Holo Uwapa: Longiskwama Who is Longiskwama? * ʻLelo ʻona

Send

E hele i ka poʻomanaʻo ʻāpana: Nā ʻano o nā dinosaurs

I nā makahiki he 70, ua ʻike ʻia ka paleoentomologist A.G. Sharov (Paleontological Institute of the ANSSSR) i ke awāwa ʻo Ferghana (Kyrgyzstan), i loko o ka waihona o ka Late Triassic o ka hui Madigen, ka ʻaoʻao mua o ke kālele me ka ʻūhaka o ka reptile fossil miniature. Ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka pā paʻu pākahi, kahi i waiho ʻia ai kona iwi a puni, kū pono ʻia nā paʻi ʻili o ka uhi o waho: ʻike elongated a overlapping scales i loko o ka ʻāʻī o ke kahawai a ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka pihi o ka poʻohiwi a me ka manamana lima. Huli a kaulana maoli nā dorsal scales o ka reptile - he lōʻihi (lōʻihi a hiki i 10-12 cm) a me nā hulu manu i hoʻolōʻihi ʻia i ka hopena.

Ma nā kiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma kāna ʻike, ua kapa ʻia ʻo Sharov kahi mea hana fossilLongisquama insignis. ^ E Ha yM. Wahi a ia, ua noho ʻo longiskwama ma nā lāʻau a hiki ke neʻe i ka lewa, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā appendages, ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka lālani hoʻokahi, e like me ka parachutes lahilahi. Ua manaʻo ʻo ia ka pili ʻana o kēia repassile Triassic i kekahi mau lālā o nā archosaurs (kahi ʻōpū o nā reptile, a me nā thecodonts, dinosaurs, nā kīwī a me nā mea ʻai manu e lele nei) e pili ana i nā manu. ʻO ka hopena hope loa i hili ʻia e ka mua o nā foramen preorbital ma longisquam, ʻo nā clavicles e like me ka fork maʻamau o nā manu, a ʻo ke ʻano o nā kumulāʻau dorsal, ka mea, e like me ka mea ʻepekema, ʻaʻole kūʻē i ka mea i manaʻo ʻia mai nā kūpuna o nā manu.

Ma hope, ua ʻike pinepine ʻia ʻo Longiskwam. Kahi wale nō nūhouʻepekema i paʻi ʻia ma 1987 e West European paleontologists nā mea i ʻike. Ua hōʻike ia i ke ʻano aerodynamic o nā papa dorsal a me kā lākou hoʻonohonoho he ʻelua ʻaoʻao. Ma keia kumu, ua manaʻo ʻia he hoʻolālā na longiskwama mai ka lāʻau a i ka lāʻau, e like me ka hana ʻana, ma ka hoʻohālike, i ke ʻano puʻupuʻu i kēia wā a i ʻole ka ʻīpī manu. Mai ia manawa aku, hoʻomaka nā mea hana kiʻi kiʻi lōʻihi o nā longiscwams e paʻi ʻia i nā puke kuʻepekema lehulehu.

I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻola hou ka makemake i ka longskwama ma muli o ke kūkākūkā nui ʻana i ka pilikia o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka manu. Aia i loko o kāna papa, ʻo ka nui o nā mea kākoʻo o ka hypothesis o ka hua ʻana mai o nā manu mai ka dinosaurs i hoʻonui ʻia, ka mea i hoʻopiʻi ʻia ʻia e nā kaula o nā mea ʻike ma Kina o ka nui o ka nui o ka pūnakaʻāina Cretaceous me nā koena o nā hulu kūlohelohe o ka silt a me nā ʻili o nā ʻiliʻili i nā ʻili like ʻole i ka uhi hulu hulu. A eia lākou i hoʻomanaʻo i ka longiscuwa pilikia.

I ka makahiki 1999, ma ke Kulanui o Kansas (USA), nā mea kākau o kēia ʻatikala, i hui pū ʻia me kekahi pūʻulu o nā paleontologists ʻAmelika a me nā zoologists (J.Ruben, L. Martin, A. Feduccia a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea aʻoaʻo ma kēia wā, a me nā hiki aʻe o ke kiʻi kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ua ho'āʻo e noʻonoʻo ma kahi kikoʻī. nā hana morphological o ka longiscwam. Manaʻo ia e hiki i kēia Triassic reptile ke hōʻoia i ka manaʻo o kekahi mau papa ʻepekema kākau e ʻae ana i ka kumu o nā manu mai kekahi mau archosaurs non-dinosaur.

ʻO ka hopena o ka hana like me ka paʻi ʻana o kahi ʻatikala i kapa ʻia “Non-Bird Feves of the Late Triassic Archosaurus”, ka mea e hōʻike nei he mea kāʻei ʻo dorsal o ka longisquama i kahi mea lole a me kahi lāʻau o ka axial hollow, ʻo ka ʻaoʻao kumu o ka ʻāʻī a hoʻopuni ʻia. Hōʻike kēlā mau hōʻailona āpau i ka like o ka hoʻopili pili o ka pōkā me ka hulu, ka mea, e ʻokoʻa me ka unahi, i hoʻokumu ʻia mai ka wahi o ka pā o ka ʻili - ka papila follicular. No laila, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopau i nā puka like manu like 75-80 miliona mau makahiki ma mua o Archeopteryx, ka manu kahiko loa e noho ana 150 miliona mau makahiki i hala, i ka hopena o ka manawa Jurassic. I loko o nā ʻōlelo e hōʻike ai i kekahi o nā mea kākau ʻAmelika o kēia ʻatikala, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole ka lōʻihi o ka longiscwama i ka dinosaurs a ʻo nā manu ʻē aʻe paha ka pili i ka mea i hope.

Ua hāpai ka ʻatikala i ka makemake ākea ākea a me ka kahe o nā manaʻo i loko o nā panikini nui haole. Nui nā manaʻo o nā loea. Ua mākaukau kekahi o lākou e ʻae me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia, a ua kūʻē kekahi iā ia. Ua ʻike kekahi i ke ʻano o ka ʻili o ka dorsal o Longisquama, akā ʻaʻole naʻe i māʻona me ka hoʻākāka ʻana i nā helu morphological (ʻo nā mea a nā mea kākau ʻōlelo no ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana i kēia kumuhana), ʻoiai kekahi, me ka hānai ʻole ʻana i nā mea kumu, ʻaʻole i ʻike i ke kumu e haʻalele ai i ka manaʻo o ka pilina ma waena o nā manu a me nā dinosaur. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā huaʻōlelo nui i ka pīhoihoi ʻole i ka ʻatikala i ke ʻano o ka huila a ʻaʻole i ka nānā ʻana i nā pilina o ka ʻohana o longiscwam, ka mea no ka hapanui o nā loea. He mea pōʻino, ʻo nā nuances o ke kūlana o nā mea kākau Lūkia o ka ʻatikala, kahi i kākoʻo ai i nā manaʻo kūʻē i ka manaʻo o ka periformity o ke ʻano o nā mea e pili ana i ka dorsal, ua waiho mau ia ma mua o nā palena o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ma ka nū haole. ʻAʻohe kumu i kānalua i ka hopena o Sharov e pili ana i ka pilina hoʻoili a me ka pilina o longiscwam me mākou, e like me kā mākou me nā mea kākau a pau, i ka manawa i paʻi ʻia ai ka puke ma Science.

Kahi helu

ʻAʻole maopopo i ke kūlana ʻōnaehana. I nā ʻōlelo ākea, ua manaʻo ka mea kākau i kahi lepidosaurus, prolacertilia, a i ʻole he archosauromorph i komo pū i ka hui. Avicephala a 'o kekahi Coelurosauravidae, Drepanosauridae, Protoavis. ^ E Ha yM. Ua manaʻo kekahi kekahi mea kākau i ka longiskwama ʻo kahi dinosaur liʻiliʻi.

