Wahi a kahi noiʻi hou i paʻi ʻia i loko o ka puke nūhou Nature Communications, hoʻohana nā ʻepekema i nā leo leo e hōʻike ana i nā ʻōpala coral maikaʻi i mea e hoʻomohala ai i ka ecosystem kūpono i nā wahi a lākou e pono ai, no laila, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻihoʻi hou i nā ʻāpana i uluhia o ka Great Barrier Reef. I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua pilikia lākou i ka maʻi a me ka hoʻomehana ʻana o ka honua.

He hui honua o nā kānaka ʻepekema mai ke University of Exeter a me ke University of Bristol ma UK i hoʻomaopopo me ke kōkua ʻana o nā kani e hiki koke iā lākou ke hoʻoponopono hou i ka ʻōlepa i nā lāʻau i hoʻopau ʻia. Ke ʻimi nei i ka luku nui ʻana i ka pahu kai nui ma Australia, ua hoʻokomo nā kānaka ʻepekema i lalo o ka poʻe e ʻōlelo ana i ka leo o nā ʻōpū maikaʻi i nā wahi me nā lā make, a loaʻa ʻelua i nā iʻa i hiki mai i kēia ʻāina.

"He koʻikoʻi ka iʻa me ka hana ʻana o nā ʻōpala a me nā mea e ola ai ka ʻona." Ua ʻōlelo ʻia e ka mea noiʻi ʻo Tim Gordon o ke University of Exeter.

Ua ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka iʻa me ke kōkua i nā ʻōnaehana kūlohelohe kūlohelohe e ka hōʻino ʻana i nā pōʻino i ʻike ʻia e lākou ma nā ʻōpua a puni ka honua.

Kānā ʻia nā kolone o nā polyp coral i kekahi o nā kuhikuhi pono loa o ka mokuʻāina o nā kaomi kai a me ke ʻano o nā ʻano pōʻino ʻē aʻe, me ka hoʻohuihui ʻana i ka wai kai a me ka hoʻomehana honua.

"He ʻeke maikaʻi nā wahi i loko o ka ʻōpū." Eia nō naʻe, ke mālie ʻo ia a puni nā ʻōpio, he hōʻailona paʻa kēia o kēia kaomi. Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻololi i kēia me ka nānā ʻana i nā kani a mākou e pono ai a hiki i ke ala hou ʻana o ke ala, "i ʻike nā ʻepekema.

ʻO Seʻaleʻa Nui

ʻO ka Great Barrier Reef ka pua nui loa o ka honua a me ka lōʻihi o 2.5 tausani km. Aia aia ma ka moana Pakipika a ākea ma ke kahakai kahiki o Australia. He ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻōpala a me nā mokupuni he 900 ma ka Coral Sea (aia ma waena o nā kahakai o Australia, New Guinea, New Caledonia).

Wahi a nā mākaʻikaʻi o ka Australian Research Council (kahi kumuhana ma lalo o ke aupuni ʻo Australia), he lua o ka hapakolu o ka papa i ka ʻula nui i nā makahiki ʻelua i hala aku nei. Hoʻomaopopo ka ʻepekema ʻepekema i ke kaʻina hana i ka hoʻomehana honua: hoʻomehana ka wai, hana ʻia nā corals ma lalo o ke kūlana koʻikoʻi a hōʻole i nā mea simbiotic. Waiho ʻole me nā algae a me nā laikini ʻē aʻe, nalowale nā ​​kala i ko lākou kala, kāpae ka ulu a hina i lalo. Wahi a Profesor Terry Hughes, ka mea nāna i alakaʻi i ka noiʻi, hiki i ka hōʻola ke lawe i nā makahiki he mau makahiki.

Nā ʻano hana hou e hoʻōla aku

ʻO nā ʻila hemo i kekahi o nā mea ola nani a maikaʻi i ka honua. ʻOi aku ka manawa i kapa ʻia nā "ulululā o ka moana," no ka mea, e noho ana ma kahi wahi liʻiliʻi, ʻai nui lākou i ke kai i ka moana. I loko o ka coral reef zone, a hiki i ka 9% o kā ka nui iʻa a puni ka honua.

Wahi a ka nūpepa ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa The New York Times, he hapalua miliona mau kānaka o ka honua e hilinaʻi nei i ka iʻa i ʻike ʻia ma nā ʻoka. No kekahi mau ʻāina mokupuni, ʻo ia wale nō ke kumu o ka protein.

I nā ʻāina hoʻomohala, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Australia, nā kiki kahi wahi nui o ka mākaʻikaʻi e lawe i nā miliona ma ka waihona kālā.

Ke ʻimi nei nā kānaka ʻepekema a puni ka honua i nā ala e hoʻihoʻi ai i ka Great Barrier Reef. Wahi a The New York Times, ka mea noiʻi ma ka Sarasota Aquarium Laboratory (Florida) ʻo David Vaughan, e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻala i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, e ulu ana nā koloni hou, a ua kanu hou iā lākou i loko o ka moana. "I hana i ʻeono makahiki e hana ai i nā corals 600. I kēia manawa hiki iā mākou ke ulu i 600 corals i ka hapalua o ka lā a kanu hou iā lākou i kekahi mau mahina."

