Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa nā ʻepekema i mau makahiki he mau makahiki e pili ana i nā kumu hoʻohala e like me ke ʻano o nā palaka ʻulaʻula a me ka keʻokeʻo ma ke kino o nā zebras. I kēia manawa, ʻekolu mau mau manaʻo e pili ana i ke kumu o ka hana maʻamau o nā holoholona - pono ia e pono no ka pale mai nā pepeke a me nā mea kūʻai aku, no ka ʻike maʻalahi o nā hoahānau a no ka hoʻoneʻe kūpono i ka wela ma nā kūlana o ʻAmelika. ʻO ka ʻepekema hope loa e hōʻike nui loa, a ʻo nā mea hoʻihoʻi wela o nā hōʻaha i nā ʻokoʻa hou i hōʻike ʻia i hōʻike ʻia e ʻelua mau mea kūlohelohe.

ʻO ka haʻawina ua hana ʻia e nā kāne o Stephen lāua ʻo Alisson Cobb - ua holo ʻoi aku lākou i kēia makahiki i ʻApelika, a ua hoʻokō ʻia nā haʻawina pili o ke kaiapuni. I ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka ʻikepili āpau ma kekahi mau holoholona ma Kenya, ua hana lākou i ke aʻo mua ʻana e ʻike i ka hana o ka wela o ka hana o nā pahi zebra i loko o kā lākou kūlana kūlohelohe. ʻO nā haʻawina i hala mua ʻia, ma ke ʻano he lula ʻana, ua lawe ʻia ʻia ma nā peni kūikawā.

Pono nā lula ʻeleʻele a me ke keʻokeʻo no ka hoʻololi wela.

ʻOiai e nānā ana i nā zebras ʻelua, he stallion a me kahi mare, ʻike nā mea noiʻi i ka ʻokoʻa i ke kūmole o ke kala o ka ʻeleʻele a me ka keʻokeʻo - ʻo ka mea like nō hoʻi i nānā mua ʻia e nā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe. Wahi a nā mea ola loea, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i ke ʻano o ka mahana i ka mahana o ke kino o ka holoholona ma kahi pae kūpono loa, e hana ana i ka neʻe o ka ea convective. Akā, ua loaʻa ka male Cobb i kahi mea hou hou.

Ma ke ana ʻana i ka mahana o ke kino o ka zebra make, ua ʻike lākou i ka hiki ʻana o ka uhi i like me ke kāʻei like, aia ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe - he hōʻailona maopopo kēia e pili ana nā hana ʻē aʻe i ka thermoregulation. Wahi a nā mea noiʻi, hana wale ke kānāwai i ka zebras ola, no ka mea, he mākeke kupanaha i ka hāpai ʻana i ka lauoho ma luna o nā kīwaha, a waiho i nā kāʻei keʻokeʻo. ʻIke lākou e ʻo kēia ka mea e kōkua iā lākou e wehe i ka wela wela mai a lākou iho.

Alison Cobb in Nairobi, 1991

Eia kekahi, ʻo ke ʻano o ka wehe ʻana i ka puhikuhua he mea koʻikoʻi i ka thermoregulation - ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā makika a pau mai ka ʻili i nā kihi o ka lauoho i ke ʻano o nā hāʻule palaka, kahi e wikiwiki ai ka wikiwiki o ka humuhū mau.

ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻoponopono o ke ana i loko o ke kino o ka zebra kahi hana ʻoi loa ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a me nā hana hoihoi ma mua o ko mākou noʻonoʻo. No ka hoʻomaopopo piha ʻana i ke kōkua o nā uhai i ka hoʻomehana zebras, ʻike ʻia kā mākou mau hana e hana no ka hōʻiliʻili i nā hōʻike, ”wahi a Alison Cobb.

ʻEleʻele me nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo?

ʻO ka Zebras, e like me nā hoki mele, no nā pua pua (Equus genus) o ka ʻohana equine. I waena o lākou, ʻekolu mau ʻāpana ʻehā o ka ʻūhā i nā ʻalāʻau o ka hikina a me ʻAmelika Hema, ʻo nā holoholona wale wale nō ia me nā keʻokeʻo, ʻulaʻula ʻole i kāhea ʻia i ka hulu ma ka ʻili.