ʻO ka paleontologist A. G. Sharov iā ia i hoʻopuka i ka longiscwam i kahi lālā o nā kuʻuna e pili ana i nā manu. Ua hele mai ʻo ia i kēia hopena ma hope o ke aʻo ʻana i nā hiʻona o nā koena fossil - ka hele ʻana o nā foramen preorbital, collarbone e like me ka pā o ka manu, a me ke ʻano o nā papa dorsal.

ʻO keʻano

ʻO nā lōʻihi o nā dorsal he lōʻihi, 10-12 cm lōʻihi, ua pālahalaha loa i ka hopena, ʻo ka mea kipa a me kahi koʻi axial puʻupuʻu, ʻo ka ʻaoʻao kumu o ka ʻāʻī ʻia a kāʻei ʻia. ʻO kahi a me ke kumu o nā pāpālina dorsal lōʻihi a hoʻopaʻapaʻa mau ʻia. I ka wā o ke kūkulu hou ʻana, aia ka pae ʻana ma nā kua. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo i kahi o ia kūlana - ma ka pōkā a kū pono paha, ma loko o hoʻokahi a ʻelua mau lālani ua noho lāua i ka holoholona. ʻIke ʻole ʻia he mau mea uila lākou. ʻO ka ʻepekema maʻamau maʻamau i hōʻike mua ʻia e ka mea ʻike ʻo Sharov, i ʻōlelo ʻia i nā appendages dorsal i ʻano o "parachute", e hāʻawi ana i kahi lele hoʻolālā. Ke manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia nei hiki i ke kaupaona ke hoʻohana ʻia i hoʻoponopono i ka hoʻoili wela a i ʻole i loko o ke ʻano kaiāulu o kēia mau holoholona. Wahi a nā mea noiʻi kānalua no ka hilinaʻi ʻole nā manamana lima ua ʻike ʻole ʻia, akā, ʻo nā mea pīpī o nā mea kanu.

Noho paha ʻo Longiskwama ma nā lāʻau, ʻai ʻai i nā pepeke.

ʻO wai ka Longiskwama - Biology

I nā makahiki he 70, he paleoentomologist A.G. Sharov (Paleontological Institute of the Academy of Science of the USSR) i ʻike ʻia i ke awāwa ʻo Ferghana (Kyrgyzstan), i loko o ka waihona o ka Late Triassic o ke kaʻo Madigen, mua o ke kaʻe me ka ʻūhā o ka reptile fossil miniatur. Ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka pā paʻu pākahi, kahi i waiho ʻia ai kona iwi a puni, kū pono ʻia nā paʻi ʻili o ka uhi o waho: ʻike elongated a overlapping scales i loko o ka ʻāʻī o ke kahawai a ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka pihi o ka poʻohiwi a me ka manamana lima. Huli a kaulana maoli nā dorsal unahi o ka reptile - he lōʻihi (lōʻihi a hiki i 10-12 cm) a me nā hulu manu i hoʻolōʻihi ʻia i ka hopena.

Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Longiskwama kiʻi kiʻi i ka wehewehe mua o A.G. Sharov.

Ma nā kiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma kāna ʻike, ua kapa ʻia ʻo Sharov kahi mea hana fossil Longisquama insignis (longhavel maʻamau). Wahi a ia, ua noho ʻo longiskwama ma nā lāʻau a hiki ke neʻe i ka lewa, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā appendages, ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka lālani hoʻokahi, e like me ka parachutes lahilahi. Ua manaʻo ʻo ia ka pili ʻana o kēia repassile Triassic i kekahi lālā o nā archosaurs (kahi ʻōpū o nā reptile, a me nā thecodonts, dinosaurs, nā kīwī a me nā mea ʻai manu e lele nei) e pili ana i nā manu. ʻO ka hopena hope loa i hili ʻia e ka mua o nā foramen preorbital ma longisquam, ʻo nā clavicles e like me ka fork maʻamau o nā manu, a ʻo ke ʻano o nā kumulāʻau dorsal, ka mea, e like me ka mea ʻepekema, ʻaʻole kūʻē i ka mea i manaʻo ʻia mai nā kūpuna o nā manu.

Ma hope, ua ʻike pinepine ʻia ʻo Longiskwam. Kahi wale nō nūhouʻepekema i paʻi ʻia ma 1987 e West European paleontologists nā mea i ʻike. Ua hōʻike ia i ke ʻano aerodynamic o nā papa dorsal a me kā lākou hoʻonohonoho he ʻelua ʻaoʻao. Ma keia kumu, ua manaʻo ʻia he hoʻolālā na longiskwama mai ka lāʻau a i ka lāʻau, e like me ka hana ʻana, ma ka hoʻohālike, i ke ʻano puʻupuʻu i kēia wā a i ʻole ka ʻīpī manu. Mai ia manawa aku, hoʻomaka nā mea hana kiʻi hou o longiscuwas e paʻi ʻia i nā puke ʻepekema kaulana nui.

I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻōla ka makemake i ka longishwam ma muli o ke kūkākūkā nui ʻana i ka pilikia o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka manu. Aia i kāna papa aʻo, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea kākoʻo o ka hypothesis o ka hua ʻana o nā manu mai ka dinosaurs i hoʻonui ʻia, ka mea i hoʻopili ʻia e ke kaula ʻike ʻia i Kina o ka nui o ka poʻe dinosaur o Cretaceous predatory me nā koena o nā hulu kūlohelohe a i ʻole nā hōʻailona o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻili like me nā uhi hulu manu. A eia lākou i hoʻomanaʻo i ka longiscuwa pilikia.

ʻO ka hopena o ka hana like me ka paʻi ʻana o ka ʻatikala i kapa ʻia "Non-Bird Feves of the Late Triassic Archosaurus", kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai he kapa ʻāpana o ka dorsal o ka longisquama e loaʻa ai kahi mea paʻa a me kahi lāʻau axial hollow, ʻo ka ʻaoʻao kumu o ka ʻāʻī ʻia a puni. Hōʻike kēlā mau hōʻailona āpau i ka like o ka hoʻopili pili o ka pōkā me ka hulu, ka mea, e ʻokoʻa me ka unahi, i hoʻokumu ʻia mai ka wahi o ka pā o ka ʻili - ka papila follicular. No laila, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopau i nā puka like manu like 75-80 miliona mau makahiki ma mua o Archeopteryx, ka manu kahiko loa e ola ana ma kahi o 150 miliona mau makahiki i hala, i ka pau ʻana o ka manawa Jurassic. I loko o nā ʻōlelo e hōʻike ai i kekahi o nā mea kākau ʻAmelika o kēia ʻatikala, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole ka lōʻihi o ka longiscwama i ka dinosaurs a ʻo nā manu ʻē aʻe paha ka pili i ka mea i hope.

Ua hāpai ka ʻatikala i ka makemake ākea ākea a me ka kahe o nā manaʻo i loko o nā panikini nui haole. Nui nā manaʻo o nā loea. Ua mākaukau kekahi o lākou e ʻae me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia, a ua kūʻē kekahi iā ia. Ua ʻike kekahi i ke ʻano o ka ʻili o ka dorsal o Longisquama, akā ʻaʻole naʻe i māʻona me ka hoʻākāka ʻana i nā helu morphological (ʻo nā mea a nā mea kākau ʻōlelo no ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana i kēia kumuhana), ʻoiai kekahi, me ka hānai ʻole ʻana i nā mea kumu, ʻaʻole i ʻike i ke kumu e haʻalele ai i ka manaʻo o ka pilina ma waena o nā manu a me nā dinosaur. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā huaʻōlelo nui i ka pīhoihoi ʻole i ka ʻatikala i ke ʻano o ka huila a ʻaʻole i ka nānā ʻana i nā pilina o ka ʻohana o longiscwam, ka mea no ka hapanui o nā loea. He mea pōʻino, ʻo nā nuances o ke kūlana o nā mea kākau Lūkia o ka ʻatikala, kahi i kākoʻo ai i nā manaʻo paio e ʻae i ka periformity o ka hana o nā papa dorsal, ua hoʻomau ʻia ma mua o nā palena o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ma ka nū haole. ʻAʻohe kumu i kānalua i ka hopena o Sharov e pili ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana a me ka pilina o longiscwam me mākou, e like me kā mākou mau mea kākau a pau, i ka manawa i paʻi ʻia ka puke ma Science.

