He ʻāpala nui ka mauna o ka lehu mauna. I ka wā lulu, ke uhi ka hakahaka nui o nā kumulāʻau a kulou i kā lākou mau lālā, e lele ana i ka nui ma nā wahi nui i kahi lehu mauna. I kēlā mau makahiki, ʻaʻole lele ka mahina ʻai me nā blackbirds no ka hoʻoilo, akā e noho mau ma ko lākou home ʻākau. I ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka lehu mauna, nā ʻai ʻana a ka juniper, nā blueberries, a me nā pepeke o ka pūnāwai a me ke kauwela. Noho ka Fieldbirds i nā nahele birch a ma ka nahele. (60 huaʻōlelo)
Wahi a G. Skrebitsky
Hōʻuluʻōlelo Grammar:
- Kākau i kākau i nā huaʻōlelo mai ke kikokikona, e ʻano iā lākou ma ka ʻano.
- E kākau i nā huaʻōlelo ʻekolu me kahi huaʻōlelo ʻole ʻole i ke kumu o ka huaʻōlelo, koho i nā hua ʻōlelo no lākou.
- E koho i nā antonyms no nā huaʻōlelo penei: nunui, kaumaha, akau.
ʻO ke ʻano o ke kīhāpai
ʻO ka paona o ka pelekane kēia ma ke kino he 25.5 cm, ke kino kino mai 75 a 140 g a me nā ʻēheu o 39 - 43 cm. ʻO ke poʻo o ke kino o ke kīhāpai e paʻi ʻia i ʻekolu mau kala: ʻoiʻu ke poʻo, ʻeleʻele ka tua, a he hina ke poʻo.
Ke kīkaha ʻia ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻēheu, ka ʻōpū a me ka lawe ʻana i ka manu. Aia nā ʻokiʻulaʻula ma ka ʻāʻī a me ka umauma ʻulaʻulaʻula. ʻAno maoli ka hōʻike ʻana i ke ʻano lahilahi dimorphism ma ke ʻano, he ʻokoʻa ka wahine i ka helehelena.
Pahuʻa Habitat
Hoʻopili ka nui o nā ʻano kīhāpai i ka ʻāpana holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻākau o Eurasia. Eia, ka palena ʻākau o ka pae ʻana i ka palena ʻākau o ka ulu lāʻau. ʻO ka palena ʻākau o ka wahi i ka palena ʻākau o ka ʻanuʻu. I ka hoʻoilo, lele ka manu ma ka Hema a me Central Europe, Asia Minor a me North Africa.
I loko o kona ākea, e pili ana ka manu i kekahi mau wahi. Aia paha nā kihi lāʻau kokoke kokoke i ka luku kino ʻana, nā ka nahele ulu i pili i nā kahawai wai a me nā māla hiki. Noho pū ka māla i nā ʻūhā ma waena o nā kula a me nā hehi, nā māka, nā māla, nā kūnina kauwela.
Mea Hoʻolālā Meaʻai
Ua loaʻa kēia manu i ko lākou inoa ma muli o ka mea hānai lākou i ka lehu mauna. ʻ pllelo lākou i ka lehu mauna, e noho ana ma nā lālā, a ʻohi i nā hua hāʻule i ka lepo.
ʻOiai hilahila a ʻike akamai ka mahiʻai, ke hilinaʻi nei nā poʻe e noho kokoke ma kahi o nā kānaka, i nā māka a me nā pahu.
I ka wā i hānai ʻia ai ke kīhāpai mai ka lepo, hiki iā ia ke hoʻokuʻu pololei i kahi kanaka iā ia.
ʻO ka kīʻaha koʻikoʻi i ka meaʻai o nā pipi hānai he mau wīwī. Hōʻike pinepine ka ʻike ʻana i kahi ʻōiwi i ka wahi o nā ʻāpana o kēia manu.
Hoʻopau maʻalahi kēia mau manu i kahi kokoke i ka lepo kahe, no ka mea he leʻa maoli paha ka mea eʻai ai nā hua pipi i loko. Inā, no kekahi kumu, ʻaʻole lawa ka lepo, ua ʻohi ʻia ka lehu o ke kuahiwi e nā anuʻi pōʻai (scoop a me nā ʻōpala), nā pīpī, nā pūliki manuʻā, nā pūliki, nā slugs a me nā māla. Me ka wā lohi, ua hānai pinepine ka mahina ʻai i nā ʻōpio me nā hua o nā hua ʻona berry, cherry manu, blueberries a me nā huaʻala.
Ka haunaele o ka mahiai
ʻAʻole laulā nā kolamu o kēia mau manu. ʻO ka maʻamau pinepine ma kahi koloni hoʻokahi he mau ʻono. Kuhi loa, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā honu 12. ʻOi aku ke kīhāpai i kahi pāhele ma kahi lāʻau. ʻO ka pinepine, aia kahi pā i loaʻa ma waena o ʻelua mau lālā lateral. ʻO kekahi o nā pono nui no ka hana ʻana i ka nano i loaʻa iā ia kahi kākoʻo paʻa.
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻōpū, nā ʻōpū, nā ʻōpū, a me nā mea like me ke kākoʻo.
Hiki i nā nū holoholona i nā kiʻekiʻe o ka 0.5 a 20 m ma luna o ka lepo. Ma nā heiau kiʻekiʻe, nā mahina ʻai e hana i nā nalo, nui loa i ke kaona o ke kanaka, nā māka a me nā ʻāpana.
I loko o ka nohona kūlohelohe, nui a kiʻekiʻe o ka hano ma mua o 6 m.
ʻO ka nūnū kahi ʻano kapu-ʻona i kūkulu ʻia mai nā kumu lāʻau o ka mauʻu maloʻo. I ka waihona a ma nā kihi, pili ʻia ka pili a hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka honua. I loko o ka nīnoho aia kahi lō lulu a ke kumu lāʻau a me ka bast. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ia pūnana e like me 9 - 18 cm, a me ka lōʻihi o 13 - 20 cm.ʻO loko o ka pūnana iho he wahi pānaʻi me ka hohonu o ka 6 - 7 cm a me ka ʻāpana o 10 - 12 cm.
Hoʻomaka ka kūkulu ʻana o ka nano, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, me ka hopena o ʻApelila, a i ka hoʻomaka o Mei.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā pālahele e kūkulu i kahi pūnana a hoʻomaka e aloha i ka hoʻomaka mua o Mei. Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Clutch i 3 a 7 mau hua. Kuhi ka hua o kēia mau hua i ka pua ʻōmaʻomaʻo a uhi ʻia i nā ʻulaʻulaʻula. Kahi ʻia nā huaʻehā hānau ma ka hapa mua o Mei. I ka hopena o Mei, ua haʻalele nui lākou i nā nests. I Iune, ua hoʻomaka ka lima lua.
I ka ʻiki lua ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi nā hua liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā hua mua.
E hoʻolohe i ka leo o ke kahua
Hoʻomaka ka kūkulu ʻana o ka nano, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, me ka hopena o ʻApelila, a i ka hoʻomaka o Mei.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā pālahele e kūkulu i kahi pūnana a hoʻomaka e aloha i ka hoʻomaka mua o Mei. Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Clutch i 3 a 7 mau hua. Kuhi ka hua o kēia mau hua i ka pua ʻōmaʻomaʻo a uhi ʻia i nā ʻulaʻulaʻula. Kahi ʻia nā huaʻehā hānau ma ka hapa mua o Mei. I ka hopena o Mei, ua haʻalele nui lākou i nā nests. I Iune, ua hoʻomaka ka lima lua.
I ka ʻiki lua ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi nā hua liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā hua mua.
Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.
