Beetroot weevil, Pig, Cleonus punctiventris, Beet root weevil
ʻO ka pua ʻaila ʻaila
Coleoptera (Beetles) - Coleoptera
Nā weevil maʻamau - monophage, pūpū pōʻino o beets. E ʻai nā Beetles i nā lau, larvae - nā aʻa kanu. Hoʻopili i ka bisexual. ʻAno ka holomua. Palapala nui nāʻu. E ulu ana ka hanauna i ka makahiki.
Kaomi i ke kiʻi e hoʻonui
Waha 1 - 1.1
Keʻano - 6
i ka wā kanu maʻamau - 2-4
huikau i 1 m 2
Laulima
Imago. ^ E Ha yM. Kahi 10-15 mm loa. Ua uhi piha ʻia ʻo Elytra me nā kumu pae ʻehā. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻaoʻao o ka pronotum i nā unahi pōkole, pōʻai, elongated a kokoke i nā kihi, e uhi ana kekahi i kekahi. ʻO ka ʻūhā me nā paila aniani a me nā ʻōpū. Elytra parallel-sided, hōʻike ʻia i ka ʻaoʻao o luna. ʻO ke kala he kala hina, ma hope o ka waena o ka elytra aia kahi wahi pōʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele, ka luna o ka hapa nui me nā wahiʻeleʻele he nui.
He ʻano ʻokoʻa loa nā hiʻohiʻona Morphological o nā pīpī maʻamau. E pili ana i kēia, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau ʻano intraspecific. E pili ana i nā hale noho.
Hoʻoponopono maikaʻi i ke ʻano. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā kānaka heterosexual o ka ʻohana o nā manu he ʻokoʻa i loko o ke ʻano o nā kino genital.
Kāne kāne ʻoi aku ka nui i ka wahine. ʻO ke kolu o ka māhele o ka tarsi he bifurcated, ʻoi aku ka nui. Kāhea ʻia ka antennae. I nā hapa mua ʻelua o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, aia kahi honu ka lōʻihi. ʻOi aku ka ʻoi o ka pubescent ma mua o ka wahine.
Wahine wahine ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kāne. ʻO nā pale i lalo.
Nā hua ʻulaʻula, ʻōlamalama kukui. Lāʻau - 1.2-1.3 mm mm, ākea - 1-1.1 mm.
Larva ka ʻāʻī, ke keʻokeʻo, ʻūhā ʻĀkau, nāhelehe ʻole, me ke poʻo melemele a ʻulaʻula paha. Aia ke kino o 12 mau ʻāpana, ma nā ʻaoʻao kahi he 9 mau kime o nā ʻōlaʻi. I ka wā ulu ʻana, e hoʻoheʻe ʻia ai ʻehā mau manawa a hala i ʻelima mau makahiki.
I ka makahiki mua ua uhi ʻia me nā spines, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke kino ma kahi laina kūpono ʻo 1.5 mm, ʻo ka laulā o ke poʻo o ke poʻo he 0.5 mm.
I ka lua o ka makahiki, ʻo 3 mm ka lōʻihi o ke kino ʻo 3 mm mm, ʻo ka laulā o ke poʻo o ke poʻo he 1 mm.
I ke kolu, 5 a me 1.5 mm, ma kēlā, i ʻehā, 7.5 a me 2 mm, ma ka lima, ʻo ka loa o ke kino he 12,5 mm, a ʻo ka laulā o ke poʻo pōpōloe he 2,5 mm.
ʻO Larva o ka makahiki hope me nā lauoho ʻilihune aʻilihune, ʻaʻole paha e ʻike ʻia nā lauoho ma kahi mau ʻāpana.
Kaumaka. ^ E Ha yM. Lā - 10-15 mm, laulā - 6 mm. ʻO ke ʻano o ke kino he elongated-ovate, me nā wahi i wehewehe maikaʻi ʻia o ke kino o ka pīpī e hiki mai ana. ʻO nā māhele ʻōpū mai luna mai e hoʻopili ʻia me nā lālani transises, a chitinized hope.
Phenology o ka holomua (i nā lā)
Hoʻohui
Imago. ^ E Ha yM. Kūpono ka beetles i ka lepo i nā beetroots, i kahi hohonu o 45 cm. ʻO ka hapanui o nā kānaka hoʻoilo ma ka papale o 15-30 cm.
I ka pūnāwai, i ka wā e hoʻomehana ai ka ʻāina ma kahi hohonu o ka hoʻoilo o 7-10 ° C, e hoʻomaka ana nā pīpī. Ke piʻi ka hāmeʻa o ke ambient i + 25 ° C, ka nui o ka hana o nā pākeke ke kiʻekiʻe loa. E neʻe wikiwiki nei nā Beetles, pāʻai i nā hua o ke kō a me nā puna hua.
Ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lepo, lele wale nā pīpī, ma hope a hoʻomaka lākou e lele.
Hoʻololi ka holo ʻana o nā pīpī i ka haʻahaʻa o ka ea haʻahaʻa (a i ke 50%), ka makani ʻano maʻalahi (a hiki i 3 m / s) a i ka wā anuanu. ʻOi aku ka ikaika o ke kauwela inā piʻi ke mahana ma luna o ka ʻāina i ka +30 ° C a i luna.
