ʻEkolu mau papa honua i ka Honua. ka lepo o ka honua, mantel a nā cores. ^ E Ha yM. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohālikelike i ka honua me kahi hua manu. A laila ʻo ka hua moa, ʻo ia ka ʻōpala o ka honua, ka keʻokeʻo o ka hua manu ka palaleka, a ʻo ka huaʻala ka makana.
Ua kapa ʻia ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o ka honua leihaipnle (unuhi ʻia mai ka ʻōlelo Helene he "pōpō pōhaku"). ʻO ia ka paʻi ikaika o ka honua, e pili ana i ka ʻōpala o ka honua a me ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o ka mantle.
Honua honua
He pae waiho honua.
ʻEkolu ʻokoʻa nā waihona nui:
Ke neʻe nei ʻoe i kahi hohonu i ka Honua, hoʻonui a piʻi ke kaumaha. Ma ka waenakonu o ka Honua ka kiko, ʻo kona radius a me 3,500 km, a ʻoi aku ka wela ma mua o 4,500 kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ke kumu e hoʻopuni ʻia e kahi ʻōpala; ʻo kona mānoanoa paha ma kahi o 2900 km. Aia ka ʻūhā ma luna o ka moʻo, ʻokoʻa ka mānoanoa ākea mai 5 km (ma lalo o nā ʻano moana) a i ka 70 km (ma lalo o nā ʻōnaehana mauna). ʻO ka ʻāʻī o ka honua ka mea paʻakikī loa. Aia i ka waiwai o ka mantle ma kahi kūlana kīhini kūikawā, hiki i kēia ʻano ke holo lohi ma lalo o ke kaomi.
Kuhi. 1. Ke ʻano kūloko o ka Honua (Source)
Honolū honua
Honolū honua - ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o ka lithosphere, ka ʻōpū mākia o ka Honua.
ʻO ka ʻōpala o ka honua ka puhipuhi a me nā minela.
Kuhi. 2. Ke ʻano o ka honua a me ka ʻōpala o ka honua (Source)
Aia kekahi ʻano'ōkuhi:
1. ka Continental (he mau mea o ka sedimentary, granite a me nā waihona basaltic).
2. Oceanic (nona nā ʻāpana sedimentary a me basaltic).
Kuhi. 3. ʻO ke ʻano o ka launa i ka honua (Source)
ʻO ke aʻo ʻana o ka ʻano kūloko o ka Honua
ʻO ka mea hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka noiʻi ʻana o ke kanaka ʻo ia ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻōpala o ka honua. I kekahi manawa hana nā pūnāwai hohonu e noiʻi ai i ke ʻano kūloko o ka ʻōpala o ka honua. ʻO ka luawai hohonu loa - ʻoi aku ma mua o 12 km hohonu. Kōkua lākou i ke aʻo ʻana i nā ʻōpala a me nā mines o ka honua. Eia kekahi, ua aʻo ʻia ke ʻano kūloko o ka Honua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana kūikawā, nā ʻano, nā kiʻi mai ka lewa a me nā ʻepekema: geophysics, geology, seismology.
Kuhiwuhi
1. Heaha na aoao o ka honua?
Kuhikuhina
Main
1. Kahi papa haʻawina ma ka papa ʻāina. no 6 cl. ʻĀpana ākea. papa hana / T.P. Gerasimova, N.P. Neklyukova. - 10th ed., Stereotype la. - M.: Bustard, 2010 .-- 176 p.
2. Hoohui. 6 cl .: atlas. - 3rd ed., Stereotype ka. - M.: Bustard, DIK, 2011 .-- 32 p.
3. Hoohui. 6 cl .: atlas. - 4e i., Stereotype. - M.: Bustard, DIK, 2013 .-- 32 p.
4. Hoohui. 6 cl .: cont. kāleka. - M .: DIK, Bustard, 2012 .-- 16 p.
ʻO Encyclopedias, dictionaries, nā puke a me nā hōʻiliʻili helu helu
1. Ka Palapala Aina. Modern Illustrated Encyclopedia / A.P. Gorkin. - M.: Rosman-Press, 2006 .-- 624 p.
Palapala ʻia no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana no ka Hui Hoʻonaʻauao Kūlana Mokuʻāina a me kahi Hoʻohālikelike ʻAha Pūʻāina
1. Kahuna: papa kula. Hoʻopau. ʻ .lelo kula ka haawina no na haumana o 6 cl. - M .: Piliwi. en. VLADOS Center, 2011 .-- 144 p.
2. Ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa. Hoikehonua. Helu 6-10: He mau palapala aʻo-methodical manual / A.A. Letyagin. - M .: LLC "Kalapu" KRPA "'Olumepelika": "Astrel", "AST", 2001. - 284 p.
Nā huahana ma ka Pūnaewele
1. Federal Institute for Pedagogical Measurements (Punawai).
2. Pūnaewele Kūʻē Lūkini (Pūnaewele).
4. 900 nā hōʻike o nā keiki a me nā hōʻike 20,000 o nā kula.
Inā ʻike ʻoe i kahi hewa a i ʻole kahi laha i haki ʻia, e ʻoluʻolu e ʻike iā mākou - e hana i kāu hāʻawi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hana.
ʻO keʻano
Kahi like ka ʻiʻo o ka honua i ke kumu o ke kumu o ka hapanui o ka honua ma ka hui ʻana o ka honua. Eia kekahi, kahi ʻano kī like o ka pūpū ma ka mahina a me nā mea satelite o nā pelekane nui. Eia nō naʻe, ʻokoʻa ka Honua i ʻelua ʻano ʻāpana: a ka konupua a me ke kai moana. Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻala o ka honua i nā neʻe mau o ka neʻe: ka pali a me ka oscillatory.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻāhu e pili ana i nā basalts. Kuhi ʻia ka nui o ka crust o ka honua i ka 2.8 210 19 tons (nona ka 21% o ka moana ke kai a ʻo ka mea 79% he Continental). ʻO ka kūmole ka 0.473% wale nō o ka huina o ka Honua.
