Ke hoʻomaopopo pono nei ka poʻe mahiʻai i ka pōʻino e hiki ana i nā kīʻaha liʻiliʻi ke hōʻoki i kahi o ka palaoa. ʻO ka hopena o kona nohona he hōʻemi ia i ka maikaʻi o ka palaoa, ua palupalu kona kumukūʻai. Loaʻa ka ʻona ma ka puna. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka nui o nā kaʻina e hakakā ai i ka pōpoki. Aia ia me ka hoʻōla lāʻau o nā māla a me nā hana mahiʻai.
ʻO ka wehewehe
Nā ʻōlima a ka palaoa (Haplothripstritici) no Phalaeothripidae ʻohana, me nā iniseti nui. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka imago he 1.5-2.3 mm. He lōʻihi ke kino, ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha ke kino. Kahi ʻia ke poʻo i ka lōʻihi ma ka pronotum. ʻO ka hāmeʻa waha e he ʻano piʻipiʻi. Nā maka nui ka maka. Kuhi ʻia ka maka o ka lae a lilo i kumu o ka waha cone. ʻO Antennae he 8 mau ʻāpana. He ʻāpana-brownish ka ʻaoʻao ʻelua, ʻo ke kolu ka melemele. Nui nā mau setae ma ka prothorax, ʻike ʻia ka liʻiliʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao waena.
ʻO ka ʻōpū he 10 mau ʻāpana. Hoʻopili ʻia nā wāwae, me ka hālei mānoanoa. Noho ʻia nā kihi e ka cilia lōʻihi. No kēia hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona, kapa ʻia nā kāwili i kapa ʻia ʻēheu elima. ʻO ka lōʻihi a me nā ʻāpana hope a i ʻole ka lōʻihi. Ma nā wāwae o nā wāwae e holo ana he vesiculate hānai. Noho ʻo tibia a me ke kala ʻānele. Kānāwailua ʻia ka moʻomeheu pilikino i ka nui o nā kānaka: ʻo ka wahine ʻo 1.8-2.3 mm, ʻo ke kāne ka 1,1-1,5 mm.
E hoʻomōhala ʻia
Puka aku nā ʻōpiopio i ka lā Mei-Iune; ua paʻa ka manawa me ka hoʻomaka o ka ulu ʻana o ka palaoa. Hoʻopili ʻia ka hoʻouka ʻana ma ke kula i ka lewa. Lele nā pepeke i ke kiʻekiʻe o 1.5-2 m. makemake lākou e ʻai ma hope o ka vagina o ka lau penultimate o kahi pepeiao. Ma kēia pūnaewele, hiki iā lākou ke hānai i nā wai momona mai ka ʻāpana palupalu o ka mea kanu o ka mea kanu. I ka wā o ke poʻo o ka ulu ʻana o ka wai, ua neʻe nui aku nā pōpoki me ia. ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pīkī ʻana o ka pōpoki pale, ʻo nā wahine wahine huna i nā pheromones a hoʻohuli i nā kāne no ka hoʻomoe.
ʻIkepili. ʻO nā wahine ma ka maʻi pōpilikia he 2-3 mau manawa ma mua o nā kāne. I kekahi mau'āina, loaʻa i nā kāne ma ka helu hoʻokahi. ʻAʻole kēia i ka hānai; e kau nā wahine i nā hua moa i hoʻokumu ʻia.
Hoʻokomo ʻia ka Ovipositor ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā pepeiao o ka palaoa. Kīwī i nā hua he 4-8 ʻeleʻele a ʻulaʻula paha. ʻO ka lōʻihi ka 0.4-0.6 mm. Hoʻomaka ka wā hānau no ka mahina, ʻo ka momona o ka wahine he 25-28 mau ʻāpana. Hoʻokumu ka embryo i nā lā 7-8. I ka hānau hānau, he ʻōmaʻomaʻo mau nā ʻōpoke, akā koke ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kala kala ʻulaʻula. Hoʻokū ʻo nā keiki i ka pōʻino nui i nā mea kanu. Paʻi lākou i ka wai wai mai ka ili spikelet, a laila mai ka palaoa.
ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā ʻōpio i lawe aku i kahi o ʻeono mahina. Kaʻamiʻu, loaʻa lākou i ka wai o ʻōpiopio. Ke hoʻomau nei kēia wā a hiki i ka wā makemakika o nā lana. I kēia manawa, loaʻa ka manawa i ka palua. Ua ho'ōki lākou i ka hānai ʻana a kau i loko o ka ʻāpana o ka ʻōpala. Ma kēia manawa e noho nei lākou i ka hoʻoilo. Puhi kekahi mau pepeke i ka lepo i ka hohonu o 10-20 cm, e hūnā kekahi i lalo o nā mea kanu lāʻau. I ka hiki ʻana mai o ka wela, i ka wā e mahana ai ka honua i + 8 °, e hoʻohuli ʻia ana ka palu i nā pronimph, a laila i loko o nā nymphs. I kēia moku'āina, e noho i 1-2 mau pule. ʻO ke kahua hou o ka imago. Hoʻonui ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea nākiō i hoʻokahi mahina no hoʻokahi mahina. Loaʻa ka ola o nā pākeke i nā lā 30-40 lā.
ʻIkepili. Hoʻohuli ʻia kekahi hanauna i nā hua palaoa i hoʻokahi makahiki.
Hoʻopilikia
ʻO ka hānai i nā mea kanu ʻai o ka palaoa palaoa he hoʻoilo a me ka palaoa palaoa, rye. Hoʻopilikia ia i ka bale, buckwheat, oats, palaoa, ʻai i ka cereals hihiu a me nā mea kanu lāʻau. Ua luku ʻia nā pākeke e nā lau; ma hope o ko lākou ʻike ʻana, puka mai nā kukui māmā. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā pepeiao o ka mea i kuhi ʻia ai ka wai. Ma nā wahi kahi e hoʻopaʻi ʻia ai ka hua pala, ua maloʻo ka hua.
Me ka pohō nui o nā mea kanu, ua emi ka nui o ka huapalaoa, e hoʻemi ana ka maikaʻi o ka palaoa a me nā hua hua. Ma nā mea kanu i hoʻopiha ʻia, a hiki i ka 100 kanaka pilikino ke noho i ka manawa like, e komo pū ana me nā pākeke a me nā ʻoka. I ka nui o nā kolo he 30 mau ʻāpana, ʻo ke kaupaona kau he 12-15%. ʻO kahi kahi o 40-50 ākea ma ka pepeiao ua manaʻo ʻia he paepae o ka hōʻino ʻia.
ʻO ke anuanu, maloʻo ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā hana ikaika i nā pōpoki. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka maloʻo a me ka ua e hoʻopōʻino i ka nui o nā mea hihiu. I ka wā metamorphosis, make nā nymphs mai ka nele o ka palupalu. ʻO nā ua lōʻihi ka mea e hōʻino ai i ka hoʻomalu me nā maʻi fungal. Ma waena o nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe e hoʻopau ai i ka hiolo palaoa: ktyr, pīpī lepo, ladybugs, karnivorous thrips, larac laceworm, bedbugs.
Nā hana Agrotechnical
Hoʻopili nā ʻano Agrotechnical i:
- ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili o ka ʻāina kanu e hiki ai ke luku a hiki i ka 80-90% o nā kōā.
- ʻO ka hoʻokō ʻana me ka ʻoki ʻana i ka hua.
- Hoʻopau maʻa mau ʻōpala.
- Lūlū i nā hua kanu wai i ka wā mua, ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā hua palaoa i mua o ka wā. ʻO ia he mauʻoiaʻiʻo e pili ana i nā pihi kelepona i nā manawa he 2.
Kāpiko lāʻau
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka mālama ʻia ʻana o nā lāʻau ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka palaoa palaoa. Ke alakaʻi nei ke kaʻina hana i ka make o nā wahine ʻōpiopio nui. Hoʻokomo i nā iniseti i ka luku ʻana i nā pōpoki ʻē aʻe: scoops palaoa, aphids, pipi. E hoʻokaʻawale i nā kīhāpai, ʻōnaehana a me nā mea hoʻonaninani a-aʻelima - Ditox, Fufanon, Fastak, Clonrin.
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kauwela, he manawa ka poʻe mahiʻai e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā mea kanu ma mua o ka pīpī ʻana o ka hua palaoa. Ua paʻakikī ka hakakā ʻana i ka palaoa kīmiʻi ma ka pepeiao o nā pepeiao i nā ʻano o nā ʻano like ʻole, kahi i hūnā ʻia ma hope o nā lau a i nā unahi palaoa. ʻO nā hana kūʻokoʻa wale nō e hiki ke hoʻopau i ka maʻi.