ʻO ka poʻe noiʻi ma ka Australian Institute of Marine Science ma Townsville e hōʻiliʻili i nā supercorals i hiki ke kū i ka "pilikia loa o ko lākou ola," huaʻi "nā corals maikaʻi loa me nā genes maikaʻi" a hoʻihoʻi iā lākou i ke kai. Manaʻo nā ʻepekema i ke "kūkulu" i nā kahewai hou i hiki ke ola i ka hoʻomehana honua.

Coral reef // pixabay.com

ʻO Zooxanthellae kahi ʻano o ka dinoflagellate, kahi hui e pili pū ana i nā algae e pili ana i nā ʻāpana ʻulaʻula. No ka mea he photosynthetic, ua hana ka zooxanthellae i ka hana coral ʻano hana e like me ka mea kanu, ma kahi ʻano synthetic. ʻO ka hope, hūnā nā corals i ka ʻūhā, a ʻo ka holoholona a me kona mau kiʻi i loko o kahi kīʻaha pōhaku i hana ʻia o ka minima aragonite.

ʻO ka mōʻaukala o Coral Reef Research

Mahalo i ko lākou mau ʻano kūʻokoʻa, ua aʻo ʻia nā corals i nā tausani o nā makahiki. ʻO ʻAristotle kekahi i wehewehe iā lākou i kāna "Kihapai o nā mea hanga" (Scala naturae) Akā, inā mākou e nānā i ka mōʻaukala, a laila ʻo Charles Darwin paha ka mea noiʻi kaulana kaulana. Ua noi aku ʻo ia i ka ʻatikala i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ʻulu o nā ʻōpua, a ma nā hiʻona i nā mokupuni o ka Pakipika, ka mea i huli nui ʻia, ʻoiai ka nui o ka manawa i ʻike ʻia e nā ʻepekema.

ʻO ka manaʻo nui a Darwin, i wehewehe mua iā ia i kāna monograph, The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, he mea nui loa ia. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia, inā loaʻa kekahi lua pele i ka ʻona o ka moana, hiki nā ʻoka i nā pihi o ke kai. Ke hele mālie nei ka lua pele i loko o ka wai, a pau e ulu ikaika, kūpaʻa nā corals. ʻO ka hopena hopena ka mea i kapa ʻia i nā ʻāʻī pili. A ʻo kēia ka manaʻo, aia ka mokupuni i waenakonu o ka lō a me ke apo o nā corals a puni iā ​​ia. Hele ka wā, a emi iho ka lua o ka lua pele, no laila e nalowale ana ka mokupuni, a koe wale nō ke apo o nā corals. No laila puka ʻia ka maʻamau papa. He mea kupaianaha ʻo Darwin i hana i kēia kumuhana me ka nānā ʻana i nā palapala honua ma mua o kona ʻike ʻana me nā maka ponoʻī i nā pua puaʻa i ka wā e hele ana ma ka Beagle.

Ma hope o Darwin, i ke kiʻi mua o nā kenekulia iwakālua, ua hana ka ʻaha nunui i ka Great Barrier Reef e aʻo i nā lāʻau. Ma ka waenakonu o nā kenekulia iwakālua nā hana a Thomas Goro, ka mea i hoʻomaka e noʻonoʻo i nā corals he holoholona a e aʻo ana i ko lākou simbiosis. He waiwai nui ka mōʻaukala o nā ʻili a: nā kai, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka wā mua, ua ʻike like ʻia e ka poʻe ʻenekio a me nā mea loea, a ua noiʻi nā zoologists i nā corals.

ʻO ka hana iʻa

ʻO ka Symbiosis me nā lāʻau kanu e hiki i kahi coral ke ulu wikiwiki. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia no ka mea hiki ke kūpono i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka reef: e noho like nā mea like ʻole i ka wai pāpaku, ka walaʻau mau ʻana i nā ʻāpana o ka huakaʻi a me ka luku ʻana i ka āka. Aia kekahi ʻano o ka lāhui ma waena o ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka luku, aia i ka wai pāpaku ʻaʻole hoʻi kahi ʻoka nui ʻole me ka nui o nā hōʻailona, ​​kahi e hoʻonui ai i nā mea heʻe i ka manawa lōʻihi.

I loko o nā wai hohonu, he nui nā liʻiliʻi o nā mea hoʻoweliweli a me ke ola o ke kai, a ʻo kekahi mau lua hohonu i loko he mau ʻukepua, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou i kēia mau pilina simbiotic, a noho lākou me ke kākoʻo o ka ikehu o ka lā.

Eia kekahi, he nui nā corals liʻiliʻi e noho like me nā meaola kino, i kekahi manawa he mau kolikia liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole lākou e kūkulu i nā nui.

Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻanuʻu Koralī i nā ʻōkuhi ma ka wai pāpaku. Hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou ma ka subtropics, akā ʻaʻole i ka wai anuanu. ʻO ka iwakāluakūlau he iwakāluakūmākahi mau haneli, aia kahi kokoke ma Australia, ʻo ia ka nui a he lōʻihi o 2000 mau mile.