Ma lalo o ka ipo he aʻalaha, ʻokoʻa i ka ʻohu a me nā ʻano kino - ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, aia i nā mea refractory mau mea. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka palena o Mokhorovichich i ka ʻāʻī a me ka mantle, a he mea nui ka piʻi ʻana o ka wikiwiki o nā neʻe Seism.
Ka ʻikepili o ka honua
ʻO ka ʻili ikaika ma luna o ka honua - Kūʻai ka honua - i kaupalena ʻia e ka ʻāina ʻāina a i ʻole ma lalo o nā ona. He wahi geopysical kekahi Moho. ^ E Ha yM. Hōʻike ʻia ka palena ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e neʻe nui ka wikiwiki o nā neʻe moana. Ua kau ʻia ma $ 1909 $, ke kanaka ʻepekema Kūkini A. Mokhorovich ($1857$-$1936$).
Ka ʻōpala o ka honua sedaryary, magmatic a metamorphic rock, a i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana ke kū i ka ʻekolu papa. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā papa o ka huina, nā mea i luku ʻia i hoʻihoʻi ʻia i loko o nā papahū lalo a kūkulu ʻia papa hana sedimentary Hoʻopili ka honua i ka ʻōiwi o ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Ma kekahi mau wahi he lahilahi loa a hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia. Ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe, hiki i ka mana o kekahi mau kilomita. Hoʻopili ka mea huna e hoʻokaʻawale ai, limu ka ʻōpala, nā ʻōpala, ke one, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka lawe ʻana i nā mea i loko o ka wai a ma ka ʻāina, a paʻa ma nā ʻāpana. Hiki i nā ʻoka huna hiki iā ʻoe ke aʻo e pili ana i nā kūlana kūlohelohe i noho ʻia i ka lewa, no laila ke kapa ʻia e nā mea ʻepekema mau ʻaoʻao o ka moʻaukala honua. ^ E Ha yM. Ua mahele ʻia nā ʻōpū Sedimentary hoʻokūkūka mea i hoʻolālā ʻia e ka hōʻiliʻili o nā koena o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu a inicic, ma ke ʻāpana e hoʻokaʻawale i detrital a me chemogenic.
Hoʻopau i ka hana ma kahi kumuhana like
ʻŌpala nā pōhaku he huahana o ka hoʻoilo, a kemikani - ka hopena o ka haʻalele ʻana o nā mea i hoʻopau ʻia i ka wai o kai a me nā loko.
Ua haku ʻia nā ʻaluna nui mea granule ka ʻōpala o ka honua. ʻO kēia mau pōhaku i hana ʻia ma muli o ke ʻano paʻa o ka moliki molten. Ma nā māla, ʻo ka mānoanoa o kēia papakū he $ 15 $ - $ 20 $ km, ua piha a hoʻēmi paha ma lalo o nā moana.
ʻO ka waiwai macneous akā maikaʻi i ka silica i hoʻopaʻa ʻia kauā ka papana he nui kahi gravity kikoʻī. Kūkulu ʻia kēia ʻāpana ma ka kumu o ka honua o nā kumu o nā honua.
ʻO ke kūpaʻa ākea a me ka mānoanoa o nā ʻōpala o ka honua he ʻokoʻa, no laila, ʻokoʻa ka he nui o nā ʻano. Ma ka hoʻonohonoho maʻalahi, aia kai moana a me ka'āina Ka ʻōpala o ka honua.
Hoʻoikaika ʻōuli
ʻOkoʻa nā ka neʻe ʻana a i ʻole kūʻai i kahi ʻāao mānoanoa a me ka ʻili. ^ E Ha yM. Aia ka ʻāmelika ʻōhumu ma lalo o nā konupona, akā ʻaʻole i ʻili ʻia kona kihi me ke kahakai. Mai ka nānā ʻana i ka māhele honua, ʻo ka ʻāina nui ʻo ia ka ʻāina āpau o kahi paʻa ʻainela paʻa. A laila aia ka nui o nā ʻānela heʻāina i ʻoi aku ma mua o nā konohona. Ua kāhea nā ʻāpana kahakai o nā konika wailua - keia mau ʻāpana o nā Māleano i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ke kai. Aia nā moana e like me ka White, East Siberian, a me Azov aia ma ka papa kontinental.
ʻEkolu keʻakeʻa kū i waho o ka panakū:
- ʻO ka ʻili luna luna he mau ʻōpū.
- ʻO ka waihona waena he granite,
- Aia ka pae lalo lalo.
Ma lalo o nā mauna ʻōpio, ʻo kēia ʻano o ka nui i ka mānoanoa he $ 75 $ km, ma lalo o nā pālahalaha - a hiki i $ 45 $ km, a ma lalo o nā mokupuni a hōʻea - a hiki i ka $ 25 $ km. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka papakū palapihi luna o nā ʻāpana palupalu e nā kumu lepo pākē a me nā carbonates o nā lau moana lauwili a me nā māla nani i loko o nā ʻāpana o ka marginal, a me ka mea ma nā noʻo o nā ʻalā o nā ʻaoʻao ʻAmelika.
ʻO ka magma i komo ka lua o nā ʻōpala o ka honua i hoʻokumu ʻia ʻōwili granite aia nā mea i ka silica, ka alumini a me nā minima ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka mānoanoa o ka papapa granit hiki ke piʻi a hiki i $ 25 $ km. He wā kahiko kēia ʻāpana a a he wā nui - $ 3 $ billion mau makahiki. Ma waena o ka waihona granite a me ke basalt, i ka hohonu a hiki i $ 20 $ km, kahi palena hiki ke loaʻa ke ala. Conrad. ^ E Ha yM. Hōʻike ʻia ia me ka mea nui o ka hoʻouluulu ʻana o nā neʻe lōʻihi lōʻihi i piʻi ma ʻaneʻi, e $ 0.5 $ km / s.
