ʻO ka mahana wela o ka honua ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nei nā glacier i nā ʻāina āpau, e komo pū ana me Antarctica. I ka wā ma mua, ua uhi piha ʻia ka ʻāina i ka hau, akā i kēia manawa aia nā ʻāina me nā loko a me nā ʻāpana, ʻaʻohe o ka hau. E kū nei kēia kaʻina hana ma ke kahakai o ke kai. E kōkua ʻia kēia e nā kiʻi i kiʻi ʻia mai nā satelite, kahi āu e ʻike ai i ka hoʻomaha me ka hoʻoilo a me ka hau.
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Hiki ke kuhi ʻia ua lilo nā glacier i ke kauwela kauwela, akā ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o nā awāwa no ka uhi ʻana o ka hau. Aia paha ma kēia wahi kahi mahana wela wela o ka ea. Hāʻawi ka wai hoʻoheheʻe i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā muliwai a me nā loko. ʻO ka muliwai lōʻihi loa ma ka ʻāina ma Onyx (30 km). Hoʻokoke ʻia nā kahakai nona nā hau ma ka makahiki āpau a puni. I nā manawa ʻokoʻa o ka makahiki, ʻike ʻia nā ʻano wela a me nā hoʻokaʻina wai. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka mōʻī kūʻokoʻa loa i ka makahiki 1974 +15 degere Celsius. ʻAʻohe iʻa i ʻike ʻia ma ka muliwai, akā aia nā algae a me nā microorganisms.
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Ma nā mau wahi o Antarctica, ua hoʻoheʻe ka hau, ʻaʻole wale no ka hoʻohuli ʻana o ke ea a me nā ea mahana, akā, no ka nui ʻana o ka lewa e neʻe ana i nā wikiwiki like ʻole. E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻaʻole ola ka ola ma ka ʻāina ma ka ʻāina, a ʻo Antarctica ʻaʻole wale ka hau a me ka hau, kahi kahi no ka wela a me nā wai wai.
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ʻŌwili Oasis
I ke kauwela kauwela, e lūlū nā aniani i ka Aniani, a hoʻopiha ka wai i nā mea kaumaha ʻē aʻe, ma muli o ke ʻano o nā loko. ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou i kākau ʻia ma nā kahakai, akā aia nō hoʻi ma nā wahi kiʻekiʻe, no ka laʻana, ma nā kuahiwi o ka Mōʻīwahine Maud Land. Ma ka ʻāina ma nā ʻōhulu he nui a me nā wahie liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. Ma ka laulā, kai ka hapa nui o nā loko i loko o nā ʻoka o ka ʻāina.
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ʻO nā muliwai nui a me nā kahe o Antartika
No ka mea lōʻihi, ua manaʻoʻiʻo ia ʻo Antarctica ka ʻāina nui kahi e kahe ʻole ai nā kahe. Ua manaoia, i ka manawa o ke kauwela me ka hoomaka ana o ka hau a me ka hau hoʻohelena, ʻikea nā muliwai kūwaho ma nā wahi kahakai a me nā ʻamo o ka Antarctic, ka mea e kahe ana o ka kahe ʻana o ka wai.
Eia nō naʻe, i kekahi mau wahi, ʻike ʻia ke kaʻina a me nā holo i nā wahi ākea e kiʻekiʻe nui ʻia. Ua ʻike ʻia nā wai wai nui ma ka Ket-Litsa Glacier a me ka Hale Hoʻolele ʻo McMurdo a ma ka Lambert Glacier. Ua ʻike ʻia ma ka papa o ka Lambert Glacier, ʻo ke kaʻina o ka meli mau a puka mai kahi kiʻekiʻe o 900 mika ma luna o ke kai.
Ma mua, ua manaʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka holo lō ka wai ma waena o ka hau i ka maloʻo. Akā ʻo ka noiʻi hou e hōʻike ana "nā kahe" Antartika "i ka ʻalo ʻana mai loko mai o kahi boka, a hoʻokuʻu i nā kahawai hiki ke hele lōʻihi.