Hoʻaiho
Noho ka lehu mauna ma nā wahi a pau loa o ʻEulopa, mai nā ʻaoʻao hema a hiki i Siberia (a i ka wai i waena o Lena a me nā Yenisei), ʻo ia hoʻi kēia mau manu ma Asia, ʻApelika.
Ke lele mau nei kēia mau manu i nā ʻāina hema i ka hoʻoilo, akā inā ma nā ʻāina o ʻEulopa ʻEulopa ka nui o ka meaʻai, a laila hiki iā lākou ke kali i ka hoʻoilo ma laila.
Noho lākou i ka lehelehe a me nā kihi o nā ululāʻau poʻokela a hoʻāla ʻia, nā ulu lāʻau coniferous. ʻO nā mea aloha e lele i nā palaka pilikino - leʻaleʻa iā lākou iho me nā hua waina.
ʻO keʻano
Loaʻa ʻia ke ʻano o ka manu. ʻO ka nui o ka pākeke he 25-29 cm, ke kiʻekiʻe awelika he 105 g, akā hiki ke hiki i 130 g. Aia nā ʻēheu o ka ʻēheu he 40 cm.
ʻO ke ʻano o ke kala o ke kīhāpai ka mea i hoʻonaninani ʻia: ua hina ke poʻo a nā nuft, ʻo ke kua a me nā ʻēheu i ʻalelima ʻia i nā kala polūʻeleʻele, ʻo ka huelo ua ulana ia ʻeleʻele. He keʻokeʻo ka ʻōpū, ke kāhea ʻia ka umauma, ʻōpū nui ka pale, nui nāʻeleʻele a ʻulaʻula. He hina ka hope. Loaʻa pinepine ʻia kēia ʻano blackbird ma ke ʻano, a no laila ʻike maikaʻi ʻia i nā mea aloha maoli.
Ua hōʻike ʻia i ka dimorphism ka moekolohe, akā ke aniani ka wahine i nā hiʻohiʻona keu loa i ke kala. ʻO ka hapa nui o ke ola he manu ma nā kūlana kūlohelohe he 12-15 mau makahiki; ma lalo o nā kūlana kūpono, hiki iā ia ke ola a hiki i 17 mau makahiki, akā ʻoi pinepine ka mea i lilo i mea haki.
Nā ʻeleʻele o nā lehu o ke kuahiwi ma luna o ka lehu mauna.
ʻO ka lūlū ʻana o ka lehu mauna e pehu i ka lehu mauna.
Kāne
ʻO ka manu kekahi o nā mea ikaika, kaua like, na mea pinepine o nā manu like me ka wiwo ʻole e hoʻoulu i nā poʻe make. ʻO lākou ka "hakakā" ʻana a me nā holoholona hānai i kahi ala kumu maoli, ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i kahi "kaua alapaʻi": lele kahe ʻana o ka poʻe lawehala a hōʻino ikaika iā lākou me ka hoʻopiʻi wai. I ka manawa like, ʻike ʻia nā "pupuhi" e ka mea kupanaha loa. Hoʻokomo pōpō ka noho pu ʻana me nā manu ʻai manu, ʻoiai ke kikipū ʻana i ka hulu, hoʻopaʻa pū kekahi pūlima iā lākou me ka paʻakikī o ka lele.
ʻO Fieldbird - he manu koa wiwo ʻole, a hiki i ka mea hope e pale i kāna pūnana mai nā ʻenemi, ʻoiai wale nō. Kahi pinepine nā manu a me nā ʻīlio i haʻalele i nā manu ʻano like ʻole.
No ka manu kahe nui, akā i nā mea hoʻonaninani ke kūlike loa, no laila hoʻolaha nā kāne i kahi "chak-chak" maʻalahi loa. Inā makaʻu nā manu, hoʻolaha lākou i kahi alopeka i kahi hōʻailona popping, ʻaʻohe mele sonorous e mele ana. ʻO ka mea mahalo, he nui nā kānaka manu: ke loaʻa ka lehu mauna me nā hua ʻono, ke ʻano nui a me nā puʻupuʻu noiʻi e huki i ka manaʻo o nā lālā o kāna kolone.
ʻAi lākou i ke hoʻomanaʻo a me ka wikiwiki: inā ʻike nā manu i kahi lāʻau lehu kuahiwi nona ka ʻono like ʻole, a laila e hoʻomanaʻo lākou i ia a kipa hou aku lākou.
Ke noho maʻamau. Mea ʻai
E makemake nui ana ke kīhāpai e pili ana i nā noho ʻana, akā i ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo i loko o nā kūlanakauhale, ʻoiai ua ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hānai ma laila. Kūkulu lākou i nā mea ulu ma ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma nā ʻōpala o nā kumulāʻau. Nā manu kanikani, hīmeni pinepine nā kāne i ka pūnāwai, e noho ana ma kahi lālā.
mahina ʻai. hipa manu kiʻi kiʻi
ʻAi ka mahinaʻai i ka meaʻai a me ka meaʻai holoholona, ʻo kā lākou ʻai i ka lā i ka wā a me ka wā. E like me ka helu e ka inoa, noho ka lehu ahi i wahi nui loa i ke ola o kēia mau manu.
ʻO nā lāʻau Rowan, e like me nā mea huki, ʻo kēia mau wili e mālama pono ʻia mai nā mea hoʻokūkū. Inā nui ka hua o ka rowanberry, a laila mau ka rowanberry i ka hoʻoilo i ka ʻāina a ʻaʻole lele nā kihi wela i loko o ka bole.
ʻO ke kīlea pānaʻi a me ke kiʻi ʻoihana masonry
Hoʻohana ka pāʻai i ka maʻi palaka. Inā ʻaʻole lawa ka meaʻai, a ma ka hoʻoilo ke lele lākou i ka hema, a make kekahi mau manu nāwaliwali nā huakaʻi mai ka luhi.
Hoʻaiho
ʻO Fieldbird - kahi manu maʻamau maʻamau, e noho ana ma ke kula o ka'āina o Eurasian, ʻo ia ʻāpana ʻākau. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hālāwai iā ia ma kahi kokoke o ʻEulopa, a hiki i Siberia. Eia kekahi, i kekahi manawa nā lūlū kolone i loaʻa ma ʻAmelika a me Asia. Eia naʻe, ua hala iki aku kēia mau ʻelele o ka poʻe passerines ma Sepania;
Makemake ʻo ia e pīhoihoi i nā nones ma nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe, ʻo kāna punahele punahele he alder, willow. I kekahi manawa lele lākou e hānai i nā lau lehu. Kāleka punahele no nā manu - nā kihi lāʻau, nā ʻōpala, nā ulu lāʻau coniferous i kahi mamao ʻole o nā kumu wai. I nā kūpuna kikowaena pohihihi ʻaʻole ʻoe e hālāwai me lākou.
E pili i ka migratory, i ke kau hoʻoilo makemake lākou e hele ma waena o ʻEulopa, Asia Minor, a me ʻAmelika ʻākau. Ke hele nei i ka hoʻoilo i nā ʻāina mahana, ke hoʻi koke nei ka manu, a ke hoʻomaka nei ʻo ʻApelila e hua. Eia nō naʻe, inā i loko o nā ʻāina ʻEulopa ka ʻai a nā manu i loko o ka ʻai, a laila ʻaʻole lākou e hele, e hoʻomau lākou i ka hoʻoilo ma nā wahi hana, a e alakaʻi i ka noho paʻa ʻana.
ʻEm nui o ka pā kula
Ma ka papa, ka mahina ʻai, e like me nā ʻano ʻulaʻula ʻē aʻe, e neʻe i ka lele, e kū pololei ana i kona poʻo. Inā ʻike ʻo ia i ka ʻenemi, pololei hou ʻo ia. Inā hele i ka ʻenemi, a laila ʻoki ka ʻohana a pau i ke ala e kū ai i ka makani.