Ke ʻike ʻia nei ka holo ʻana o nā pīpī i ka manawa wela loa o ka lā, maʻamau mai 11 a 16 mau hola, ma kahi kiʻekiʻe a hiki i 4 m. I ka manawa o kahi e hala, he 200 ka 500 m kahi i lanakila ai ma lalo o nā kūlana kūpono, ua ʻōlehu koke ʻia nā mea kanu kiki, kahi e hoʻoweliweli ʻia nei ka luku ʻana i nā hua pua. . ^ E Ha yM.
E ʻai ana nā Beetles i kahi ʻula, ʻai ʻōpala. Ke puka nei nā lau laulima, ʻai pū lākou na lākou. Ua like ka pōʻino me ke kāʻei o nā kihi o ka pale.
Ka manawa ʻai. ^ E Ha yM. I ka pau ʻana o ka manawa hoʻomohala hou, ua lilo nā pīpī a moe aʻai i ka hua manu ma ka papa ʻāina ma kahi hohonu o 0.2-0.3 mm a 1 cm. Ma ka lepo lepo, ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a ma ka ʻāina maloʻo hohonu. ʻO ka palupalu o nā wahine ma waena o 20-30 a me 200-300 mau hua. Hoʻomaopopo ka neʻe ʻana a me ka wela, ka lā, akā ʻaʻole naʻe ka wela me ka ua nui. Hoʻomau ka Masonry a hiki i Iune, a ua ʻike ʻia ma kahi i Iulai. Ma hope o ka kau ʻana i nā hua, hele mai ka make maoli o nā pīpī.
Haʻawina
ʻO ka hoʻomohala o ka hoʻomohala o ka pīpī weevil. E pili ana i nā palena hema o ka Russian Federation, Moldova, Ukraine, a me nā mea penei:
Nā hua. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻopau ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka Embryonic i nā lā 5-12.
Larva. ^ E Ha yM. Hōʻike ʻia ka hiʻohiʻona o ka palua i ka lua o ka hana o Mei. Paʻa ʻōpili nā ʻōpiopio, hoʻomā koke i loko o ka lepo a hānai i nā aʻa o ka quinoa, beets, maria, a pēlā aku I nā makahiki ʻōpio, ua ʻoi lākou i ke kumu o ke aʻa a hohonu i ka 10-15 cm. I ke ulu ʻana a hoʻomohala a hoʻomohala lākou i ka hohonu i loko o ka lepo i ka 15-30 cm. e hele i lalo o ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana o ka papa hoʻokele - a hiki i ka 50 cm.
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ʻai ʻia nā aʻa liʻiliʻi ma hope, a laila ʻo ka fossae i loko o ka aʻa aʻa a puni. I nā mea ʻōpio a ʻōpiopio, hiki i nā palaki ke hoʻopili i ka ʻili. I loko o nā makahiki o ka hoʻoulu ʻia ʻana, he nui nā haneli o ke kumula i loko o ka mea kanu puaʻa hoʻokahi, a ʻoi aku ma mua o 100 larva i ke aʻa o nā testes.
Hoʻomoe ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻōleʻa 45-90 mau lā. Kahiāila o ka wā ʻelima, mau makahiki ʻalima i hala i ke kakahiaka ʻo Iune-mua Iulai.
Kaumaka. ^ E Ha yM. Ke pau ʻana i ka hānai ʻana, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻo ka larva i kahi hāneʻe kūpaʻa i ka lepo, he mea e like me ka lua oval a he pā kūpono. ʻO ka papa ma mua o ka haumana kau e lawe i 5-6 lā mau lā, a laila puka mai kahi pupa. Pili ka papa haumāna mai 10 a 30 lā. ʻIʻa pinepine ʻia ka pupae i ka ʻāina mai ka hoʻomaka a hiki i ka waena o Iulai.
Imago. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka wā ʻōpiopio o nā pīpī i kū mai ka papa mai ka Iulai a hiki i ka waena o ʻAukake. Ma muli o ka lōʻihi o ka wā waiho-hua manu a no nā kumu ʻē aʻe, e hoʻomohala ka manawa mua o ka preimaginal i ka manawa like, a ʻo ka hatching o nā pōpoki hiki ke alo i mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻoilo hoʻoilo-hoʻoilo.
I ka lā mahana, hiki i kekahi mau mau pū ke hele i ka ʻōpū o ka lepo, akā ke anuanu ke hoʻi hou lākou i ka lepo. ʻAʻole i hele mai ka hapanui o nā pīpī i nā ʻōpū a noho mau no ka hoʻoilo i nā wahi hatching.
Hoʻopili i nāʻike
Nā hiʻohiʻona. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka holo ʻana o ka hoʻomohala o ka weevil mai ka wai a i waho o ka pupa o nā imagoes ʻōpiopio ka lōʻihi mai 65 a 148 mau lā, ka awelika o 85.
Mai 5 a 15% o ka heluna o ka nui, ʻoi aku ka manawa, ʻaʻole e hōʻea i ka ʻeleʻeleʻele i ka pūnāwai, akā e waiho mau ana i nā papa hohonu i kahi kūlana o ka hoʻoilo no ka hoʻoilo o ka lua a me ka hapa.
Nā pili lāʻau Morologically
Wahi a morphology (hiʻohiʻona) ke kokoke ka imago i nā mea i hōʻike ʻia Bothynoderes nubeculosus. ^ E Ha yM. Heʻokoʻa nā mea pili i ka uhi i uhi ʻia me nā unahi, ma kahi ʻeleʻele i kona ʻulaʻulaʻula. ʻO nā pale a me nā ʻaoʻao o ka pronotum i nā lauoho loloa. Hoʻopili ʻia nā keel o ka rostrum i nā laupaʻomaʻo hina. ʻO nā kihi o nā alaloa lateral i loko o ka waena waena o ka elytra e hui ʻole, hoʻonaninani ʻia ka wahi suture ma ka elytra.