ʻIke ʻike ʻia nā muliwai Subglacial ma ke kiʻina o ka satellite.
Kuhi. 1. nā muliwai Subglacial.
Loaʻa nā laka ma Antarctica ma ke kahakai.
E like me nā kahawai kai a me nā kahawai, heʻokoʻa nā awahi ma ʻaneʻi. He nui nā kaukani liʻiliʻi i nā moana.
ʻO kahi hapa o nā loko i ke kauwela e wehe maoli, a hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai i ka hau. Eia nō naʻe, aia ka poʻe e hoʻokaʻawale ʻole, ʻoiai nā keki ʻoi loa.
ʻO ka papa ʻai paʻakai ka helu ʻana me ka hau ʻole. Hoʻoikaika ʻia ka wai ma loko o lākou. ʻAe kēia i nā waihona waiwai e mālama i kā lākou ʻike ma kahi kūlana wai. Ka wai kai nui o ka aina no ka wai o ka Pualana.
Kuhi. 2. Lake Lake.
ʻO 20 kona lōʻihi. ʻO kona wahi he 14.7 km. sq., a kokoke ka hohonu a i hoʻokahi a me ka hapa haneli. ʻO kahi ʻāpana o nā loko i kahi ʻāpana o 10 km. sq. hookumu ma Victoria Oasis. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā loko nui ma Antarctica i hūnā ʻia ma lalo o ka hau.
ʻO nā muliwai e kahe ana i nā ʻāpana, nā muliwai lōʻihi loa
ʻO ʻAnxx River he ʻekolu mau mile i lōʻihi.
Nā ʻōpū hau
Hoʻopili i nā wai kai i loaʻa i nā kino o lalo ka hau ma Antarctica. Ua wehe ʻia lākou i ka wā lōʻihi. Ma ka waena o ka makahiki he iwakālua, ua ʻike nā pailaka i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe a hiki i 30 kilomita ka hohonu a he 12 mau hola ka lōʻihi. Ua ʻike hou ʻia kēia mau ʻuna ʻōlelo lihi a nā muliwai e ka poʻe ʻepekema ma ka Polar Institute. No kēia, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka noiʻi radar. Ma kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai nā hōʻailona kūikawā, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā wai hoʻoheʻe ʻia ma lalo o ka ili iha. ʻO ka lōʻihi ma waena o nā wahi o lalo o ka wai ma mua o 180 mau kilomita.
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Ma ke aʻo ʻana o nā haʻawina ma lalo o lalo nā hau kō, ua loaʻa ka lōʻihi ma mua o ka manawa o ka lōʻihi. ʻO ka wai meli o nā aniani o Antarctica i ka nehe kahe ʻana i loko o nā haʻalulu lalo a i uhi ʻia i ka hau mai luna. ʻO ka makahiki aneane o nā loko subglacial a me nā muliwai he hoʻokahi miliona makahiki. Ma lalo o lākou, aia ka sludge, a me ka spores, pollen o nā ʻano manu like ʻole, a komo nā microorganism i loko o ka wai.
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Ke hoʻoikaika nei ka hau ma Antarctica ma ka wahi o nā glaciers e hemo mai ana. He wikiwiki lākou e ka neʻe ʻana o ka hau. E hoʻohehee ʻia ka lulu i kahi hapa i loko o ke kai, a wehe ʻole ʻia kekahi hapa i ka lepa o nā glaciers. ʻO ka lulu ʻana o ka uhi ʻana o ka hau i nānā ʻia mai ka 15 a 20 paha kenimika i kēlā me kēia makahiki i ke kahakai kahakai, a i ke kikowaena - a hiki i 5 kenimika.
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Lake Hikina ma Antartika
No nā makahiki he ʻelua, ua noiʻi nā ʻepekema a puni ka honua i ka subglacial Lake Vostok ma Antarctica. No ka noiʻi ʻana o nā microorganism e noho ana i loko o ka loko no he mau miliona mau makahiki, ua hana ʻia kahi mīkini hydrobot. I ka ʻepekema, kahi ʻōnaehana e hoʻohana ai i ke poʻo ikaika o ka wai wela e hoʻomoʻi i kahi 3,5 km maikaʻi. ʻIke ʻia ka ʻike hou ʻana o Lake Vostok i ka lā Malaki Malaki 2011.