ʻO ka manu thrush no ke kauoha Passeriformes a me ka ʻohana Thrush. I ka huina, ʻoi aku ma mua o 62 mau ʻano, aia ma Rūsia ka mea maʻamau i ka ʻulaʻula, nā mele a me ka ʻūhā ʻūlū ʻana, ka lehu mauna a me ke kapa ʻinoʻino. ʻAwaʻaka lākou a pau e neʻe ana ma ka ʻōpū i loko o nā alawe, me he mea lā e ʻoki ana i ka manawa like. E noho ana ʻo Blackbird ma ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika a me ʻAsia, a ua lawe ʻia mai lākou i Aotearoa mai ʻEulopa.
ʻO ka manu thrush no ke kauoha Passeriformes a me ka ʻohana Thrush
E hiʻi ana nā luhi āpau i ke kūkulu hema ma kahi i kūkulu ʻia ai ke kūkulu hema, kahi e neʻe ai lākou, hele i loko o nā ʻohana nui, hoʻololi i ko lākou nui a me nā ʻano ma ka lewa. ʻAi nā ʻona maoli i nā iniseti like ʻole, hōʻiliʻili pinepine iā lākou mai ka lepo, ʻai ʻana i nā ʻōpala a me nā huaʻai, a me nā ʻōpala a me nā huaʻai. He manuʻāina a pau, nā manu lele, akamai a akamai i nā manu āpau o kēia ʻano. ʻO nā manaʻo haʻalulu, nā mele, ʻoliʻoli, ʻike ʻia ka noho ʻana i loko o lākou, a ma ke ʻano he aloha nui loa lākou.
Noho ʻo Blackbird ma ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika a me ʻAsia, a ua lawe ʻia mai ʻEulopa mai Aotearoa
ʻBlelo mele
ʻO Songbirds i kapa ʻia no ke kumu a lākou hīmeni maikaʻi loa ʻia, e hoʻohālike ana i nā manu ʻē aʻe e mele ana iā lākou, e ulana ana i nā mele āpau i kā lākou mele ponoʻī. He mea kupaianaha lākou i nā pōleʻa nightingale, ke kani nei i ka melodic a me ka mālie ma mua o ko lākou mau nightingales. Me kēia mele, ua aloha nā kāne i nā wahine a hōʻailona i nā palena o kā lākou pākana. ʻO ke ʻano ʻoluʻolu o ke kāne ke ʻano he mea ʻoniʻoni loa: holo ʻo ia ma hope o ka wahine me kahi beak hamama, a laila piʻi i kona ʻili, a laila aloha ʻia. ʻAʻole kolo wale nā manu i nā lāʻau a i ʻole nā mea ulu paha, akā hiki ke nalo i loko o ka huki o nā pā o ka hale kahiko a i ʻole ma ka lepo.
Hana ʻia ka nīnū i nā hua pua, ka moss a me nā nāhelehele, hoʻomoʻi i ka wai me ka cement a me nā pālala, kahi i hoʻohui ʻia ai nā manu manu. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana, lilo ke ʻōpala i kahi ʻano umauma peʻahi paʻa, kahi e waiho ai ka wahine i ka 3 a 5 i ka hua o ka waihoʻoluʻu polū uliuli me nā ʻoloka pōkole liʻiliʻi, ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale i nā hua o kēia mau lehelehe. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā manu e ʻoki nui e like me ka spruce a me nā mea conifers ʻē aʻe a i nā makahiki i hala aku nei ua hoʻomaka lākou e noho ma kēlā mau pā waena waena e noho nei lākou. I ʻEulopa, ʻo nā mele mele kahi i manaʻo ʻia he manu puaʻa ia. ʻAi ʻia lākou i nā invertebrates, a ua hānai ʻia nā mōnī me nā ʻōpio liʻiliʻi, nā uka a me nā mea hihiu. I ka hāʻule, ua huli lākou i nā hua, nā hua a me nā hua.
He aha nā pheasants, kā lākou mea kanu ma ka home
ʻĀmaʻomaʻo
ʻOkoʻa ka laulā o ka blackbird i kona mau hoahānau i loko o ke kala a me ke ʻano o nā ʻēheu - ua puʻupuʻu loa a heʻe a puni nā kihi. I nā kāne kāne, ʻeleʻele nā kala i ʻeleʻele, he ʻōmaʻomaʻo nā pua, a he melemele nā aniani o nā hone. Kele ʻia ka ʻeleʻele o nā wahine o ka wā ʻelemakule ma luna, a me kā lākou plumage ma lalo nei he mau wahi mālamalama a hina. Noho ia ma ʻEulopa, ma Madeira, nā Mana Canary a ma Western Asia. Ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ke Kai Caspian, ʻike ʻia kēia ʻano manu ʻoi loa ka manu. Makemake e pili ana i nā kahawai a me nā pae mauna. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā blackbird i lele i ka lele. ʻO nā mea e ʻike mau ʻia ma ko mākou wahi, lele ma ka hapanui o ka honua, e neʻe ana mai ka Far East a me Kamchatka, e neʻe nei i ka moana ʻo Bering e hele ai i ʻEulopa, e holo ponoʻī i ʻAsia āpau.
ʻO Khesemogorsk geese: wehewehe wehewehe, hoʻoulu ʻana i ka pūhui
ʻO ka blackbird i ka hīmeni ʻana ʻaʻole i hoʻohaʻahaʻa loa i ka mea mele, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā leo ʻono maikaʻi a me nā mele i loko o kāna mau trill, akā ʻaʻole kāna mele me ka mea like me ka mea mele kaulana, he hui hanohano a me ke kaumaha. ʻO ia, me he mea ʻakaʻaka ʻana, e lawe ana i nā leo mai kona mau hoahānau a hoʻopina i kāna mele ʻana i nā mele mele o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. He aneane loa i ka ʻai: ʻai ʻo ia i nā slugs, nā ʻūhā, nā punahele, nā pepona, a inā puka mai nā huaʻai, ʻai nui ʻo ia i ka elderberry, raspberry, currant, blueberry and wild strawberry, cherry, cherry bird and even grape.
Bluebird
ʻO ka manu liʻiliʻi he manu liʻiliʻi ʻo Blebird ma mua o ka pua , ʻo ka ʻāpana o ka ʻaoʻao ke kahakaha ʻia nā peʻe ʻulaʻula, a ke keʻokeʻo ka lalo o nā ʻāpana ʻulaʻula a me ka umauma. He ʻoluʻolu nā ʻēheu ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa a me ka umauma, aʻo nā kāne, ʻaʻole e like me nā wahine, he hina hina. ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hana maʻamau e like me ke mele mele. Hoʻokumu ka bluebird i nā whistie nani a melodic like manu, a manaʻoʻiʻo nā mea aloha manu he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka bluebird ma mua o ke mele ʻana. No nā mea hihiu, koho ʻo ia i nā nahele ulu maikaʻi a me nā waikahe wai, kahi e waiho ai i 5 mau hua ʻōmaʻomaʻo me nā ʻulaʻula i loko o kahi pāwili pākolo ʻia i hana ʻia ka pā maloʻo a me ka mauʻu maloʻo.
Loaʻa kahi bluebird ma ka Far East taiga a me nā ala lāʻau o ke kapakai hikina o ke kai o Okhotsk. He nani kēia manu, nani a hīmeni mālie a kapa ʻia i kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka ʻalā o ka taiga. ʻO nā mea aloha nui i nā manu e moemoe ana e waiho iā ia i ko lākou hale e mahalo iā ia a hoʻolohe i kāna mau mele. Pale aku ʻo ia i ka pūnāwai i ka pūnāwai, e hoʻopakele ana i kahi hauʻoli i kona haku me kahi leo kūlohelohe a me nā ʻāpana pō i ka nightingale. ʻAi ka mea mele hulu manu i ka lehu mauna a me ka elderberry, a me nā manu like ʻole, akā, ma ka home, hoʻohui ʻia nā hoʻomākaukau kūikawā a me nā holoholona holoholona i kāna meaʻai, ʻoiai i ka wā molting. Pono ka huluhulu kahiko e ʻokiʻō i ka wā.