Hōʻailona kauā ua kū ka wai i ka wili ʻana i nā puna basaltic i loko o nā ʻāpana hoʻomālamalama intraplate i luna o ka ʻāina. ʻO nā basalts kahi iʻoi aku ka hao, magnesium a me calcium, no laila ua ʻoi aku lākou i kahi o ka granite. Ma loko o kēia papana, ʻo ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe ʻana o nā neʻe lōʻihi ma ka $ 6.5 $ - $ 7.3 $ km / s. Ma kahi e hoʻopili ai ka palena, e piʻi pinepine ka wikiwiki o nā neʻeic longitudinal.
ʻO ka huina o ka honua ka nui mai ka lehulehu o ka honua honua he $ 0.473 $% wale nō.
ʻO kekahi o nā hana mua i pili me ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka haku mele ka ʻāina kū aʻe lāʻau, ʻekepekema ʻōpio ua hana e hoʻokō ʻauhau kikowaena. ^ E Ha yM. ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻili i loko o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, ua paʻakikī loa kēia hana. ʻOiai i loko o kahi puʻukepili hoʻokahi, hiki ke loli like ka like o nā pakanani i nā ʻano, a hiki ke kahakiʻi i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole i nā ʻāpana like ʻole. Wahi a kēia, ʻo ka hana ke hoʻoholo i ka laulā hui ʻōpū ka mea, o ka ʻāpana honua i kū i ka ʻāina. ʻO kēia loiloi mua o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka ʻili o luna ka mea i hana Clark. ^ E Ha yM. Ua hana ʻo ia no ka US Geological Survey a ua kau ʻia ma ka loiloi kemika o nā pali. I loko o nā makahiki he nui o ka hana noiʻi, hiki iā ia ke hōʻuluʻulu i nā hopena a me ke helu ʻana i ka helu kiko ʻana o nā pali, ka mea kokoke i ke kapu. ^ E Ha yM. Hana Clark ka hoʻohewa ʻia ʻana a me nā hoa paio.
Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka lua o ka ho'āʻo ʻana e hoʻoholo i ka ʻano hoʻohālikelike o ka ʻōpala o ka honua V. Goldschmidt. ^ E Ha yM. Ua hōʻike ʻo ia e neʻe hele i ka ʻāwili ʻana glacier, hiki ke ʻokiʻuku a kāwili i nā pōhaku i hiki mai i ka ʻaoʻao, e hoʻoili ʻia ai i ka wā o ka hakilo glacial. A laila, e noʻonoʻo lākou i ke ʻano o ka ʻāwāwa waena o ka waena. Ma hope o ka loiloi ʻana i ka ʻano hana o ka pālato hoʻopiʻi, i waiho ʻia i loko o kahi glaciation hope i loko Ke kai kūʻaiua loaʻa iā ia kahi hopena i ka hopena Clark. Hāʻawi nā ʻano hana like ʻole i nā helu like. Ua hōʻoia ʻia nā hana Geochemical. Ua lawelawe ʻia kēia mau pilikia, a ua ʻike nui ʻia nā hoʻokō. Vinogradov, Yaroshevsky, Ronov a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Ka ʻalāleʻa moana
Ka ʻalāleʻa moana aia ma kahi kahi he nui o ka hohonu o ka moana ma mua o $ 4 $ km, ʻo ia hoʻi ke noho nei i ka nui o nā kaona. ʻO ke koena o ka wahi i uhi ʻia me ka ʻili. ʻano waena. ʻAʻole hoʻonohonoho ʻia ke ʻāpana o ke kai e like me ka ʻaina ka ʻāina, ʻoiai ua mahele ʻia i nā ʻāpana. Ua aneane paʻa loa ʻole ʻōwili granitea he ʻopiki loa nā mea a i ʻole ka palena o $ 1 $ km. Hoʻopau mau ka lua maopoponolaila ua kapa ʻia ia papa ʻona. ^ E Ha yM. Haʻalulu, pae ʻekolu - kauā. ^ E Ha yM. He like ka papa hana basaltic o ka palupalu a me ke kai moana i ka wikiwiki no nā kai seismic. Palapala nui ka ʻili o ke kumu o ka pae moana. Wahi a ka manaʻo kumuhana o ka plate tectonics, kū mau ka ʻū kai i loko o nā kuahiwa waena, a laila haʻalele ka ʻalo mai lākou i nā wahi hemo hoʻohuʻi ʻia i ka moʻo. Hōʻike kēia i nā ʻano nui o ka moana kai ʻōpio. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka ʻāpana nui loa o nā ʻāpana lalo Pakipikakahi e pili ai i nā wai ikaika me lākou.
Kuea - kēia ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka pōhaku mai ka kaʻe o kahi papa ʻekahi i loko o ka asthenosphere semi-molten
I ka hihia a he kūlima ʻōpihi o ka papa luna, a me lalo - i ke kai moana - i hana ʻia nā ʻauamo kai.
Hoʻololi ka mānoanoa ma nā wahi kikoʻī like ʻole o $ 5 $ - $ 7 $ km. Hele ka wā, ke loli mau nei ka mānoanoa o ke kai o ke kai. ʻO kēia no ka nui o ka meli i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka mantle i nā waena waena o ka moana nui a me ka mānoanoa o ka ʻāpana lime i lalo o nā kai a me nā kai.