Kuhi. 3. Lake Vostok.
ʻO nā honua kūlohelohe o Antarctica, i hui pū ai me ka hau, e hana ka mokupuni i ka hau. ʻO ka like ʻole o ka ʻāina o ka ʻāina ʻo Antarctica i loko o kekahi mau wahi he mau puka me ka hohonu o kahi o hoʻokahi mau mika. Akā ʻo ka mea nui loa e loaʻa ana i ka anomaly nui i loaʻa ma kahi kokoke i ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka loko.
Nā kihi gula a me nā ʻāpana o nā iʻa ʻē aʻe i loaʻa ʻole i nā ʻāpana o ka wai mai ka wai.
Lake Hikina
ʻO kekahi haleʻaina nui loa o ka ʻāina nui, aia ma lalo o ka hau, ʻo ia ʻo Lake Vostok, a me ke kikowaena ʻepekema ma Antarctica. Aia kona wahi i ka 15.5 tausani mau mile. Heʻokoʻa ka ʻokoʻa ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka wai wai, akā ua kākau ʻia ka lōʻihi o 1200 mau mika. Eia kekahi, aia ma nā liʻiliʻi heʻumikumamākahi o nā mokupuni.
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ʻO nā mea noho ola microorganism, ke ʻano o ka hana o nā kūlana kūikawā ma Antarctica i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana iā lākou mai waho o ka honua. I ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wai o ka palalula, ua ʻike ʻia nā meaola like me ka hohonu nui. I ka hopena, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kenekulia 21, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā muliwai Subglacial a me nā loko i loaʻa ma Antarctica.
Pane a hoʻoholo paha 3
He ʻāina ʻo Antarctica ka ʻāina mau me ka maloʻo mau loa, kahi ma ka wahi i loaʻa iā 37 degere Celsius, akā naʻe kekahi mau muliwai a me nā loko, ʻoiai he mau mea maʻamau loa.
Nā Waihona Antartika
Hōʻike wale nā kahawai ma o ke kauwela ma ke kauwela o ke kahakai a i nā ʻāina Antarctic, ke hoʻomaka ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka hau a me ka hau. I ka hiki ʻana mai o ka ngahulu a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hau ma nā kahawai hohonu kahi i waiho ʻia e ka waika me nā waihona kīkoi, ua pau ka wai o ka wai, a ua uhi ʻia nā wai wai me ka hau. I kekahi manawa ke pani ʻia nei nā kahawai e ka hau ma mua o ka holo i ka holo, a laila hele ka kahe o ka wai ma kahi ma loko o kahi hau. Inā ʻaʻole ikaika ka uhi hau, ua lilo ia i pōʻino no ka mea i hopu ʻia ma luna.
ʻO nā muliwai nui o ʻAmelika ʻo Onyx a me Victoria. Kahe ke kahawai ʻo Onyx ma loko o ka Wright oasis a kahe i loko o ka loko Wanda. ʻO 30 kona lōʻihi he 30 km, he mau puʻupuʻu. E kahe ana ʻo Victoria River, e kahe ana i ka oasis o ka inoa like, he lōʻihi iki ma Onyx. ʻAʻohe iʻa ma kēia mau muliwai, akā loaʻa nā algae a me nā microorganism.
Lakes of antarctica
Hoʻopili ʻia nā wai nui o Antarctica i nā moana kahakai. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia kahi hapa o nā loko i ke kauwela mai ka hau. Hoʻopili mau ʻia kekahi i ka hau. Eia naʻe, aia kekahi mau loko e hoʻokaʻawale i ka hoʻoilo me nā hau maloʻo nui. ʻO kēia mau moana paʻakai, ʻo ka mahana manuahi kao, ma muli o ko lākou hoʻoulu ʻana i ka mineral, he nui ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o zero.