ʻO ka mea i hala koke nei, ua hoʻowalewale ʻia ka ʻaee ʻole o ka pīhoihoi o ka ʻāhane a me ke kāʻei o ka poʻohiwi o longisquama i ka Paleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Science. Eia kekahi, ua nānā pono ʻia kekahi mau kikoʻī o ke ʻano o ka ʻōpū o kahi holoholona fossil e hoʻohana ana i kahi mikroskope kiʻekiʻe-resolosa kiʻekiʻe - hoʻāʻo mākou e ʻike i nā ʻōpū ma waena o nā iwi he nui o kahi ʻupua i hōʻeha ʻia e nā ʻōpala he nui. A ke hopena, ua hoʻohuli ʻia i ke kiʻi o ke ʻano o ka hana o ka huila o ka lōʻihi o ka longiscwama, i hōʻike ʻia ma ka wehewehe mua, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia (i manaʻo ʻia e hōʻike i ka ʻike hou i ka kikoʻī ma hope). I ka manawa, hiki i ka manaʻo ke makemake i ka Triassic longiskwama he mea hoʻohālike o ka dinosaurs. Hōʻike ʻia ka hypothesis like ʻole i ka nūpepa e ka American amateur paleontologist ʻo J. Olshevsky.

ʻO ka hana hou o ka ʻike ʻana i kahi lōʻihi lōʻihi ma nā mea kākau o kēia pou.

1. Sharov A.G. // Paleontol. Pūnaewele 1970.? 1. S.127-130.

2. Hatbold H., Kumukaumaha E. // C. R. Acad. Sci. Palisa 1987. V. 305. P.65-70.

3. Kāhea. T. et al. // ʻepekema. 2000. V.288. ? 5474. P.2202-2205.

4. Olshevsky J // He papa inoa inoa kikoʻī o nā Dinosaur Spies e ka Continent. San Diego, 2000.

I nā makahiki he 70, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi paleoentomologist A.G. Sharov (Paleontological Institute of the Academy of Science of the USSR) i luna o ke kahua o ke awāwa ʻo Ferghana (Kyrgyzstan), i loko o ka waihona o ka Late Triassic o ka punawai Madigen, mua o ka kaʻe ʻihi me ke ʻihi o nā reptile miniature.

ʻIke moʻolelo

I ka hopena o nā makahiki 1960, ua hana ʻia kahi hōʻeuʻeu o ka Paleontological Institute o ka USSR Academy of Science ma nā hana ʻimi paleontological i loko o nā kuʻuna o ka hehi ʻo Turkestan no kekahi mau makahiki. ʻO kekahi o nā wahi o ka huakaʻi, ʻo ka Madigen tract (Madigen suite) ma ke awāwa ʻo Ferghana ma ke kahua o Kyrgyzstan hou, i hōʻike ʻia e nā mea kōkua flvial relief. Eia, ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻokahi mau mika ma luna o ke kai kūʻono, aia ʻo Jyailoucho Basin, i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā kuahiwi. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka ʻōpū me ia e hoʻopili ʻia ai nā clare paʻa a me nā ʻenehana, ka mānoanoa a hiki i ka 500 m. Ua hoʻokaʻa ʻia lākou nā pōhaku ʻalima o kahi waʻa kahiko e kahe ana ma ʻaneʻi ma kahi o 230 miliona mau makahiki i hala, i ka manawa Triassic. I loko o ka papa pālolo māmā, ʻike ka nui o nā fossile o nā mea kanu (ʻo ka macrophytes - nui mau algae multicellular), nā pepeke, nā mea kanu, nā mollusks a me nā iʻa bony (me nā bipedal mau), a me nā pupu liʻiliʻi o nā reptile liʻiliʻi (no ka laʻana, ʻo Sharoviperteriks) i ʻole ka maʻamau.

I ka makahiki 1969, i ka wā o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā mea make fossil i kēia mau pālolo, ua ʻike ʻole ʻia ka paleontologist Soviet Alexander Alexanderovov (1922-1973) i kahi huʻi piha ʻole o ka reptile liʻiliʻi, me ia mau mea e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i ka uhi scaly o kona kino a me nā limu. ʻOiai ka pohō ʻana o ka iwi o kahi ʻōpua, ua koʻo ka mea hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā kikoʻī o ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka ʻihi i nā huaʻai.

Hiki mai ka inoa inoa inoa mai nā huaʻōlelo Latin lat. longus (long) and lat. squama (nā unahi), a me nā ʻano epithet insignis ʻo ia ke "ʻano kūikawā." ʻO ka mea ʻike i nā holoholona ʻano, ʻo Alexander Sharov i unuhi i ka inoa o ka holoholona me longhaire maʻamau .

Kōkou

Holotype: PIN 2584/4. He ʻōpala piha pono ʻole a i ka imprint o ka integument. ʻO Kyrgyz SSR, Osh oblast, Leilek wahi (i ka wehewehe mua ʻana o ka ʻanoʻano, ua kapa ʻia kēia wahi ʻo Lyailaksky I ka mua, ua loaʻa ka ʻike e like me ka Lower Triassic, ka Madigen suite, ka stratum luna. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā lākau fossil mai ka Ladin luna o ka waena waena o ka Triassic manawa. ʻO ka piko kahi mua o ka ʻōwili me ke ʻōwili a me kahi ʻano ʻalopihi a me nā mana o ka elongated a overlapping a scaly appendages.

I ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka holotype, ma ka wahi like, ʻike ka hopena i loaʻa i nā kope kūʻokoʻa o ka umauma spinal a hoʻokahi a hui pū paha - paratypes PIN 2584/5 - 2584/7, 2584/9. Mālama i ka ʻĀpana PIN 2584/9 ka manamana lima o nā pāpālina ʻeono ma kahi e pili ana i kēlā me kēia, PIN 2584/6 - mau manamana lima o nā kiʻi o ka lōʻihi o ka lihi, PIN 2585/5 a me 2585/7 - kahi manamana lima o ka hoʻopili hoʻokahi wale nō. Aia nā kolamu i loko o ke kolamu o ka Paleontological Institute o ke Kulanui ʻepekema o Lūkini ma Moscow a ua hōʻike ʻia i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Paleontological. Yu. A. Orlova.

I ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻikepili o Freiberg Mining Academy ma ka wahi ʻo Madigen i ka makahiki 2007, ua loaʻa hou ʻekolu mau manamana lima o nā ʻili āpau - nā huaʻōlelo FG 596 / V / 1, FG 596 / V / 2, FG 596 / V / 3. ʻO ia hiʻona FG 596 / V / 1 wale nō ke ʻano o ka appendage i mālama ʻia ma loko o kona lōʻihi - ʻo kona lōʻihi ʻo 28.9 cm, ua nui i ka nui o nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻopaʻapaʻa

ʻO ka mālama ʻana i nā iwi ʻōpū paʻakikī ke paʻakikī i ka nānā ʻia ʻana o ka ʻike loiloi o ka fossil, e alakaʻi ana i nā ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻohalike ʻana o kekahi mau hōʻailona e nā ʻano noiʻi like ʻole. I ka wehewehe mua ʻana o nā ʻano ʻano, ua ʻike ʻo Sharov i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi ʻano kūʻokoʻa o nā kiʻi mokulele i ka ʻōpala o kahi longysquam (nānā pū ʻia i ka dinosaurs a me nā buakima) - ka puka aniani preorbital (antorbital fenestrae), kahi kikoʻī i ke ʻōpala i loaʻa i waena o ka orbit a me ka wehe ʻana o ka ihu. ʻO kēia puka aniani, he ʻakolu o nā lua i lalo. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka hoʻokae ʻana i kona hele ʻana i longiscwama e ka pōʻino like ʻole i ka fossil. ʻO Center (2003) i hoʻolālā ʻia i ke kūkulu ʻana e Sharov no ka puka preorbital i hana maoli ʻia e ka fractures o ka ʻōpala. Ua kākoʻo ʻia kēia hopena e Prum. Ua ʻae ʻole ʻo Peters (2000) a me Larry Martin (2004) i kēlā mau manaʻo a me ke manaʻoʻiʻo, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā preorbital, he lōʻihi hoʻi nā puka makani nā longisquamas. Pēlā nō hoʻi, puka maila ka puka mandibular mua i loko o ka wehewehe kumu, akā naʻe, nā mea kākau a pau hope loa, me Peters, Martin a me Senter, ʻae like ka pili o kēia ʻikepili ʻaʻole me nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical, akā me nā hōʻeha skull holotype. ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻōnaehana dental i wehewehe ʻia e Sharov e like me ka acrodontal - kiʻi ʻia e ka neʻe ʻo ka holo ʻana o nā niho i ka palena o ka iwi o luna. Ua manaʻo ʻo Larry Martin he ʻano tecodont ia, ka mea e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā aʻa o nā niho, a ma kahi o nā kākoʻo kākoʻo i hana ʻia ai, hui ʻia e ka manaʻo o ka periodontium. I kahi moʻolelo ma hope mai i ka makahiki 2008, ua manaʻo ʻo Martin ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻoka o lalo i waena o nā kuʻi palahalaha, a ua unuhi ʻo Sharov i nā niho āpau me nā mea i hoʻonui ʻia e like me nā niho aliʻi. I kekahi kūlana, he pōkole loa nā aʻa no ka ʻohe o ke kao o ka ʻano tecodont, ʻoiai hiki iā lākou ke ʻano o ka sub-tecodont, aia nā niho i ka ʻalowā alveoli a loaʻa ʻia kahi puʻupuʻu hoʻokahi. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao hope o ka ʻiwi, i hoʻonui nui ʻia ma hope o ka orbit, i wehewehe ʻia e Sharov me he mau pūluki ʻelua a ua unuhi ʻia ʻo ia ka hua kahuna pari nui a Peters a me Center. Ua manaʻo ʻo Larry Martin he ʻāpana hapa wale kēia o ka hale o kahi ʻuʻuku, kahi i haʻalele ʻia. Ua wehewehe ʻia nā palena o ka collarbones e Sharov, ʻoiai he mea hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka pae ma waena o lākou. ʻAe ʻo Center a me Martin e hoʻopili ʻia a hana i kahi thymus. Manaʻo ʻo Peters e uhi wale lākou i kēlā me kēia i nā foss, a manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo Anvin lāua ʻo Benton ʻaʻole lākou e ulu pū.

Nā ʻinallelo manuahi a me kā lākou wehewehe

Ma ka hope o ka holoholona he mau mamao lōʻihi o kahi ʻano pilikino (i hōʻike ʻia e kekahi mau mea kākau e like me ke ʻano o ka lāʻau hockey). Ua wehewehe ʻo Sharov iā lākou i kahi helu kaulike. ʻO ka holotype ʻehiku mau ʻuʻuku i hoʻopili ʻia, i hōʻike ʻia e ke ʻano paʻakikī. ʻO kā lākou lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o 10-12 cm no ka holotype, ʻelua a ʻekolu mau manawa ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o ke poʻo a me ke kino, a hiki i 289 cm no ka paratype FG 596 / V / 1. Kahi ʻia kēlā me kēia nūhou e ʻelua mau pūʻulu "elongated" i pili ma ka ʻaoʻao mua, a i ka wēlau hoʻi ma ke kua hope a me ka waena. Hoʻopau ʻia nā hope o nā apili a hāliʻi liʻiliʻi i hope.

ʻIke ʻia kēlā me kēia “kikoʻī” o ke apono mai kona kumu a i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka haunaele i mahele ʻia i ʻekolu ʻāpana, ʻo ke kua o ka hiu a emi ʻole i waho. He kikowaena waena o nā kaho waena, he kūmaha puka i ke ʻano o nā ʻili, ʻoiai like me ka puhukū ʻana o ka ʻōlio i waena o ka hulu manu. Hiki i kēia mau ʻōmuku ke loaʻa i ka pūnaewele kahi i kālai ʻia ai ka pepa posterior, a ʻo nā koina keratinized o ka papila i hānai i nā ʻikena nui e ulu nei.

Manaʻo ʻia nā pāpale Dorsal e nā ʻepekema hou e like me nā unahi i hoʻololi ʻia, a i ʻole he "manu ʻole" manu me nā ʻumi manuahi.

Ua makemake nui ʻia nā paleontologists palaualelo i manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole kēia ʻāpana o ke kino o ka longiscame, akā he mau mea āpau o nā mea kanu i mālama ʻia me ka reptile a ua hoʻopili hewa ʻia. I loko o kā lākou hana, ua hoʻopau ʻo Buchwitz a me Vogt i nā moʻoola ʻo ka scaly o ka longisquama ʻaʻole i kanu ʻia, ʻoiai lākou āpau, koe wale nō ka lūlū ma ka holotype PIN 2584/4, he palapala kauoha i hana hou i nā wā maʻamau a ʻaʻole mālama ʻia i ke ʻano o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni - ʻo ke ala maʻamau mālama i nā mea kanu ma ka huinga Mad Mad. ʻO ka mea kanu wale nō mai Madigen e like me ka appendages o Longiscwama he ʻano lāʻau Mesenteriophyllum kotschnevii (Family Pleurals). Ma ka ili o kona mau lau he mau lihune. ʻO nā lau nui loa i hiki i 14 cm ke lōʻihi a he 2.5 cm ka laulā. ʻO ka vini waena wale nō e hele i ka laulā o 3-5 mm. Hōʻike ʻia nā kihi o nā lau e nā ʻano contour, ʻo ka hapanui. Aia kekahi mau kikoʻī i ʻike ʻia i nā ʻalunā, neʻaneʻe ʻia, ʻae ʻia i nā waena waena i ka mamao o ka mamao o 1 mm mai kēlā me kēia a aneane ke kokoke ana i ka vein waena. Eia naʻe lau M. kotschnevii ʻAʻole loaʻa i kahi ʻanoʻokoʻa o ka lāʻau hockey.

I ka makahiki 1999, ma ke Kulanui o Kansas (USA), kahi hui o nā paleontologists ʻAmelika a me nā zoologists (J. Ruben, Larry Martin, Alan Feduccia, etc.) a me nā paleontologists Rusia E.N. Kurochkin a me V. Alifanov, e hoʻohana ana i nā optika ma ia manawa, a nā mea i hiki ke hana i ke kiʻi paʻi kiʻi kamepiula, i hana ʻia e noiʻi i nā hana morphological o longiscwam. Ua manaʻo ka poʻe kākau o kēia noi e hiki i kēia reptile ke hōʻoia i ka hypothesis e ʻōlelo ana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā manu mai nā archosaurs non-dinosaur. ʻO ka hopena o ka hana kahi i paʻi ʻia ai nā mea kākau e pili ana nā kekona dorsal o ka longisquama i kahi mākaʻi a me kahi koʻokoʻi kūlohelohe ākea, ka ʻaoʻao kumu ʻāwili a puni. No laila, i ko lākou manaʻo, ua hōʻike kēia mau hōʻailona i kahi like ma waena o ka hemo i ka spinalage a me ka hulu, kahi o ia ʻano, ʻaʻole like me nā unahi, mai ka wahi i hoʻāʻo ʻia o ka ʻili o ka papila.