Papa lole sediment Liʻiliʻi ka ʻōpū o ke kai a loaʻa i kahi mānoanoa o $ 0.5 $ km. Aia ia i ka one, ka waiho ʻana o ka holoholona a me nā minuke nā nui. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā pōhaku o nā kaona kalapona i ka hohonu hohonu, a i kahi hohonu o ka $ 4.5 $ km, ua hoʻohuli ʻia nā pali carbonate i nā pale ʻulaʻula hohonu a me nā siltsous siliceous.
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā Thasas basaltic lavas ma ka ʻaoʻao aʻe pae ʻaila, a ma lalo o ka hoʻopunipuni ʻalani.
Nā ʻāpana Aia nā kahe e kahe ana o nā pele basaltic i ka ili
Palapala basaltic ma nā ʻāpana hemo huli i loko ecgolithse hāheʻe ana i ka hohonu no ka mea he ʻoi aku lākou i ka kiʻekiʻe o nā pōhaku mantle e hoʻopuni ana. Aia ka nui o kā lākou kumukūʻai ma kahi o $ 7 $% o ka nui o ka mānoanoa o ka Honua. I loko o ke aniani basaltic, ʻo ka wikiwiki o nā nalu holo lōʻihi ma ke ʻano he $ 6,5 $ - $ 7 $ km / s.
ʻO ka awelika makahiki o ka moana kai holo he $ 100 $ miliona mau makahiki, ʻoiai nā ʻāpana kahiko he $ 156 $ miliona mau makahiki a ua kau ʻia ma kahi kaumaha Pajafeta ma ka Moana Pakipika. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka ʻōpū o ka moana ʻaʻole wale i loko o ka moena o ka Honua o ka Honua, hiki iā ia ke komo i loko o nā kīkoki pani ʻia, no ka hoʻohālike, ka ʻākau o ke kai o Caspian. Komohana he ʻokoʻa ka huina o ka honua he $ 306 $ miliona km sq.
ʻO ke ʻano o nā lau ka honua
He ʻelua ʻano o ka ʻōpū ma ka honua: moana (aia ma lalo o ke kai) a me ka Continental. Ka ʻalāleʻa moana keu loa, a no laila, ʻoiai ʻo ka mea e noho ana ma kahi ākea nui, ʻo kāna huina he 4 mau manawa haʻahaʻa kinipōpō lauʻa. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kēia ʻāpana o ka honua ka nui o nā basalts. ʻIke pinepine loa ia e hōʻea mai i kēlā wahi o ka mea e waiho ana ma lalo o ke kai. Akā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ke ʻano o ka crinental Continental, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā waihona he 3: basalt, granite (i loko o nā granites a me nā gneisses) a me ka sedimentary (kekahi mau ʻano hana sedimentary). Ma ke ala, aia ke kahe mea aniani paha i loko o ke kai moana, akāʻo kona heleʻana he mea liʻiliʻi.
Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka like ʻana o ka ʻano o ka ʻōpū o ka honua ma kēia ʻano, akā he mau wahi kahi e puka ai ke aniani o ka palaki, a, i ʻole, ke waiho wale ʻana ka papa palapu, a ʻo ka ʻāwana e hōʻike wale ʻia e ka papaki granite.
Pehea e aʻo ai i ke ʻano o ka Honua a me nā hoʻolālā ʻē aʻe?
ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ʻana i ke ʻano kūloko o nā panana, a me kā mākou Honua, he hana paʻakikī loa ia. ʻAʻole hiki iā kākou ke "ʻaka" a ka ʻūlū o ka honua a hiki i ka kumu o ka honua, no laila ʻo ka ʻike āpau i loaʻa iā mākou i kēia manawa ʻo ka ʻike i loaʻa "e pā", a ma ke ʻano maoli.
Pehea e hana ai ka hulahula seismic ma ke ʻano o ka ʻimi ʻike. Kāhea mākou "kāhea" i ka honua a "hoʻolohe" i ka mea e hōʻike mai ai i ka hōʻailona
ʻO ka mea ʻoi loa ka maʻalahi a me ka hilinaʻi hoʻi e ʻike ai i ka mea ma lalo o ka honua o ke kahua a he ʻāpana ia o kāna hana neʻe ʻōkuhi i nā ʻāpana o ka honua.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka piʻi ʻana o ka wikiwiki o nā nalu seismic i ka media pālolo, a ma ke ʻano ʻē, hoʻemi ʻia i nā pālehu. Ka mea, ʻike maopopo i nā ʻāpana o nā ʻano pihi a me ka helu ʻana i ka ʻikepili ma ke kaomi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, "ka hoʻolohe" ʻana i ka pane i loaʻa, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo e pili ana i nā papa o ka lau o ka honua i hele a hōʻailona moana.
ʻIke ʻia e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka pōpō o ka honua e hoʻohana ana i nā nalu seismic
Hiki i nā ʻōlū Seismic ma ke ʻano ʻelua ʻano kumu: kūlohelohe a kūlohelohe. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā kumu maoli o nā oscillations he mau ʻōlaʻi, nā nalu o nā mea e lawe ai i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka hiʻona o nā pōhaku ma kahi a lākou i komo ai.
ʻOi aku ka nui o nā mea i ʻike ʻia i nā mea hoʻonaninani kūlohelohe, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā oscillation kūlohelohe e ka pā maʻamau, akā he nui nō nā "hana" ʻano hana - nā alima make puliki, nā mea kīwaha seismic, etc.
Ka ʻaila a me nā haʻalulu holo ʻōlapa holo holo ʻāina kāla kūkala - kekahi o nā lālā nui loa o nā geophysics hou.
He aha ka mea a ka noi ʻana o nā kaʻe moana i loko o ka Honua? Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike o kā lākou hoʻoili ʻana i kekahi mau lele i ka loli i ka wikiwiki i ka wā e hele ana i nā ʻāpana o ka honua.