He aha ka mea eʻai ai
He ʻano ʻakanā like ʻole nā manu ʻo Fieldbird, me ka hauʻoli o ka holoholona a me nā mea kanu mea kanu. Aloha nui ʻo ia i ka sweets, no laila i ke kauwela a me ka wā lohi ia hauʻoli ʻo ia i nā hua momona me ka leʻaleʻa. Loaʻa i ka paona kona inoa no kona aloha i nā hua rowan, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea aloha. Ua mālama ʻia inā inā nui ka hōʻiliʻili o kēia mau hua i loko o hoʻokahi makahiki, a laila ʻaʻole e lele nā manu, ʻai i kā lākou huaʻai punahele i ka hoʻoilo. ʻO ka meaʻai o nā manu e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka manawa o ka makahiki a me nā kūlana o ke ʻano.
I ka manawa pinepine i ka hāʻule ʻana lākou e lele ai i loko o nā māla a me nā ʻohiʻala e ʻoliʻoli ai i nā hua māla: blueberries, irga, strawberry wild, viburnum, cherries, currants. No kēia mea ʻaʻole lākou makemake i nā mea nona nā ʻāpana ʻāina.
I ke kauwela, nui nā koho meaʻai holoholona:
- Nā ʻanuʻu
- Nā ʻōpio
- Millipedes
- Woodlice,
- Kukūmole
- ʻO nā pua
- Nā hale kanu.
Nui ke aloha o nā manu no nā ʻōiwi make i ka make o nā koloni holoʻokoʻa: wīpū ka ʻūlū ʻana me nā nematodes, kahi e hopohopo ai i kahi pilikia o nā manu, kahi e make ai ka make.
Aia ka hilinaʻi nui i ka māla i ka nui o ka hānai, inā paha he makahiki palupalu ia, hele nā manu i ka wā hoʻoilo, ʻoiai he nui ka poʻe i make mai ka luhi ma ke ala.
Nā hoʻohihi a me ka hoʻoulu
Hoʻokomo ka wahine i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka pūnana mai nā lālā a me nā moss; ʻo ke hana o nā kāne ka mea pinepine i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o kāna pale. Loaʻa ʻia ka “hale” kīwī ma ke ʻano o kahi kīʻaha nunui nui, i uhi ʻia me ka mauʻu hou mai loko. Hoʻohana ka pipi a me ka pālolo e hoʻoikaika. Pono 4 a 7 mau lā e kūkulu i kahi kahelehe manu no ka manu: ʻo ka wā kikowaena mai ʻApelila a hopena hoʻi o Iulai.
Hoʻokomo ʻia kekahi mau leʻaleʻa i ka 4-7 mau huaʻala o kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ke kaila nani; i ka manawa kauwela e loaʻa kekahi mau kīlei ʻelua, e liʻiliʻi mau hua liʻiliʻi i ka lua. Hoʻopau ka wahine i ke kakaki no nā lā he 12, ʻo ka kāne i kēia manawa mālama i ka nalo, akā ʻaʻole ia e hānai iā ia i kāna "kaikamahine", loaʻa iā ia ka ʻai.
Kahele nā mākua ʻelua i ka mālamaʻana i nā keiki; ʻoi aku ka ʻelua o ka manawa o ka hānai ʻana. Hele kūlohelohe mua ʻia ʻo Chicks a waiho i ka pūnana makua.
ʻO nā malaʻai i kahi pālua me nā pīkī me ka pīhoihoi Mei ma kāna beak.
ʻO nā ʻenemi o ka Thrush
ʻO ke kūlohelohe, he nui nā kaʻe o ka mauna, kahi i hui pū ai me nā luna inoa o ka honua hulu. No laila, ʻo ka ʻōpio ua hōʻoki pinepine ʻia i nā nalo kula, no laila ke manaʻo ʻia nei he mau ʻenemi nui. Ke kaua nei nā Males i nā manu ʻeleʻele me ka waihona kolepa a pau, e koi ʻia lākou e noho mamao. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka pū me nā kīlani lāʻau, nā mea lawaiʻa, nā puʻu, nā ʻukena, a me nā ʻukelē.
ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, he pōpilikia kekahi kanaka i ka mahiʻai.
ʻO ka mea mahalo, ʻaʻole makemake ka makemake e kōkua i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i kēia mau manu, no ka laʻana, ke kīkī aku nei nā kāne i ka pana i nā puʻu e hoʻopau i nā nisa o nā kīnā ʻole a lele ʻole i nā mea lele manu. No laila, ma kahi kokoke o ke kolone o nā pālaʻai e ʻānai a nā manu liʻiliʻi i ka noho ʻana: greenfinchs, wands.
ʻO Fieldbird ma kahi ʻōpala o ka lehu mauna.
Nā hiʻohiʻona manu
E noʻonoʻo i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona hoihoi i ka hiʻohiʻona o ka palahele:
- Makemake lākou e hana i nā kunu nui loa, ma ka ʻokoʻa, ma kahi mamao o 3-5 mika ma luna o ka ʻāina, ʻoiai inā e noho nā manu ma nā paka o ke kūlanakauhale, kahi e kamaʻilio pinepine ai lākou me ka poʻe, makemake lākou e piʻi i luna.
- Aia mau ka lapuwale a me ka haunaele ma ka koloni o nā blackbirds, ʻoluʻolu loa nā manu a, inā pono, e mākaukau pū pū me ka pale ʻana i nā ʻuā.
- Kuhi ʻia nā manu nui o ka mea lawe nui o ka lehu mauna, no ka mea, ma waena o nā ʻōpū o ka hulu, ʻaʻole i pau nā hua i kā lākou ulu.
- ʻO ka paʻi wāwae - 5 cm ka lōʻihi - ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka nui loa ma waena o nā kaei ʻula e pili ana i ka European.
- Kūlike lākou i nā makemake makemake ʻono. No laila, ua hoʻomaopopo nā mea kūlohelohe e kīleʻaleʻa me ka leʻaleʻa i ka buckthorn kai, nā currants ʻulaʻula, nā hua ʻeleʻele, akā ua hoʻōla nā huaʻa iā Hawthorn ma kahi liʻiliʻi.
ʻO ia ka lehu mauna ala, he ʻelele kupaianaha o ka honua hulu, he manu me ka hiʻohiʻona a me nā makemake pilikino, he kanaka wiwo ʻole o nā kihi nahele a me nā pā o ke kūlanakauhale.
Drozd-p_skun (ma mua - Rabіnnіk, Tsі Drozd-rabіnnіk)
ʻO ka'āpana āpau o Belarus
Ka ʻohana Drozdovye - Turdidae.
I Belarus - T. p. pilaris.
Kūʻai maʻamau, migratory, transit migratory a me nā hoʻoilo hoʻoilo.