ʻO ka loea hoʻomohala ʻo Richard Proom, pū kekahi ʻo Reis lāua ʻo Zyus, loiloi i kēia mau ʻoihana e like me ke kūlohelohe ʻē aʻe i ka hulu manu a manaʻo ʻia iā lākou me nā mea kaulike e like me ke kūpaʻa like elongated.

Aia nā ʻano o ka longishquam i nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical i ʻike ʻole ʻia no nā unahi reptile elongated, akā like me nā hulu manu a me kā lākou neʻe ʻana mai. distal section, ka pālahalaha o ka lōʻihi a me ka laulā ma ka ʻāpana ākea a me ka 50% (hōʻike FG 596 / V / 1). No laila, ua wehewehe ʻo Vogt i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka appendage ma ka hoʻohālikelike me nā manaʻo hou e pili ana i ka hoʻomaka a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hulu. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻenehana o longisquam mai kahi germ epidermal multilayer, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ia mea i hoʻoholo ai i ke ʻano o ke ʻano paʻakikī. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana mai ka mamao a i ka pūnaewele proximal e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻano o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā hanana like, e like me ka neʻe ʻana mai ka mea i loko a me ka hulu o ka hulu. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻoponopono hohonu a me ka ʻano wai o ka tubular o ka mahele i ke kālā, i hōʻike ʻia e ka nui o nā mea noiʻi, i mea e hōʻike ai i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā appendages mai ka cagacion epidermal invagination, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka follicle. No laila, ʻo kēia mau puka puka i kahi ʻano like me nā kaulike dorsal o nā iguanas hou.

Hōʻike kekahi mau mea noiʻi e pili ana nā kuhi o ka longisquama i ka like me nā pūnaewele ʻekolu ʻehā i luna o ke koʻokoʻo (oval ma ka hoʻohālikelike transverse) o ka ʻano ʻO Praeornis sharovi, ka mea e noho ana ma ke kihi o ka Middle and Late Jurassic i ka palena o Kazakhstan hou.

Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia i loko o ka morphogenesis o ka hulu i kēia manawa aia nā kaʻina hana kūikawā e like me ka neʻe ʻana i ka ulu ulu ʻana mai ka palena apical o ka puka ʻōiwi i lalo i nā ʻaoʻao o ka follicle, ka hoʻokuʻi ʻana i kekahi mau iwi cell cell, e kūleʻa ʻaʻole wale ma o nā ulu ulu (e like me ka reptiles), akā ma ka apoptosis - hoʻoponopono kaʻina hana o ka make o ka cell i hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻaoʻao o nā papa.

ʻO ke kumu a me kahi o nā pahuhopu dorsal lōʻihi e hoʻomau i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa, no ka mea ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ma ke kūlana - i ka pae a i ʻole paha, i loko o hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha lālani - ua loaʻa lākou ma ka holoholona. ʻIke ʻole ʻia he mau mea uila lākou. ʻO ke kumumanaʻo e hoʻolaha nui ʻia i kēia manawa ua hōʻike mua ʻia e ka mea ʻike hou ʻia e Sharov, a laila hāpai ʻia a hoʻoponopono ʻia e nā mea noiʻi ʻē aʻe. Wahi a ia, he hana aerodynamic kahi o nā spinalthth a ua hoʻohana ʻia e nā holoholona no ka holo passive. Wahi a ia, e noho ana ma ka lālani ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino a ma hope paha, hana lākou e like me ka parachute, e ʻae ana i nā reptile e holo i kahi lele hoʻolālā. Kuhi ʻia ka hōʻike o Sharov e ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻano anatomical like i ka longiscuwa a me nā manu: nā puka preorbital a me nā clavicle i haʻi ʻia e ia nā hōʻailona kuhi ʻia e nā kūpuna o nā manu.

I ka makahiki 1987, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Hartmut Hobold lāua ʻo Eric Buffetaut (Haubold & Buffetaut) e pili ana i nā kaʻina hana ʻē i nā wāwae ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino o longiscwam, i hana ʻia "mau pūliki"Draco) a i ka launa cuneosaurus, Xianglong zhaoi , Mecistotrachelos apeoros a coelurosaurus.

I ka makahiki mua o ka makahiki 2010, ʻike ʻo Jones a me nā hoa hana i loaʻa nā mea i pili i ke kua, ʻaʻole ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino, akā hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope, ua unuhi ʻia lākou he ʻelua mau lālani pili i hana ʻia, nā anatomically like a me ka hulu a me ka noho i kahi kūlana like me nā hulu dorsal pterillium i nā manu.

Wahi a Anvin lāua ʻo Benton, ʻo ka outgrowth he ʻano ʻōlima ʻole i hoʻolewa ʻia ma hope o ka holoholona, ʻokoʻa i ka nui mai ke keʻena nui a i ka liʻiliʻi i ke kuhikuhi o ka huelo a noho ma ka waena o ke kino.

Manaʻo kekahi poʻe noiʻi i ka manaʻo o nā apili dorsal i pili me ka lele i kanalua. Hoʻopili kēia me Vogt a me nā hoa hana i hōʻole i kēia hypothesis no kekahi mau kumu. No laila, ʻo ka holotype hoʻokahi wale nō o nā mea e pili ana i nā appendages, a me kekahi ʻike e pili ana i ko lākou bthum posthumous a i ʻole ka nalowale o kā lākou lālani lua. Eia kekahi, i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā reptile e like me coelurosaurus, spherical dipterix, cuneosaurus a me nā ʻoni lele lele hou, aia nā membrane pihi e kokoke kokoke ana i ke kino a i kākoʻo ʻia e nā limu, ʻoiaʻiʻo a pololei ʻole. Inā loaʻa ka longiskwama, inā i hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā mea i nā lālani ʻelua, i ka wā o kahi lele nui, e hana wale ʻia kahi kiʻi aerodynamic ma kahi mamao o nā kaʻina hana, kahi e hiki ai i ko lākou mau wahi hoʻonui ke kīhaha kekahi i kekahi. Me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka hiki e hoʻokiʻekiʻe i ka waena o ka poʻomanaʻo, nui loa ke kaumaha ma ke kumu o nā hana a kiʻekiʻe loa e hiki ai ke hoʻonui ʻia i ka hōʻeha kino (ʻoi aku ka hihia o kā lākou kiʻi i ke ʻano me ke kino, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana e ka Hobold a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o Buffeto).

Wahi a kekahi mau ʻepekema, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā pae ʻula i hoʻoponopono i ka hoʻoili wela a i ʻole ke ʻano launa pū o nā holoholona. No laila, e like me Vogt a me nā hoa hana, longiskwama, loaʻa iā ia kahi lālani o nā ukali ma kona kua, hiki ke hāpai a hoʻopuni iā lākou i loko o kahi mokulele sagittal e like me ka mea aloha, no ka hoʻohālike, no ke kumu o ka pale mimicry a i ʻole makemake i nā wahine i ka wā hana. no laila, ke kau ʻana a uhi i kahi ʻāpana kohu keʻe, nā kāne o nā ʻōmole he nui i hele mai). Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā manawa, ua ʻike ʻia nā mea i kau ʻia ma kahi kūlana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a e pono e hoʻolako ʻia ko lākou neʻe e nā ʻōnaehana o ka lōʻihi i pili i nā follicle hohonu.