Hoʻopili i kēia mau ʻano, ʻike pinepine ʻia ka ʻili nunoa Wīwī Kekahi kaila veynodereslike like me ka morphology me ka pakeke weevil pīpī Bothynoderes punctiventris.
Ke hoʻoilina nei geographic
ʻO ka noho ʻana o ka weevil maʻamau e uhi ai i ka ʻāina mai Central Europe a Lake Lake. Ma waena o ka'āpana, ʻokoʻa ka mau subspecies: Kahuaaila (Cleonus) punctiventris punctiventris lūhū ma Ukraine, Moldova, Kursk, Belgorod, Voronezh, nā ʻāina Rostov, Krasnodar Territory.
Kahuaaila (Cleonus) punctiventris nubeculosus (nā pōkālima hema) pālahalaha loa i nā wahi haʻahaʻa o Azerbaijan, ma Armenia a me ka Eastern Ciscaucasia.
Bothynoderes (Cleonus) punctiventris farinosus (loaʻa i nā ʻaoʻao hema hema) ma ke komohana o ka piʻi haʻahaʻa o ka Volga, ma loko aʻe o Kazakhstan, ʻo kekahi hapa i Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, a me North-West China hoʻi.
Bothynoderes (Cleonus) punctiventris carinifer kahele ʻia i ʻAsia Central, i ka ʻaoʻao o lalo o Syr Darya a me Amu Darya, a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā wahi solonchak a me solonetzic a me nā chernozems māmā.
ʻAumea
Hoʻopilikia maoli ka pōpoki pīpī palupalu i nā mea kanu a me nā hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā beets. Meaʻino nā mea pīpī, a waiho i kahi "stump". Ma mua o ka pilikia ma ka manawa o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hua kanu ma mua o ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻāpana ʻelua a ʻehā paha o nā lau. Hoʻopili i nā haze, ʻōlelo nui nā pīpī i nā ʻano lāʻau mai ka ʻohana amaranth, purslane a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ko ka poino i nā lāʻau aakou a me nā maple i mālama ʻia i nā mea kanu lāʻau.
Hoʻopilikia ka lolo i nā aʻa o nā mea kanu. Me ka pōʻino koʻikoʻi, make nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi, hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā mea kanu. Kūkulu ʻia nā mea kanu pīpī, ʻala, make i ka pau ʻole o ka ea. Hoʻopau i nā lāʻau hoʻoneʻe ma mua.
Aia nā wahi nui o kēia ʻano holoholona i loko o Ukraine a me nā wahi i kokoke i Moldova a me Russia. Ma kēia wahi, pono e hoʻokuʻi ʻia ka maʻi ʻōlohelohe. Ma ke koena o ka ʻāina, he ʻeha i kekahi mau wahi.
ʻO ka paepae koʻikoʻi Weevil beevot maʻamau i nā hua kanu beetroot e hoʻoholo ʻia mai nā mea kanu i ka lau e waiho ana i nā laina a ua kau ʻia ma luna o ka lūlū ʻana ma ka nānā ʻana o 0.3-0.5 mau mau pīpī pākahi o 1 m 2, i ka wā kanu maʻamau - 2-4 mau pīpī ma 1 m 2.
ʻO ke kūlana ʻauhau
Noho ka nui o nā ʻano he aneane - kokoke i ka Palearctic holoʻokoʻa (e ʻike ma lalo - "Geographical distribution"). ʻO ia paha ke kumu o ke ʻano nui i loko o ia mea - ma hope o ka meaʻokoʻa, ua ʻokoʻa like nā noho ola ma ia ʻāina. ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha, mai ka makahiki 1829 a 1905, ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻohālikelike o kēia weevil i 15 mau manawa he ʻano like ʻole. Ua manaʻo hou nā mea noiʻi akahele hou i nā ʻano like me subspecies i loko o nā ʻano like. Asproparthenis punctiventris. ^ E Ha yM. Ma keʻano kūikawā, ua ʻike ʻo F.K. Lukyanovich, ʻo ka poʻe noiʻi, i loaʻa i nā specimen ʻokoʻa a i ʻole kekahi mau pīpī pakahi, e ʻoluʻolu e hoʻololi i nā ʻano (kahalulu kino, ʻano a me nā ʻāpana o nā unahi, a me nā mea he nui. Ke aʻo ʻia nei nā ʻano nui o nā pepu o nā wahi like ʻole o ka pae ʻāina like ʻole. Lukyanovich wehe ʻehā mau subspecies (punctiventris punctiventris German., punctiventris nubeculosus Gyll., punctiventris farinosus Fahr., punctiventris carinifer Fahr.), a koi ʻo ia e hana ana i kēia "kūlana". E noʻonoʻo nā hana āpau i kēia wā i ʻōlelo ʻia i nā subspecies i kau ʻia ma mua no nā ʻano polymorphic hoʻokahi Asproparthenis punctiventris. Hoʻokahi wale nō kamaʻāina (Asproparthenis guyoti Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Hartmann, 1909) he ʻano kūʻokoʻa.
Puʻuwai
Kahi nā inoa inoa i loko o ka synonymy o nā ʻano.