Ka Honua ka pehu
Ke neʻe mau nei ka crust. ʻOi aku ka pololei, nā papa tectonic, ʻo ia nā ʻāpana o ka ʻalā, neʻe. Akā ʻo mākou, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke noʻonoʻo i kēia, ʻoiai ʻo ka wikiwiki o kā lākou neʻe ka mea liʻiliʻi. Akā naʻe, he mea nui loa ka manaʻo o kēia kaʻina no ka ʻili o ka papa, no ka mea he mea hoʻokahi ia e pili ai i ka hōʻoluʻolu o ka Honua. No laila, kahi e hui pū ai nā ʻupena, nā puʻu, mauna, a i kekahi manawa he ʻano kaulike mauna. A ma kēlā mau wahi kahi e hoʻokaʻawale ai nā papa, ʻano kaumaha.
Honua
He pilikia koʻikoʻi nā kaaluhia no ka poʻe, no ka mea, i kekahi manawa e luku ʻia lākou i nā alanui, nā hale, a lawe i nā tausani o ke ola.
ʻO ka pākuhi o ka honua
Ma ke kikowaena o kā mākou honua ka mea nui. He pākaha kona a me ka mahana ke hoʻohālikelike nei i ka mahana o ka mahana o ke ao.
Lānai
Ma lalo o ka pūpū ka ʻaihue ("uhi ʻia, kapa)". ʻO kēia waihona he mānoanoa a hiki i 2900 km. E helu ana no 83% o ka honua āpau a aneane 70% o ka nui. ʻO ka mantle kahi mau minuke koʻikoʻi i waiwai i ka hao a me ka magnesium. Ua pae kēia wela i kahi 2000 ° C. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea o ka mantle e mālama i kahi kūlana kristal paʻa loa ma muli o ke kaomi nui. Ma ka hohonu o 50 a 200 km kahi pae ākea ma luna o ke kaila o ka mantle. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he asthenosphere ("powerless sphere"). He poli maoli ka asthenosphere, aia no ia e hiʻi ka lua pele a me nā waihona waihona waihona. Pono ka mānoanoa o ka asthenosphere mai 100 a 250 km. Hoʻopili ʻia kekahi mea e kū ana mai ka asthenosphere i loko o ka lepo a i ka manawa i ninini ʻia i ka ʻāina i kapa ʻia he magma ("mash, poni aila"). Aia ka magma ka honua i ka honua.
Ma lalo o ka moʻo, e like me lalo o ka pākū, ke kumu nui o ka honua. Aia ke 2900 km mai ka maka o ka honua. ʻO ka kuhi i ke ʻano o kahi pōpō me kahi radius a ma kahi o 3,500 km. No ka lilo ʻole o kānaka i ka hiki i ke kumu o ka Honua, ʻike ka poʻe ʻepekema i kona ʻano. I ka manawa, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke kīʻaha o ka hao i hui pū ʻia me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO kēia ka hapa nui a me ka ikaika loa o ka honua. E helu ana nona wale no 15% o ka nui o ka Honua a ʻo ka 35% ka nui.
Manaʻo ia aia ke kiko o ka nui o nā ʻāpana he nui - kahi kū i loko (me kahi radius ma kahi o 1300 km) a me kahi wai kūwaho (e pili ana i 2200 km). Pā kahe kūloko i loko o ke kaila wai waho. Ma muli o k thisia neʻe a puni ka Honua, ke ʻano o ke k magnetkohu papaha (e pale i ka lewa mai ka radiation cosmic radiation, a pane n need ke aniani ke pane). ʻO ka pahuhopu ka wahi wela loa o ko mākou honua. No ka manawa lōʻihi i manaʻoʻiʻo ia e hōʻea ke mahana, inā paha, 4000-5000 ° C. Eia no naʻe, i ka 2013, hana ka ʻepekema i ka hoʻokolohua ʻana i ka mea hana i hoʻoholo ai lākou i ka pae meli o ka hao, ʻo ia paha kahi ʻāpana o ka honua o loko. No laila ua huli ke kūlohelohe o ka wela ma waena o ka pā i loko a me waho o ka wai kū waho ma ke kūmole kūloko o ka lā, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma kahi o 6000 ° C.
ʻO ke ʻano o ko mākou honua kahi o nā mea huna he nui i hoʻopili ʻia e ke kanaka. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻike e pili ana iā ia ua loaʻa ma nā ʻano pololei ʻole ʻana, ʻaʻole naʻe i hoʻokele ʻia kahi ʻano ʻepekema hoʻokahi no ka loaʻa o nā hoʻohālike o ka hiʻona o ka honua. Ke aʻo nei i ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o ka Honua me nā pilikia paʻakikī, akā ʻaʻole e haʻalele nā mea noiʻi a ke ʻimi nei i nā ala hou e loaʻa ai ka ʻike pono e pili ana i ka honua Honua.
Nā kuhikuhi
Ke aʻo nei i ke kumumanaʻo "Ke ʻano kūloko o ka Honua", hiki i nā haumāna ke pilikia ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i nā inoa a me ke ʻano o nā papa o ka honua. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o nā inoa Latin inā e hana nā keiki i kā lākou iho kiʻī o ka Honua. Hiki iā ʻoe ke kono i nā haumāna e hana i kahi hoʻohālike o ka honua mai ka plasticine a i ʻole e haʻi aku i kona ʻano ma o ka hoʻohālike ʻana o nā huaʻai (peel - crust, flesh - mantle, bone - core) a me nā mea i loaʻa ke ʻano like. E kōkua ka palapala ʻatikala ʻōlelo i ka haʻawina. ʻO nā māka 5-6 o O.A. Klimanova, kahi e ʻike ai ʻoe i nā kiʻi a me nā ʻike kikoʻī e pili ana i ke kumuhana.