Palapala Paleobiology

Longiskwama a ʻoi paha nā pua arboreal. Wahi a Sharov, kahi poʻohiwi pōkole loa a pōkole, me ka lima lōʻihi, ke hōʻike nei i kēia mea, a me nā clavicle palaka e hōʻike i nā ukana nui i ʻike ʻia e nā forelimbs. ʻO kekahi mau mea noiʻi, nāna hoʻi i hōʻole i ka manaʻo o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hāmeʻe spinalage no ka hoʻolālā ʻana i kahi lele, kanalua i ka ʻano lāʻau lāʻau longiscwam. Kuhi lākou i ko lākou kūlana i ka ʻike ʻole ʻole ʻia o nā ʻuhane o ka wāwae a me ka huelo o ka reptile i mālama ʻia, e kūlike, i ko lākou kūlana i ʻike ʻole ʻia.

ʻAi ʻo ia i nā iniseti, hiki ke hoʻokolokolo ʻia e nā niho conical liʻiliʻi o kēlā ʻano like.

Paleoecology

Loaʻa nā koena o kahi longiskwama i loko o ka pahu Madigen, kahi mai ka manawa Triassic. He loko kahawai ʻo Madigen me nā loko wai i kālai ʻia, nā lunakahiko a me nā wahi puna ephemeral i nā manawa o ke kai ʻana. Hōʻalo ke ʻano o ke aniani. Manaʻo paha, he momona nā loko, a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka oxygen i ka wai, ma muli o nā kūlana kikoʻī i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ko lākou lalo, a ua pale ʻia i ka wikiwiki o ka pau ʻana o nā mea make. Ma ka hapanui o nā wahi, loaʻa i nā holoholona honu aku i loko o nā gills (koe wale nō i nā iʻa, nā ostracods, decapod crustaceans, bivalves a me bryozoans ua loaʻa). ʻO nā mea nui e pili ana i nā lau hehole i lau ai nā limau ka wāwae i noho pū ʻia me nā loko wai pōkole. ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona o Madigen ka hele ʻana o ka wai pelekikena neʻe, aia paha i loko o ka wai pāpaku ma waho o ke kapakai he ʻano ʻano "kahe" e noho ana i kahi o nā invertebrates i noho ʻia. E pili ana i nā ʻike he nui o nā niho puhopa ma Madigen, ua hōʻike ʻia ka holo ʻana o ka ʻikepiki i nā wai hohonu. Maanei ua hoʻopili lākou i kā lākou hua i ka mea kanu kai. Ke puka mai nei nā ʻōpio'ōpio hou no kekahi manawa i ka littoral, ʻai ʻana i nā molluska a me nā mea liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe. Holoi holoi ʻia nā kapo hua manu a kanu ʻia i nā wahi liʻiliʻi o ka waihona kālā.

Ma waena o nā vertebrates terrestrial i ʻike ʻia mai Madigen, hiki i kekahi ke hoʻomaopopo i ka cynodont Madysaurus sharovi a me ka hoʻolālā reptile mai ke kauoha Prolacertiformes - sharoviperteriksa (Sharovipteryx) .

ʻO nā ʻōnaehana a me phylogeny

ʻAʻole paʻa ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho.

Ua wehewehe mua ʻo Alexander Grigorievich Sharov i kēia ʻano ʻano, e like me nā ʻōnaehana ʻōiwi i kēlā manawa, i ke ʻano he ʻelele o ka pseudosuchia squad (Pseudosuchia) i hoʻokumu ʻia i kekahi mau puka tempal i mālama ʻia, a me kahi puka aniani preorbital a me kahi puka aniani ma ke kua o ka ʻāʻī o lalo. I kēia manawa, ʻike ʻia nā pseudosuchies i ka pae o kekahi o nā waihona ʻelua o nā kaikamahine nui o nā archosaurs. I ka wehewehe mua ʻana, ua hōʻike ʻo Sharov ua kokoke loa ke lōʻihi o ka longiskwama i nā pseudosuhs i ʻike ʻole ʻia i kēlā manawa (i kēlā manawa), kahi i puka mai ai nā manu. No laila, ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i ka longiscwam i kekahi lālā o nā kuʻuna e pili ana i nā manu. Ua hele mai ʻo ia i kēia hopena ma hope o ke aʻo ʻana i nā hiʻona o nā koena fossil - ka hele ʻana o kahi aniani preorbital (antorbital fenestrae), ka puka kīkuʻi mandibular, ua hoʻohāʻau ʻia ka mea like me ka thymus o nā manu, a me ke ʻano o nā papa o dorsal, i kona manaʻo, ʻaʻole kue i ka mea i manaʻo ʻia mai nā kūpuna o nā manu (i manaʻo ʻia i kēlā manawa).

I ka makahiki 2001, ua kākoʻo ʻo Richard Prum lāua ʻo Terry Jones et al. I kā lākou hana e kākoʻo i ka hoʻokaʻawale o longiscuva i nā archosaurs e pili ana i nā foramen preorbital, aia kekahi i mua o ka orbit a skull. I ko lākou manaʻo, pili nā cointidences i ke ʻano o nā pahuhopu o ka manu a me nā hulu manu, a me nā clavicles a me nā forks, e hōʻike ana i waena o nā archosaurs aia kahi pilina ma waena o ka longiscwam a me nā manu.

ʻO kēia manawa nui loa, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea noiʻi i kā lākou ʻōlelo paʻa e pili ana i ka kūlana hoʻonohonoho a hōʻike i nā ʻano ʻōiwi e like me ka mea he ʻelele o nā diapsids.

He mea paʻakikī loa ka nīnau ʻana i ka kūlana ʻōnaehana o nā ʻano ʻano, no ka mea, i loaʻa ka holotype i ka wehewehe pōkole wale nō me ka leʻaleʻa maikaʻi a ʻaʻole i wehewehe ʻia ka osteologically. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Peters e hoʻoponopono i ke kūlana ma ka wehewehe hou ʻana i ka holotype ma 2000. Eia naʻe, nui o nā hiʻohiʻona i hōʻike ʻia. ʻO Center a me Peters wale nō ka mea kākau e hoʻopili i ka taxon ma ka hoʻoilo phylogenetic.

ʻO ka ʻōnaehana kūlana ʻo longiscwam e like me David Peters:

Tapinoplatia

Characiopoda

Fenestrasauria

Manaʻo ʻo Anvin lāua ʻo Benton kekahi o nā pukaaniani o ka ʻōpipī o kahi longiskwama i hiki ʻole ke hōʻeha wale i nā koena fossil. Hoʻomaopopo lākou me Sharov, ʻo ka longiskvama he mau niho acrodontal a me nā interclavicles, akā ʻaʻole noʻonoʻo i nā clavicles i hoʻopā ʻia. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical e like me nā hiʻohiʻona o nā hui o Lepidosauromorpha. I kēia hihia, ʻaʻole kahi archosaur o Longiscwama a no laila, ʻaʻole pili pili i nā manu.

