ʻO nā mea noiʻi o ʻAmelika e hana ana i kahi hana no ka hoʻohuli ʻana i nā manu, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka "kurosaur", ua kūleʻa lākou i kā lākou beak. Me ka ʻūʻī manu pākuʻi, ka nele o nā niho a me nā wāwae manuahi, ʻo ia nō ka beak e ʻo kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona nui e hoʻokaʻawale i nā manu mai nā reptile. No laila, ʻo ka "hoʻi ʻana o ka dinosaurs", a i ʻole, ʻoi aku ka hana mua ʻana o nā ʻano like ʻole o nā reptile kahiko mai ka mea o kā lākou mamo, e neʻe mua ana.
Kahuʻi o kahi moa mai ka hui o ka hui (hema),
“Kurosaur” (i waenakonu) a me kahi mea pākele kahiko (ʻākau)
E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ua hala ʻole ka dinosaurs ma ke palena o ka manawa Cretaceous a me Paleogene, ma kahi o 65 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO nā mea ola i koe o kēia mau lā nā manu hou a ke ʻano maʻamau o kekahi mau mea noiʻi e noʻonoʻo i kahi hui kūikawā o nā dinosaur. "'I kēia manawa aia ma 10 a 20 tausani mau manu manu,' o ia hoʻi, ma kahi o 'elua mau' ano i maopopo i nā mamalia. No laila, ke noho nei nō mākou i ke ʻano o ka dinosaur, "wahi a ka mea kākau i ke aʻo hou, ʻo Bart-Anyang Bullar, kahi paleontologist a me ka mea noiʻi ma ke kula ʻo Yale.
Me Arhat Abzhanov mai Harvard, ke hana nei ʻo Bullar i ka hana ʻana o kahi kurosaur - kahi manu, kahi mea hoʻihoʻi i hoʻihoʻi ʻia i nā ʻano hana o kona mau kūpuna dinosaur. Ua kāhea ka ʻepekema ʻikepili i kāna hana nui e hoʻololi i ka beak o ka manu me ka maka reptile. “Nui ka wī no ka hānai ʻana i nā manu a he mea nui i kā lākou ʻeke. ʻO paha kēia ʻokoʻa ka ʻokoʻa o ka ʻano like a me ka hana - hoʻomanaʻo, no ka laʻa, pehea ka ʻano o nā beaks o kahi flamingo, pūpū, puʻu, pelican a hummingbird ʻē aʻe paha, "wahi a Bullar. "Akā naʻe, aia ka hapa nui o nā hana i paʻi ʻia ma ka anatomy a me ka ulu ʻana o nā beaks." Hoʻolālā ʻia ka beak e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka ʻōpala i kahi mea hiki loa, e mālama i ke kumukūʻai ikehu no ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā niho, a i ka manawa like ua hoʻololi i nā forelimbs maikaʻi e hoʻololi i nā ʻēheu.
E hoʻihoʻi i ke ʻano o ka ʻano muzzle o nā kūpuna, nā ʻano "pre-beak" i nā hua kōl o ka moa, pono nā mea noiʻi e noiʻi i nā hōʻike ʻelua o nā moʻolelo fossil a me nā loli genetic i kū ʻia i nā manu. Loaʻa nā papahana no kēia mau noiʻi, ma ka ʻano hoʻokahi, i kekahi o nā kīlaha ulana ʻo Louisiana a ma kahi pākahi ostraska ma Massachusetts.
E hoʻomanaʻo i ka hana nui i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka beak i nā iwi intermaxillary. I loko o nā reptile, he iwi liʻiliʻi wale nō lākou ma ke kihi o ka moʻolelo, akā ka ʻona o nā manu ua aneane loa lākou. ʻO ka hopena o ka hana mua o ka hana a nā mea ola olakino ʻAmelika ka mea i loaʻa i ka ʻelua mau ʻenehana i ke kāohi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻāpana waena o ka muzzle o nā vertebrates a, inā pono nā iwi intermaxillary. I nā reptile a me nā mammals, ʻo kēia mau gen i ka hoʻomaka o ka hoʻolālā embryonic ʻaʻole i hōʻike i nā hōʻailona o ka hana, akā ma nā manu ua komo nui lākou i ke ʻano o ka hoʻolālā embryo. No ka huli ʻana iā lākou, pono i ka poʻe noiʻi e hana i kahi "molekui" kālai ʻia i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka hana o kēia mau ʻano. A ke hopena, loaʻa nā embryo hoʻokolohua ma mua o nā beaks i like me nā muzzles like ʻole me ko lākou mau kūpuna Velociraptor kahiko.