ʻOi aku kahi liʻiliʻi o nā jackdaws, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hōkū. E pili ana i ka laulā e like me ka ʻeleʻele. ʻO ka poʻo, ke poʻo o ka ʻāʻī a me ka naduhvay he hina, ʻo ka ʻili o kaʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele, ʻokoʻa ka maikaʻi mai ke koena o ka plumage. He ʻulaʻula-ʻōwele ke kua, e kū ana i ka ʻaoʻao o ka laulā nui o ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao ma luna. ʻO ka puʻuwai, ʻāʻī, a me ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū kuʻuna i ke ʻano ʻulaʻula me ka pōʻele, ʻike maikaʻi ʻia i nā kumu lāʻau. ʻO ke koena o ka ʻōpū ke keʻokeʻo a me nā corish brownish. ʻO nā kūleʻa brown ma ka umauma he ʻāpana V-like. Ke ʻike ʻia nei kahi manu lele mai lalo mai, ʻike ʻia kahi keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo o nā ʻēheu. He ʻulaʻulauli ko Bill me kahi papa ʻeleʻele, aʻulaʻula nā wāwae. ʻAno ulaula ka ʻano ʻala o nā manu ʻōpio, a he ʻāpana ke kino luna. ʻO ke kaupaona o ke kāne he 70-140 g, ʻo ka wahine he 68-109 g. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino he 24-27 cm, nā ʻēheu he 40-44.5 cm. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka ʻēheu o nā kāne he 13-15 cm, ʻo ka ʻihi ke 10-12 cm, ʻo ka tarsel ka 3-4 cm, ka beak. 1.5-2.5 cm. loa ka lōʻihi o ka ʻēheu o ka wahine ʻo 12.5-14.5 cm, ʻehā 9-11.5 cm, tarsus 2.5-4 cm, mauʻu 2 cm.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā blackbirds ʻē aʻe, kahi manu ʻokoʻa hou, ʻike ʻole ʻia. I ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana a me ka hoʻoilo i ka wā i mālama ʻia i nā pā. Ma nā wahi pānaʻi e hāʻawi hou ana i kona mau maka me ka pīhoihoi nui. ʻO ka hōʻailona kāhea "tchscheckchcchk", i ka wā i kū ai ka pōʻino "trrrrrr. hopena pule. " ʻO ke mele o ke kīlaʻi, ma kahi ʻē aʻe, ke mālie - kahi hui kūlohelohe, i hui pū ʻia me kahi creak.
He paʻakikī loa e hoʻoponopono i ka hiki ʻana mai o ka pūnāwai, ʻoiai ʻo ka nui o nā mahina ʻai e hoʻopau i ka hoʻoilo me mākou, i kekahi manawa ʻike ʻia kēia mau manu ma nā wahi e ʻike ai i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ʻApelila, a ma ke kūkulu hema o Belarus i ka hopena o Malaki. Hoʻololi ʻia nā lā i hiki mai ai a me ka lele o nā manu ma kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Maikaʻi i ka koho ʻana o nā moʻomeheu pua. Loko nā noho lāʻau like ʻole nā ʻano deciduous, hui ʻia a me nā koniferous. Hiki ke loaʻa i nā kuahiwi Birch me nā pua spruce, a ma nā lāʻau paina lāʻau maʻemaʻe, a ma nā kumulāʻau kahiko. E makemake ana ka manu i ka mālamalama, nā ʻeleʻele o nā nahele, ua loaʻa pinepine i nā lehelehe a me nā aniani, nā mālamalama a me nā kihi.
Noho pinepine ʻo ia i nā wao waohe kahawai, ma nā wahi pāpū, kokoke i nā kino wai. Noho kaona ʻūlū nui ma ke kaona o nā hale o ke kanaka (ma ka ulu lāʻau ma nā kahawai o nā kauhale, kokoke i nā kauwela kauwela), a me nā ʻano leona o ke ʻano kūlohelohe (i loko o nā wahi māla kipa ma nā wahi, nā alapine lula kahiko, nā kīkaha kanu, ma nā pā liʻiliʻi o ke kūlanakauhale). He mea maʻamau loa ia i loko o nā cottages kauwela a me nā kūlanakauhale, nā kauhale o ka ʻāina i ka hoʻoilo-hoʻoilo hoʻoilo. Ma ke komohana hema ʻo Belarus ka noho ʻana i nā ʻano lāʻau like ʻole, ʻae ʻia i nā ʻāpana ulu lāʻau o ka mea kanu lau (15.6%), nā ala (10,0%), nā kihi nahele (20.8%), nā ʻulā liʻiliʻi ma waena o nā māla (12.7%), ma ke alanui nā kīʻaha (8.0%), nā māla a me nā paka (12.4%).
I ka ʻāina Brest, hoʻomaka nā mahina ʻai e koho i kahi pae papahele a kūkulu i kahi pūnana i ka manawa 2 - 3 mau makahiki o ʻApelila, i nā makahiki maikaʻi 5-10 mau lā ma mua, i nā makahiki he maikaʻi ʻole - e pili ana i ka helu like ʻana o nā lā ma hope mai.
I kekahi mau manawa ma ke ʻano pālua, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kolala liʻiliʻi (10-30 mau pākahi i kēlā me kēia), nui a nunui (i kekahi mau wahi, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka ʻākau, a hiki i 100 pālua).
Aia nā nū ma nā lāʻau, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pōpoki, nā mea ʻōpio, nā puʻu, nā ʻalā ma ke kiʻekiʻe o 1-6 m, ma ka ʻāina moʻomeheu - aia hoʻi ma nā poplars, maples, willows, ash, larch, ma kahi o ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ulana ua nui ka kiʻekiʻe - 6-12 m a keu aku. Ma ke komohana hema o Belarus, ʻo ka ʻū mau a ma ke ʻano he lōʻihi o 2 mm (40%) a me 4-6 m (35%), emi iki paha ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 6-8 m (10%) a i ʻole ka lōʻihi o 8 m (6.8%) . ^ E Ha yM. Aia ka moena ma loko o ka ʻāpana o ka ʻāpana, ma waena o ka ʻūhā a me ka lālā o ka mānoanoa, ma nā koi o ka ʻeke, kokoke i ke kākā (2-3 mau puʻupuʻu e kokoke kokoke ana i ke kākoʻo) a i ʻole ma kahi lōʻihi loa mai ia mai (ma nā lālā lālā).
ʻO ka nūnū he papa pākīnika ʻoi ʻia hoʻi mai ka lau o nā makahiki i hala a me nā kumu lāʻau o nā ʻōpala a me nā kumu lāʻau o nā mea kanu lāʻau, i kekahi manawa me nā ʻāpana o nā ʻōpala a me nā kumulāʻau lāʻau ʻokiʻoki. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau mea i loko o ka honua me ka lepo, ka pālolo, ka silt. A laila ua lili ʻia me nā mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi - ʻoi loa ka ʻōpala maloʻo maloʻo o ka mauʻu, i kekahi manawa me ka ʻili ʻia me nā hua bast. ʻO 8h cm ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pūnana, he 12-6 cm ka lōʻihi, ʻo 12-23 cm, ka hohonu o ke pā o 6-7.5 cm, ʻo ke anawaena he 9.5-11.5 cm.ʻO ke kūkulu ʻana o ka nano i mau lā 4-6. Hiki i nā manu i hoʻomaka e kūkulu i kahi pūnana ke waiho ia ma muli o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻomaha, a laila hoʻihoʻi a hoʻopau hoʻi i ke kūkulu ʻana. I kēia mau hihia, ua lōʻihi ke kūkulu ʻana o ka hano i nā lā 10.
Clutch i loko o 5-6, kekahi mau manawa 3-4, ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi loa 7 mau hua. ʻO ke kumu nui o ka honu he ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ka ʻulaʻula paha. ʻO brown-brown a brownish-brownish-purple me nā pua a me nā ʻūpili, i kekahi manawa e hōʻuluʻulu ana ma ka hopena blunta i kahi corolla, ʻoi aku paha a liʻiliʻi paha ka lulu ʻia me ia. ʻO ka momona hua 6,7 g, ka lōʻihi 25-32 mm, ʻokoʻa 19-23 mm.