Ma muli o ke kūlana paʻakikī e pili ana i ka lōʻihi o ka longiscuwa, he mea paʻakikī i ka hoʻoili ʻia i kekahi o nā hui i ʻike ʻia, i ka makahiki 2004, i kau ʻia i ke kaili ʻana cladistic, manaʻo ʻo Phil Center e hoʻolauna i kahi kūmole polyphyletic kūloko Avicephala ma ke ʻano he subclass of the diapsid, kahi i hoʻokomo pū ai ʻo ia i nā hoʻolālā basal diapside o coelurosaur ((Coelurosauravus) Hōʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike maʻalahi o ke ʻauhau ʻauhau e Center e hōʻike ʻia ana i ka cladogram ma lalo nei:

Diapsida

Ekoloia

Neodiapsida (me Archosauria a me Lepidosauria)

Avicephala

Lawahena

I nā makahiki 1990, ua hoʻomau ke kimeʻohana paleontologist ʻAmelika George Olszewski i ka ʻānela hiki i ka longiscama hiki ke lilo i theropod basal - he mākaʻikaʻi o ka suborder dinosaurs (ma kāna ʻauhau - he baseterod theropodomorph - ""ʻoiapele"). ʻAʻole i loaʻa ka hypotesa i ke kākoʻo ma waena o nā paleontologists limahana ma muli o ke kuhi ʻana ʻo Olszewski i nā hōʻailona o ka longiscwam i mau paio ʻole a ʻike ʻole i nā theropods ma ka laulā: "manu-like skull" (hōʻailona uncharacteristic no thealoprop basal), nā niho karnivorous (plesiomorphic hōʻailona no ka gnostostom) i hoʻopili ʻia i ka iwi thymus o ke clavicle (he hōʻailona hoʻomālamalama), nā wāwae ʻākau nui me kahi lima lima lima (nā theropod dinosaurs i hoʻopaʻa i ka mua, ka lua a me ke kolu mau manamana lima, i ka hoʻēmi ʻana o ka hā a me ka ʻelima. ʻO ia ʻano hiʻohiʻona e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou mai nā kumulāʻau ʻē aʻe a me ka hapa nui o nā tetrapods, kahi, no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka nui o nā manamana lima ma ka wāwae, ʻo ka hōʻemi e lawe pio i nā manamana lima loa - ka mua a me ka lima), "mau pūʻulu hulu manu" hōʻailona).

ʻO ka paleontologist Lūkini ʻo E. N. Kurochkin i hoʻokaʻawale i ka hiki o nā ʻano mea i pili i nā dinosaurs. Ua kau ʻia kēia manaʻo ma kahi ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka pīkī kuʻi a me ke kāʻei o ka poʻohiwi o longisquama a me ke ʻano ʻike ʻana i nā kikoʻī o ke ʻano o kāna keaka me kahi mikrosopope kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kahi papa ʻōlelo i mea e ʻike ai i nā neʻe ma waena o nā iwi maha o ka ʻōpala o ka ʻōpala i hōʻā ʻia e nā ʻōpala he nui.

ʻO ka heleʻana o clavicle i longisquam i ka clavicle o ka thymus he ʻano maʻamau o nā theropods. Eia nō naʻe, e like me ke ʻano o ka wehewehe ʻana a Peters (a hewa paha) paha, he mea maʻamau paha ka posterral ventral a ua hoʻohui ʻia me kona wā holoʻokoʻa me ka sternum, ʻo ia hoʻi ka uncharacteristic o ka theropod anatomy. ʻO nā hōʻailona hou, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka plesiomorphic ma mua o ka dinosaurs, ka puka ʻana o ka puka aniani mandibular waho ʻole, ʻano ʻano hoʻoponopono ʻana o nā niho i ka ʻāʻī (e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka ʻōnaehana niho), interclavicle (inā i ʻike pololei ʻia ʻo ia ma ka holotype), pōkole deltectoral pōkole, ʻelima phalanges i ka hā o ka hā mau manamana lima a ʻehā mau phalanges ma ka lima lima. No laila, ʻaʻole hiki i ka longiskwama i ka hui theropod a, ʻoi aku, ʻaʻole he dinosaur.

Nā kūpuna manu

ʻO ka kumu kahi o nā manu ke kamaʻāina manuahi. Ma ke ʻano o ka manawa i kau ʻia, ua hoʻonoho ʻia nā ʻano ʻepekema kūmole o ka hoʻomaka a me nā ʻohana ʻohana. I nā makahiki he mau makahiki i hala aku nei, e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻano o nā manu kahiko a me ka hulu manu theropod dinosaurs, hoʻomaka ka nui o nā mea noiʻi e pili ana i ke ʻano o nā manu e kū mai ana i nā manu theropod mai ka pūʻulu o nā maniaptors. ʻOi aku ka poʻe ʻepekema, ʻo ka Pelekolika ʻo Larry Martin (1943–2013) a me Alan Feduccia (English) Lūkini. , pili i ka hypothesis i ulu ʻia e nā manu mai nā arosore liʻiliʻi arboreal, e like me ka longiscavas. ʻO ka loiloi ʻo Cladistic a me phylogenetic haʻawina ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa i kēia hoʻohālikelike hou.

No ka manawa mua, ʻo nā kuhi kuhi e pili ana i ka pili ʻana o ka longiscwam me nā kūpuna manu i hana ʻia e Sharov iā ia iho, ka mea i manaʻo i nā clavicle i hoʻopuni ʻia a me nā forelimbs e like me nā ʻano manu. I ka hoʻohui ʻana i kāu thymus a me nā pāpili scaly, ua hōʻike ʻo Larry Martin i ka 2004 i kekahi mau hōʻailona e like me ke ʻano o ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi ma nā manu: ʻo ka puka anterior orbital i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia (ʻo ia hoʻi ka i ʻole i loko o ka pauku i hala), kahi ʻuʻuku kūloko (a i kēia hoʻi i ka coelurosaur (Coelurosauravus), Simiosaurs, nā pterosaurs, ka nui o ka coelurosaurs, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui), kahi "ʻuʻihi nui" (he ʻōpiopio hakakā, he ʻano he mea ʻole nō hoʻi ka parietal crest he hale pio i ka ʻihi, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia kona wahi like me ʻekolu. Megalancosaurus, nā pterosaurs a me nā coelurosaurs), he mau lālā postorbital (ua pōkole ʻo ia i ka hapanui o nā manu, ʻo ia hoʻi i loko o nā ʻano basal e like me ka archeopteryx me nā lālā pōkole o ka iwi postorbital, ʻoi aku ka ʻano o ka coelurosaurs), nā puka aniani nā mana (nā ʻano o ka hōʻailona ma nā manu basal a aneane hoʻi o nā non-archosauromorphs āpau), nā niho me ka hua ākea (kahi hōʻailona ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia), ua kau ʻia ka ʻāʻī i kahi ʻūlani haʻahaʻa (e kū pono ana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo inā he keʻa parietal ka manaʻo ma ke ʻano o ka ʻihi. i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole pili kēia hōʻailona i ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo i nā manu basal, e like me ka archeopteryx), ka laulā o ka ʻāʻī a me ke kino o ka scapula ma ka lōʻihi holoʻokoʻa (e hōʻike pū ana i nā neoteropods, ʻO Simosaurus, nā pterosaurs, a i ka mea liʻiliʻi i ka coelurosaurs), he lima elongated (ʻano ʻano o ka pterosaurs, coelurosaurs, a me nā mea hou aʻe), elongated penalylue phalanges o ka lima (ʻaʻole e pili i ka manamana lima a me ka homologous wale nō, e like me Larry Martin, no ka manamana ʻehā - he hōʻailona pū kekahi. coelurosaurs ʻO Simosaurus, nā pterosaurs a me nā andropod) - a me nā hulu manu.