ʻO ka loko nui o Antartika:
- ʻO Lake Lake, aia ma waena o nā puʻu i loko o ka oasis o Banger. Pili ʻia kona inoa me ka ʻūhā ikaika. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o ka loko, he 20 km, ʻo 147 mau mika ka ʻāina, a ʻo ka hohonu hoʻi he 130 m.
- ʻO Lake Vostok, e ana ana i kahi o 250 × 50 km a me kahi hohonu o ka lōʻihi ma mua o 1200 m, aia ma kahi kokoke i ke kikowaena Vostok Antarctic. ʻO ka loko ke uhi ʻia i ka uhi o ka umeke kahe ma kahi o 4000 m ʻehā. E like me nā poʻe ʻepekema, pono nā poʻe ola ola ma laila.
- ʻO Lake Wanda, aia ma Victoria Land, he 5 km ka lōʻihi o 69 mika. Lomi loa kēia paʻakai paʻakai.
ʻO nā ʻike kiʻi
Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau ʻona ma luna o ke kai ʻoi loa, kahi i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ai ka hopena, ukali ʻia e ka kahe wai. Aia lākou ma kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a noho i nā wahi ākea nui. Aia ka nui o nā wai ʻona nui ma nā lepahe:
Ma ka honua o ka hopena, ua ʻike ʻia nā luhi i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 900 m pili i ke kai. E hoʻopiʻi hou i nā kahawai hou i ko lākou ala i ke kahakai, e uhi ana i kahi mamao o 450 km.
ʻO Onyx ka muliwai nui loa a lōʻihi loa e kahe ana ma lalo o lalo, a ʻohe ma lalo o nā ʻōpū a ʻaʻole wale ma ka ʻāina i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka hau. I ka lōʻihi, hiki i 30 km, aia i loko o kahi oasis i kapa ʻia ʻo Wright (Victoria Land). ʻO ka lua ka lōʻihi o ka muliwai ʻo Victoria. ʻO kona wahi ka like me ka oasis.
Ke hele mai ka wai i lalo o ka helulu, ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka kahe a ka wai hohonu a me nā kahe wai hohonu me nā umeke holika. Ma kekahi mau wahi i kau lākou i nā alahaka hau ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina a me ke komohana. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka piha piha o nā pahu kūwaho i loko o kahi papa hau ma mua o ka pau ʻana o ka runoff. I kēlā hihia nā wai kahe i ko lākou ala i nā nalu "ʻōiwi" i ka honu a ʻike ʻole ʻia i waho.
Halihali lākou i ka emi iki o ka pōpoki ma nā uhi. Hoʻopau ia nā lako hana i ka wā e neʻe nei ma kēlā mau zona.
Inā ʻaʻole ikaika ka māla hau, hiki i kekahi ke hele i loko o ke kahawai, ʻaʻohe hohonu o kahi hohonu. ʻAʻole weliweli loa kēia pōʻino i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia ʻana me nā kalapona o ka wai, ʻo ka hohonu o ia mau mea he ʻumi a me nā haneli mau haneli.
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona o ka hōʻiliʻili o nā papaho wai
I ka hapa nui, aia nā mokulele Antarctic i ke kahakai kahakai ma ka hikina. E like me nā kahawai a me nā kahawai, ʻano like lākou me kā lākou ʻano. Uhi ʻia nā ʻoka ʻeleʻele i ke kai me nā loko liʻiliʻi he nui. ʻAʻole ia he mea hoʻomaopopo e hoʻokuʻu ʻia nei kekahi o lākou mai ka hau me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kauwela, aia mau ka poʻe i lalo o nā permafrost a ʻaʻole i wehe i ka uhi uhi kūpono, ʻo lākou nō hoʻi ua pani ʻia lākou.