Ka ʻalāleʻa moana
Aia ka nui o nā palau kai. Wahi a ka manaʻo e pili ana i ka pectonics plate, ke hoʻomau nei ia i loko o nā awāwa waena i waena o ke kai, wehe ʻia mai loko mai o lākou a kau i loko o ka palia i loko o nā ʻāpana lahui. No laila he ʻōpio nā ʻōpuni o ke kai, a i hoʻopaʻa ʻia kona mau wahi kahiko i ka ʻoihana Jurassic.
ʻAʻole loli ka mānoanoa o ka ʻāʻā o ke kai me ka manawa, ʻoiai ke koho ʻia nei e ka nui o ka meli i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka papalula ma loko o nā wahi o nā awāwa waena waena. I kahi ākea, he hopena ka mānoanoa o ka papa sedimentary e lalo o nā waiʻa. Ma nā wahi like ʻole, ka loli ʻana o ka nui o ka moana ma waena o 5-10 mau kilomita (9-12 mau kilomita me ka wai).
Ma ke ʻāpana o ka stratification o ka Honua e ka waiwai mekanika, nā ʻāpana kai e pili ana i ka lithosphere o ka moana. ʻO ka mānoanoa o ka papa kahawai o ka moana, ʻaʻole e like me ka ʻōpala, ke hilinaʻi nui ʻia i kona makahiki. I nā kihi o nā kikowaena waena waena, neʻeneʻe kokoke loa ka asthenosphere ma ka ʻaoʻao, a ua aneane loa kahi papa lithosphere. Ke neʻe nei ʻoe i hope mai nā wahi o waena o nā kai waena, e ulu mua ana ka mānoanoa o ka lithosphere me ka pānaʻi ʻana i kona makahiki, a laila emi pū ka nui o ka ulu ʻana. I nā ʻāpana haʻahaʻa, e hōʻea i ka mānoanoa o ka nui o ke kaiāulu nui o nā kai nui, a he 130-140 mau mile.
Hoʻoikaika ʻōuli
Ka pae ʻāina ʻōmaʻomaʻa (Continental) i kahi ʻano pākolu ʻekolu. Hōʻike ʻia ka papale luna e kahi uhi paʻa ʻole o nā pōhaku sedimentary, kahi pālahalaha nui, akā ʻaʻole iki ka mānoanoa ka mānoanoa. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻāwili e hoʻopuni ʻia ma lalo o ka ʻōpala o luna - kahi ʻāpana e pili ana i ka nui o nā granites a me nā gneisses, he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka mōʻaukala kahiko. Hōʻike nā haʻawina ua hana i ka hapa nui o kēia mau pōhaku i ka wā lōʻihi i hala, ma kahi o 3 billion mau makahiki i hala. Ma lalo iho kahi haʻahaʻa o lalo, kahi i loaʻa i nā pōhaku metamorphic - granulites a me nā mea like.
ʻO ka hoʻonohonohoʻana o ka ʻenekia kūwaho
He kiko helu liʻiliʻi o nā huaʻala o ka honua. Ma ka hapalua o ka lehulehu o ka ʻōpala o ka honua he oxygen, ʻoi aku ka 25% ka silika. Hōʻulu wale ia mea 18: O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg, H, Ti, C, Cl, P, S, N, Mn, F, Ba - make i nā 99.8% o ka nui o ka pūpū o ka honua (cm .yamu ma lalo).
ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka hana like o ka ʻenehana Continental ʻoihana kahi o nā hana mua i hana ʻia e ka ʻepekema ʻōiwi o ka geochemistry e hoʻonā. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma muli o ka hoʻāʻo e hoʻopau i kēia pilikia, ua puka kahi geochemistry. He paʻakikī paʻakikī kēia hana, ʻo ka mea e pili ana ka waihona o ka honua i nā papa o nā ʻano waihona like ʻole. ʻOiai i loko o ke kino kiko kiko like, hiki i ka loli ʻana o nā pōhaku ke loli nui. Ma nā wahi like, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻano ʻano ʻāpana like ʻole. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kēia mau mea, ua kū ka pilikia e hoʻoholo ai i ka laulā maʻamau, ka māhele maʻamau o kēlā hapa o ka ʻōpala o ka honua e hiki mai ana i ka papakū. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, kū koke ka nīnau i ka manaʻo o kēia ʻano huaʻōlelo.
ʻO ka loiloi mua o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka puʻuwai kiʻekiʻe i hana ʻia e Frank Clark. He lālā ʻo Clark ma ka US Geological Survey a ua pili i ka loiloi loiloi i nā pōhaku. Ma hope o nā makahiki he nui o ka hana loiloi, ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻo ia i nā hopena o nā loiloi a helu i ke ʻano helu o nā pali. Manaʻo ʻo ia ʻoi mau tausani o nā huaʻōlelo, koho maoli ʻia i ka maʻi maʻamau, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka ʻaʻa o ka honua (e ʻike i nā Clarks of Elements). ʻO kēia hana a Clark i haunaele i ka kaiāulu ʻepekema. Ua hōʻino wale ʻia ʻo ia, ʻoiai he nui nā mea noiʻi e hoʻohālikelike i kēia ʻano i ke kiʻi ʻana o ka "awelika awelika i ka haukapila, me ka morgue." Ua manaʻo ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi ʻē aʻe i kēia ʻano kūpono no ke ʻano heterogeneous e like me ka ʻōpala o ka honua. ʻO ka mea pili o Clark i ka pūlima o ka honua i kokoke i ka granite.