ʻIke ʻia nā hua palaoa
Kūpī ka palaoa o nā wahine i ka lōʻihi he 1.3-1.5 milimita. Hiki keʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha. Aia nā wāwae a he ākea nā ʻēheu.
Nā kuʻuna kūʻa (Haplothrips tritici).
Loaʻa ka larva o ka palaoa palaoa i ka 1,4-1.8 kūmole ka lōʻihi. ʻEleʻeleʻele ka kala o ke larva. He lōʻihi ka cilia o nā pākeke pākeke i nā ʻēheu.
ʻO nā lau nui o nā kīleʻa palaoa ma mua o nā wahine. I ka nui, ʻoi aku ka mau kāne i nā wahine.
Kumuhana
ʻO nā thrips nā "hoaaloha" o ka agronomist
Makemake wau e huki i ka nānā o ka poʻe mahiʻai i ka pilikia o ka hoʻolaha a hoʻonui i ka hana ʻino o nā throws i loko o nā pūnāwai huapalaʻi i kū mai nei i kēia mau makahiki i hala. I ka wā mua, he pōʻino kīnā ʻole ... e ʻae, i ko mākou mahi ʻana, me ka mālama kino papa ʻāina, hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia i ka pālahalaha ʻana i nā kīʻaha a me nā pōʻino i kumu ʻia he mea ʻike ʻole. Ke hoʻololi nei mākou i nā ʻenehana ʻenehana hou (ʻokoʻa a me ka zero), ua ʻike nui ʻia ka hōʻeha mai kēia pōpoki liʻiliʻi. E hoʻomanaʻo i ke kauwela o ka hope o ka makahiki (2011) a me nā nui o ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o ka koʻikoʻi o ka 60-70% o ka lāʻau. ʻO kahi ʻano hiʻohiʻona o ka hōʻiliʻili nui a me ka hōʻino ʻana e nā kīʻaha palaoa, a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mea kanu a me ka keokeo o ka hapa o ka pepeiao.
I nā pepeiao pepeiao
Ke pōkole nei wau i ka biology o ke kūkuluʻana o kēia pest. Mālama i ka wai o ka ʻūhā o ka pepeiao, a ma hope iho e ʻike ai nā kiko o ka hua palaoa. ʻO ke kokoke i ka wā'ōmaʻomaʻo, iho i ka larva ʻula i lalo o ke kumu a hūnā i ka lepo i kahi hohonu o 1 cm a keu paha, kahi e hoʻoilo ai i ka diapause.
ʻO nā ʻano kūlole palaoa kuhi - Haplothrips tritici.
A i ka ʻā ʻana o ke kūlana ikaika o ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo o kēia makahiki, e hiki ke kū i nā kiʻī i nā pahu hau niila a he lōʻihi paha a ʻoi paha mau makahiki he kanaha.
Larva o nā kīʻaha ma ka lepo ma hope o ka hoʻomakeʻa ʻana
I ka pūnāwai, ke hōʻea ke awelika o ka lā maʻamau, aia wale nō ma ka 8 ° C ma ka hohonu o ka larva, a ʻo kēia ka ʻumi o ka lā 3 o ʻApelila - ka makahiki mua o Mei, hele ia i ka mauʻu a me kēlā mau kekā, kahi i hele ai i nā wahi āpau o ke hoʻololi i kahi pepeke ʻelemakule - pronymph, nymph a hope loa i ka imago. I ka mua, e hānai i nā hua kanu ʻōpala mua, a laila lele i luna i nā lau nahele a noho mau ma laila a ʻō nā lau o nā mea kanu. A laila hoʻi hoʻi nā pīpī i nā mahina, ma kēia manawa hoʻi e puka hou ai nā hua kanu o nā hua ʻai. No ka manawa lōʻihi i ko mākou ʻāina, ua lūlū ʻia ka pūnāwai puna ma luna o ka miliona o hepita, me nā lā lūlū kūikawā (ʻelua hapa o Mei). Nā kiʻī palaoa, loaʻa i kahi māla nui no ka hana, ua hana maikaʻi a hoʻopili ʻia i kona hoʻomohala ʻana me ke kaina o nā ʻano mea kanu o kēia hua ʻai. Ma ke ala, manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia ka nui o nā thrips i hoʻopili ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka pā, no laila, ʻoi aku ke hōʻike pono ʻia nā lāʻau lapaʻau me nā mea inikua. Akā e like me kā mākou nānā ʻana, hiki i nā leʻaleʻa mau lehe o nā thrips e lawe iā ia i 1-1.5 mau mile. Ma ka manawa i puka mai ai ka spike (ke kau o ka puka i loko o ka pahu - pepeiao), pili pono nā wahine i ka ʻili o ka pahu a me nā ʻāpana o lalo o ka lau kaila. Mālama lākou i nā pheromones, hoihoi i nā kāne, male kāne a maʻamau i waiho ʻia i nā hua i loko o ka paʻu spikelet.