Ma ke kahua kīhāpai, ʻelua māhuahua o ka hānau ʻana. Hoʻonui ʻia nā manawa hoʻolōʻihi i nā manu ma kahi o 3.5 mau mahina. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka wā hana a me ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻopihapiha ʻana o nā ʻūhā i ka wā hānai e wehewehe ʻia mai i ka hoʻohui ʻole ʻana o ke kīhāpai i loko o ka hānai ulu a me ka hele ʻana o nā umu mau.
Hoʻomaka ka manu ma ka hānai ʻana i ka lua o ka lā o ʻApelila. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā kāne e waiho ana i nā hua mai ka manawa ʻekolu mai ʻApelila a hiki i ka makahiki mua o Mei. ʻOi aku ka ʻelua o Offspring i hoʻokahi makahiki. Hōʻike nā lua i ka lua o Iune. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka wahine no nā lā he 13-14 mau lā, hoʻomaka ka inkubation ma hope o ka waiho ʻana o ka wahine i ka hua hope hope. ʻO ka kāne i kēia manawa ke kiaʻi i ka pūnana a ke hoʻokokoke aku nei ka ʻenemi me ke kani nui ʻana, a hoʻouka iā ia, ua hoʻolei pinepine ʻia ka excrement. Hoʻokomo nui ka hatching pīpī i ka lā 2-3 o nā Mei. I nā lā 2 mau lā ma hope o ka huki ʻana o nā pīpī, ʻaʻohe wahine a ka wahine i kahimo mai ka nano. I kēia manawa, mālama ke kāne iā ia, ʻo kēlā me kēia minuke 10-15. lawe mai i ka meaʻai - nā ʻōpala āpau. Aia nā pīkoki honi i loko o ka pūnana no nā lā 12-13, i ka wā e hānai ai nā mākua ʻelua.
E hānai i ka māla pua i nā pua me nā invertebrates liʻiliʻi, mua i nā ʻōiwi honua. E ʻimi i ka ʻai ma ka ʻāina ma nā wahi me ka uhi haʻahaʻa kūwili haehae, ka nui o ka lau i hāʻule. E wehewehe kēia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā kahua nīnaka e pili ana i nā wahi me ka lepo lepo. Ma nā wahi āpau, ua hoʻokalakupapa ʻia lākou i ka wā o ka hānai ʻana o nā holoholona ʻōpiopio, akā i nā lā mua ma hope o ka hiki ʻana mai. I ka lua o ka mahina o Iune - Iulai, lawe mai nā mākua i nā blueberries, mau ʻōpala, etc. i nā moa.
ʻO ka nui nui o nā ʻuā hopu i nā māla i nā ʻano biotopes i ka wā e hānai ai i nā pua ma ka hema-komohana o Belarus he 15-26 tausani m².
I ka manawa o ka hānai ʻana i nā moa, lawe mai nā mākua i ka meaʻai i ka ʻohana 110-160 i ka wā o ke ao wana. Oi ka hapanui o ka makua e hānai ai i nā moa e like me ko lākou nui, ʻano makahiki, a me ka manawa o ke ao. ʻO ka nui o ka hānai (12-15 mau manawa i kēlā me kēia hola) a me ka nui o ka hānai i kēlā me kēia lā i ka pā me 6 mau pipi ua hiki i nā lā 8-9 o ko lākou ola. Ma ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia mau ʻōmaka no ka nano i kahi o ka 4 mau moa. I ka hoʻomakaʻana o ka hānai ʻana i nā moa i nā lā 1-3 o ko lākou ola, ʻo ka nui o ka hoʻopu ʻana i ka hoʻopuʻi ʻana i ka nalo ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 6-7 mau manawa. I kēia manawa, komo ke kāne nui i ka hānai ʻana i nā moa, ʻoiai e hoʻopau ka wahine i ka 40-60% o nā lā ʻalā i ke kō, a hoʻomoʻa i nā pipi.
ʻO nā moa o ka hāla mua e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke kolu o ka makahiki o Mei - i ka makahiki mua o Iune. Haʻalele nā hatchlings i nā hiona ʻaʻole mākaukau no ke ola kūʻokoʻa, maikaʻi ʻole ke lele, me nā ʻēheʻe uʻi ʻole a me ka huelo, a hānai nā mākua a aʻo iā lākou i nā lā 10-12. Hoʻomaka lākou e alakaʻi i ke ola kūʻokoʻa i ke makahiki he hoʻokahi mahina.
Hana nā pale ʻelua i nā makahiki 2 o 3 o Iune i nā makahiki ʻelua o Iune, ua waiho nā manikini i nā nests i ka makahiki 1 a i ka 2 o Iulai.
I Iulai, ua ʻike ʻia nā neʻe ʻana o nā manu i loko o ia manawa, ua komo nā pākeke, nā moa o nā pipi mua a ʻelua. I nā makahiki ʻekolu o Iulai - ka hapa mua o ʻAukake, e hoʻomaka ana nā manu e ʻohi i nā hipa e neʻe ai i nā wahi hana.
ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o ka mahina ma nā pāla e mālama ʻia i nā kahua hoʻoilo i Sepatemaba. Hoʻomaka ka lūlū o ka wā lohi o nā kīhāpai i ka manawa 2 o 3 a ʻo ʻOkakopa - ka hapa mua o Nowemapa.
Hiki i nā Blackbird ke kū i nā frost i lalo i ka -30 ° С, hiki iā lākou ke noho no ka hoʻoilo no ka manawa aia kahi meaʻai ma nā palena komohana o ka pae. I nā makahiki he 40 i hala iho nei, ua ʻike pinepine ʻia ka lehu o ka mauna i nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale i ka hoʻoilo, a i nā makahiki he 20 i hala aku nei - ma nā wahi o nā kauwela kauwela. I kekahi manawa ua ʻoi i ka hipa hipa 100 a keu paha. Nui nā ʻohana o nā manu nomadic i kākau ʻia i nā makahiki o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka lehu mauna - ka mea hānai manu nui. Noho ka māla ma nā wahi hānai a hiki i kā lākou ʻai ʻana i nā hua āpau. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā manawa like i kēlā me kēia makahiki ʻekolu.
Nā ʻano kūpono i nā kōʻai ʻai i nā kime o ka makahiki. I ka pūnāwai a me ke kauwela, e ʻai kēia mau kime i ka meaʻai holoholona - nā wīwī, nā pepeke, nā ʻōpala liʻiliʻi - e hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻai ma ka ʻāina. Aia i waenakonu o ke kauwela, blueberries, cherries, raspberry a me nā blackberry e hoʻomaka i nā mea ʻai. I ka hoʻoilo a me ka hoʻoilo, ʻo kā lākou mau mākele nui ka lehu mauna, viburnum, nā huaʻai mistletoe, cones juniper, nā ʻano hua ʻai ʻalu i koe ma luna o nā kumulāʻau.
I nā makahiki me nā hua haʻahaʻa awelika o ka lehu mauna, e piʻi ana ke kīleʻa i nā kula a me nā kahakai o ka wai wai e ʻimi ai i ka ʻai. I nā makahiki momona no ka lehu kuahiwi a me nā hua ʻē aʻe, e hoʻolei i ka nui nui i ka wahi o ka ʻāina ʻo Brest no ka hoʻoilo holoʻokoʻa. Ua haʻalele nā manu i ka ʻāina ma hope o ka holo ʻana o ka lehu o ke kuahiwi. Noho ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā kānaka liʻiliʻi a hiki i ka pūnāwai; i ka make ʻole o nā hua deran, ua hoʻopili kēia mau manu i nā ʻāpana o nā hau aniani a me nā paka i nā kūlanakauhale.
Aia mau ka helu o ke kīhāpai ma Belarus, i manaʻo ʻia he 300-500 tausani mau pālua hānai. ʻAʻohe ʻano hanana ākea o ka nui o nā manu i kēia mau makahiki a ʻokoʻa ʻole ia e like me ke 3 manawa i ka nui.