- betavorus Chevrolat, 1873 (ʻAilia
- menetryi Chevrolat, 1873 (ʻAeriana
- peregrinus Chevrolat, 1873 (ʻAeriana
- uniana Chevrolat, 1873 (ʻAoʻao
- ʻAmelika Huakaʻi, 1905 (ʻAoapaʻa)
- stigma Reitter, 1905 (ʻAoʻao Pōʻalua)
- guyoti Hartmann, 1909 (bothynoderes)
- remaudierei hoffman, 1961 (ʻAoʻalima)
Kāleka
ʻO 14 ka lōʻihi o ka pīpī, he hina ke kino, he mau poni ākea ākea me ka laulima i waenakonu o ka elytra a me nā wahiʻeleʻele iā lākou, aia hoʻi, he panipala keʻokeʻo ma luna o kēlā me kēia elytra. Puhi ʻia ka lahilahi, ua uhi nui nā ʻaoʻao me nā ʻāpana pōkole pōkole e moe ana ma kēlā me kēia, kahi kokoke wale ma nā kihi o ka pronotum i kā nā mākala a ua pā ʻole ʻia. Elytra parallel-lateral, ma ke kuapo a puni a uhi ʻia ʻoi loa me 3 a i ʻole 4-lobed ka pale keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ʻē aʻe, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻike. He hina hina ka ʻōpū, i loko o nā pali polka liʻiliʻi i kapa ʻia (no laila ka inoa Latin "punctiventris" - spikled-ʻōpū).
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā Beetles e ka dimorphism moe wahine. Ma nā kāne i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā wahine:
- nā nui kino kino
- loaʻa iā lākou kahi mahele nui 3.3 bifurcated o ka tarsus a me kahi nui o ka antennae
- ma nā ʻāpana ʻelua o nā ʻōpū mai lalo aʻe ua loaʻa iā lākou kahi puʻupuʻu lōʻihi.
- nā pale wāwae i uhi ʻia me nā lauoho.
E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei, he ʻano nui nā ʻano lahilahi o nā helehelena, no laila ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha no ka manaʻo nui ʻana o nā loea i nā ʻano like ʻole o ke ʻano kūʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka hua manu he oval, ʻōmole keʻokeʻo, 1.2-1.3 mm lōʻihi, 1-1.1 mm ma waena.
He keʻokeʻo ka larva, me kahi poʻo melemele a ʻeleʻele paha, ka ʻiʻo, ka ʻūʻū, ka ʻūhū, ʻaʻole ʻula ʻole. He ʻulaʻula ʻia ka pale umauma, me ʻelua mau lauoho ma hope o ke kua. Aia ke kino o 12 mau ʻāpana, ma nā ʻaoʻao kahi i ʻike ai he 9 mau mea o ka hanu. Ua liʻiliʻi ka ʻaoʻao o ke kino. I ka wā o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, e hoʻoheʻe ʻia ʻo ia i ʻehā mau manawa, ma hope o kēlā me kēia molting. ʻO kona lōʻihi (i kahi laina kūpono): i ka makahiki I - 1,5 mm, i kona makahiki II - 3,5, III - 5.0, IV - 7.5, V - 12.5 mm. I ka wā hope, ua uhi wale ʻia ka larva me nā lauoho lili, keʻokeʻo, ʻoluʻolu loa i ʻike ʻia i nā ʻāpana o kēlā.
ʻO Pupa 10-15 mm ka lōʻihi a 6 mm ākea. He elongated ovoid, me nā mea ʻike maka o ke kino o ka pītī e hiki mai ana. Loaʻa nā māhele o ka ʻōpū i nā laina transines o nā spines ma ka ʻaoʻao dorsal, a ʻo kahi māhele hope he wahi brown.
Ke noho maʻamau
Ua aʻo ʻia nā meaola o ka manu weevil ma nā kikoʻi he nui, ʻoi aku ka ʻoi o ka nui o nā pōpoki.
ʻIke ʻia kēia ʻano ma nā ʻōpala a nā wahine, ma nā ʻāina mahiʻai, nā paʻakai paʻakai, nā lehelehe a me nā kihi, nā kuʻi lāʻau, ma nā mea kanu lāʻau me nā alahele, nā puʻu, nā kīwī, nā wahi manu, a me nā mea like.
Hoʻohui nui
Hoʻopilikia ʻia nā ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana ma muli o ka hui ʻana o nā kūlana i makemake ʻia no nā pepeke. ʻO ka mea hoʻohālike, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka nui o nā pīpī i ka wā ʻaʻole i kūpono nā mea pono ʻole no ka pili ʻana. No ka laʻana, i ka 1933, ma ka wahi nui o Iukelika pīpī e ulu ana i ka pūnāwai a me ke kauwela, e mālama mau ana ka mahana ma lalo o ka maʻamau, a ʻo ka nui o ka ua ma mua o ka nui o ka awelika. No laila, i ka wā o ka ʻohi, ʻo ka huina o nā pōpoki pākeke ma ka lepo nā 3-13% wale nō o nā pae āpau o ka hoʻolālā. Ua hōʻike kēia ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua make nui nā hua, nā larva a me nā pupae i ka manawa holo. I ka pūnāwai o ka makahiki e hiki mai ana, he mau wahi liʻiliʻi wale nō i ʻike i nā mahina.