“ʻAno o ka holoholona hoʻokolohua, ʻaʻohe ʻano oho. Ua hana lākou i kahi muzzle ākea ākea. Eia nō naʻe, nele lākou i ka niho, ua uhi ʻia ka muzzle me nā uhi lei.
- ʻ Bulllelo ʻo Bullar. - ʻAʻole naʻe mākou i hoʻololi i ka huaʻī a lākou iho, ke hopohopo wale nei mākou i nā protein e hua ai e ka hua a keʻu. Wahi a ka meaʻepekema, ʻoiai nui ka ʻōlelo e pili ana i ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka moa i loko o ka dinosaurs ma o ka hoʻololi ʻano genetic, akā, i ka wā o nā hoʻokolohua, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻoihana hopohopo - i like pū me nā loli o ka beak, nā iwi palatine o nā kumuhana hoʻokolohua. ʻO lākou pū kekahi, ua lilo i mea like me nā dinosaurs.
A laila, ʻōlelo akula ʻo Bullar, hiki i nā loli hoʻololi maʻalahi ke hōʻeha i nā loli anatomical nui, me nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka moʻolelo fossil. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia kēia mau hoʻololi i ka manu o nā kānaka o ka wā o Neornithes, akā, i ko lākou mau ʻohana kahiko - nā tooney hesperornises no ka subclass Hesperornithiformes.
Nā kiʻi: Nurosaurus = Nurosaurus † Dong, 1992 a i ʻole Lizard Nur
ʻO Nurosaurus i ka helehelena ka like me nā ʻelele o nā huaʻōlelo pili ʻo Mamenchisaurus.
"Nurosaurus" i loko o Lūkia e hoʻohana ʻo "Nur Lizard". ʻO kēia inoa inoa inoa i kēia manawa no ka huaʻōlelo o ka dinosaurs mai ka infraorder Sauropoda = Zauropod, i noho i ka Cretaceous no kahi o 130 miliona mau makahiki o naz.
Kaulana ʻo Nurosaurus no ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻāpana o ka huila, ka mea e hōʻike ʻia nei i nā hōʻike huakaʻi a na nā ʻano paʻi like ʻole. Nā ʻeke kakoo Nurosaurus i loaʻa ma Inner Mongolia i Kina. ʻAʻohe mea wehewehe ʻōlelo maʻamau i kēia ʻano, akā he liʻiliʻi nā manaʻo ma kēia ʻike, no ka nele o ka unuhi ʻana mai Kina.
ʻO Nurosaurus kekahi o ka nui loa o ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o ka moʻomeheu Kina. ʻO ia paha ke hui pū me nā ʻohana ʻAmelika ʻĀpana Camarasaurus. Hoʻomaopopo kēia i ka mea ʻo ia ʻo "Nurosaurus" kahi like poʻo poʻo a me ke ʻano kino. Hōʻike pū kekahi kiʻi i kā lākou like me nā neural spines ma ko lākou spinal vertebrae.
Nui nā ʻano like o ka inoa o ka nurosaurus a, e like me kāu e ʻike nei, ka mea maʻamau ma hope o "Nurosaurus" ʻo "Nuoerosaurus" (Dong and Lee, 1991). Ua hele a lele nā pua o kēia ʻano ma lalo o kēia inoa ma kekahi huakaʻi i ʻAmelika ʻAmelika. A ma kahi ʻano inoa ʻano kākau ʻia ʻo "qaganensis" a i ʻole "chaganensis". ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka ʻōlelo kuʻuna a hiki i ke ʻano o kēia ʻano hana ma ke ʻano ʻepekema ʻepekema.
Nā Kūleʻa: ʻElua mau ala i ka moemoeā
ʻO Japanese ka mea hoʻohiwahiwa ʻo Akira Iritani, kekahi o nā alakaʻi o ka Mammoth Creation Society, i ka waena o ka makahiki 1990 i manaʻo nui ʻia e loaʻa kahi hua manuahi a me nā huaʻai i loko o nā moemoeā Siberian, a kanu i ka hopena o kā lākou kuki i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka elepani. Ke hoʻomaopopo nei i ka ʻike ʻole ʻana o kēia manaolana, ʻo kēia kanaka ʻelemakule ikaika (ʻoiai ʻo 80 wale nō kēia) ʻaʻole i haʻalele i ka hoʻāʻo e loaʻa i ka mea nui o ke kelepona somatic (maikaʻi hoʻokūkū) i mea e loaʻa ai kahi mammoth me ke ʻano o ka "Dolly ʻano" - hoʻoneʻe i kēia siʻu i ka hua ivory.