ʻO ka ho'āʻo aʻe e hoʻoholo ai i ka hui pūʻana o ka ʻāwili o ka honua i hana ʻia e Viktor Goldschmidt. Hana ʻo ia i kahi manaʻo e neʻe nei kahi glacier i ka wā e hele ai nā ʻōpala i kahi palupalu i nā pōhaku a pau i hele mai i ka honua. A ke kumu, ua waiho ʻia nā pōhaku ma muli o ka hiʻona glacial i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka ʻāhui o nā kūlike ma waena. Ua loiloi ʻo Goldschmidt i ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā pale ribet i waiho ʻia i loko o ke Kai Baltic i ka wā o ka glaciation hope. ʻO ka mea hoʻohālikelike o kā lākou mea kahaha i kokoke loa i ke ʻano kikoʻī i loaʻa iā Clark. ʻO ka mea kūpono o nā koho i loaʻa e nā ʻano like ʻole ua lilo i ikaika ikaika o nā hana geochemical.
Ma hope mai, ua komo ka nui o nā mea noiʻi e hoʻoholo i ke ʻano o ka ʻāwili ʻana. Nā kuhi ʻo Vinogradov, Vedepol, Ronov a me Yaroshevsky i loaʻa i ka ʻike ākea ākea.
Ke hoʻāʻo nei kekahi mau ho'āʻo hou e hoʻoholo i ke ʻano o ka ʻāwili o ka Continental i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā māhele i kūkulu ʻia i loko o nā kūlana like ʻole geodynamic.
ʻO ka palena ma waena o nā ʻaukā kiʻekiʻe a i lalo
Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōkuʻina geochemical a me geophysical e aʻo i ke ʻano o ka wili o ka honua, akā hiki ke loaʻa i nā ʻike pololei mai ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana i ka hohonu. Ke hoʻoikaika nei i nā kuhi hohonu hohonu, ʻike pinepine ʻia ka nīnau e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka palena ma waena o ka pae (granite) a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. E aʻo i kēia pilikia, ua kālai pono ʻia ka luawai o Saatli ma USSR. Ma ka wahi hana kāwili, ua ʻike ʻia ka anomaly gravitational, ka mea i hoʻopili ʻia me kahi papa o ka kumu. Akā hōʻike hōʻike ʻo drill ka mea i kahaki kēʻe kekahi mea ma lalo o ka luawai. Ke hoʻokō nei i ka wai hohonu o ka Kola, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka palena ʻo Konrad. I ka makahiki 2005, ua kūkākūkā ka nūhou i ka hiki ke komo i ka palena ʻo Mokhorovichich a i loko o ka papale luna e hoʻohana ana i ka hoʻopili pono ʻana i nā kapakai tungsten i hoʻomo ʻia e ka wela o ka hōʻea ʻana o nā radionuclides.
Papa honua
Ma ka lalo o ka mantle, he hāʻule nui o ka neʻe o ka neʻe o nā neʻe lōʻihi mai 13.9 a 7.6 km / s. Ma kēia pae kau i ka palena ma waena o ka moʻo a me ka mni o ka honua, e ʻike hohonu ana i nā nalu neʻe no ke neʻe hou aku nei.
Kūpono ka puka o ke kumu i 3500 km, kona nui: 16% o ka nui o ka honua, a me ka huina: 31% o ka nui o ka Honua.
Manaʻo nui kekahi mau ʻepekema ʻo ke kālele i kahi moku i hoʻoilo ʻia. ʻO kona ʻaoʻao waho e hōʻike ʻia e ka neʻe i ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o ka lōʻihi; ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā pōhaku kumu he 11 g / cm 3, a e hoʻoneʻe ʻia e ka ʻike o nā mea kaumaha. Hiki i ka hao ke lilo i mea kaumaha koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka hapa nui, ʻo ka hao he mea hoʻohui o ka kīʻaha, ʻoiai ʻo ke koʻo o ka hao hao a hao wale ʻole paha o ka nūnū pono e loaʻa i ke kūlike 8-15% e ʻoi aku ka ʻoi o ka waiwai kīwī. No laila, ʻo ka oxygen, ka huaʻala, ke kalapona, a me ka hydrogen pili i pili i ka hao i loko o ka hana.
ʻO ke ʻano Geochemical no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke ʻano o nā papa hana
Eia kekahi ala ʻē aʻe e ʻike ai i ke ʻano hohonu o ka hoʻolālā - ke kaʻina hana geochemical. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka Honua a me nā papa honua ʻē aʻe e like me nā mea kūlohelohe kūlohelohe e ʻike nui ana i ka hōʻoia ʻana e pili ana i ka heterogeneous accretion, e like me ke ʻano o ka pūnaehana honua a me kā lākou mauʻu i waho he ʻokoʻa a hilinaʻi nui loa ma ke ʻano mua o kā lākou ulu ʻana.
Ma muli o kēia kaʻina hana, ʻo ia ka nui (nui hao) nā mea i ʻona, a i loko o nā ʻili o waho - lighter silicate (krondritic) e hoʻonui ʻia i ka papale o luna me nā mea momona a me ka wai.
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui o nā papa honua o ka terrestrial (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) ʻo ia ko lākou pūpū waho, ka mea i kapa ʻia. ʻōpala, he ʻelua ʻano mea: "ʻāina nui"- ka feldspar e"kaiāulu"- waihona.
Ka ʻōpala kūloko o ka Honua
Ka ʻāhui o nā Continental (Continental) i ka Honua, he mau granites a he mau pōhaku kokoke paha iā lākou i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, i.e., nā pōhaku me ka nui o nā feldspars. ʻO ke kumu o ke aniani o ka "granite" o ka Honua ma muli o ka hoʻololi o ke kaila kahiko i loko o ke kaʻina o ka grisization.
ʻO ka papa maʻa he pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia kiko kikoʻī ka kinona o ka ʻōpala o ka Honua - ka honua wale nō kahi e kū ai nā kaʻina o nā ʻokoʻa a me ke komo ʻana i ka wai me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai pele, ka hau a me ka biosphere. Ma ka Pale a, ʻoi paha, ma nā papa honua o ka hui terestrial, ua ʻākoakoa ʻia ka ʻikepili ma kahi o gabbro-anorthosites - nā pōhaku i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka nui o nā feldspar, akā naʻe, i kahi ʻano like like ʻole o ka granites.