Nā ʻano ʻāpana

He maʻalahi nā papa ʻala a ua pili ʻia me ka hydra, anemones moana a me ka ʻeleʻele. He ʻano ʻālaʻi kikoʻī kekahi o lākou, kēlā ʻokoʻa ka mea i kau i ke ʻano coral, a me kahi papa i kapa ʻia he polyp. He wanaʻu like me ka kēla kō me ke kaaka ʻhaʻu ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, no laila ke wehe ʻia ma kahi o kahi o ka cylinder i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā tent tent. Lawe ke kai ma o kēia wehe, a laila hoʻopau ʻia ka lepo. No laila he kumu maʻalahi maʻalahi kēia o ka lāʻau - ʻaʻole ia e loaʻa nā lālā maoli, e like me nā holoholona kiʻekiʻe.

ʻOiai he maʻalahi kēia, aia kekahi ʻano nui o nā corals - e pili ana i ka 1,500 mau ʻano. Acropore species (Acropora) nā mea ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe, a ʻo ia nā ʻōpala maʻamau i loko o ka wai pāpaku, ʻoi aku ka Moana Pakipika. Hoʻopili lākou i nā ʻāpana āpau a i kekahi: kekahi ʻano wahi ākea e like me nā wahi nahele me nā lau nahele mai ka ʻōpala acropore. Ke ulu nui nei nā poʻe i ke ʻano o nā papa nui a i nā papa. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou i ke kumu o ka ulu ākea a nui no nā corals.

ʻO kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe he hōkū hōʻai nui (Montastraea cavernosa), he lāʻau pali i hiki ke loaʻa ma loko o ka Caribbean. ʻOi ka mea, ʻoiai ka mea e hoʻolaha ʻia ana a ua aʻo ʻia e nā ʻepekema he nui, ua huli ʻia, ʻaʻole ia he ʻano hoʻokahi, e like me kā mākou i manaʻo ai i mua, akā he nui. Hōʻike kēia i ka nui o nā mea ʻike i ka noiʻi ʻana i ka ʻōpala, akā, ʻaʻole e hana ʻia, me ka noiʻi ʻana i ka pae kumu.

ʻO ka hana hou ʻana o ka hiʻi

He ʻanāi ʻano nui ka nui o nā biola: he nui ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki i ka wā o ka nui o ka spawning, i ka wā e hoʻokuʻu ai lākou i nā pūpū o hua a me ka sperm ma ke ʻano o ka wai megaorgia. I kēia hihia, ulu ʻia ka hānau ʻana ma o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā gametes.

Hoʻomaʻi hou ʻia nā ʻila ma ka kāwili ʻana i nā polyps a i ʻole ma o ka palaki ʻana i nā māhele, kahi e hoʻihoʻi ʻia ai lākou. ʻOiai i kēia manaʻo, ʻokoʻa nā corals.

ʻO ke kuleana o loko o ka ʻōkōlohi

ʻO ka pahu kai ʻokoʻa loa o nā kaila moana āpau. Mahalo i ko lākou mau kala, hana nā corals i kahi ʻano kūlohelohe, ma nā ʻano he nui e hāʻawi ana i ka paʻakikī o ka multidimensional, i hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea ola ʻē aʻe e noho ana i nā nooks a me nā ʻāpana o nā corals, a i ʻole e hele i lalo, a e ʻai wale ana iā lākou.

Kahiʻike liʻiliʻi kahi ʻike e pili ana i nā mea ola e ola me nā corals, a eia kēia ma kahi o hoʻokahi miliona miliona o nā ʻano ʻehā, a paha paha he ʻumi miliona paha - ʻaʻole mākou e noʻonoʻo pono i ka like maoli. Inā nānā ʻoe i loko o ka āina, ʻike ʻoe i ka like ʻole like ʻole, a me kēia mau meaola a pau, ʻano hoihoi, nani, noho pū me ka liʻiliʻi. I ka ʻākoakoa ʻana i nā pua āpau, loaʻa ʻoe i kahi āpana e like me ke ake ʻana o ke aupuni o Farani, a hiki i ke kolu o kahi hapa o nā mea ola a pau i ke kai.

ʻO kekahi lehulehu o nā ʻohana iʻa, nā iʻa, nā manu, nā mollusks a me nā koholā, nā kolo, nā puʻu, nā limu a me nā mea e like me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia e mākou e noho nei i nā corals. E lawe kokoke i kekahi e noho ana i loko o ke kai, a hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i kahi ʻāpana o kāna ʻano ʻano ma ka ʻōpala iʻa. I kekahi manawa kōkua kēia mau mea pili i nā ʻōpū. ʻO ka iʻa, no ka laʻana, kāohi i ke algae, he mea nui loa ia no nā corals, ʻoiai algae e hoʻokūkū me lākou. Pono ka heluna o nā iʻa e pale ai i ka coral mai kā lākou aliʻi. Eia naʻe, i kēia lā, ʻaʻole kēia ka pōʻino nui e hoʻoweliweli i nā corals.