Akā eia mau loko kahi e hoʻokaʻawale ʻole ai i ka makahiki Antartika, ʻaʻole lākou makaʻu no nā palahalaha ʻoi loa. Hoʻopiha ʻia kēlā mau kōlea me ka wai paʻakai, he minamina loa ia a hoʻokaʻawale wale ʻia ma ke ʻano anu e waiho ana ma lalo o ke kīpē. Inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā kahawai i mālama ʻia i nā makahiki he mau makahiki, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā ʻike i loaʻa ma nā makenika hapa.
Ua noʻonoʻo ʻia ka pā kai nui loa ʻo Antartika Kahi, kahi i ka oasis o banger. ^ E Ha yM. Aia kona ala ma waena o nā puʻu kiʻi kiʻi ma kahi o 20 km. ʻO ka ʻāpana ākea he 14.7 mau mika square. km, i kekahi mau wahi i ka hohonu ai a hiki i 150 m. Ua uhi ʻia ʻo Victoria Oasis i nā loko he nui, ʻo kēlā me kēia nui ʻoi aʻe o 10 mau mika square. km Noho ʻia nā kino wai liʻiliʻi ma Westfall.
Nā wahi kupaianaha
Aia nā loko i ka Antarctic wehe ʻia e ka non-standard, e like me nā poʻe ʻepekema, ka hoʻohele ʻia ʻana o nā kūlana wela ma ka hohonu. ^ E Ha yM. ʻIke ʻo ʻAmelika i nā loko o Lake Victoria Land i ka ʻenekeneke no ka noho ʻana o kēia mau wahi i ka wā e ʻimi ana i kahi kahe nui a me ka pohihihi o ka pūnāwai ma kahi kokoke o ke kumu McMurdo ma Antarctica.
Maikaʻi ke aniani i ka ʻāina i koho ʻia, no ka mea, ʻaʻole e piʻi ke kiʻekiʻe o ka awelika ma luna o -20 °. Me ka hōʻea ʻana o ke kauwela polimo hema, ʻaʻole e piʻi ka māka ma ka thermometer ma luna o ka zero. Ma ka pane aku, ua uhi ʻia ka papa loko i ka ʻūhā nui a maloʻo.
Mai nā haʻawina ʻepekema ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka mahana o loko o ka wai i loko o ka wai ʻai wai hiki ʻole ke ʻoi aku ma mua o + 4 °.
Aia wale i kēia māka, loaʻa ka wai i ka nui loa o ke kaila, e waiho ana i nā papa kūlohelohe. I ka manawa like, ʻike ʻia ka papakū o luna e ka mahana o kahi mahana i loko o 0 °. E kāhāhā a haʻalulu nā poʻe ʻepekema i ʻike i kēlā loko i uhi ʻia me kahi aniani o ka wai umauma e hōʻike ana i ka mahana wai ma mua o + 4 °. ^ E Ha yM. No ka laʻana, ʻike kekahi hanana like me ka loko o Salantin ma Argentina.
ʻO keʻano maʻamau
No ka manawa lōʻihi, manaʻoʻiʻo nā kānakaʻepekema ʻo Antarctica ka mea ʻo ia wale nō ka mea maʻa o nā kahe o nā kahe. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma ka Arctic aia ma kahi o 10% o nā wai wai āpau ma ka honua, a ua lōʻihi ʻo Antarctica i manaʻo ʻia he ʻano nui he ʻano nani. Ua manaʻo nā ʻepekema ʻepekema wale nō i ka wā mahana, i ka wā e rehu ai ka hau a me ka hau, nā kino pilikino o ka wai wai ma aneʻi.
Akā i kekahi mau wahi mai ka satellite hiki ke ʻike i nā kahawai nui ma kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā haʻahaʻa nui loa e kau ana i nā māla melemele.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka hopena, hoʻomaka ka hoʻoilo o ka hau ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 900 mika ma luna o ke kai i lalo o ka mana o ka lewa a me ka wela o ka lā. Holo kahe ʻana ka wai ma ʻaneʻi. A e hoʻomohala ʻē ana kekahi mau pūnaewele. Inā hoʻohālikelike nā kahawai a kahe lohi, ʻike koke nā loko.