ʻO kēia mau pōhaku ka kaila o ka mua (4.0–4.5 biliona mau makahiki) o ka papa o ka lewa.
Aia ka moana (basaltic) ka honua
ʻŌpō aʻai (basaltic) Hoʻokumu ʻia ka honua ma ke kumu o ka pākuʻi a pili pū me nā ʻāpana o nā kuhi hohonu i hōʻea i ke komo ʻana o ka peʻa luna ma ka ʻaoʻao. Kūkulu nui ka lua pele maoli ma luna o nā ʻaukā i kūkulu ʻia ma mua a he ʻano ʻōpiopio ʻōpiopio.
Kahi like ka hoʻohālikelike o nā lua pele. ʻO ka hoʻomohala nui o ka basalt "kai" ma ka Pale, Mars, a me Mercury ka mea e pili pū me ka hoʻonui a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā pae hāmeʻa ma muli o kēia kaʻina hana, kahi e holo like ai nā moʻo basaltic i ka honua. ʻO kēia ʻano o ka hōʻike ʻana o ka lua pele basaltic a ʻokoʻa paha ia like ʻole no nā papa āpau o ka hui honua.
Aia i ka satona o ka Honua - He ʻano ʻēheʻe kekahi o ka mahina, ʻoiai ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka honua, ʻoiai he ʻano ʻano like ʻole ia.
Ka holo wela o ka Honua. ʻO ka mea wela loa ma kahi o nā hemahema i ka ʻala o ka honua, a ʻo ke anuanu - - ma nā wahi o nā pā panina maʻamau
Ke ʻano o ke ana ʻana i ke kahe wela e hoʻopaʻa i ke ʻano o nā papa hana
ʻO kekahi ala e aʻo ai i ke ʻano hohonu o ka Honua ʻo ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kāna wela wela. Aia hoʻi ua ʻike ka ʻāina, wela i loko, hāʻawi i kona wela. ʻO ka luaʻi pele, nā geysers, nā wai wela e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana o ka hohonu hohonu. ʻO ka wela ka kumu nui o ka honua.
Hoʻonui ka mahana me ka hohonu o ka honua ma kahi o 15 ° C no ka 1 km. ʻO ke ʻano o kēia, i ka palena o ka lithosphere a me ka asthenosphere, kahi kokoke ma kahi hohonu o 100 km, kokoke ke kiʻekiʻe i ka pāmahu ma 1500 ° C. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia i kēia hālea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o nā basalts. ʻO kēia ke hiki ke mālama i ka pōʻai asthenospheric i kumu no ka magma o ka hui basalt.
Me ka hohonu, kahi loli e like me ke kānāwai paʻakikī a kūlike i ka loli ʻana o ke kaomi. Wahi a ka helu helu helu, ma ka hohonu o 400 km ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ka mahana i 1600 ° C a ma ka palena o ke kumu a me ka mantle ua manaʻo ʻia ma 2500-5000 ° C.
Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka hoʻomehana ma luna o ka puni o ka honua. ʻO ka wela ka mea kikoʻī koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi. ʻO kekahi o kā lākou mau waiwai e hilinaʻi ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻomehana i nā pōhaku: ka hōʻaʻike, ka pilina uila, ka magnetism, kahi kūlana. No laila, e ka moku wela, hiki i kekahi ke hoʻokolokolo i ka hohonu hohonu o ka Honua.
ʻO ke ana i ka mahana o ko mākou honua me nā hohonu he hana koʻikoʻi ia e hana, no ka mea, i nā helu mua o ka ʻūhā o ka honua i hiki ke loaʻa i nā ana. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka mahana kūloko o ka Honua me ka nānā ʻana i ka pehu wela.
ʻOiai ka maopopo o ka Sun ke kumu o ka wela ma ka Honua, ʻo ka nui o ka pehu o ka wela wela o kā mākou honua ma mua o 30 mau manawa o ka mana o nā mea kanu āpau ma ka Honua.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā anaʻuʻehā i nā awelika wela o ka wela ma nā konohiki a ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole.Ua wehewehe ʻia kēia hopena ma ka hapanui o ka wela (a hiki i 90%) ka maile mai, kahi e hoʻoheʻe ai ke kaʻina o nā hihia i ka neʻe ʻana o ka neʻe nui aku - hāpau.
Hema a ka honua. ʻO ka kokoke loa i ka hiʻona, ʻoi aku ka nui o ko mākou honua me he lā!
ʻO ke kaʻina he hana ia e hoʻonui ai i ka wai hoʻoneʻe nui, lilo mai ka laka, a kū aʻe, ke emi hoʻi ke ʻano o ke anu. Ma kahi kokoke i nā pili mantle i ka'āina i kahi paʻa paʻa, hoʻokele ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana kūikawā, ma nā pae haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
He aha ka mōʻī kūhelu o ka honua? Hoʻohālikelike ʻia kona hoʻomanahana mua me ka wela i hua ʻia e ka hoʻopiʻi o nā ʻōpala a me kā lākou hoʻokō i kāna pāina ponoʻī. A laila aia ka hopena o ka paukū radioaktif. Ma lalo o ka hopena o ka wela, e kū mai kahi hoʻolālā papale o ka Honua a me nā papa honua.
Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka wela radio i ka Honua i kēia manawa. Aia kahi hypothesis e like me ia, ma ka palena o ka mea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ai o ka Honua, e hoʻomau mau nā kaʻina o ka wehe ʻana i nā mea, me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka nui o ka ikaika o ka thermal, e hoʻomau i ka mantle.