ʻO nā homologues featherist homologues o Longiskwama i hāʻawi ʻia i kahi mau haʻawina. No laila, ua wehewehe mua ʻo Jones i kēia mau mea hoʻohui, a ua hana ʻo Vogt i kā lākou wehewehe kikoʻī e pili ana i nā loaʻa hou o nā fossils. Ua wehewehe ʻo Jones i kekahi mau mea like me nā hulu hulu, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo Feducci - ʻili manu hulu (English parafeather) no kēia mau hana. Ma ka manawa like, nā ʻāpana hoʻoheheʻe i hōʻike ʻia, homologized, e like me kā Jones, i ka ʻūhā ʻana o nā hulu manu, ʻo ia kekahi o nā palahalaha i nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o nā ʻāpana waena o ka hulu manu. ʻO nā pa i manaʻo ʻia o nā wahi e hoʻopuni ana iā ia a me ka ihu mua a i ʻole ke alo ʻana. Loaʻa i nā mea hoʻouluulu momona ma ko lākou kihi mamao kahi kikowaena waena a me nā ʻāpana lapuwale. ʻOkoʻa nō kā lākou ʻano maoli. Ma kahi o ka lāʻau ākoka a me nā lāʻau pākahi hoʻokahi e pā ana i ka pāhoʻī, ʻo ka longiskwama ka ʻelua o nā membranes e hui pū ʻia i nā kihi a loaʻa i ʻelua mau paona lōʻihi ka lōʻihi, ʻoiai ke hele nei ka hope i mua o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lobar. ʻO ke koʻokoʻo kahi hoʻomau o ka palena ma waena o nā manamana a me ka waena (ʻaʻole ia e hoʻomau me ka pae basal, e like me ka ʻōlelo ʻana a Jones) a me nā ʻumiʻumi i haʻi ʻia ʻole, ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo ia ma nā piko o nā hulu hulu, ka hoʻopili pinepine ʻana me ka hoʻopiʻi a he mau protrusions ka hewa. lanikū mau. No laila, ʻo ka hui like me nā hulu ma ka palena o ka cylindrical a conical base a me ka membal basal. ʻOiai ʻo ka hulu manu e like me nā hulu i ka hulu i ka pae follicle, he like no ia me nā hulu o ke kumu mua i ka pae. Tianyulong confuciusi a me nā coelurosaur basal, nā hulu o nā psittacosaurs a i nā pycnofibres (hulu manu a hulu paha nā hulu) o nā pterosaurs. ʻO nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka loli o ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā integuments i loaʻa i ke kino ma ke kumu o ko lākou ʻano morphological i kue ka nui, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i kākoʻo ʻia e nā ʻikepili maoli i nā ʻano mua a me nā kealoli, ko lākou morphogenesis, nā ʻokoʻa i ka hana biochemical o nā ʻano homological i hoʻolālā ʻia, a pēlā aku. ka hopena ʻo ka hapanui o nā ʻili o nā ʻili o nā vertebrates ʻaʻole hiki i nā hōʻailona kumu o ke kaʻina hoʻomohala, no ka mea, ʻaʻole nui nā mea e hānai. Akā hiki wale kūlike nā maʻi (i ka pae papa).

ʻAʻole loaʻa nā Longiskwama i nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau me nā manu i ʻike ʻole ʻia e loaʻa i loko o nā basel coelurosaurs. No laila, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia i loko o ka hui o nā tetanures ma ke kumu o nā hiʻohiʻona he nui, ʻo ia hoʻi: nā niho o ka iwi āwā i luna, posteriorly hiki i ka pae o ka kihi o ka orbit, he mau ʻewalu o ka vertebrae kuʻikuʻi, ka hala o nā elongated I a me II carpal iwi, ka hiki ʻana o nā phalanges o ke kuʻe a me ka lima lima nā aniani - he mea ʻē aʻe i nā ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe mai nā dinosaur, i ʻike ʻia ma ka māhele mua.

Nā kūpuna Pterosaur

ʻO ka ʻikepili koʻikoʻi e pili ana i nā pilina épili o longiscwama i hōʻike ʻia e ka mea akamai a me ka palemona paleontologist David Peters, ka mea pili nui i ka hoʻomaka ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o nā pterosaurs a kaulana ʻia no kāna hana hou ʻana o nā pterosaurs a me kekahi mau holoholona fossil ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻomohala ʻo ia i kāna ʻano hana no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā fossope ma ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻonui nui ʻana i nā kiʻi kiʻiʻenehana i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o nā koena fossil i loaʻa. Ua kapa ʻia e ke ʻano noiʻi ʻo DGS (English Digital Graphic Segregation, Russian digital graphic segregation). Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ʻano, ʻike nui ʻo Peters i nā kikoʻī he nui i nā ʻāpana hoʻohālike i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā paleontologists hoʻokipa ʻo, i kona manaʻo, i pakele ai.

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kahi holotype o ka longiscwama, ʻo Peters, i kona manaʻo, hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i ka huelo, nā manamana lima, a me nā hoʻomaka ʻana o nā ʻēheu e nalowale nei i ka hala, ʻike ʻia like me nā pterosaurs.

ʻIke pinepine ʻia nā ʻike a Peters e nā paleontologist hoʻomau.

Kuhi mai ka palapala "26861-1"

ʻO wai ka longiskwama?

Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Longiskwama kiʻi kiʻi i ka wehewehe mua o A.G. Sharov.

Ma hope, ua ʻike pinepine ʻia ʻo Longiskwam. Kahi wale nō nūhouʻepekema i paʻi ʻia ma 1987 e West European paleontologists nā mea i ʻike. Ua hōʻike ia i ke ʻano aerodynamic o nā papa dorsal a me kā lākou hoʻonohonoho he ʻelua ʻaoʻao. Ma keia kumu, ua manaʻo ʻia he hoʻolālā na longiskwama mai ka lāʻau a i ka lāʻau, e like me ka hana ʻana, ma ka hoʻohālike, i ke ʻano puʻupuʻu i kēia wā a i ʻole ka ʻīpī manu. Mai ia manawa aku, hoʻomaka nā mea hana kiʻi hou o longiscuwas e paʻi ʻia i nā puke ʻepekema kaulana nui.

ʻO ka hopena o ka hana like me ka paʻi ʻana o ka ʻatikala i kapa ʻia "Non-Bird Feves of the Late Triassic Archosaurus", kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai he kapa ʻāpana o ka dorsal o ka longisquama e loaʻa ai kahi mea paʻa a me kahi lāʻau axial hollow, ʻo ka ʻaoʻao kumu o ka ʻāʻī ʻia a puni. Hōʻike kēlā mau hōʻailona āpau i ka like o ka hoʻopili pili o ka pōkā me ka hulu, ka mea, e ʻokoʻa me ka unahi, i hoʻokumu ʻia mai ka wahi o ka pā o ka ʻili - ka papila follicular. No laila, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopau i nā puka like manu like 75-80 miliona mau makahiki ma mua o Archeopteryx, ka manu kahiko loa e ola ana ma kahi o 150 miliona mau makahiki i hala, i ka pau ʻana o ka manawa Jurassic.I loko o nā ʻōlelo e hōʻike ai i kekahi o nā mea kākau ʻAmelika o kēia ʻatikala, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole ka lōʻihi o ka longiscwama i ka dinosaurs a ʻo nā manu ʻē aʻe paha ka pili i ka mea i hope.

Ua hāpai ka ʻatikala i ka makemake ākea ākea a me ka kahe o nā manaʻo i loko o nā panikini nui haole. Nui nā manaʻo o nā loea. Ua mākaukau kekahi o lākou e ʻae me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia, a ua kūʻē kekahi iā ia. Ua ʻike kekahi i ke ʻano o ka ʻili o ka dorsal o Longisquama, akā ʻaʻole naʻe i māʻona me ka hoʻākāka ʻana i nā helu morphological (ʻo nā mea a nā mea kākau ʻōlelo no ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana i kēia kumuhana), ʻoiai kekahi, me ka hānai ʻole ʻana i nā mea kumu, ʻaʻole i ʻike i ke kumu e haʻalele ai i ka manaʻo o ka pilina ma waena o nā manu a me nā dinosaur. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā huaʻōlelo nui i ka pīhoihoi ʻole i ka ʻatikala i ke ʻano o ka huila a ʻaʻole i ka nānā ʻana i nā pilina o ka ʻohana o longiscwam, ka mea no ka hapanui o nā loea. He mea pōʻino, ʻo nā nuances o ke kūlana o nā mea kākau Lūkia o ka ʻatikala, kahi i kākoʻo ai i nā manaʻo paio e ʻae i ka periformity o ka hana o nā papa dorsal, ua hoʻomau ʻia ma mua o nā palena o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ma ka nū haole. ʻAʻohe kumu i kānalua i ka hopena o Sharov e pili ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana a me ka pilina o longiscwam me mākou, e like me kā mākou mau mea kākau a pau, i ka manawa i paʻi ʻia ka puke ma Science.