ʻO ka hopena hoʻomehana honua

ʻO nā kalala e noho nei me nā algae simbiotic e pili pono i ka hoʻonui liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. A ʻo ka hopena, ke ʻoi aku ma mua o ka nui o ka manawa maʻamau ma o hoʻokahi kekelē Celsius a ʻelua mau manawa Fahrenheit, ua hōʻeha nui kēia i ka hiki i ka dinoflagellates i ka photosynthesize. A ke kumu, hoʻomaka ka neʻe ʻana o ke kaulahao, ka mea e ʻoki ai i nā pilina: hoʻihoʻi ka corals i nā hōʻailona i kahi hana i kapa ʻia ka coral ble, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe keʻokeʻo.

ʻAʻole make nā ʻale i ka make koke ʻana, akā inā ʻaʻole hoʻi e hiki i nā kumu i ke ʻano maʻamau, hoʻomaka lākou e make. A make lākou i ka pololi, no ka mea pono lākou i ka meaʻai a lākou e loaʻa ai mai nā hōʻailona. Akā he kumu kēia o ka hopena pololei o ka hoʻomehana honua. Kūkākūkā keʻa - ke kumu nui o ka mahanahana - hoʻololi pū i ka ʻōnaehana kemikeke o ka wai, e ʻoi aku ia i nā mea hou aʻe, e alakaʻi ana i nā pilikia i ka ulu ʻana no nā corals. ʻO ka wā e hiki mai ai i nā corals ke hilinaʻi maoli nei i ke ʻano o ke ʻano e pili ana i ka poʻe e koho ai no ka makahiki he hiki aʻe. E hoʻoholo kēia i ka hopena o ka mahana ʻana, a me ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o ke kai.

I kēia lā, ʻaʻole i hōʻino ʻia ka pōʻino nui loa o nā ʻala i nā wā mahana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke anuanu, akā ma muli o nā hopena o ka lawaiʻa o ke kai ʻana, nā aʻa a me nā luku honua. No laila, inā hiki iā mākou ke hāʻawi i ka palekana o kūloko, hāʻawi kēia i ka manawa e noʻonoʻo ai pehea e hoʻoponopono ai i ka pilikia o ka honua a me ka paʻakikī o ka loli ʻana o ka honua.

ʻImi noiʻi ʻōpio

I kēia lā ke loaʻa mākou i ka ʻikepili hou e pili ana i nā corals e hoʻohana ana i nā hana genetic hou. No ka laʻana, aʻo mākou i nā mea he nui e pili ana i ka hana ʻana o nā corals i ke koʻikoʻi, me ka hoʻomehana ʻana. I kēia mau makahiki he ʻumi a i ʻole paha he iwakālua mau makahiki, ua nui ka hana i ʻike e ʻike i nā kumu e hiki ai i kekahi mau corals ke kū i ka mahana ʻaʻai honua. Ua pili nā hualoa o ka hopena i mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi mau hōʻailona hoʻohālike i ke kū ʻana o ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe, a ua alakaʻi kēia i kahi nui o nā hana ma ka physiology o ka pilina ma waena o ka coral a me ka dinoflagellates.

ʻO kēia manawa, ua aʻo mākou i ka moʻomeheu genetic o nā ʻōpala holoholona a pehea e hiki ai iā ia ke hāʻawi i ke kū'ē i ka hoʻoku honua. ʻO ke aʻo ʻana o nā ʻano like ʻole i nā corals a me kā lākou mau hōʻailona, ​​a pehea e hiki ai ke hoʻohana ʻia ke hana i nā corals i kūʻokoʻa i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kuʻina, he wahi nui ia o ka noiʻi hou, akā he nui nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka hana. No ka laʻana, pili i ka maʻi coral i kēia pilikia nui, a nui ka noiʻi e hoʻolaʻa i kēia. I kēia manawa ua ʻike mākou i nā mea e pili ana i nā maʻi coral a me kona discoloration.

ʻIke pū kekahi iā mākou e pili ana i ka pilina ma waena o nā hoʻolaha kūloko a me ke olakino o kahi pua hū. Ma 2016, ua mālama ka hālāwai ma Haiti, a ma kahi o ʻelua mau kānaka i komo, ua 112 mau hanana i ka hālāwai kūkā ma ʻehā a ʻelima mau lā, no laila he mau haneli a me nā haneli he mea i hoʻouna ʻia. Mai kēia helu nui o nā ʻatikala ma kaʻala, ke manaʻo nei nā kānaka ʻepekema e aʻo hou aku i kēia mau mea nani, nani a kupaianaha loa.

ʻO kēia kahi unuhi ʻōlelo ma kahi paʻi i kā mākou Pelekānia o Serious Science. Hiki iā ʻoe ke heluhelu i ka hele mua ʻana o ka kikokikona ma aneʻi.