ʻO ka lōʻihi loa o 18 mau makahiki i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ʻEulopa ʻo 1 mahina.
1. Grichik V.V., Burko L. D. "holoholona aupuni o Belarus. Vertebrates: puke paʻi." Koik, 2013. -399 p.
2. Nikiforov M.E., Yaminsky B.V., Shklyarov L.P. "Nā manu o Belarus: He Puke Hana-Hana no nā Nests a me nā ʻUmi" Minsk, 1989. -479 p.
3. Gaiduk V. Ye., Abramova I. V. "Ekemu o na manu ma ka hema-komohana o Belarus. Passeriformes: a monograph." Brest, 2013.
4. Fedyushin A. V., Dolbik M. S. "Nā ʻ Birdlio o Belarus." Minsk, 1967. -521s.
5. Abramova IV, Gaiduk V. Ye. "Ecology of thrush breeding (Turdus, Turdidae, Passeriformes) ma ke komohana hema o Belarus" / Nā pilikia maoli o ka ʻepekema zoological ma Belarus: ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili o nā ʻatikala XI Zool. Int. ʻepekema a kūpono. Conf., Hoʻolaʻa i ka 10th makahiki o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ʻepekema ʻepekema a me Production Production "ʻepekema a me Practical Center no Biological Resources o National National of Science of Belarus of Belarus, Belarus, Minsk. T. 1, 2017.S. 6-17
6. Fransson, T., Jansson, L., Kolehmainen, T., Kroon, C. & Wenninger, T. (2017) EURING papa inoa o nā moina lōʻihi no nā manu ʻEulopa.
Kāleka ʻO ka thrush nui, ʻo ka piko o ke poʻo a me ka muzzle he palaka-hina, ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū a me nā ʻēheu ma lalo, he keʻokeʻo, ʻeleʻele ka ʻulaʻula, ʻeleʻele nā ʻēheu a me ka ʻūhā, nā ʻōpū a nā ʻaoʻao me ka ʻāʻī ʻeleʻele.
Lūlū hamani "tra-ra-ra-ra-ra. "A he hiʻona mana. ʻAʻole hīmeni nā mele o ke kula, he mea like ʻole me ka moʻo o ke kanaka keʻokeʻo ʻē aʻe, akā nui aʻe, a ʻoi aku paha wikiwiki. ʻAʻohe mākaʻikaʻi pākuʻi a pau i ka māla.
Hoʻopau. Noho ia ma nā nahele ulu a me nā paka.
Mea ʻai. Ua hānai iā ia i nā ʻōliki, nā mollusks, nā pepeke, e hōʻiliʻili ai i ka ʻōpū ma ka ʻāina.
Nā wahi e loaʻa ai. I ke koho ʻana i nā wahi hānai, ʻaʻole nui loa ka māla kime. He mea hūnā ʻo ia i nā ulu lāʻau deciduous a coniferous, akā nui ma ka aniani, kokoke i nā kīkaha, nā kihi, nā mākaʻi, nā awāwa wai, a me nā wahi e ulu ʻia ana - a ma nā māla a me nā māla.
ʻO kahi o ka nano. E hīmeni hīmeni mau ana i ke kīhala, i kekahi manawa i loko o nā kolana. Aia i nā kolone o nā nests he nui, kahi kokoke i kekahi, hiki ke ʻike ʻia i waena o nā lāʻau Kalikimaka liʻiliʻi e hūnā ʻia i loko o ka ululāʻau hoʻopunipuni. Kahi pinepine ka pūnana ma waena o nā lālā lateral ʻelua i kokoke i ka ʻōpū nui, i kekahi manawa ma ke kuihi i nā lālā, ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 5-6 m, maʻa mau loa 2-3 m mai ka lepo aku.
Kūkulu ʻana i nā mea waiwai. Kuu ʻia ka lei i ko lākou mauʻu maloʻo. Nani kona mau kihi a me kona kumu. He palupalu nā litter i loko, i hana ʻia i nā lāʻau lāʻau macerated a me nā hua.
Hapu a me ke ʻano o ka ʻeke. Nā ʻōpū kūwili ʻana i ke kīwī. ʻOi aku ka nui o ke kūkulu ʻana ma mua o ka mele a me ke keʻokeʻo a keʻokeʻo paha, akā liʻiliʻi ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ke ʻeke. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kūpaʻa he 130-200 mm, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumu he 90-180 mm, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke ala he 100-120 mm, ʻo ka hohonu o ka pā o 60-70 mm, ʻo ka mānoanoa o ka pā he 20-30 mm, ʻo ka mānoanoa lalo he 20-40 mm.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka masonry. Hana a 5-6, i kekahi manawa he 7 mau hua i nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo me nā ʻulaʻula ulaula. Nā nui huaʻai ((26-32) x (19-24) mm.
Nā lā helu. E hoʻomaka ana ke hōʻea, mai ka Pōʻalua ma ka mua o ʻApelila. I ka lā Pepeluali, kūkulu nā manu i ka ʻuʻuku, a i ka lua o ka malama o kēia mahina e hoʻomaka ai lākou e hoʻopili i nā hua hua. I ka hapa mua o Mei, hoʻomaka ka ʻōpio, a ma ke kakahiaka o Mei a i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Iune, ua hoʻomaka kā lākou haʻalele mai nā nests. I Iune, ua hoʻomaka ka mahina ʻai i ka pipi o ka lua, ʻo ka nui o ka hua eʻai ai he 4 ma mua o 4.Holo lākou a lele i ka pō o Nowemapa, a i loko o nā makahiki o ka hōʻiliʻili o ka rowan, kūlou ka poʻe hipa i ke ala waena a hiki i Dekemaba a me Ianuali.
Kahele. Ua hoʻomākahele ʻia mai nā palena komohana o Lūkia a i ka hikina i nā muliwai Aldan a me Vitim, a iā Sakhalin hoʻi a puni nā ʻona lāʻau a me nā loina ala-ala, a ma kekahi mau wahi i komo ai ka tundra hema.
Hoʻoilo. I ka hoʻoilo, holo nui lākou ma ke kūkulu hema o ka'āina, i nā makahiki i hala aku nei nā ʻohana hipa he nui o nā pā nahele i ka hoʻoilo pinepine i nā māka a me nā pahu o nā kūlanakauhale ma ka ʻāpana ʻĀina o Rusia.
ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana iā Buturlin. Maikaʻi maikaʻi ke kula ʻokoʻa mai nā ʻano pānaʻi ʻē aʻe me kahi kolamu-brown a i ʻole a me ka hina hina o ke poʻo, ʻāʻī (hope) a me ka mantle. ʻO kona ʻōpū hoʻi i hoʻomāmi ʻia ʻia, akā ua paʻa nui nā ʻōpū i nā pahu umauma a me nā ʻaoʻao. Ma ka lele o ka manu ʻike ʻoe i ka pōuliuliuli (ākea mai nā variegated) nā ʻaoʻao a me kahi keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo o nā ʻēheu. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā pālahele ʻulaʻulaʻula a chorister hiki aku i ka lōʻihi o 25-26 kenimika. ʻO nā kāne a me nā wahine, like like lākou i ke kala, aʻo nā ʻōpio he mau puʻupuʻu ma ko lākou kua.
Kahele ua pili i ka lehu o ke kuahiwi a me nā wahi o ka ʻulaʻula, a ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau a i ka hikina kahiki o ko mākou ʻāina. Akā ʻo kēia hūʻai ma hope hema ma ka hema, e hōʻea iā Ukraine, nā Volga o lalo a me nā ʻeneke Orenburg. Ma Asia, ua wili i ka hema i Altai, ka Range Sayan a me ka Lake Baikal. I ka wā lūlū, hele nā ʻohana hipa nui o ka lehu mauna ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o kahi e ulu ana a loaʻa ma ke kūkulu hema ʻo Europe, Ukraine, ka Crimea, ka Caucasus a me Kazakhstan. Nui nā mākela kula ma aneʻi, akā hele pinepine lākou ma ka hema no ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a me Asia Minor.