Ka hana hou ʻana i ka weevil ma Ukraine i kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei: 1851–1855, 1868–1869, 1875–1877, 1880–1881, 1891–1893, 1896–1897, 1904–1906, 1911–1912, 1920-1922, 1928-191930, 1936-1940, 1947-1949, 1952-1957, 1963-1964, 1973-1976, 1986-1988, 1995-2002. Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i kēia mau ʻike me nā iko o ka hana o ka lā, ua hiki ke ʻike o ka poʻe ʻoi aku ka manaʻo o ka hapa nui (82%) o ka hōʻeha e loaʻa ana i nā makahiki o nā hoʻololi koʻikoʻi i ka hana o ka Lā a i ka makahiki hou (18%).
ʻO ka nui o ka weevil i nā makahiki o kona neʻe wikiwiki nei i hiki i nā waiwai kupanaha. No ka laʻana, ma ka makahiki 1904, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia he 76 mau paona (ma luna o 1,2 tons) ma ka inoa o Count A. A. Bobrinsky Grushkovka ma kahi wahi o ka ʻeka he 700. I ka makahiki aʻe, kokoke he 290 mau pōpoki pīpī i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma ka ʻoihana ʻo Kurman kokoke i Talniy ma Cherkasy ma nā lāʻau hānai (ʻoi aku ma mua o 40 ha). No kēia, ua pili pū nā mea hana 36,595.
Ka hoʻokūkū ola
Hāʻawi kēia mau ʻano i kekahi hanauna i ka makahiki. Hōʻike nā pīpī mauila i ka pūnāwai e hoʻomehana ka lepo i kahi + 7 ... 10 ° C. Noho mau kekahi o lākou i ka lepo ma kahi kūlana o kahi diapause no 1-2 mau makahiki. I ka manawa e hiki ai i ka mahana o ka lepo +25 ° C, hoʻopuʻi nā mea make i ka lewa a i ʻole ma ka lepo. ʻO nā holo e pili ana i nā holo ākea e hele mai i kahi mahana wela o +30 ° C. Holo lākou i ka manawa wela o ka lā, me kahi makani ikaika (3 m / s) a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (a hiki i 50%), ka nui mai 11 a 16 mau hola. ʻAʻole eʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka lele ma kahi o 4 m, huakaʻi mokulele - a hiki i 500 m). ʻO kahi hapa (a hiki i 16%) o nā pīpī i puka mai mai ka hoʻoilo i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma nā lāʻau kanu pīpī, akā ma nā agrocenoses ʻē aʻe - nā huaʻai o nā mea, nāʻu, ʻokoʻa
ʻO nā mea kanu huaʻai o ka weevil pīkoi makua a me kāna huahele he nui ka Lebedovye (ʻohana Amaranth). Eia nā mea kanu mai ka genera Quinoa, Mar, Beetroot, Spinach, etc.I ka wā kahiko, ua pili ke ola o nā pīpī me nā mea hihiu puaʻa, a inā ma kekahi mau wahi i ulu ʻia ai nā pua, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka weevil iā lākou mai nā hua mai nā huaʻai. I kekahi manawa hānai nā pīpī i nā mea kanu mai nā ʻohana ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā beetles gnaw nā lau mai nā kihi, e waiho ana i nā nicks.
I nā mea kanu me nā hua aku, ʻoki ʻia nā beetles ma o nā lau cotyledonous a luku paha iā lākou ma lalo o nā ʻōpū o ka lepo. ʻO Gnaw nā lau a me nā kihi o nā mea kanu ʻōpio, a me nā hua ma nā ʻuʻuku, waiho i ka "stumps". Hana lākou i ka hōʻeha kino i nā mea kanu ʻōpio, a hiki i ke kūkulu ʻana o nā kulu lau o 2-4. Ma nā kahu hānai, hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā kolohe i nā lāʻau oak a me nā maple.
Ma hope o ka manawa e hānai ai i ka pūnāwai, ʻoi aku ka pōpoki pipi (ʻo ka maʻamau ma ke kolu o ka makahiki o ʻApelila - Mei) a laila ua kau nā wahine i kā lākou hua (e pili ana a hiki i ke waena o Iune). No ka hana ʻana i kēia, ua ʻohi ka wahine i kahi lua liʻiliʻi ma kahi kokoke i ka mea kanu ʻai. Kaukaʻi ka palekalelo i ka manawa, ka makahiki o ka wahine a me nā mea ʻē aʻe a ma waena o 20-30 a 200-300 mau hua, a ʻoi aku i nā kūlana o ka laboratorium. Hoʻomau ka waiho ʻana o ka hua a hiki i ka hoʻomaka o Iulai, ma hope o ka make ʻana o nā pīpī.
Ke hoʻomaka nei ka hoʻomohalaʻana o ka embryo i nā lā 5-12. ʻO ka maʻamau ma ka lua o Mei e hiki ke loaʻa i ka palani mua. Holo wikiwiki lākou i ka lepo palu, loaʻa i nā aʻa liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a ʻohi iā lākou. Me ka makahiki, ua kanu ʻia lākou i ka ʻāina i ka hohonu o 30 cm (a inā maloʻo ka lepo, a laila ʻaʻole i ka hapalua mita). ʻAi ka ʻōpio kahiko i nā aʻa nui, kuʻu i loko o ke aʻa. ʻO ka nui o nā palima e hoʻopuni ai i kahi mea kanu he nui a he ʻumi a ʻoi aku paha ma mua o ka haneri.