Hoʻonaʻauao

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻōpala a mākou e ʻike ai i kēia lā i hana ʻia ma hope o ka wā o ka hau, i ka wā e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka hau i ka piʻi ʻana o ka moana a hiki i ke kai ʻana o ka papa o ka ʻāina. ʻO kēia ka manaʻo o ka nui o kā lākou makahiki i kahi o 10,000 mau makahiki. E pili ana i ka noho, ua hoʻomaka nā kolana a ulu a ʻike i ke kai. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻōkōlima i nā wahi mamao ma nā wahi papa ma nā mokupuni a me ke ʻano o nā pua. He hapa maoli kēia mau mokupuni. Ua kū mai nā ʻokoʻa ʻo ke kumukūʻai ma muli o nā wīwī tectonic. I ka makahiki 1842, ua hana ʻo Charles Darwin i kāna monographie mua, The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, i hoʻokumu i kahi ʻano hana rumi i wehewehe i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā onolls ma ka hāpai ʻana i ka ru en. a me ka waihona kālā ru en Ka lepo i lalo o nā kai. Wahi a kēia kumuhana, ke hele nei ke kaʻina o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka atoll ma ʻekolu mau hanana holomua. ʻO ka mua, ma hope o nā ʻāpana o ka lua pele a me ka lalo o lalo, e ulu kahi kahe a puni ka mokupuni pele i hoʻokumu ʻia. Me ka ʻoi aku ka waiwai pio, lilo ka āheu i ke auwai a, hiki, huli i kahi awiki.

Wahi a ka ʻōlelo kumu a Darwin, ʻike mua ʻia kekahi mokupuni e lua pele

E like me ka pae ʻana o lalo, he ʻāpana kahe a puni ka mokupuni, a ʻoi pinepine kahi kohu waena

I ka wā o ka lawelawe ʻana, ulu ka ʻāpana a me ke ana nui i loko o ka punawai nui a hohonu.

Ma ka hope hope, huna ʻo ka mokupuni i lalo o ka wai, a lilo ka ʻae i ke kai i kahi ʻāwahine e hoʻopuni ana i kahi lau ākea

Wahi a ka moʻolelo ʻo Darwin, ulu wale nā ​​pol poli i nā kai ʻona o nā ʻōiwi, kahi i hoʻopili ai ka wai, akā hiki ke noho wale ʻia ka hohonu, e hoʻomaka ana ma lalo o ka wai haʻahaʻa. Aia kahi i ka palena o ka ʻāina i lalo, ulu nā ʻala a puni ke kai, kahi e kaʻi ana i nā ʻā i kahakai, a hiki ke lilo i ʻāʻuna.

Ua wānana ʻo Darwin ma lalo o kēlā me kēia laguna ka pā pōhaku, ʻo ia ke koena o kekahi lua pele. Ma hope o ka kāwili ʻana i hōʻoia i kona hypothesis. Ma ka makahiki 1840, aia ma ka Hao Atoll (ʻo Tuamotu Island), me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka drill primitive i ka hohonu o 14 m, loaʻa wale nā ​​kino. Ma ka 1896-1898, e ʻimi ana e hoʻoheheʻe i ka luawai i ke kumu o Funafuti Atoll (Tuvalu Island), holo ka pahu i ka hohonu o 340 m i kahi mānoanoa homogeneous. Ma ka pae hohonu he 432 m ma ka piʻi kiʻekiʻe o ka Quito-Daito-Shima (Ryukyu Island), ʻaʻole i hiki i kēia wahi moe o ka pua. I ka makahiki 1947, ua hoʻolele ʻia kahi pūnāwai me ka hohonu o 779 m ma Bikini, a hōʻea ma nā waihona mua o Miocene, ma kahi o 25 miliona mau makahiki. I ka makahiki 1951, ʻelua mau pūnāwai 1266 a 1389 m hohonu i ka moku ʻElevet (ʻAmelika Marshall) i hala ʻo Eocene mau palena ma kahi o 50 miliona mau makahiki a ua hōʻea lākou i nā kumu kumu ʻano kumu o ka lua pele. Hōʻike kēia mau ʻike i ka genenesic genesis o ka kumu o ka turoll.

Aia ke piʻi o lalo, hiki ke ulu i nā kahakai kahakai ma ke kapakai, akā, ke piʻi aʻe nei ma luna o ke kai, ua make nā corals a lilo i limu. Inā paʻa ka ʻāina ka nui o ka ulu o nā ʻōpū i luna o nā ʻōpū ma mua o nā ʻōpala, ua lawa nā ʻala make e hana i kahi ʻāpana ākea e hoʻopuni ana i ka kahe ma waena o nā corals a me ka lepo. E hāliu ana i ka hoʻoilo ʻana o ka papa o ka moana ke ʻike ʻia ka huna ʻia o ka moku ma lalo o ka wai, a ma ka aniani e waiho wale ana ke kahe neʻe - ke alo wai. Hoʻokomo ʻole nā ​​ʻōpū a me nā atoll i ke kaikia paʻa, i kekahi manawa ke wāwahi ʻia nā pā o nā makani. ʻO ke piʻi wikiwiki ʻana i ke kai nui a me ka loaʻa o ka haʻalulu i ka lalo e hiki ai i ke kaohi ʻana i ka hua lāʻau, a laila e make ka polyps coral a make kaʻu. E make paha nā ola e noho ana i ka simbiosis me ka zooxanthellae ma muli o ka ʻike ʻaʻole lawa ka mālamalama i ka hohonu no ka photosynthesis o kā lākou mau hōʻailona.