Me he mea lā ʻaʻole e kinai kēia pū i nā mea he ʻumi (a he kanalima paha mau kumu). ʻO ka mea mua, hiki i ka hopena ke loaʻa, aia i ka palolo e waiho aku ana he 10,000 mau makahiki i ka permafrost, he cell me nā chromosome intact i aneane aolino: crystals ice, residual enzyme residual, hihiʻo nā alima e hoʻopau iā lākou ... E loiloi mākou i kekahi mau kumu ʻē aʻe me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi manaʻo ʻē aʻe.
Kāleka ʻohana Hoʻolaha i ka ʻohana ʻohana o ka ʻohana elephant
Heluhelu pū ka hui o nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka moʻomeheu o ka mammoth i ka piha hope loa i ka 2008. Hiki i nā chromosom ke hōʻuluʻulu ʻia i ka "pia ma ka bata" - e kāpili i nā kaulahao o nā nucleotides, ʻaʻole a i ka ʻeono wale nō a me ka hapalua piliona, akā he mau tausani kau o nā huaʻōlelo (mai loko aʻe o 20,000.) ʻOkoʻa like i nā ʻāpana like o ka DNA o ka pili o nā hoahānau pili ola o ka mammoths - ka ʻĀlani ʻAlima. ʻO nā mea āpau ke "heluhelu" i ka genome o kēia elephant, e hoʻohālikelike me ka genomite mammoth, loaʻa i ka moʻomeheu o nā pūpū embryph elepani, e hoʻololi i nā gen e pono ai i kā lākou chromosome - a i mua, me ke ala o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻana e Ian Wilmut, e alakaʻi ana iā Dolly ka hipa ma ke kaula.
Nui mau holoholona, mai iʻa i ka mau monkey, mai ka holo ʻana. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua lawe ʻia nā cell mai nā mea hāʻawi aku i ka wā o ke ola a, inā pono, i mālama ʻia i loko o ka wai wai kūwaho, a me nā keiki hou hiki ke kūʻai aku ma mua o 1% o nā hua me ka nucleus transplanted. A ʻo ka mea ʻeha i ka manawa like, inā e loli, hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha, ʻaʻole mau kaukani. A ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hua i nā holoholona o nā ʻano like ʻole a pili loa paha, a ua pili nā ʻenekia ʻenehana a me nā mammota i nā “ʻohana” like me nā kānaka a me nā chimpanzees.
Hiki i ka ʻona ke hoʻokipa i kahi kōmela mammoth, hānai iā ia i ʻelua mau makahiki a hānau i kahi pēpē ola a ola pono. Maikaʻi maoli. A he aha hoʻi kāu e hana ai me ka mammoth? No ka hoʻomau i ka lehulehu, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka "māla o ka lā Pleistocene", pono kahi kiaʻi he liʻiliʻi a i hoʻokahi mau pahuhopu e pono ai.
A he mea makemake loa ia ʻaʻole lākou he kaikuahine, inā ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe ke kumu o kā lākou mamo - e make paha nā keiki hope loa no ka mea hiki ʻole iā lākou ke hoʻohālikelike i ka mahana ʻē aʻe ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi iki o kā lākou ʻano. Ac.e Akā inā i kekahi lā e kūleʻa ana lākou i nā koho ʻana i nā mammoth, ma ka ʻākau o Yakutia ua hoʻomākaukau nui lākou i ka papaʻaina a me kahi hale.
ʻO Park Park
I hoʻokahi mau haneli mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ma ka pae o nā tundra i kēia manawa, i nā kūlana like ʻole me ka savannah, a tundra-steppe e like me ka kavanna i ʻike ʻia, aia ma ia wahi ka nui o ka bison, nā mammoth, nā hulu hulu, nā leona a me nā mea ola ʻē aʻe e like me ka poʻe elepana, ʻO nā Rhinos, antelope, nā liona a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe i nā mālama ʻApelika. Ua lawa kekahi kauwela pōkole ma ke kua o nā mea kanu e hōʻiliʻili i ka biomass no lākou iho a no ka hānai ʻana i nā mea kanu i ka pō polar.
