
I Belarus - L. l. luscinioides.
Kekahi mau manuahi migratory a transit migratory species. Hoike nui ia ma ka aoao komohana o ia a me na aina hema o Polesie, i kekahi manawa ma ke komohana o Belarus. Ma kekahi mau wahi he mea maʻamau ka maʻamau, i ka loko o nā loko o ka pā iʻa ʻo Lakhva a ma ke kahe o ka muliwai. Hoʻolaha.
Ua like like me ia me ka malā pō. He ʻōleʻele ka kua i mua, he ʻōpū a ʻulaʻula paha ka ʻōpū, ua poʻo nā aheu a me nā ʻāpana. ʻAʻole i like me ka pahu kaʻa kahawai, ʻaʻohe penikala ma ka umauma. ʻO ka hulu o ka manuahi i kokoke i ka piko o kahi o ka huelo, ua hoʻomālamalama i nā peaks e wili. ʻAʻohe hōʻailona i ka nightingale. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā ʻeha keu i nā hulu o ka huelo. Eia naʻe, e like me kēia mau hōʻailona, he paʻakikī ke hoʻomaopopo i ka pōkole nightingale i ke ʻano.
ʻO ka paona o ke kāne he 13-20 g, ʻo ka wahine he 15-21 g. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino (nā kāne ʻelua) he 13-13.5 cm, nā ʻēheu he 21-22 cm. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka ʻēheu o nā kāne he 6.5-7 cm, ʻo ka ʻili ke 5.5-6 cm , nā ʻōpī 2 cm, beak 1 cm.
Ke alakaʻi nei i kahi ola twilight, e akahele, ʻaʻole i hiki mai ma waena o nā maka.
Hoʻomaka ka hīmeni me nā leo kani kūlohelohe, e hoʻonui pinepine i ka pinepine, huli i ke chirping - monotonous, monotonous, i kekahi manawa mau minuke 1 mau manawa. I ka wā o ke mele, e noho ana ke kāne ma luna o kahi pua wow, ʻohe, a me ka lālā cattail. Manaʻo ia i kahi kūlana kū, ua ʻike pinepine ʻia ʻaʻole e ka plumage, akā ma kona silhouette, me ka hopohopo iki, ua hū ʻia i ka nahele.
Ua hiki mai i ka pūnāwai i ka waena o ʻApelila, me ka hōʻike ʻana o kona hele ʻana me kahi mele ʻano - lōʻihi a me ka mau loa maloʻo "trrrrrr. "."
Lele ia ma ka hema o ka repubalika i waena o ʻApelila, i hiki ke hoʻopaʻi ʻia e ka mele mele o nā manu.
Noho noho ʻana, e like me ke kānāwai, nā wahi hiki ʻole ke loaʻa: nā mākeke pōkole o ka wowowā, nāʻu, nā ʻulā liʻiliʻi haʻahaʻa a me nā wahi lau me nā pā o nā kiʻī, nā mākaʻi a me nā ʻōpala ʻē aʻe, i uhi ʻia me nā kaʻe, nā kahawai kahawai o nā kahawai, nā loko a me nā loko, nā māhā me nā mea kanu he nui. Loaʻa nō hoʻi ia ma nā wahi lāʻau māmā, kaila ʻia me ka wai, a me nā pākau ʻia me nā mea kanu loloa.
I ka hopena o ʻApelila - Mei, koho nā manu i kahi kahua papahele a kūkulu i nā mea ulu manu. I ka Mei - Iune, hui pū nā kāne. ʻO nā moʻomeheu ma nā wāwae heʻokoʻa, akā ma nā wahi kūpono e hoʻopili ʻia ai nā ʻōpū o ke kūloko.
Noho ka papa i ka haʻahaʻa (ʻaʻole i kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 30 cm) ma luna o ka lepo a i ʻole ka wai ma waena o nā mea kanu mea kanu, pinepine pinepine i ka ʻāina ma waena o nā ʻāpana o nā hua maloʻo o nā mea kanu, ma kahi haʻahaʻa o ka hummock. Aia ia ma ka ʻāina ākea ākea, ka uhi mau ʻia a loaʻa ke ʻano o kahi kīʻaha elongated a i ʻole (kekahi mau kūlana) kahi hemisphere maʻamau me kahi pānaʻi hohonu hohonu loa. ʻO ka laulā papa hale ākea (a hiki i ka 2,5 cm) lau maloʻo o ka cattail, reed, hulihuli a ʻano lāʻau paha o nā mea kanu nāʻu. He pālaha a hāpelī nā pā ʻaoʻao o waho, aʻo nā pā o loko e pā a paʻa a ikaika hoʻi (mai nā ipo a me nā ikaika nā nā mea kanu wai). Ma mua o ka waiho ʻana i ka lau nui i loko o ka pūnana, hoʻoluʻu ka ʻūlo mua o ka manu i ka wai, no ka pau ʻana o ka pau ʻana e kohu pono lākou kēlā me kēia, ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (lit.) 8.5-10 cm, diameter 9-12 cm, ka hohonu o ka paepae 5,5-6 cm, he 5.5-6 cm.