Ke hoʻomohala nei ka larva ma kahi o 65 mau lā a i kēia manawa hoʻoheheʻe ia ʻehā mau manawa. I ka lā Iulai, ke mākaukau ana nā ulāʻau no ka pupation: ke kūkulu nei lākou i kahi keʻena kūleʻa oval me nā pā maikaʻi. Ma hope o kahi manawa pōkole (5-6 mau lā) o ka pre-pupa, puka nā pupa. ʻO kona ola he 10-30 mau lā, e hilinaʻi ana i ka manawa, ka ʻāina a me nā mea like. Kuhi ʻia nā pēpē mua o ka hanauna hou i ka hopena o Iulai - i ka hoʻomaka mua o ʻAukake. Ke kū nei ke kaʻina o ke kulukulu a kū i ke anuanu mua loa. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau mea hihiu e noho i ka hoʻoilo i ka lepo. Hele mai kekahi i ka ihu i ka mahana wela ma ka hopena o ʻAukake - Kepakemapa, a laila kanu hou ʻia. ʻO ke kumu, ʻo ka holo ʻana o ka holomua o ka ulu ʻana mai kahi hua manu a hiki i ka wā makua hou ka lōʻihi o nā lā he 85 (65–148) mau lā.
Nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe
ʻO ka nui o nā weevil huaʻai e hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā hoʻokūkū holoholona a me nā mea wīwī a me nā mea kauʻai. I waena o nā mea hoʻōlolo he mau ʻuʻuku: nā nāhelehele ʻāina, ke kālai, ka make make, a me ka ʻī, nā ʻomaʻomaʻo a me nā mea hihiu ʻē aʻe. Hoʻomaʻa ʻia kēia mau manu ma ka shrews, hedgehog, a maʻamau hoʻi i nā manu: maʻamau starling, jackdaw, magpie, hina hina, ʻeka, gulls, larks, ʻānua, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe - ma ka laulā, ma kahi o 40 mau ʻano heʻumi manu. Ma muli o ka hoʻonui nui ʻana, hana nā weevile i kahi mahele nui i kā lākou meaʻai. No ka laʻana, ma ka ʻōpū o kahi manu, ʻūlū a loaʻa hoʻi ka hoopoe i loaʻa he 10-20 mau pōpoki, nā pōpoki - 62, he mau pōkole - 133.
ʻO ka mea nui o nā maʻi ʻoi, nā mākaʻi kumu ʻoi aku nā keʻokeʻo, ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā muscardins ulaula. Hoʻomaopopo pinepine ʻia ka make o ka weevil kiʻekiʻe mai iā lākou ma ke kauwela hoʻoilo wela. Hoʻopau wale ʻia nā hua manu Weevil i ka parasit Caenocrepis mai ka kauoha Hymenoptera, 'ulaula - kekahi mau ano o ka wānana nematode, nā pīpī makua - nā manu lele i nā Rondania .
Hōʻike nui i ke ʻano a me ke ola kanaka
I ka manu hihiu, nā weevil, e like me kekahi ʻano mea ola, he pilina pili i nā ʻuʻenehana. Penei ke pili a nā ʻōmole o nā mea kanu e hānai ai a ma waena o ia e hūnā i ia. He loaʻa kēia pili i kēia ʻano me nā mea hoʻokūkū, nā mea wīwī, a me nā lāʻauʻala. Ua lilo ʻo ia i pōpoki ma ka wā i pau ai ʻo ia i nā agrocenoses i hana ʻia e ka poʻe - mahiʻai i noho ʻia e nā beets. ʻAʻole ia he mea hoʻohālikelike ka wehewehe ʻana o kēia ʻano holoholona he mea hou no ke ʻepekema e ka entomologist Kelemānia E.-F. ʻO Germar pololei i ka wā e ulu ulu ana nā hē gula ma Kelemānia.
Hoʻokā ʻia ka pōʻino i ka pōʻino loa i ka poʻe i nā makahiki me kahi pūnāwai wela. Hoʻopilikia i nā hua kanu o ke kō, papa a me nā meli beets i ka mua a me ka lua ("kanu") mau makahiki o ka kanu ʻana. ʻO kona hōʻeha e kau ʻia ma muli o ka:
- ma muli o ka ulu nui ʻana, pono ʻoe e lūlū i nā beets,
- ʻO nā mea kanu i hoʻopau ʻia ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o nā hua kanu,
- i loko o nā kōʻai gula ma muli o ka hoʻopōʻino i nā lau a me nā aʻa i loko o ka hopena o ke kō, ua emi ka ʻike o ke kō,
- Beets o ka makahiki 2 o ke ola he liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi nā hua, a he haʻahaʻa o lākou.
He mea mālama ke kūpono kēia a pau i nā kumukūʻai waiwai nui no ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pōpilikia a me ka hopena o kāna mau hana a hoʻonui i nā kumukūʻai o nā huahana mahiai.