Akā i ka manawa o ka mahana mahana nui loa, ma kahi o 10,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua make nā holoholona steppe mammoth (ʻoi paha ka poʻe holo mua mua i hana i kēia hana). Ua maloʻo nā mea kanu me ka ʻole o ka manure, ua hele nā ka lewa a ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki i lilo ka tundra i ʻike ʻole a aneane ʻole.
Akā i ka makahiki 1980, i kahi papa kūlohelohe kokoke i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Chersky ma ka pū o ka muliwai Kolyma, he hui o nā poʻe hoihoi, i alakaʻi ʻia e ke poʻo o ka North-Eastern Scientific Station o ke Kulanui ʻAmelika ʻo Russian Sergey Zimov, i hoʻomaka e hana e hana hou i ka ʻākoʻolima o ka mōʻī momoti ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ke ola ʻana o nā holoholona Pleistocene a me nā mea hou o nā mea hou i hiki ke noho i ka tundra. ʻctlelo hiʻona.
Ua hoʻomaka lākou me kahi pā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo 50 pāka a me kahi pūʻali liʻiliʻi o ka lio Yakut, ua huki koke a kāhi i kahi o nā mea āpau o kēia "kraal" liʻiliʻi loa no lākou. Na ka hoʻomaka wale nō ia. I kēia manawa (ma kahi mamao - ma ka wahi ʻāpana nui, he 16 ʻtareka) elk, reindeer, musk ox, deer a me ka bison ua noho kū i ka lio.
Nā hoʻokō loli
ʻO ka hope o nā ʻīlio Dingo i hoʻopau ʻia e nā kamaʻāina, a, ma hope, make nā kahu hipa ʻEulopa o nā ʻīlio marsupial Tasmanian - tilacins (Thylacinus cynocephalus) i make i kahi ʻakō i 1936. Ma 2008, hoʻokaʻawale nā mea noiʻi mai ke University of Melbourne i kekahi o nā ʻano regimen mai nā ʻokena ʻawaʻawa o nā ʻena hoʻolaʻa i ka tilacin e hoʻonui ai i ke ʻano o ka protein o kekahi gen, nona ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā cartilage a me nā iwi, a ua hoʻololi iā lākou me nā hua regula like i loko o nā huaʻola. I loko o ʻelua mau pule ʻelua mau embryos ʻona (ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia nā freaks e hānau ʻia), ʻaʻole i ka kahe, akā ʻo kā Col2A1 tilacin protein i kālai ʻia. Akā ʻaʻole naʻe e moemoeā e hūnā i ka ʻīlio marsupial ma luna o ka isika - ke nānā kūlohelohe wale nei kēia, nā hopena o kekahi lā i mea e lilo i mea pono, no ka laʻana, e noiʻi i nā hana o nā ʻano o nā ʻano manuʻu.
Ma ia mokulele hoʻokahi, i ka pūnāwai o kēia makahiki, ua ho'āʻo nā bioengineers mai ke Kulanui o New South Wales e ulu i ka ʻōpala Rheobatrachus silus, i make wale nō i 30 mau makahiki i hala, he holoholona liʻiliʻi, pīpī i ka wahine i loaʻa i ka caviar i loko o ko lākou waha. Ua hoʻopuka nā ʻepekema ʻepekema mai nā kiko palaho o R. silus i loko o nā hua o ka huaʻina kokoke i ia, ʻo Mixophyes fasciolatus, a kali no kekahi manawa i ka ʻokaʻelima huehue huaʻehā, a ma hope o ka make ʻana o ka ʻōpū. Akā ua hoʻomaka ka hopohopo hakakā, ʻoiai no ka lehulehu ka pili ʻana o kēia ʻano ʻino amphibious.
ʻO ka hana ʻole, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi, ua hoʻopau i ka hoʻokolohua ʻana o nā poʻe noiʻi mai ke University of Zaragoza ma ka cloning o ke kao kuahi Pyrenean, ka mea hope o ka make ma 2000.ʻO ka mua o nā ho'āʻo mua e hoʻokō i ka hānau ʻana o nā keiki mai nā keiki i loaʻa mai ka nīpī o nā cell i hoʻokaʻawale i ka wā o ke ola o ka mea hope loa, a me nā hua o kahi kao keiki, ua pau i ka hana kolohe ma ka maikaʻi loa. No ke kolu o (i ka makahiki 2009), ua hoʻokumu ʻia e nā kānaka ʻepekema Spanish kahi 439 chimeric embryos, 57 ka mea i hoʻomaka e hoʻokaʻawale a ua hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka ʻōpū o nā makuahine surrogate. Eia naʻe, i ʻehiku mau kao keiki hānai, hoʻokahi wale nō i hiki i ka hānau, ua make ke keiki ma kahi mau minuke ma hope o ka hānau ʻana ma muli o nā pilikia hanu.
ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo nā bison he poʻe noho o nā ululāʻau ākea ākea, a inā hiki ʻole iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka Arctic, hoʻolālā lākou e hoʻololi iā lākou me nā mea kūpono kūpono - bisons forest. Pono wale ke kali a hiki i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o kā lākou ʻohana liʻiliʻi, hoʻouna ʻia e nā hoapili mai nā kumu mālama ʻāina ma ke kūkulu ʻĀkau o Canada a ua hoʻoholo e kū i loko o kahi mea mālama i ka hema ʻo Yakutia
I ka manawa (a inā) ma kahi o kahi kīhāpai nui, loaʻa iā ia ka pānaehana i kahi wahi i kūpono no ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ke kumu kūʻai, a laila e hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i nā ʻīlio a me nā bears mai nā aviaries a e hoʻāʻo nō hoʻi e hoʻolauna iā Amur tigers - ʻo ka mea koho kūpono kūpono loa no nā liona i loaʻa. ʻAe, a me nā mammoths? A me nā mammoths - a laila. Inā hana kēia hana.
Lele ʻo nā manu nunu?
ʻAʻole pili nā papahana o ka hoʻopou hou i nā manu piʻāina ʻo ʻAmelika (Ectopistes migratorius) me ka ecology ma kekahi ʻano. Ma ka mea ʻē, hoʻi i ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia 19, ma ka hikina o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, hele a lele nā manu lele i nā ʻohana he mau miliona a manu, e ʻai ana i nā ululāʻau e like me ka ʻūhini a waiho i kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻihi ma hope, ua hoʻonohonoho i nā koloni o nā hanu he nui i nā lāʻau a, ʻoiai me nā hana a pau o nā mea hoʻopiʻi. Ei, aole i emi ka helu a me ka poe kamaaina keokeo, a na ka poe mua keokeo.
Akā me ka hiki ʻana mai o nā kaʻahele, ʻo ka hopu ʻana i ka manu ʻoi aku nei i lilo i mea ʻoihana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. Hōʻalo me ka nānā ʻole ʻana i ke ao e lele mai ana ma luna o ka mahiʻai a ʻohi paha i nā ʻōpio e like me nā hua lāʻau, a hāʻawi aku i nā mea kūʻai aku - he ʻuʻuku no kekahi peni, akā pehea ka nui o nā pua o nā pūnana. I ka hapa wale o hoʻokahi kenekulia, waiho he mau miliona o nā manu piu manuahi i mau tausani - he kakaikahi loa e hoʻihoʻi i ka nui o kēia mau kolepa hoʻohui, ʻoiai he mea i hiki i kekahi i kēlā mau lā. ʻO ka manu nunu hope hope loa i make ma ka ʻoo ma 1914.
ʻO ka moe e ola hou i ka manu nūnū nāhelehele, ua ʻā ʻia e ka ʻōpio ʻAmelika ʻōpiopio ʻo Ben Novak. Ua hoʻokōʻo ia i ke loaʻa kālā no kāna manaʻo mai ka Revive and Restore Foundation, kekahi o nā lālā o ka hoʻolālā Long Now i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka mea kākau ʻo Stuart Brand e kākoʻo ana i nā hana nui akā ʻaʻole naʻe i nā hana lapuwale ma nā ʻano ʻepekema ʻē aʻe.
Ma ke ano he mea e pono ai ka hoʻonanea ʻana o ka hua, ua hoʻolālā ʻo Ben no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hua o ka puʻupuʻu i kālai ʻia, nā ʻano pili e pili ana ka hele wale ʻana. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou mai kahi kūpuna maʻamau e 30 miliona mau makahiki a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mutations ma waena o nā mammoth a me nā elepani. A me ka hoʻokolohua ʻana me ka hoʻoliʻi ʻana i nā genes i nā hua manu manu ua ʻoi aku ka hana ma kahi o nā moa wale nō, a hiki i kēia manawa ʻaʻohe mea i mālama i ka manu ...