ʻO ke ʻano o nā kaula a me kā lākou saturation ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano a me ka noho. Ma ka maʻamau maʻamau mākou e hoʻomaopopo e pili i ke ʻano o nā kānana zebra e pili ana i kēia ʻokoʻa i ka kala a me nā pilikia i loaʻa i nā zebras i ka hihi.

ʻO ke kumu o ke aniani a me kā lākou hana ke kumuhana i kūʻelemakule ʻepekema. Akā ʻo nā noiʻi hou i hoʻokō pono ʻia i nā kumu ʻekolu wale nō: ka pale ʻana i nā pepeke, thermoregulation, a me ka pale o ka predator.

ʻO nā mea ʻonaʻawa a inu i ke koko he pōpau maʻamau no nā holoholona ma ʻApelika. Eia kekahi, lele nā ​​tsetse a me nā lele i lawe i nā maʻi e like me ka maʻi hiamoe (lethargic encephalitis), maʻi ʻōiwi ʻApelika a me ka make paha o ka maʻi kaulua.

ʻO ka pale ma ka zebra manawaleʻa a pale ʻole e pale maikaʻi mai nā palu ʻino. Eia naʻe kēia mea he mea kupanaha: ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka ʻie nā tsetse lele nā ​​wahi i loaʻa i ke koko zebra i ko lākou mau kino.

No aneane hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki, ua hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā hōʻike wahaheʻe a me nā hoʻokolohua ʻole me nā inanimate hoʻohihi: lele, me he kānāwai, mai ka ʻāina ma kahi ākea.

Hana ʻia ka hōʻoia koʻikoʻi o kēia mea i ka makahiki 2014 ma kahi noiʻi a Karo me kāna mau hoa hana. Kohi lākou i ka ʻikepili ma ke anā, ka hiki ʻana o nā liona a me ka nui o ka nui o nā pua a hoʻohālikelike i kēia mau kumu me ka hana ʻana i nā zebras e noho nei i kahi ʻāina.

Wahi a Caro, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻopili ʻana i kahi i loaʻa ai nā puʻu.

"Ua hōʻike pololei kēlā haʻawina i kekahi mea nui no mākou," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo Caro. "Ma ke ala, ʻaʻole i loaʻa he mau manaʻo no nā hypotheses ʻē aʻe."

ʻO ke aʻo ʻana ʻo Horse Studios, i hana ʻia i ka wana o ka makahiki 2019, e hoʻomālamalama i ka ʻike hou o Caro a me kāna mau hoa hana.

Ua nānā lākou i ke ʻano o ka lio ma ke alo o nā lio a me nā zebras. ʻO nā kapa lio he ʻōlule, keʻokeʻo a keʻokeʻo hoʻi i ulana ʻia. Ma nā zebras a me nā lio i nā kapa pale kapa, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā noho lio.

Ua hoʻāʻo nā pepeke e noho ma luna o ka palahele, akā, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻolōʻihi i mua o ka pae ʻana - paʻu wale lākou i ka maka a kaomi.

"Me he mea lā ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke ʻike i ke ʻano o ka ʻūlele he pae ʻāina," wahi a Karo.

Wahi a ia, ke hana nei ʻo ia a me kāna mau hoa i ka nui o ka waihona wikiō i paʻi ʻole ʻia, kahi e hopu ai i ka holo ʻana o nā pepeke i kekahi ʻaoʻao a i ʻole. Ke hoʻāʻo nei nā ʻepekema ʻepekema i ka hopena o ka pili i ke ʻano o ke kanu ʻana i nā iniseti.

Eia nō naʻe, ma ke Kulanui ʻo Princeton, ke noiʻi nei nā mea ʻōlohelohe ʻo Daniel Rubenstein a me nā hoa hana i ka ʻike maoli ʻana i nā mea ʻike.

ʻŌnaehana ʻōnaehana

Eia naʻe, kekahi mau mea noiʻi zebra ʻē aʻe, me ke kanaka Pelekane Alison Cobb a me Stephen Cobb, ʻaʻole i ʻoluʻolu me kēia wehewehe. Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei lākou e pono ai nā kala a kahi zebra i hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka thermoregulation.

ʻOiai ʻo Alison Cobb e makemake iā Caro i ka noiʻi ʻana, ua manaʻo ʻo ia he liʻiliʻi ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea make i nā mea make.