Nā pale pale
No ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā nalowale mai ka hana o ka weevil, ʻehā mau hui nui o nā hana hoʻokele e hoʻohana ai: mechanical, chemical, agrotechnical, and biological. Hoʻololi ka mīkini i ka ʻohiʻohi manuʻina o nā pepeke, eli i ka kanu ʻana me nā ʻalekoa lawaiʻa a e kau ana i nā paʻu o nā pū a me nā like. Pono i ka ʻōlelo ʻana, he haʻahaʻa ka pono o ia mau hana, a he nui ke kumukūʻai waiwai. E like me ka mea kākau inoa ʻo A. A. Silantyev:
"... Hōʻike ka hana i ka me ka huhū aloha o kahi hiʻi hele wāwae, i ke ʻano maikaʻi o ka manawa, i nā makahiki o kona ʻano nui, ua hoʻokokoke loa nā limahana ma ka pā a me ka lako me nā keʻeke no ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā ʻōpala e holo nei i nā paia.ʻaʻohe manawa e kū ai iā lākou - ke hoʻomau nei ka poʻe o lākou e puka e puka i ka nahu " |
Hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pono olakino e kūʻē i kahi maʻi maʻi ma ka hana me nā pilikia koʻikoʻi a me nā uku koʻikoʻi. Ma kekahi mau wahi i hoʻāʻo ʻia e hoʻokau i ka luku ʻana i nā pīpī ma ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā moa (nā moa, nā pelekele) i nā pā, akā, ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hāʻawi i ka hopena i makemake ʻia. Loaʻa ka hopena kiʻekiʻe loa i ka pale ʻana o nā pua ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana wale nō i kahi papa hana. Ma ke kikoo, keia:
- ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka nāhelehele ma nā mahina (ʻaʻole ka pokole wale nō) a me lākou,
- male hoʻokō ʻana
- ka mālama ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i nā hua me nā manu inanā o ko lākou hoʻomaka ʻana i ka ʻāina.
- Wehe ʻana i ka ʻāina i ka wā e waiho ana nā hua a loaʻa nā hua ʻōlaʻi.
- ka hemo ʻana o nā koina pololi lalo ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā hua kanu ma ke kanu ʻana.
- hohonu o ke kanu ʻana ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā hua kanu.
- ka hoʻōla ʻana o nā hana agrotechnical āpau no ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o nā hua, ka ulu holomua ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu,
- eli nā mea kanu i pili i ka poʻe o ka helu o ka pōpilikia ma mua o ka 0.5 ind./m² me nā ʻoka lawaiʻa - e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea kanu i hoʻopiha ʻia a luku i nā pīpī i loko o nā pūhaka.
ʻO ka weevil pīkoi maʻamau ka mea mua i hana ʻia i ka mahiʻai o ke ao kūwaho e hoʻohana ai i nā hana microbiological o ka luku. ʻO ka manaʻo o kā lākou noi noiina nā mea poʻomanaʻo Ilya Mechnikov, a ʻo kāna haumāna ʻo ʻIlāka Dyer i ola ia.
Larva
ʻO ka larva keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo o kahi ʻano ʻalani i paʻi ʻia mai kahi hua manu he 12 mau ʻāpana a hōʻike ʻia i ka hoʻopau ʻole o nā wāwae. Mālama ʻo ka larva i nā kaʻe ʻokoʻa, ma ka nui o ʻeiwa e kū ana ma nā kihi o ke kino.
I ka wā o kona hoʻomohalaʻana, loaʻa i ka larva ʻehā mau mehameha o ka molting, loaʻa ka spines no ka neʻe a ulu i ka nui.
ʻO ka larva ma ke kahua hope o kona hoʻomohala ʻana e loaʻa ana ka nui o ka lehulehu e hoʻololi i kahi chrysalis e pili ana he 15 mm ka lōʻihi ma ka uhi chitinous. Loaʻa ma ke ʻano o kahi pupa, ʻike ʻia nā ala o kahi ʻōpala e hiki mai ana.
Kakau makua makua
ʻAʻole iʻoi aku ka pīpī i ka nui o ka pupa;
Hōʻailona ka ʻili o nā weevil maʻamau i kona ʻili mālamalama ʻulaʻula aniani me ka nui o nā wahiʻeleʻele, kahi i loaʻa ai nā wahi oblique nui e kū i ke kua. ʻO kahi ʻano hiʻohiʻona o kēia ʻano ʻehā lōʻihi rostrum, hāʻawi iā ia i kahi ʻano like i kekahi ane.
He ʻokoʻa nā wahine i nā kāne i nā ʻāpana nui, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā wāwae fluffy a me kahi ʻano genital like ʻole.
Nā hiʻohiʻona
ʻO nā wahine ʻōpio, ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka nui a me ka lawena, kau i kā lākou hua ma ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe loa o ka ʻāina, ʻaʻohe liʻiliʻi e ulu i lalo a i ʻole i hoʻokahi mau kenima, me ka koho o ka hohonu hohonu. kaukaʻi ʻia i ka lepo o ka lepo (i ka lepo māla, lawa nā kīkē no ka ʻelima kūleʻa). ʻO ka nui o nā hua i kau ʻia e ka wahine hoʻokahi like me ʻelua a i ʻelua haneli. Ma hope o ka masonry, make nā ʻiʻo.
Mahope ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka ulu ʻana o Embryo ma mua o ka hebedoma, a me nā huluhulu i ʻike ʻia mai nā hola mua e alakaʻi ana i ke ʻano ola kino a neʻe wikiwiki i lalo o ka huli ʻana i nā aʻa kanu lāʻau. Ke ulu nei lākou, hiki ke kanu ʻia nā ulia i ka lepo a hiki i ka hapalua mika e hōʻea i ka nui o ka nui o ka mea kanu. Pono nā kumulāʻau i nā lā ʻelua ke ʻona holo i ke kumu kumu o ka mea kanu nui.
Ma hope o 45-90 lā e hānai ai i ka pupu, ua pupule ke ʻano, a me hoʻokahi mahina ma hope mai nā pua. Ma muli o ka lōʻihi o ka wā e ulu ai, hele mai kekahi hanauna hou o ka pīpī i ka maka kokoke i ʻAkake, a ʻaʻole i waiho i kekahi o lākou i ka wahi o kā lākou niu a hiki i ka lā puna aʻe.