Akā, ua heluhelu ʻia ka mea manu manu i hele mai i ke kumu hoʻohālike i hāʻawi ʻia e kekahi o nā hale hale, a ma Malaki 2013, hoʻomaka ʻo Novak e hana i ka hana hou ʻana o kahi manu manuahi ma ke Kulanui o Kaleponi ma Santa Cruz. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻoiai ke kūleʻa nei ka hana, ola ia kona hopena ma loko o ka zoos: ma ke ʻano manuahi manuahi wale nō e noho i loko o nā ʻohana multimillion wale nō. He aha nā mea e kū nei i ke kāʻei kūkaʻi US inā hiki i kēia poʻe hipa ke hoʻohālikelike i nā kūlana ola hou?
ʻOiai, inā hiki ʻole ka hoʻokaʻawale hou ʻana i nā manu lele palu, ʻo nā hopena i loaʻa ka maikaʻi no nā hoʻāʻo e hoʻōla i nā dodo (a me nā manu Dodo hū), nā moas New Zealand, e like me lākou epiornises ʻo Hawaiʻi a me nā mea hou e pili ana i nā manu.
I Ianuali 2013, hoʻolaha ka lono hōʻeuʻeu ma nā wahi ākea o ka honua: ke kanaka kaulana ʻo George Church of Harvard University e ʻimi nei i kahi wahine wiwo ʻole e hoʻokani i ka ʻano o ka makuahine surrogate no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kahi Neanderthal. I kekahi lā aʻe, ua hoʻopuka nā lono hoʻopono āpau i loaʻa i kēia mau home i kahi hoʻokaʻawale ʻana: ua huli ʻo ia ka mea hōʻike hewa ʻole ʻo ka mea hōʻike ʻo Daily Mail ma ka unuhi ʻana i ka ninaninau ma ka pule Spiegel. Church, ka mea i komo ʻole i loko o ka moʻomeheu Neanderthal i manaʻo wale ia i ka theoretically hiki i clone ia lā, akā mea pono?
Nā Kurosaurs: i ka wā o mua!
I kēia manawa, hoʻi i ka ʻepekema āna i hoʻomaka ai me, Jack Horner mai ke kula ʻo Montana State University, ka mea nāna e kūkulu ai i kahi Dinosaur. ʻOiaʻiʻo, e ʻoi aku ia e like me ka kurosaur: ʻo ka papahana i kapa ʻia ʻo Chickenosaurus, a ma muli o ka mea kākau, e hana ʻelima mau makahiki e hana ai. No ka hana i kēia, pono ʻoe e "ala" i nā genos dinosaur i mālama ʻia akā ʻaʻole ia i loko o ka embryo moa. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaka me nā niho: ʻo ka archeopteryx a me nā manu ʻōiwi ʻē aʻe i loaʻa nā niho maikaʻi. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka nui o ka poʻe noiʻi e hana ai ma kēia wahi i hiki ai ke hoʻokō he 16 mau lā i nā moa manu 16 mau lā me nā niho conical ma mua o ka beak, akā ʻo ka huakaʻi o hoʻokahi kaukani paha e hoʻomaka me ka hana mua ...
Kū pololei kēlā, i kekahi mau manawa - i ka nui e ka neʻe, ka huina e ka huahelu, nā kāpena e ka protein - hoʻolālā ʻo Horner e ulu aʻe i kona mau kurosaurs. Hoʻopau i ka manamana ʻehā, e hoʻohuli i nā ʻēheu i loko o kahi papa ... A e hana mau ʻelima i ʻehiku mau makahiki o ka hana a ʻelua mau miliona kālā no ka hana mua o ka pāhana. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻohe ʻike i ʻike ua loaʻa ka papahana Kurosaurus i ka loaʻa kālā. Akā e loaʻa mau i kahi philanthropist: ʻaʻole mea nui loa ia ʻaʻole lākou e lilo i ka dinosaur maoli, a no kahi hoʻomaka - ka nui o kahi moa. Akā nani.