"Pono kēlā me kēlā me kēia zebra e pale i ka wela, a me ka pili ʻana o nā iniseti i nā manawa i loko o ka manawa a me kekahi mau wahi, akā ʻaʻole kau i ka weliweli e like me ka wela," wahi a Cobb.

ʻO ka manaʻo, ʻo nā keʻokeʻo ʻeleʻele o ka zebra e hoʻomoʻa i ka wela i ke kakahiaka, e aloha ana i ka holoholona, ​​a me nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo e hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ana i ka lā a kōkua i nā zebras e hemo ʻole i ka wā e kāohi ana lākou i ka lā.

ʻO kēlā mau loiloi like ʻole maʻalahi, ʻaʻole ia e manaʻo i ka poʻe āpau.

Ua loaʻa ʻo Karo a me kāna mau hoa wale i kahi palupalu nawaliwali ikaika o nā kumu o nā ʻāpana o nā zebras a me nā kiʻekiʻe wela.

I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope aku, ʻo ke ʻano loiloi kūloko i nā panalāʻau o ka savannah (ka mea maʻamau i ka hikina a me ka hema o ʻAmelika) i alakaʻi ai iā Brenda Larison o ke Kulanui o Kaleponi, ʻo Los Angeles e hoʻohalike: e like me ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana o nā ʻōpala e noho nei i nā wahi mahana nā wahi me ka lā ikaika loa.

Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i wehewehe pono i nā hoʻokolohua. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kahi haʻawina 2018 i ka wai i loko o nā pā i hoʻolalelale ʻia i nā kāʻei i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.

Akā, ʻaʻole kēia i hōʻoia i ka Rubenstein. Manaʻo ʻo ia aia i loko o ka hoʻokolohua he nui wale nā ​​mea hoʻohālike a me ka ʻike kūʻē nui.

Wahi a Rubenstein, ʻo ia a me kāna mau hoa hana e hoʻopaʻa nei i kahi noiʻi e pili ana i nā hue wai hou, a ua hōʻike kēia mau hoʻokolohua e kōkua ai nā leʻaleʻa i ka ʻoluʻolu o nā mea o nā moku.

ʻAʻole naʻe i paʻi ʻia kēia mau ʻikepili, akā ʻōlelo ʻo ia ua hana nā hoa hana i ka mahana ma luna o nā holoholona i hui pū ʻia me nā holoholona i hui ʻia a me ke ʻano o ka nui o nā panilike i lalo o ka holoholona i kālai ʻia.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻaka a me nā hue ke hoʻohālike i ka mīkini hoʻomehana ʻana o ka zebra. He maʻalahi loa ke ʻano o nā haʻawina no ka wehewehe pono ʻana i ke ʻano o nā kui zebra.

E like me nā lio a me nā kānaka, hōʻoluʻolu nā zebras iā lākou iho i ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana. Hoʻopehu ka lua hoʻuehue i ka wela nui loa, akā pono e hoʻoku koke ʻia ka lihilihi i hōʻiliʻili ʻole ka pulupulu a ʻaʻole hana i kahi ʻano no ka sauna no ka holoholona.

I loko o ke kino o ka lio, loaʻa i ka laterin (kahi pahuhopu, ke ʻano o ka protein i ka pale ʻana i nā lio, nona nā ʻano hydrophobic maʻamau: i hoʻopili ʻia ma nā papa hydrophobic, mālama mau ia iā lākou - Hoʻomaopopo unuhi olelo).

I loko o Iune, ʻo Alison lāua ʻo Stephen Cobbs i kākau ai i ka Journal of Natural History i loko o nā mahina ʻoluʻolu, nā pōleʻeleʻeleʻele i ke kino o ka zebra he 12-15 degrees Celsius kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā ʻoli.

Hōʻike nā Cobbs i kahi like ʻole like ʻole ke hana i kahi neʻe liʻiliʻi o ka ea.

Loaʻa nō hoʻi lākou e ala i ka hulu hipa ma luna o nā ʻeleʻele i ka wanaʻao i ke kakahiaka nui a i ke awakea. Ma kēia ala, mālama mau ʻia i ke kakahiaka anu a ua kōkua ka palu e hōʻuluʻulu i ke awakea.

ʻAʻole lākou e peʻe, holo lākou

E like me kekahi hypothesis kekahi - e kōkua nā ʻōpala i nā zebras e pale iā lākou iho mai nā mea wānana - a laila kānalua ka Caro.