Inā piʻi aʻe ka lalo o ke kai ma lalo o ka moku, e kū mai kahi mokupuni. E lilo kahi nū palena no ka mokupuni a me nā wahi pāpala. Me ke piʻi aʻe o ka lalo, e maloʻo ke kaʻina a e lilo ka laguna i loko o ka wai paʻa.

Hoʻokumu ka nui o ka corals i nā ʻano a me ka awelika mai kekahi mau kenekulia a 10 cm i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻoiai i lalo o nā kūlana kūpono e hiki ai i 25 cm (acropores).

Ua puka nā corals mua ma ka Honua ma kahi o 450 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO nā tabuli piha i hele pū me ka spomatoporid sponges i hoʻokumu i ke kumu o nā kinona. Mahope (416

ʻO 416-359 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei) puka mai nā ʻāpana heʻehā no ka kahe; ua hiki i nā wahi no nā haneli mau mile kuea. 246–229 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, puka mai nā corals mua, e noho nei ma ka simbiosis me nā algae, a ma ka makahiki Cenozoic (ma kahi o 50 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei), ua puka mai nā corals maderepores, e noho nei i kēia lā.

I ka hiki ʻana o nā corals, ua loli ke aniani, ua piʻi ka nui o ke kai. ʻO ka hāʻule hope loa o ke kaʻe o ke kai ua hana i 25-16 tausani mau makahiki i hala. Ma kahi o 16 tausani mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua piʻi ka hoʻoheʻe ʻana o nā māla i ka nui o ke kai, i hōʻea i kēia wā ma kahi o 6,000 mau makahiki i hala.

Nā Kūlana Kūʻai

No ka ulu ʻana o kahi biocenosis coral, ka hui pū ʻana o ka nui o nā kūlana e pili ana i ka pālākeke, ka paʻakai, ka ʻike kukui a me nā helu ʻē aʻe he nui ʻē aʻe. Hāʻawi ʻia nā corals Germatypic e ke stenobiontism kiʻekiʻe (hiki ʻole ke ʻae i ka pākuʻi koʻikoʻi mai nā kūlana kūpono loa). ʻO ka hohonu kūpono no ka ulu ʻana o nā kola honu he 10-20 mika. ʻAʻole ma ka palena hohonu ke kumu o ka paʻakikī, akā i ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana.

ʻO nā cormatypic corals he thermophilic. ʻO ka hapanui o nā ʻōpū ʻulaʻula ma kahi kahi i kū ʻole ai ka mahana o ka mahina anu loa o ka makahiki ma lalo o +18 ° C. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ʻole ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka moekolohe i kēia manawa, a lulu ka mea kanu. ʻO ka maʻamau, ke hāʻule o ka pākē i lalo o +18 ° C e waiho ai i ka make o nā ʻōpala. Hōʻike ʻia ka ulu ʻana o nā kolone hou i kēlā mau wahi i ka hāʻule ʻole o ka mahana ma lalo o +20.5 ° C, ʻikea ʻo ia ka palena palena haʻahaʻa no ka ovogenesis a me ka spermatogenesis i nā hui hermatipal. ʻOi aku ka palena palena o ke ola ma mua o +30 ° C. I ka mālama ʻana i ka lā, ua ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā ʻano a me nā kūlike o ka ulu lāʻau, hiki i ka mahana wai ke hōʻea i +35 ° C. Noho mau ka mahana i loko o nā mea i hana ai i ka hana ʻana i ka makahiki, ua mau ka hakahaka makahiki i ka ehe ma ka ʻatorpika ma ka lā he 1-2 ° C, a ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ka nui o nā tropika i 6 ° C.

ʻO ka awelika awelika ma luna o ka wai o nā kahawai ma ka ʻalopona i kau ʻia ma kahi o 35,18 ‰. ʻO ka palena haʻahaʻa o ka paʻakai ma kahi o ke ʻano o nā ʻōpala he hiki a 30-31 ‰. E wehewehe kēia i ka haʻalele ʻana o nā coraries madrepore i nā waiwai o nā muliwai nui. ʻO ka nele o nā corals ma ke kahakai ʻo ʻAmelika Hema e wehewehe pono ʻia e ka make ʻana o ka wai kai ma muli o ka Amazon. Ma waho aʻe o ka land runland, ua hoʻoheheʻe ka ua i ka paʻilima o ka wai o ka wai. ʻO kekahi manawa i ka nui o ka ua me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka paʻakai o ka wai e hiki ai i nā make nui o nā polyps. He ākea ka nui o ka pūneke ʻala no ke ola puaʻa: ua pālahalaha nā ʻano heʻe i loko o ke kai liʻiliʻi a me ka wai haʻahaʻa (30–31 ‰), e holoi ana i ka Palapala Pelekane a me Pilipine (Celebess, Yavan, Banda, Bali, Flores, Sulu) ʻO ke Kai Hema Hema a me ke Kaiʻula, kahi e loaʻa ai ka paʻakai i ka 40 ‰.