Hikina
Ua liʻiliʻi iki ka pīpī, ulu a hiki i ka centimeter, uhi ʻia ke kua me nā ʻāpana o ke keʻokeʻo a me ka melemele. ʻAʻole like me kahi lā maʻamau a me nā mea kaupaona, ʻaʻole lākou i hana i nā laina paʻa, a ʻo ka hiʻona pōkole ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka elytra.
I ka hoʻoilo, ua hoʻopau kēia mau pōpoki ma lalo o nā koena o ka ulu ʻana i ka mari a i ʻole ke aʻa o nā mea kanu perennial, e hōʻea ana i ka hee i ka wā e hoʻomoʻe ai ka papakū o luna o ka ʻāina a hiki i kahi ʻelima kiʻekiʻe wela. I ka wā i hiki ai lākou i ka ʻalani, ua holo nā pōpoki ma luna o ka ʻāina kalima a me ke kōkua ʻana o nā ʻēheu.
ʻAʻole ʻili loa nā weevils hikina e pili ana i ka meaʻai, ke makemake ʻana i nā hua me nā lau succulent. Hoʻohālike lākou i ka beets, a me ka palaoa, a me nā ʻeke.
Kelulu
Ulu ka moa iʻoi aku ma mua o centimeter. ʻAʻole e like me nā ʻano like ʻole o ka popopo, ʻaʻole i nānā ʻia ia. ʻO ka piko o ka elytra i uhi ʻia me ka huluhulu hina hina i hoʻopili ʻia me nā kaulike kālā liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa o ka ʻuʻupaʻa ka hina, akā ʻoi aku ka māmā i ke kala. I nā weevil hina, hoʻāʻo ʻia nā ʻēheu, ʻaʻole like me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, a ʻoi aku ka pōkole o mua o ka ʻōpū.
Kuhi nui nā ʻeleʻele hina i ka hoʻoilo i ka ʻāina, piʻi i kahi hohonu o 20 mau kenimika, kū mai ma ka papa wale nō ma hope o ka lewa a hoʻomehana a hiki i ke 10 kiʻekiʻe o Celsius i ka pō. Ke hāʻule ka māla, ua makemake lākou e kanu hou iā lākou iho i ka lepo. Ke haʻalele nei i kahi o ka hoʻoilo, lele ka nā pīpī i ka mea kanu hoʻokū kokoke loa a noho ma luna.
Makemake nā ʻelee hina e ʻai a puni nā kihi maikaʻi o nā lau kanu.
Aia a hiki i ka 130 o nā mea kanu i ka ʻai o nā pua hina, akā loaʻa iā lākou ke aloha nui loa no ka sugar sugar, sunflowers, a me nā ʻōpili e makemake ai i ka bean a me nā mea kanu haze.
Hoʻopilikia kino Weevil no ka mahiʻai
ʻAʻole lākou makemake i ka pīpī maʻamau maʻamau no ka hoʻopōʻino ʻana i kā lākou mea kanu i ka nui o nā ʻano like ʻole o nā beets, ʻoiai na ka pīpī mauʻu e ʻai i ka mea kanu ʻōpiopio i ka ʻāina o kahi hemp. Ma ka laulā, hiki i nā mea pākeke o nā weevil ke luku i nā kīlē ʻōpio aʻo nā limu a me nā lindens.
Ke hoʻololi nei nā Beetles i nā ululāʻau, hōʻino ʻia i nā ʻoihana mua hoʻi i kūkulu ʻia i nā mea kanu. He maʻalahi ka hopena ma ka wānana: maloʻo nā mea kanu a make i ka make. Hāʻawi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a hiki i ʻekolu a ʻehā mau pūpū pākahi like mika tapahi hiki ke hele mai ma luna o ka ʻāina i hoʻopili ʻia, ʻaʻole paʻakikī ke noʻonoʻo i ke ʻano o ka poino.
Loaʻa nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike no ka pepeiao i loko o ka hale. ʻO nā wīwīwīwī e ʻoi loa, a ʻo nā mea palekana e pili pono i nā peʻa adhesive. E ʻike ʻoe i ka wehewehe ʻana o kēia mau mea a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe ma aneʻi.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokuʻu i nā ʻīlī i nā kiʻi wale nō e kāhea i ka ʻoihana lawelawe maʻi pest. No ke aha e pōʻino ai kēia mau mea hihiu, e heluhelu i ka loulou https://stopvreditel.ru/parazity/perenoschiki/krysinyje-kleshi.html.
ʻO ka hōʻeha ʻia e nā ʻili huʻu
Kuhi ʻia kēia mau pepeke no nā mea kanu i nā kanu. No ka hapa nui ka ʻā lākou i nā ʻano like like o beets. ʻAi maoli ka poʻe pākeke i ka mea kanu, waiho wale kahi ʻōpala mai ia.
Hoʻopau nā ʻeleʻele i nā lau succulent a me nā aʻa o beets a me nā mea kanu huaʻai.
Eia kekahi, hiki i nā pālehuʻu beetroot hiki ke luku aku i nā kanu ʻōpio o nā lindens a me nā oaks. Inā hōʻino nā mea pākeke i nā mea kanu iā lākou iho, a laila e luku pono i kā lākou pulima. Ma muli o ia hōʻike, ua make ka mea kanu.
A hiki i ka 3-4 o nā pīpī lauwili e hiki ke noho ma kahi ʻāpana i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana pākahi, no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke paʻakikī ke noʻonoʻo i ka nui o ka hōʻino i hiki i kēia mau pōpilikia.
Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.