Ma ka monographo 2016 ʻo Zebra Stripes, hōʻike ʻo Karo i nā hōʻike he nui i kūʻē i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a ua ʻōlelo ʻia nā zebras i kā lākou mau puhaka e hoʻonāukiuki aku i nā mea hoʻopuka a hoʻohilahila iā lākou.

Hoʻolaha ka nui o ko Zebras i nā manawa ma kahi ākea o ke kuʻilahi, kahi i koʻi ʻia ko lākou mau kaula, a he manawa liʻiliʻi loa i loko o nā ululāʻau, kahi e hiki ai i nā kākena ke hana i ka hana camouflage.

Eia kekahi, makemake kēia mau holoholona i ka holo i nā mea i ka poʻe e kau mua ana, ʻaʻole e hūnā mai lākou. ʻAʻohe o nā liona, ʻaʻole pilikia e pīpī i nā holoholona i ulana ʻia.

Akā, e hana ana ʻo Rubenstein, i kēia hypothesis, i ka ʻike ʻana o nā mea ʻekolu, ʻo ia ka mea paʻakikī loa e hōʻoia.

Hoike ʻo ia i nā haʻawina ma mua ua nānā ʻia inā hiki iā ke kipi ke hoʻopunipuni i kekahi kanaka, ʻaʻole ka liona.

"Inā hiki mai kēia ʻano kūʻē i kekahi zebra, ʻaʻole maopopo mākou i ke kūpaʻa o kēlā." Ke hoʻopaʻa nei ʻo ia me kāna mau hoa pehea i ka ʻona ʻana o nā liona i nā mea kī ʻole ʻole.

E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻo ke nīnau no ke kumu o ka huli ʻana o ka zebra i mea paʻakikī loa loa, a he pilikia loa nō hoʻi - ua ke kālai ʻia nei ʻo Stephen Cobb e ka lima, a ua hōʻai ʻia ʻo ia i ka haukapila ʻelua.

Ma muli o ka ʻiliwili āpau a me ka hoʻomanawanui o ka noiʻi ʻana i kēia manawa i kēia wā, ʻaʻole i kūʻiʻo ka pane. He mea hou paha nā kuli ua hoʻonā i nā pilikia i hoʻokahi manawa.

Ua hōʻike ʻia, mālama lākou i nā holoholona mai nā pepeke. Hiki iā ia ke hōʻoia i ka hōʻoiaʻiʻo iā ia he mea waiwai i ka hakakā me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ke ʻano o ke kino o kekahi ʻano.

ʻO ka paʻakikī ʻo ia ka mea nui o nā inisua hakakā inā he mahana a me ka ʻohu.

"Pehea ʻoe e hoʻokaʻawale ai i kēia mau kumu ʻelua? ʻO kēia ka ʻāpana paʻakikī o ka noiʻi, ua koʻikoʻi ʻo Rubenstein. "ʻAʻole wau e noʻonoʻo inā haʻi lākou iaʻu e hana lākou i ka manawa like."

No ke aha nā ʻāpana ʻeleʻele a me ke keʻokeʻo? Nā ʻopi ʻē aʻe

Me kēia mau mea a pau, mai poina e pili ana i nā wahi hiki ke loaʻa i nā ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele a me ka keʻokeʻo ma ke kino o nā zebras, no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa nā hana i ka manawa hoʻokahi. No ka laʻana, ʻike maoli lākou i nā lele lele o nā holoholona a me nā mea inikua ʻē aʻe - ua hōʻoia ʻia kēia ma ka hoʻokolohua ʻana ma kahi aʻa lākou e ʻaahu ai i ka lio maʻamau i loko o nā lole kāʻei.

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōpala e like me ka camouflage e pale ai i nā holoholona mai nā mea wānana. Hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia kēia ma nā noiʻi i paʻi ʻia kona hopena ma ka puke ʻepekema PLoS ONE ma 2011 a 2013. Hiki iā ʻoe ke heluhelu e pili ana i nā kuhi ʻana o nā ʻepekema i kā mākou mea ʻike.

ʻO nā ʻōlelo ʻekolu i ʻike maoli ʻia iā ʻoe? Hiki iā ʻoe ke kaʻana i kou manaʻo ma nā ʻōlelo, a i loko o kā mākou kamaʻilio Telegram.