Kūpono ma kahi o ka huapalaoa i ka wā o ka pepeiao
A laila helehelena nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a ma hope ke loaʻa ʻana o kahi kaila carmine aniani. Ke ulu wikiwiki nei lākou (a hiki i 2-3 mm) a ʻai ikaika. ʻO ia ka wai i mea i hoʻokau nui ʻia i nā pepeiao o ka palaoa a hōʻemi i ka loaʻa o nā mea kanu. No laila kahi koleke holoʻokoʻa o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o kēia mau mea hihiu. Ma waho aʻe o nā ulā, a hiki i ka 100 a ʻoi aku paha ka nui o ka pākeke i hiki i ka pepeiao. Wahi a ka entomologist kaulana ʻĀina, Profesor Grigory Yakovlevich Bei-Bienko (1955), hiki ke hōʻemi ʻia ka hopena mai ka ulu ʻana o ka nui o nā thrips hiki mai 5 a 19%. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻomohala ʻia ka ʻenehana zero a hoʻomohala nui ʻia, ka mea e hoʻopiʻi nui i ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka maʻi o nā maʻi a me ka nui o ka nui o kēia mau pōpoki. E like me kā mākou nānā ʻana, ma 2010-2011 ma Kōkahiā Kūlana i kekahi mau wahi o ka pōʻino, e like me kaʻu i hoʻomaopopo ai, hiki i 60% a i ʻole. Hoʻolaha ʻo VIZR loea, ʻo V.I. Tansky i ka helu ʻana i ka pōʻino o ka hōʻolo ʻana e ka nui o ka poʻe ma ka pepeiao o ka palaoa. Inā mākou e lawe ma ke kumu he nui o ka nui o kekahi larva ma ka awelika 0.1 mg a me kahi poho he 12 mau mea i hoʻokumu ʻia e ia, a laila ʻaʻole paʻakikī i ka helu ʻana i ka lilo me ka heluna o 30 a 40 mau ʻōpala i kēlā me kēia a, no ka laʻana, me kahi he 400 o ka pepeiao i ka 1 m2 . ^ E Ha yM. A ma nā hua a hectare ua ʻike lākou i loko - i loko o 1,5-2 c. A he mea maopopo kēia i kahi kūlana understated. E like me ka hōʻike ʻana, i nā kūlana hana, hiki iā ʻoe ke nalowale i ka hapalua o ka hua.