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea hana hoʻomoe e pono i ka lā e ola. ʻO ke kaʻina hana a me ka hana biochemical i ka wā i lawe ʻia ai ka lime mai ke kai a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke kākala o ka huaka hermatotype i hoʻopili ʻia me ka photosynthesis a ʻoi aku ka pōmaikaʻi i ke kukui. I loko o kā lākou mau umauma he mau unicellular algae, nā hōʻailona, ​​nā hōʻailonaionium, e hana ana i nā hana o nā kino photosynthetic. Ma ke ʻano o ka ʻāpana coral, ʻaʻole i loli nui ka lōʻihi o ka lā i ka makahiki: ua kokoke like ka lā me ka pō, pōkole ka pōkole. Ma kahi kokoke i ka equator, ʻo ka hapanui o ka makahiki ka mea akaka, aia ma nā tropic i ka nui o nā lā ʻona ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 70. ʻO ka huina o ka lā o ka lā ma lalo o 140 kilocalories no 1 cm² i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Aia paha, pono ka lā i nā aniani: i nā wahi ʻona o ka nuku i nui ko lākou noho. ʻAʻole hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā koloni i luna i luna aʻe o kekahi, akā e ke kuhikuhi ʻia i ka pona. ʻO kekahi mau ʻano o nā corals i ʻole i komo i ke kaʻina o ke kiʻi photosynthesis, e like me ka redastra i ka ulaula a me nā distichopores ulaula pōkole. Ke piʻi nui nei ka hohonu, hāʻule koke ka malamalama. Kuhi ka nui o nā wahi noho i ka ʻōpala he 15-25 m.

Kahi ka hona i nā palapala paʻa. ʻAʻole ulu ʻo Coral i nā pōhaku ʻokoʻa a me nā poloka calcareous. ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻae nā ʻala i noho ai ma nā awāwa me ka puʻe kiʻekiʻe. Aia kahi kahe o ka uka ma ka wahi ma waena o ka pali a me ke kai aia i nā wahi me ka lalo lalo o kahi pālala. Ulu nā ʻōpū nunui i ulu ʻia ma ka papa lepo loea, ka ākea ākea ʻaʻole e ʻae iā lākou e hoʻomoe i loko o ka silt. Hōʻailona ka nui o nā corals branched (Acropolis Kuelcha, Psammocore, blackish porite) e noho nei i nā palahalaha i hoʻopili ʻia e ka huaʻu. Ma nā kāhea lepo, ʻaʻole palala nā corals nā hoʻoponopono, no ka mea ʻo ka pūkuniahi ka pūkō.

Kahi helu

E like me ka pili o kēia manawa i ke kai, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻae i:

1) ka pae, ka piʻi ʻana i ka mū o ka pae o ka wai ma lalo a i ʻole ka pā ʻana, hiki i ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kiʻekiʻe no ka hiki ʻana o nā hale hana kipi (germatypes) ma ke kai kūʻono.

2) hāpai i luna - aia i luna, ma kona ʻano ke kuhikuhi maopopo i nā corals hermatyphic ma luna o ka palena o ko lākou ola,

3) wai kūwaho - make paha, ma muli o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ke kaʻo, i hiki i kahi hohonu i kahi e hiki ʻole ai ke ola nā mea kanu ʻole, ʻaʻole e noho ana, aia ma lalo o ka wai o ka wai, me kahi puʻu ʻaʻole e maloʻo i ka wai o lalo.

No ka pili ʻana i ke kahakai, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāpana:

• Nā ʻūhā a i nā ʻāpana kahakai paha
• mau ʻale kai
• mauipaua
• Nā ʻāpana intra-lagoon - nā ʻōpuni hulina, nā ʻōpala pinnack a me nā puʻu ʻōpala. ʻO nā hale i hoʻoneʻe ʻia e kū aʻe ma luna o ka lalo i ke ʻano o nā puʻu a me nā pāwi. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia lākou e nā kolana coral palaka. Acropora, Stylophora, Kukui ʻO nā kolu ʻo Intralagoon ka uhaʻi ʻālei a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka ʻāhā ʻana a like me nā corals e noho ana ma waho o ke alo. Ma waena o nā lālā make, nā mollusks, echinoderms, polychaetes koke i ka neʻe, ua uhi ʻia nā ʻūhā me nā ʻāpana o nā algae o ka calcareous. ʻO nā a me nā nīnū hei lawelawe ʻana i ka iʻa.

Nā ʻona

Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka coral reosystem ʻano i nā ʻāpana i hōʻike i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole. ʻO ka maʻa mau he mau ʻona: lagoon, reef flat, slope o loko a me nā ʻāpana waho. Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻāina āpau. ʻO ke ola ma ka u a me ke kaʻina o ka moana ke hana i nā manawa kūpono e hoʻopili mau ai i ka wai, ka ʻūhū, nā mea kanu a me nā meaola.

Ke alo aku nei ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻaoʻao o ka wai i ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻaoʻao, i uhi ʻia ka limalona coral, uhi ʻia i nā corals ola a me nā algae. Hōʻailona ka mea maʻamau i kahi papa hana ma ka hapa haʻahaʻa a me ka ʻaoʻao o luna o nā spurs a me nā hollows a i nā spurs a me nā alaloa. Pahuʻi ʻia nā ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau ma kahi kuʻu e piʻi ana ma luna o ke kai, a he pālahalaha pālahalaha ākea - reef-flat - e kau ana ma hope o ia. ʻO ka crest kahi kahua o ka ulu lāʻau ākea ikaika. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā reef-flat i waho, i loko a me kahi o ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana a i ʻole rampart (kahi paʻa koʻikoʻi o nā poloka cemented me nā ʻāpana). Hiki i ka ʻaoʻao o ka uka i lalo o ka laguna, kahi i kāhea ʻia ai ka ʻōpala a me ke one a me ka silika a hōʻiliʻili a me nā ʻāpana intra-lagoon.

