Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Kauka R.V. Protasov, State Prize Laureate, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea alakaʻi ma Rūsia ma ke ʻano o ka iʻa o ka iʻa. Ua hoʻopuka ʻo Vladimir Rustamovich i kāna monographie mua "Fish Acoustics" i ka waena o ka 1960, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole ia e nalowale ana i ka ʻepekema ʻepekema .. Ma ka paukū i haʻi ʻia mai ka puke, ka poʻe me nā loea e kahakaha nā ʻike waiwai no lākou iho.

Hana mākou (Protasov a me Romanenko, 1962) i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka pili ʻana o ke kani me ka lele ʻana o kekahi iʻa akuarium - Betta splendens, Macropodus opercularis, Lebistes reticulatus, etc., me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke ea a me nā kūlana mālamalama o ka hale aku. Ma keia ʻano, i ka wā i komo ai ka iʻa i nā ʻāina mua a me nā mākaʻikaʻi, ʻoi ka piʻi nui ʻana o kā lākou hana kani. ʻO nā leo e pili ana i ka pālua ʻana o nā kāne no nā wahine, nā leo hoʻoweliweli a nā kāne kāne, nā leo kani ʻana i nā pale ākea a me ka pale o nā hua i hoʻohui ʻia i nā kani o ka meaʻai.

Hōʻalo ke kani o ka pōʻino i ka iʻa ma mua o ka spawk a a hoʻokūkū nā kāne no ka wahine. I ko lākou ʻano pilikino, ʻaʻole lākou i ʻokoʻa i nā leo o nā hoʻoweliweli i pili i ka mālama ʻana i ka hua.

Hōʻike maopopo ʻia kēia hanana i nā sticklebacks (Protasov, Romanenko a me Podlipalin, 1965). Hoʻokomo ʻo kāne sticklebacks i nā ʻuʻuku i ka ʻāʻī ma mua o ka lawehala a kono aku i nā wahine iā lākou i loko o kahi hulahula ʻano. Ke kū ʻia nā kaua ma waena o nā kāne, hoʻomaka ke kaua. Ke hōʻike nei i nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike o kekahi i ka hoʻoweliweli i kekahi i kekahi, ʻo nā kāne a i ka wā like a lae ke ki a me ke kīpē, ʻo ia hoʻi ka manaʻo o nā hōʻailona hoʻoweliweli. ʻAno nāwaliwali ke kani ʻana o kahi leo peʻe (ka ʻumi o kahi pā). No laila, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hōʻoia i ka hōʻoia ʻana o ko lākou hōʻailona hōʻailona.

ʻO nā leo o ka hoʻoweliweli i hana ʻia e nā kāne i ka hakakā no ka wahine hiki ke maʻalahi ke nānā ʻia ma nā iʻa ka loko aku: nā kāne (Betta splendens), nā ʻano cichlids, etc. Ka maʻamau ka cockerel ma kēia ʻano. Ke hoʻokokoke nei ka manawa o ka lawepala, hoʻonui nui ka ʻano o kēia iʻa. Hoʻopau loa i kēia manawa e hōʻike i ka moa i kona kiʻi i loko o ke aniani, ʻoiai ke hoʻomau nā kāne i kahi pose kū'ē a, me ka hoʻoiho ʻana i nā pālima hoʻokahi, e wikiwiki ana i ka "ʻenemi".

ʻO kahi helu hoʻoweliweli nui i loko o ka iʻa e pili me ke ʻano o ke kaona. ʻO nā iʻa he nui, e alakaʻi ana i kahi kaawale, ke kapa a i ʻole ka pūʻulu pūʻulu, e noho ana i loko o ka wai i kekahi wahi, kahi pale e mālama pono ʻia. ʻO nā leo hoʻoweliweli i kēia hihia ʻaʻole ia o ka intraspecific wale nō, akā loaʻa ka helu hōʻailona interspecific.