E kamaʻilio ana i ka nani: ʻo ka hanaʻeleʻele a me nā unahi o ka dinosaur i loko o ka Jurassic Park e hoʻonāukiuki hou iā lākou, akā ʻo kaʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole maoli nō hoʻi. ʻO Horner a me kekahi mau paleontologists ʻē aʻe ua lōʻihi i ka manaʻo o ka hapa nui loa, inā ʻaʻole ʻoe i nā dinosaur a terestrial pili loa i ke koko a uhi ʻia me nā hulu ʻulaʻula. Paʻu pū me ka Lous Royal Royal Lizard - Tyrannosaurus rex. ʻO ke kahe koko nui, he wahi moot naʻe ia, akā hiki ke ʻike i ka ʻili o nā hulu i nā koena o ka poʻe i pili i nā ʻohana pili o nā tyrannosaurus - ʻo Yutyrannus huali (unuhi ʻia mai Latin-Chinese - "ʻāleʻa nani i ka hulu", ke kaupaona - aneane 1,5 tons, lōʻihi - 9 m) - i loaʻa i ka wā hou ka hopena o ka paleontologists China. A he aha hoʻi ka mea e pili ana i ka hoʻohuihui ʻana i kona mau hulu ʻōlima a hiki i 15 cm ka lōʻihi e like me ka fluff o ka moa ma mua o ka ulu ʻulaʻula o nā manu ʻōiwi. ʻAe, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke pena maoli ʻia.
A inā ʻaʻole i maoli maoli ka mau mommoths, dodo, dinosaurs a me nā holoholona keu ʻē aʻe, akā like ka like me nā mea kūlohelohe - ʻo wai ʻoe e hōʻole e hele i ka mākeke o ia wā, i ka manawa kuʻi ke ʻike ʻole ʻia mai ka Jurassic a i Pleistocene paha?
Hana Hou
ʻO nā manu kahiko, e like me Archeopteryx, he ʻihi reptilian lōʻihi. Loaʻa nō nā manu o kēia lā i kahi ʻoi vestigial. ʻO ka pahuhopu nui o ka hoʻolālā Horner ka mea e ʻike i nā gen (s) e pale i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka huelo ma ka papa embryo. I ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻohālikelike o kēia mau genes, hiki i ka mea ke hānai i nā moa me nā kaile o ka dinosaurs.
Ua loaʻa kēia manaʻo i ka hoʻohewa mai nā mea ʻepekema he nui. ʻO Sean Carroll, kahi mea hoʻomohala hoʻomohala hana, ua hoʻokūkū me nā hanana insect like, akā naʻe, ua make lākou i kēia mau hoʻokolohua.
Hoʻoponopono i nā Mana
Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokau pilikino i ka hana ma aneʻi.
ʻO ka manaʻo e hoʻokumu i kahi Kurosaurus i lōʻihi ke ola. Kuhi aku ʻo Jack Horner i kēia manaʻo i kekahi o nā mea hana. Ua kākau ʻo ia e like me ka poʻe e like me kona manaʻo, akā ʻaʻole loaʻa iā ia nā kumuwaiwai e hoʻomaka i kēlā ʻano papahana. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Larsson a me Horner i ka papahana, hāʻawi ʻo Horner i $ 20,000 no hoʻokahi makahiki e hoʻomohala kālā i ka postdoc ma ka lab Larssons. Mai ia wā mai, ua loaʻa ka hana i nā hāʻawi pilikino he nui, me ke alakaʻi ʻana ʻo Star Wars ʻo George Lucas.
Holo - Kāleʻa Kūʻai
"Ma ke kaona ʻo Alberta, nā koena o ka dinosaur liʻiliʻi loa! "Noho ka moa o ka moa ma ka honua honua he kanahiku mau makahiki i hala aku nei a ʻai, me ka mea, he huaʻāina prehistoric."
ʻO kahi inoa hoihoi, kūpono i ke aʻo i kahi moʻo kupaianaha. Akā he mea ʻoiaʻiʻo. ʻO ka mea i loaʻa i kapa ʻia ʻo "Albertonykus borealis", ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia mau holoholona i ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ʻo nā holoholona liʻiliʻi loa ma ʻAmelika Hema.
ʻAʻole moe iki ʻo Spielberg a ʻaʻole hoʻohālikelike ʻo Calambia Pictures
ʻO ka hale kiʻi kiʻi Jurassic Park i kālai ʻia, a me nā mea ʻoniʻoni kiʻi futuristic ʻē aʻe, e pili pū ana me nā leʻaleʻa o ka ʻepekema. No laila ʻaʻole hihia kēia hihia.
ʻO ka manaʻo noʻonoʻo o ka poʻe kanaka, ʻaʻole wale lākou i ka poʻe o ka hui o kēia ʻaha hana Hollywood (ʻo Jack Horner, University of Montana, USA) i hāʻawi i ka ʻōlelo aʻo i ka loio, akā ua hoʻoholo lākou e "hana i ka hana nui" - ma ka unuhi ʻana i kekahi mau manaʻo i manaʻo ʻia i loko o ke kiʻi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo . ^ E Ha yM.