Biology

ʻO nā ʻōpū ola ke kūleʻa ʻana o nā polyps me kahi ʻōlio hae. ʻO ka maʻamau ʻo kēia mau mea ʻuʻuku, akā ke kū nei kekahi mau mea he 30 cm ma kahi ākea. ʻO nā ʻāpana kolana he nui o nā polyp e pili ana i ke kino maʻamau o ke koloni me nā ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa. ʻAʻole loaʻa i kahi polyps nui ke kolamu.

Noho ka polyps reef formally i loko o ke euphotic zone i ka hohonu a hiki i 50 m. ʻAʻole pono nā polyps i ka photosynthesis, akā noho lākou i ka simbiosis me nā algae simbiodiniums. Noho kēia mau algae i loko o nā lau o ka polyp a hoʻohua i nā huaora kūlohelohe. Mahalo i ka simbiosis, ulu nā corals i ka wikiwiki i ka wai maʻemaʻe, kahi e kū aʻe ai ka māmā. Inā ʻaʻole algae, e lohi loa ka ulu ʻana no nā ʻōpala he nui. Loaʻa nā Koralī i ka 90% o kā lākou mālamaʻai ma o ka simbiosis. Eia kekahi, manaʻoʻiʻo nō ka hā o ka oxygen i loko o nā wai e holoi ana i ka Nui Barrier Reef i ka hanu e hanu ai i nā polyp, no laila me ka ʻole o ka algae e hoʻohua ai i ka oxygen, make ka hapa nui o ka corals mai ka nele o ka oxygen. ʻO ka hana ʻana o ke kiʻi photosynthesis ma nā pua hali a hiki i ka 5-20 g / cm² i kēlā me kēia lā, kahi kokoke i 2 mau manawa ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka nui o ka hana phytoplankton maʻamau i nā wai a puni.

Kūleʻa ka ulu ma muli o ka waiho ʻana o nā ʻāpana o ka polare me nā polyps. ʻAi ʻia nā ʻalā a me nā holoholona e ʻai ana i ka polyps (sponges, parrot fish, sea urchins) hoʻopau i ka kalaki nui o ka pua, kahi i waiho ʻia a puni ka ʻula a me ka ʻaoʻao o ka palu ma ke ʻano o ke one. Nui nā ʻano biocenosis reef i he nui aʻe i ka lawe ʻana i ka calcium carbonate ma ke ala like. Hoʻonui nā coralline algae i nā corals, hana i kahi ʻōpala mai ka nui o ka maka.

Nā ʻano lau

Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā corals paʻakikī e hana i ka pahu i nā lālā palaka (madrepor) a me ka nui, ka puʻupuʻu (ʻākala a me nā corana mendrine). Kūkā ʻia nā kaulima i loaʻa ma ka papa haʻahaʻa a ma lalo. Ua pena lākou i ka uliuli, pale lilac, poni, ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula, ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka melemele. ʻO kekahi manawa ke aniani ka manaʻo o ke poʻo, no ka laʻana, nā lālā ʻōmaʻomaʻo me nā poni ʻoni.

Hiki i nā corals Brain ke piʻi aku ma mua o 4 mau mika ka lōʻihi. Noho lākou i ka hohonu hohonu e hoʻohālikelike ai i nā lālā. Ua uhi ʻia ka ʻili o ka ʻili o ka ʻili i nā crevices meandering. Hoʻopili ka Brown i ka kala, i kekahi manawa i ka hui pū me nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO nā porites ka puka lepo kahi ʻano o nā kīʻaha, ke kumu o ka waihona o nā kino make, a aia nā mea ola i nā kihi. Kūleʻa nā kihi, e hoʻonui ana i ka diameter o ka ipu, hiki ke piʻi i 8 m. ʻO nā koloni porite ola e paʻi ʻia i ka poni ʻula, nā mākeke o nā polyps i ka hina-hina.

Ma ka lalo o nā bune, e hui pū mai nā ʻōpū a me kēlā me kēia ʻume. ʻO ka ʻāpana haʻahaʻa o lākou i lalo, a kahawai i lalo, a ʻo ka ʻaoʻao o luna o nā papa ākea e hoʻohuli ana i ke kikowaena o ka pōʻai. Kāla pua i ka ʻōpū, ʻokoʻa i ka branched a me nā ʻōpala paʻakikī, kahi mau kolana, he koina ola kūʻokoʻa. I loko o kēlā me kēia coral, hoʻokahi wale nō ke ola o ka polyp, nā halekikahi kahi e lōʻihi ai 7,5 cm. ʻO nā keʻokeʻo i holihue ʻia e kālai ʻia i nā kala ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā brownish. Ke hoʻomau nei ka kala i ka wā e huki ana ka polyp i nā halelewa.