Noho i Thailand, Malaya, a me nā mokupuni o Indip-Australian Australian archipelago, freshwater iʻa Botia hymenophisa, ʻaʻole like me nā iʻa o ka Botia genus, alakaʻi i kahi ola kūʻokoʻa (Clausewitz, 1958). Aia nā loko wai, noho kēia mau iʻa i nā wahi liʻiliʻi me ka lōʻihi a i ka 1 mika, ka mea e pale ai i ka hoʻouka ʻana. Ma mua o ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka iʻa, hana lākou i kahi kani kūkaʻe nui. Pane kēia kani i ka iʻa i komo mai ai, ke ao nei iā lākou i ka hiki ke lele. Hoʻokahi ʻano hōʻike o nā ʻano B. hymenophisa, me ke kani ʻole, ʻaʻole makaʻu i ka iʻa.

ʻO ka ʻike e loa e pili ana i ka hoʻowalewale i ka hōʻailona hoʻoweliweli i pili i ka pale ʻana i ko mākou ʻāina ua loaʻa e mākou (Protasov a me Romanenko, 1962) ma nā poʻo lāʻau iʻa aku.

I loko o nā mea kanu, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia mau iʻa i nā manamana (kāne a me nā wahine), hopu i kekahi mau wahi. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā iʻa ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻano like like, e alakaʻi ana i nā hakakā. ʻO nā keke mai kahi mamao o 15-30 centimeter e lawe nei i kahi pehi hoʻoweliweli a hoʻihoʻi i nā beat i kani ikaika. ʻO nā iʻa liʻiliʻi i ka manawa like ua neʻe i lalo a hoʻokaʻawale. E like me ka ʻike ʻana mai nā hoʻokolohua me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka iʻa e nā ʻanala hoʻokani leo opaque, ke ʻano ka hū o nā kūhoʻo e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā iʻa ʻē aʻe. I ka manawa like, ʻo ka lele ma kahi hōʻike o ka hōʻike kūʻokoʻa kūlike e hōʻike ana iā ia iho mai kahi mamao e emi iho ma lalo o 10 mau kenimika mai ke kumu kani. Hōʻike ʻia ka hopena ʻino loa me ka hana like ʻana o nā leo kani a me nā hoʻoweliweli optical.

Mālama pū ka leo o nā iʻa e like me nā hōʻailona pilikia. Ua hoʻonohonoho mākou i kā mākou mau hoʻokolohua mua i ʻelua mau kānaka o ka kohola killer (Protasov, Romanenko, 1962). Ke pīhoihoi nei i kekahi o ka iʻa, ʻike mākou i nā ʻano hana i paʻi ʻia e kēia iʻa, a me ka lele ʻana o nā iʻa ʻelua mai kēia wahi i loko o ka aku. Ma hope mai, ua lawe ʻia aku nā hoʻokolohua me kahi hui o nā kohola pepehi kanaka e noho ana ma kahi ana i loko o kahi meakanu me nā macropods. Hōʻalo hoʻi ka kohola pepehi ʻokiʻoki i kahi puʻe koʻikoʻi, e kahe ana mai kahi wahi ʻino. ʻO nā kohola pepehi kanaka e kokoke kokoke ana iā ia, e hoʻopili pū ana me nā ʻano hana. Pono e haʻi ʻia aku ʻaʻole e hoʻolohe nā macropods i nā leo o nā kohola pepehi kanaka a mai haʻalele i ko lākou wahi. No laila hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he mau waiwai nui o ka pūlima make me nā mea e ʻike ʻia. Pēlā nō hoʻi ka ʻano o ka kohola pepehi kanaka like me nā kūlana kūlohelohe. Wahi a nā nānā ʻana o nā lawaiʻa o ʻAmur, i ka wā o ka huki ʻana o ka ʻupena, paʻa nā koholā make i nā iʻa.

ʻO nā iʻa i hana i nā spawning pasangan, ma muli o ka matur asynchrony, ʻaʻole e hoʻomaka koke i ka hana. ʻO Gametogenesis i nā kāne, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻo ia ka mua o ka heleʻana o ka oocytes i nā wahine. I ka manawa o ka mākaʻikaʻi, ua hoʻomaka ka male kāne i ka sperm (a no laila, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai nui, e holo mau ana nā kāne ma nā kīlaha), nā ʻōpio i nā ovaries i ka pae IV-V i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole ka hoʻomaka ʻana ke kaʻina hana ovulasi iā lākou. (Meyen, 1944, Kulaev. 1939, Dryagin, 1949).