I koʻu manaʻo paʻa, ʻaʻole i ka emi wale ʻana o ka huahana, akā he hōʻemi ʻana hoʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka palaoa. ʻOiai ʻaʻole lawe nā mea hoʻonaninani i kēlā mau hopena, ka hopena o ka hōʻino ʻana i ka hōʻino o ka ʻōpala i hiki ke hoʻopili i ka palaoa. No ka laʻana, i ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ka maikaʻi o ka palaoa tripsy i loko o ka KH "Sergalieva" (moku ʻo Mendykarinsky, Kostanai ʻaoʻao) ma ka pāina like ʻole, i ka palaoa o kā Lyubava ʻano huaʻai 36% o ka huela a ka huina, a me ka palaoa palaoa - 28.5%. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia he pili nui nā ʻano o ka palaoa maʻamau, ʻoi aku, nā ʻano like ʻole o Lutescens. Aia kēia ʻano me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole, nā ʻano like ʻole o ke koho a ʻOmsk, a me Lyubava, ʻo Kazakhstani e hoʻomaka nei i ka ʻōpala mua, ʻo Lutescens 32 a me kekahi mau ʻano ʻē aʻe maʻamau ma ka ʻākau o Kazakhstan. I ka manawa like, nā ʻano o ka variry like me Erythrospermum, ma ke ʻano he palena liʻiliʻi, ua hōʻino ʻia nā pōpoki liʻiliʻi, a ua liʻiliʻi hoʻi nā kīʻaha ʻē aʻe na lākou. He mea paʻakikī e haʻi aku paha ma muli o ka ʻano o ka ʻano o ka ʻano a i ʻole ka hapanui o nā ʻano ʻiliʻu hou i ʻae ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻāpana Kostanay, ka ʻano like wale nō (kahi mākou i ʻike pono ai i kona wā i hoʻokumu ʻia ai) ʻo Lyubava 5. ua kūalela loa ia i ka hoʻokahe a ua pani ʻia nā ihe spikelet pani ʻana, maopopo leʻa ke komo ʻana i nā pahu i loko o ka pepeiao. Hoʻomaopopo mākou i nā mea like i kekahi mau ʻano like ʻole a me nā laina like, e kipa aku ana i nā koho koho o ka hui Fiton. Na ka dissertations na O.V. Mukhina (2007) a me S.G. Likhatskaya (2009) i hōʻoia i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana like ʻole o kēia pōpoki, a he maopopo ʻike ʻokoʻa ka nui o nā ʻano o nā ʻano like ʻole. A he mea ʻē aʻe, ua hōʻike ka mea noiʻi i kahi ʻano like ʻole ʻē aʻe e hōʻino ʻia e kēia pēpē. ʻO ka pilikia o ke ʻano o ka pale ʻana i nā pōpilikia he mea koʻikoʻi loa ia, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole naʻe, aʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi. Ke nee nei ke kaʻina koho i neʻe mau ʻia, hana ʻia nā ʻano pale hou, pili ka genetic material i nā noiʻi. ʻO ka hana kūpono i hoʻoponopono ʻia i ka pale ʻana i ka brown a me ka ʻōpala o ka palaoa. I ka manawa like, he hoʻomohala i ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻanoʻano hou o ka pale, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i nā pōpoki pilikino, kahi mea no ka poʻe holoholona e hiki mai ana.
He aha nā hana i hāpai ʻia e hakakā ai i nā kīpē a me nā mea i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o nā makahiki he nui o ka ʻike? ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ka liʻiliʻi loa (ʻaʻole i palena, e ʻoluʻolu e hana) i ka wā o ka hoʻoilo a hoʻopau ʻia ka 90% o nā hua ʻōlima. ʻAʻole hoʻi he mea nui o nā hana hoʻomehana kemika. Mai ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā hua pā i loko o ka imago e hoʻomaka ana ma ka mahana o kahi ʻāina ma luna o 8-10 ° C, a pili kēia ma ko mākou ʻāina i ka hopena o ʻApelila a me hoʻomaka o Mei, a ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi pepeke pālō makua i ka palaoa tubular i ka hopena o Iune a i ka hoʻomaka o Iulai, ʻo 2 - 2 , 5 mau mahina e ʻae ai iā mākou e noi kokoke i kekahi mea pepehi manuahi i ka manawa kūpono. Hoʻohana mākou i kahi ʻoihana kūpono a maikaʻi loa, ʻaʻole maikaʻi loa, i ko mākou manaʻo, ka lāʻau lapaʻau Ka wikiwiki, ka mea e hana ana i ka ʻoihana ʻo BASF. He hana ʻino maikaʻi kēia - hoʻopā a me ka hana ʻawa. No nā huakaʻi, ʻo 0.1-0.15 l / ha wale nō ka ʻōlelo i aʻo ʻia. ʻO ke kumu kūʻai no kēlā me kēia hectare o ka inikinipiki he 1.2 ka 1,9 US kālā. Inā e hana ʻia kēia hana me ka mālama ʻana i ka mea kanu i loko o kahi pahu wai, a laila e aneane pau mākou i ke kīpē i kēia wahi, ʻo ka