Holo lākou iā lākou, lele i waho mai o ka hau, e like me ka cork mai loko o kahi pahu o ka momona. Holo koke nā kaʻa i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma nā wahi mamao loa. ʻO ka pinepine ka hana ʻana i ke kauwela. Akā aia kēlā mau mea ʻaʻole e hoʻokaʻawale i ka hoʻoilo. ʻO ka wai i loko o lākou ia mea e hoʻonaʻau ʻia a paʻakai, ʻaʻole hou, no laila e waiho mau ʻia ma ka wai me ka wai haʻahaʻa.
Hoʻolāla ʻia ka hau i ka konenika ʻaʻole wale nō ma muli o ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka ea. Pahu ka hano o nā muliwai a me nā loko e ka nui o ka ea e holo i ka wikiwiki ma luna o Antarctica. ʻAʻole hoʻopiha ʻia ka ʻāina i ka ʻōpala a me ka hau. Nui nā ʻāpana o kona ʻāina i loko - nā muliwai lōʻihi, ma lalo o ke kaila wai, nā loko nui.
Nā wai nui
He nui nā wai nui o ka Antarctica i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā kahe e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. Hiki iā lākou ke kāhea ʻia ma nā ala like ʻole - nā kahawai a me nā muliwai paha. ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou he lōʻihi, akā he mau puʻu pōkole hoʻi:
- Adams - 800 m
- Onyx - 32 km
- Aiken - 6 km,
- Lawson - 400 m,
- Priscu - 3.8 km,
- ʻO Rezovski - 500 m,
- Surko - 1,6 km,
- Jemmi - 10,3 km.
Holo aku ke kahawai Adams mai loko mai o ka lepa inoa eponymous a holo i loko o Lake Myers. Heʻu liʻiliʻi kēia kahawai - ʻaʻole e lōʻihi kona lōʻihi ma mua o 800 m. ʻO ka muliwai nui o Antarctica ʻo Onyx. Hoʻokumu ʻia ia mai kahi mai melika melemele ʻo kona lōʻihi a hiki i 32 mau kilomita.
Aia ʻo Aiken ma ke awāwa ʻo Taylor, e kahe wai ʻia mai ka inoa inoa ʻole ma mua o Victoria Land ma ke komohana i Freexell. Ua inoa ʻia ka inoa o ke kahawai e hydrologist ʻo Diana McKnight, ka mea i ʻimi i nā wahi kokoke i kēia wahi. Hāʻawi ʻo ia i ke kahawai i inoa no ka mea ʻepekema ʻo George Aiken, ka mea, a me kāna hui i ka makahiki 1987-1991, hana i nā kikowaena ʻōpala ma nā kahawai e kahe ana i loko o Lake Friksella.
ʻO Lawson kahi 400 mika kahawai e kahe ana mai ka Rhone Glacier a hiki i ka hikina o ka ʻEleo. A kapa akula lākou iā ia i ka hanohano o ka haku mele a Julia Lavson. Ua alakaʻi ʻo ia i kahi neʻe e aʻo i ka Taylor Glacier i nā wā kauwela o 1992-1993.
Holo ka wai Prisku mai loko o Lake Vostok i ka glacier like pū. Aia ka wai e kahe mai nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe i loko. Noho ʻo Rezovski i ka kahawai komohana o ka Balkan glacier, ua holoi i nā kahakai o ke kahakai Pukalani.Eia ka halepule o St. Clement o Ohrid. Ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina o ka Pae Punaʻo Piedmont ʻo ia ka muliwai ʻo Surco. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ma hope o kahi ʻelele US Navy e hana ana i ke kahua ma kahi o kēia kahawai.
ʻO Jammy he mau makana mai nā glacier like ʻole. Akā ʻo ke kumu nui o kāna meaʻai ʻo ka moku pōkole o ka mokupuni ʻo Jame Ross. Ma ka muliwai kahawai he wahi pāpū lau, a ma loko o nā wai, he 2 mau moku liʻiliʻi. Ma ka hikina o James Ross, lele ke kumu, akā ʻaʻole i lohi ka papa.