I kēia manawa, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia no ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā ovaries wahine i kahi ʻano wai, pono kekahi mau ʻaoʻao o waho, he hopena e pili ana i ka ʻōpiopio endocrine i ka ovulation. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia nō hoʻi ma ka pili o nā mea e alakaʻi ai i ka ovaries o ka wahine i ka ovulation, ʻo ke kūlana o ke ʻano o ke kāne he mea nui nui (Noble, 1938, Aronson, 1945). Ma kēia pili, he mea koʻikoʻi ke mau leo ​​i hana ʻia e ke kāne ma ka "hoʻāla" wahine. Me nā hōʻailona optical, ʻo nā kani o ke kāne "mālama" no ka wahine he waiwai hoʻoikaika, e pili ana i ka wahine i ka hana hoʻoulu a hoʻonohonoho pū me ia i kona wā ponoʻī i ka manawa.

I ka nui o nā iʻa a me ka ʻohana teritorial, hana nui ke kāne i mea e hoʻoikaika ai. ʻO ka hoʻomaka pinepine ia ma ka alualu ʻana i ka wahine. I ka manawa like, hana nā kāne i nā neʻe stereotypical paʻakikī e hoʻohana ana i ka hōʻailona optical a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana iā ia me nā leo a me ke kani paha a he pupuhi paha i ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū. ʻO nā males, nā macro pods, angelfish, acaras, gourami a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hana i nā kani percussion nāwaliwali (hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha). ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona ma kēia hoʻohanohano ka mana acoustic ʻano macropods a me nā mea pahikaua (ʻaʻole i hoʻolaha ʻia e Tsvetkov). ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka wahine i hana kūlike me ka kūkulu ʻana i ka pili. I ka manawa e pau ai kona kūkulu ʻana, ka wikiwiki ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana. Hōʻike ʻia kēia i kahi loli wikiwiki o nā poses a me nā neʻe a i hōʻike ʻia e ke kāne, a he piʻi o ka nui a me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā kani kani. Ma mua o ka waiho ʻana i nā hua manu, hoʻokaumaha ʻia ke kāne o ka wahine i kona waiwai nui. Hoʻokomo pū ʻia nā ʻāpana hoʻokahi a pālua paha i ka ʻāpana pahu. Ke hoʻāhene aku nei iā lākou, ʻo ka ʻauʻau ʻana ke kāne i mua o ka wahine, hohola i kāna mau kīwaha a haʻalulu me kona kino holoʻokoʻa. Kuhi ʻia nā leo like ʻole i ka wā e hoʻoulu ai i nā wahine i loko o ke kai a me nā pono (Hardenburg, 1934, Noble, 1938). Hoʻokomo ʻia nā leo hoʻokūkū e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana o nā kāne. No laila, inā i loko o ka hoʻihoʻi male male keʻa, hana ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻole ʻia i ke aniani o ka hāhiʻa, hoʻomāneʻaneʻa i ka wahine, i ke kīleʻa kīʻaha o kēia mau iʻa. ʻAʻole ʻano kūʻokoʻa kēlā mau hiʻohiʻona, ʻike maopopo ʻia nā mea aloha akuʻaole āpau iā lākou.

Maʻolelo

Ua loaʻa i kēia wahi ka manaʻo i ka 1956 ma ka I Bioacoustic Congress ma Pennsylvania (USA).

I ka makahiki 1974 a me 1978, ua hui ʻia nā hui ʻelua ʻelua All-Union ma Leningrad ma nā bioacoustics o nā hiʻohiʻona leo o ka leo kanaka.

Ma USSR, ua loaʻa nā kikowaena noiʻi nui bioacoustic ma ke Institute of Evolutionary Morphology a me Ecology of Animals i kapa ʻia ma hope o A. N. Severtsov Academy of Science o ka USSR, Acoustic Institute. ʻO N. I. Andreeva Academy of Science of the USSR (Moscow), ma ke Institute of Physiology. I.P. Pavlova a me ke Institute of Evolutionary Physiology a me Biochemistry i kapa ʻia ma Sechenov I.M. o ka USSR Academy of Science (Leningrad), ma Moscow State University a me St. Petersburg State University, ma Karadag Biostation of the Institute of Biology of the South Seas of the USSR Academy of Science. Aia kekahi mau wahi noiʻi ma ka USA, ʻEnelani, Iapana, Farani a me Kelemānia.