Ma hope o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni - a hiki i kēia
He mea nui ia e hoʻomaopopo ʻia aia ka hen i loko o ka orbit o ke aʻo ʻana o ka ulterior motive.
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2005, ua hana ka poʻe loea i ka kahua o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ontogenesis - ʻo John Fallon a me Matt Harris (Wisconsin, ʻAmelika) i kahi o nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua me nā manokry mutated. I ka wā o ka noiʻi ʻepekema, kākau lākou i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mau ʻano maʻamau i loaʻa i nā māka o ka embryo.
Kūkulu ʻia nā ulu ulu ulu heihei ma mua o nā niho niho saber e like me nā niho o kahi embryo crocodile. Ma hope o kekahi mau ʻano loiloi, ua hoʻoholo nā mea noiʻi ma ke kumu o ka DNA o ka moa e "hōʻea mai ka hānau ʻana" mai ka genetic code o nā holoholona prehistoric.
Nā hui o nā ʻepekema mai nā papa noiʻi like ʻole i hoʻomaka i ka hana ʻepekema e wānana i ka hana o ka moa me nā ʻano āpau i loaʻa i kahi tyrannosaurus.
Me nā pīlī, nā hīnaʻi, ka ʻili a me nā forelimbs, e lilo loa ia i ka like me ka dinosaur maoli, a me ka hoʻākāka maikaʻi loa o nā "lizards", ma ke ʻano o kēia pilina, e lilo ka hua hoʻokūkū.
E nānā i ke wikiō - hele ka moa e like me ka dinosaur!
Toothy Klusha
E hoʻi kākou i ka wehewehe ʻana o ka hana ma nā moa moa mutant. Ua loaʻa i nā embryos mutated kahi hanana recessive hiki ke pepehi ʻia i ka ʻōpū ma mua o ka hānau ʻana.
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia, kahi kūlike like o ka hana ʻana o kēia genome he gen mana e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā niho dinosaur, akā ua nalowale i ka laina kime o nā hens.
Ua hoʻokumu ka poʻe noiʻi ʻAmelika i kahi maʻi e kūlike ana kona ʻano me ke ʻano o ka mea he recess, akā ʻaʻole ia e make i kahi mea hoʻokau. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Mutagen i kahi maʻa maʻamau e hoʻomaka ana ka ulu niho.
ʻOhe, nā ʻēheu. ʻO ka mea nui o ka huelo.
ʻO ka pae hou o ka noiʻi ua manaʻo ʻia e lilo i ʻano ʻē aʻe. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Paleontologist ʻo Hans Larsson (ʻO ke Kulanui ʻo McGill, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa) ʻoiaʻiʻo ka heleʻana o nā ʻōlima o ka huelo, i hōʻike ʻia ma ka hoʻomaka nā mea hoʻouluulu heihei aka, "nalo aku" kekahi.
Hōʻike ʻia ka hopena i ka hana a ka mīkini ke hoʻololi i kahi lihue, e hoʻāʻo nei i ka hana ʻana i ke kaʻina holoʻokoʻa.
Akā ke neʻe nei i kahi kuhikuhi i loaʻa, hiki i nā kānakaʻepekema ke hoʻonohonoho pono i nā ʻōpū e hōʻike i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe i hoʻoilina mai kahi kūpuna mamao loa.
ʻO Kurosaurus, ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei au iā ʻoe
Ke ʻōlelo iki ʻana i ka Kina. Ua loaʻa iā mākou kā mākou wehewehe: "ʻAʻole ʻoe e lawe i kahi hua manu nui mai ka pūnana moa." ʻO ia ka mea i alakaʻi ʻia e ka honua ʻepekema e like me ka hoʻopoina ʻana, a hōʻole maoli hoʻi i ka pili ʻana o ka dinosaur me nā moa a me nā manu o kēia mau lā.
ʻO Larsson kekahi o nā paleontologists liʻiliʻi e noʻonoʻo nei i ka hypothesis o kahi pilina ma waena o nā manu a me nā dinosaurs i hoʻohiki.
Hoʻomaopopo i nā hoʻolaha hou o ka pūnaewele moa, ʻo ʻoe ka mea mua e heluhelu i kā mākou ʻike.