Paukū pūneʻa ʻana Hoʻopili nui kēia mau ʻōmaʻomaʻo nui i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā hua nahele i nā wahi like ʻole o ka ʻāina. Ka pau ʻana o ka hana ʻana, ʻākoakoa ka lehu o ke kuahiwi i nā ʻeke a hoʻololi a kokoke loa e ʻohi i ka ʻai. ʻO lākou mea ʻai strawberry a me blueberries, a laila - cranberry, cranberry (ma ke ʻākau), a me i ka ʻūhā ʻana o ka lehu mauna ua makemake lākou i nā huaʻai a pau, e hōʻoia ana i ko lākou inoa maikaʻi.
I ka hapalua ʻelua o ke kauwela, hiki ke mālama i nā broodfish i nā maka nahele, nā ʻalupua a me nā bogs, kahi e lele ai nā manu a me nā ʻūhā i ka mauʻu a i ka moʻo paha. I ka hoʻonuiʻana i nā huaʻai, ʻike lākou i nā snails, i nā kopa a me nā mea hihiu. Hāpai ka poʻe leo ʻino i ko lākou mau poʻo i luna o ka mauʻu, nānā a puni a lōlū, me ka huki ʻana i kā lākou huelo a hana i ka weliweli jerky. I kēia manawa, hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa ka manawa e noʻonoʻo ai i kā lākou kala a ʻike i ka mea āu e kamaʻilio nei.
Ke ʻano like ʻole kēia mau paila i nā hua ʻai deran, a i nā makahiki o ke hōʻiliʻili ʻana, ke kau ʻia nei kekahi mau lāʻau i ka ʻūlū me nā pua momona o nā hua kukui, nā puaʻi nui o ka lehu mauna e lele mai ka wanaʻao a hiki i nā māla o ke kūlanakauhale. He akahele paha nā manu a, i ka hiki ʻana mai, kū aniani i ka hāʻule mua E hōʻoiaʻiʻo ko lākou palekana, hoʻomaka lākou e ʻā nā hua me ka palupalu palupalu, palupalu i ka palū me ka wikiwiki ʻana iā lākou holoʻokoʻa. Holo kahe i ka ʻohana i hoʻopili ʻia i ka wahi a me ka nui o nā ʻano uʻi nui o ka "tra-ra-ra-ra. "A lele koke kekahi ʻanā hiʻohiʻona. Akā ma hope o kekahi mau minuke ua ʻike ʻia kahi kū aloha mai ka lāʻau (a mai kekahi ʻohana ʻē aʻe) a ma hope o ia manawa e lele mai ana he kanalima o kēia mau manu manu. Ke hāʻule nei nā huaʻai i mua o ko mākou mau maka, a i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻoilo, nui nā lāʻau i kahi kokoke i kahi kokoke. No laila, ʻai iki aku i kēia mau mālama ʻāina i hāʻawi ʻia, nā hipa o ka lehu mauna e neʻe ana i ka hema. ʻAʻole makaʻu nā manu i ka hau anuanu a i kekahi mau manawa ma ke kikowaena waena ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻoilo a ma hope o ka puka ʻana o ka uhi o ka hau. Mai nā hua ʻē aʻe, ʻai nā mahina ʻai i ka buckthorn, guelder-rose, elderberry, hawthorn, bilberry, crowberry, a me nā like me ka like me ka like me nā kinipela, a me nā ʻoliva, nā laurels, a me nā hua lāʻau mastic ma ke kūkulu hema.
Hoʻi i ka hilahila ʻana o ka hana ma mua. Loaʻa ka poʻe hipa lele lele mua i ka waena waena mai ka hopena o Malaki, i kekahi manawa ka wai, ma mua o nā wai e hāmama. ʻO ka span span i loko o ʻApelila. ʻO nā pua nui o 100-150 manu, me nā ʻalā nui ʻōwili leo, i kekahi manawa e lele nui a kū hoʻi e ʻai ma nā kihi o nā ululāʻau me nā mea kanu i mālama i nā koena o nā hua, a me nā kākā mua a me nā kīhāpai. I kēia manawa, pono lākou e hele i ka pōloli, akā ʻaʻole hoʻopili nui nā manu i ka meaʻai a ʻaʻole e nalowale i ka naʻau. ʻO ka ʻohana hoʻomaha hoʻomaha me kahi poli polyphonic, lohe ʻia mai kahi mamao aku.
Kahu kula huhū mau ʻāina kūlike, mau nests pili kokoke kekahi i kekahi, a ʻaʻole picky i ke koho ʻana i nā wahi pili. ʻAʻole lākou e ola i nā ululāʻau paʻa wale nō. Ma ka North North, no ka laʻana, ma Murmansk, nā puʻu uhu mauna a hiki i ka palena ʻo ka lālā lāʻau birch. I ke kaula hoʻomohala mau i ka ulu lāʻau ʻākau (taiga), e noho ana kēia lūlū ma ke kokoke loa o nā kihi, nā mākaʻi, nā lāʻau a me nā awāwa wai, a ma nā wahi he nui ʻē aʻe - ʻoiai i nā māla a me nā paka.
Nā Mālama ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lehu mauna ma mua o ke mele a me ka maka, a paʻa i nā kihi a me ke kumu me ka lulu i loko o ka lae a me nā ʻōpala. Aia ka maʻamau o ka laulima ma mua o nā nu o nā kuhi liʻiliʻi i hōʻike ʻia (2-3 mau mika mai ka lepo), pinepine ma waena o ʻelua mau lālā lateral, kahi kokoke mai ka ʻāpana nui. Hoʻohana maʻamau kēia kūlana no ke kolone o ka lehu mauna i nā puʻu spruce.
Nā hua ʻaka like loa me nā ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, me nā ʻalaniʻulaʻula ulaula, akā ʻoi aʻe ka lōʻihi (lōʻihi a 32 aʻoi aku. ʻO ka helu maʻamau o lākou ka pipi i ka 5-6, akā i kekahi manawa aia he 7. I ke kikowaena waena, ua hānai ʻia nā kula i ʻelua papalua i ke kauwela, akā i ka lua - ʻo Iune ka pipiʻi iki ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 4 mau hua. ʻO ka wā o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hua a me nā moa he like ia me nā ʻehā ʻē aʻe, a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi. Hāpai nā mākua a me ka wiwo ʻole i ka pale a me nā moa mai ka ʻenemi i kahi kūlana kūikawā, ʻokoʻa ʻana i loko o kahi ʻano loiloi "ra-ra-ra. “Hoʻopili ʻo thrush iā ia iho a kokoke i ka helehelena a ʻike pono i ka pohō wai. Ma hope o kēlā hoʻouka ʻana, ʻokoʻa ʻo ia e hoʻokuʻu aku i ke ʻano, ke holo aku ka ʻīlio i kekahi manawa o ka ʻīlio.
Nā wehewehe kikoʻī i lawe ʻia mai Kuhi i nā manu a me nā ʻuʻuku manuahi o ka Lūkini ma waena (Bogolyubov A.S., Zhdanova O.V., Kravchenko M.V. Moscow, Ecosystem, 2006).
ʻO kā mākou mau waiwai ʻatikala i kā mākou kuleana i ka ornithology a me nā manu o Lūkia:
I kā mākou i nā kumu kūʻai ʻole ʻole (ma ka uku o ka hana hoʻouka)
hiki hiki e kiʻi e hahai ana i nā hana aʻo ma ka ornithology a me nā manu o Lūkia:
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