Hikina

O ka olakino o ka launa leo leo holoholona. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ke kahe mai ka leo "mechanical" i hana ʻia ma muli o ke kahalaha ʻana o nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ke kino, i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hāhā o ka hanu ("maoli" maoli) o ke kahawai. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka leo "mechanical" i nā holoholona e like me nā mea spider, centipedes, crayfish a me crabs, nā inikeni (vibration of wings of beetles, vibrating cicada membranes, etc.). Aia nā kani i nā nui o nā iʻa (mai nā 42 ʻohana), ua koho lākou i ke kani me ka lau ʻana. puaa mohai, iliahi, jaws, etc.

Nā Palapala

ʻO ka hana mua a me ka maʻalahi o ka aʻo ʻana i ka ʻōlelo holoholona holoholona he nānā.

E hōʻiliʻili ʻo Bioacoustics i nā leo o nā holoholona - ʻo ia kahi waiwai nui ʻepekema, ʻoiai he nui nā ʻano o nā manu a i ʻole nā ​​mea inikini, kokoke like ʻole i kahi leo, ʻano like ʻole i nā leo, kahi hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou i nā ʻano kaʻawale. Mālama ʻia nā hale waihona mele ma ke ʻano he kumu no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā hana bioacoustic.

Ma USSR, aia ka Central Library o Animal Voices ma ka Biology and Soil Faculty o Moscow State University me kahi lālā ma ke Institute of Biophysics of the USSR Academy of Science in Pushchino ma ka Oka. Loaʻa i ke kahua kula ʻo Leningrad State kahi waihona puke mele nui loa; aia nā hōʻiliʻili o nā moʻolelo ma Kiev, Tartu, Vladivostok a me nā kūlanakauhale ʻē aʻe. ʻOi aku ʻo Cornell University i kahi o 24,000 mau moʻo leo leo manu.

B.N. Veprintsev a me A.S. Malchevsky i komo i ka hana ʻana i kahi waihona puke o nā leo manu, E.V. Shishkova, E.V. Romanenko - iʻa a me nā aiʻa, I.D. Nikolsky, V.R. Protasov - iʻa, A. I. Konstantinov, V. N. Movchan - nā māmela, A. V. Popov - nā mea hihiu.

ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano hana o kēia mau ʻo ka bioacoustics e hoʻoholo i ke ʻano o ka maikaʻi o nā kani leo. Hana ʻia kēia ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ka hana hou ʻana i kekahi mau leo ​​me ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o nā holoholona. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻopaʻa pono ʻana o nā mea hana pono nui o ka bioacoustics.

Hiki ke lawe ʻia ka ʻike maikaʻi no nā holoholona e ka ikaika, pitch, lōʻihi o nā kani, ko lākou timbre. Hoʻohana ʻia nā kaha kani me ke hoʻohana ʻana i ka oscilloscope uila a me ka sonograph.

Hoʻohana maikaʻi

Hoʻohana ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o nā bioacoustics e huki i nā holoholona (no ka laʻana, nā iʻa no ka lawaiʻa a i ʻole nā ​​mea make ʻole make no ka luku ʻana), a me nā haʻalulu (no ka mea, nā manu mai ke kahua mokulele a me nā mahina ʻai a me nā bears mai nā kauhale).

Hōʻalo i ka iʻa i kahi lāʻau lawaiʻa acoustic e hāhola ana i nā leo o ka mea i loko o ka wai e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke loaʻa mau nui. I ka lawaiʻa ʻana, hoʻohana pū ʻia nā leo weliweli - e mālama i ka iʻa i paʻa i ka ʻekeʻeke, ʻoiai aia i ka wai. Eia, ua koho pono ʻia nā kani o ka iʻa ma luna o ka iʻa iʻa. ʻO kekahi o ia mau ʻano (he mea hana i nā leo o ka ʻai ʻana i ka mākeke-barrela) i make ʻia e Yu. A. Kuznetsov, V. S. Kitlitsky, A. S. Popov i nā wā Soviet.