I loko o piha piha 4-5, 'ai' ia he 3 mau 'āina, hina,' aʻole peʻa-pe-meli paha, uhi ʻia i nā poʻokela, nāʻula hina, a peʻulaʻa paha, a me nā hiʻohiʻo a me nā hiʻohiʻo a me nā mea hina pinepine. ʻO kekahi manawa ʻike ʻia nā laina ʻeleʻele maʻamau i ke ʻano o nā veins i ka hua manu. Kaumaha maʻa 2 mau g, ka lōʻihi he 20 mm, diameter 15 mm.
Kūpono nā kinipōpō mua i ka hopena o Mei. Aia nā papa hana he ʻelua i loko o kekahi wahine wahine i ka makahiki. Hoʻokūkū ke kāne i ka pūnana, a ʻo ka wahine wale nō e hoʻopaʻa i ka masonry no 12 mau lā. I nā makahiki he 15 lā, ua haʻalele nā poki i ka nū. I ka hopena o Iune - ka hapa mua o Iulai, e hoʻomaka ana kekahi mau wahine e waiho hou i nā hua.
Mālama i nā ʻano invertebrates liʻiliʻi.
Hōʻea loa ka wā haʻalele a me ka lōkiʻi, no laila ʻaʻole i wehewehe ʻia kona manawa. ʻO nā lāliʻi inoa pili hou e pili ana i ka hopena o ʻAukake.
Kuhi ʻia ka helu ma Belarus ma 6-10 tausani mau huina, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei he manawa liʻiliʻi ka nui o ka helu.
ʻO ka makahiki nui i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ʻEulopa he 9 mau mahina 9 mau mahina.
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea pili i ka lua o ka puke no ka Red Book of Belarus.
1. Grichik V.V., Burko L. D. "holoholona aupuni o Belarus. Vertebrates: puke paʻi." Koik, 2013. -399 p.
2. Nikiforov M.E., Yaminsky B.V., Shklyarov L.P. "Nā manu o Belarus: He Puke Hana-Hana no nā Nests a me nā ʻUmi" Minsk, 1989. -479 p.
3. Gaiduk V. Ye., Abramova I. V. "Ekemu o na manu ma ka hema-komohana o Belarus. Passeriformes: a monograph." Brest, 2013.
4. Fedyushin A. V., Dolbik M. S. "Nā manu o Belarus." Minsk, 1967. -521s.
5. Nikiforov M. E. "ʻO ka hoʻokumu a me ke ʻano o nā avifauna o Belarus." Minsk, 2008. -297s.
6. Fransson, T., Jansson, L., Kolehmainen, T., Kroon, C. & Wenninger, T. (2017) EURING papa inoa o nā moina lōʻihi no nā manu ʻEulopa.
ʻO ke kūlana ʻoniʻoni ʻana i ka hāleʻa nightingale
Hoʻoweliweli honua ʻole. Kūkulu ʻia ka pōʻaiapuni ʻo Nightingale i nā manu manu ākea a hoʻopuni ʻia, akā ua hoʻopuehu ʻia kona mau wahi punahele me ka nui o nā kahele. I ʻEulopa, ua kūpaʻa ka lehulehu o nā kānaka ma ka makahiki 1980-2011, ma muli o ka ʻike mua no 27 mau ʻāina o ka nānā ʻana o pan-European.Wahi a nā koho, ʻo ka helu o nā pakanikeke he 530000-800000, ka mea e like me 1590000-2400000 mau mea. Wahi a kēia mau loiloi, ʻaʻole i pili ka pōʻai nightingale i nā ʻano nui me ka hoʻoweliweli honua i ka nui. Ma ʻEulopa, 50-74% o ka helu o ka honua o nā manu o kēia ʻano e ola ana, ʻoiai he mea pono ke hōʻoia hou. Mālama ʻia ka pōleʻe ʻo Nightingale e nā hōʻuluʻulu ʻo SPEC 4, BERNA 2, BONN 2.
E hoʻolohe i ka leo o ka pōkole nightingale
ʻOkoʻa nā kaʻe manu ʻana i nā polikika he nui me ka hoʻoiho ʻole ʻana o nā ʻoki i ka umauma, nā hulu lōʻihi o ka underbelly, he lei pale o ka hulu manu ma lalo iho, kahi kaila manamana nui, ka leo, a me nā hiʻohiʻona.
Pono ka pōʻai ma ka nightingale e hoʻonui i nā wahi wai o ka loko o ka nui o ke kai a me nā kahe.