manawa no ka hana ʻana i nā mea kanu a nā mea kanu kūlohelohe a keu mau makahiki o ka mauʻu ʻōlule a me nā mea kanu mua. Ma lalo o kēia "pahi" e hāʻule ai no kekahi a hoʻolaʻa ikaika i ka hua a lele Hessian, a me ka loea ʻai pōkole, lele holiki a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Manaʻo wau i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā insecticides systemic i nā cereals no ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka waiwai, no ka mea, ʻoi ke kumukūʻai ko kēlā me kēia hectare o 4-8 US kālā. He ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia mau mea kanu manu ma nā hua a me nā mea kanu ʻai, a i ʻole nā mea kanu huaʻai, kahi e hoʻomaka ai nā wahi maikaʻi ʻole o nā iniseti e hōʻino i ka ʻoihana mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pua ma ka apple a me ka currant, nā wana o nā mea kanu a hiki i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana. ʻO kahi mea hoʻohālike, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea inikini Fastak ma kahi kō o 60 - 100 g no ka hekahi me nā mea kanu i ka ʻoihana "Birch" o ka moku Fedorovsk no 3 mau makahiki heʻe. Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka mālama piha ʻana i ka palaoa mai ka pōpilikia a me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka pōʻino i ʻike i nā mea kanu. ʻO nā hoalauna, ʻo ia hoʻi, me ia ka nui o nā hōʻeha ma kēlā like me ka moʻomeheu like. Pela ka olelo no hoi me Zarya JSC ma ka moku Mendykarinsky, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia ai ʻo Fastak ma nā wahi nui o ka palaoa huʻu maʻa a ʻaʻohe wahi kīʻaha. Ma ka like o kēlā me ka mea ʻole e pepehi ai i ka pīpī a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻopakele ʻo ia i ka mea kanu no ka manawa ulu nui mai nā pōpoki nui.
Pono e lawaiʻa i nā kūloko i ka manawa pōpilikia loa no lākou, i ka manawa ʻaʻohe ka mea e hūnā ma hope o ka pānaʻi o ka pulu ma lalo o nā pahu spikelet. ʻOiai ʻo nā loea e pale aku i nā mea kanu e ʻōlelo he mea maʻalahi wale nō ia. Hiki ke mālama ʻia nā kaila o nā makahiki ʻē i nā nui i uhi ʻia me nā paona o ka pepeiao, i ka sinus a ma hope o ka wahī.
Hoʻopili i nā agronomists, e hakakā ana kā lākou mau ʻenemi kūlohelohe i kēia mau mea kanu o ka palaoa. ʻO nā entomophages nui o nā kīʻaha palaoa, e hoʻokaʻawale nā entomologists i nā predatory Nā ʻūlū ʻōhua,
Nā ʻanepili i pio - Aeofothrips intermedius
a me ka hiʻona - Pēpē a me kona pili.ʻO kēia a me nā mea hana'ē aʻe e hoʻemi nui i ka nui o nā thrips i ka palaoa. Akā, ʻaʻole lawa kēia e kaohi i ka ulu ʻana o kēia pūlima, inā paha i nā makahiki makemake ʻia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana a pālahalaha aku.
Malashka - Paratinus femoralis
ʻO ka maʻamau, ma hope o nā hōʻuluʻulu maloʻo, hōʻike nā entomologists i ka hopena o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o nā thrips a, inā hoʻi, ma hope o kahi anuanu a maloʻo - hōʻemi i ko lākou noho. Akā, e like me kā mākou mea nānā i hōʻike ai, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei he ulu mau o ka nui a me ka hoʻonui i kā lākou hōʻino. A no ka maikaʻi ʻana o ka ʻūlū hope no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka palaoa, a i ka hoʻoilo, he hoʻoilo maʻamau, i kēia makahiki ke makemake nei mākou e puka mai kēia pōpilikia i ka māla o Kostanai. Wahi a ka ʻikepili i hāʻawi ʻia i ka hōʻiliʻili o FSBI Rosselkhoztsentr - "ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka moku phytosanitary o nā mea kanu huaʻai ma ka Lūkini Lūkini ma 2011 a me ka wānana no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hōʻino i ka makahiki 2012", he 106 mau huakaʻi kolohele i kēlā me kēia pā square e hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo mai ka hoʻoilo. A ʻo ka ʻokoʻa kēia no Rūsia, a ma nā ʻona ʻāina ulu e ʻoi aku ana ka nui o lākou. No ka manawa o ke kauwela-kauwela o kēia makahiki, wānana nā poʻe loea: "... nui nā helu a me ka hōʻino o nā pahū e hiki ai i nā hua ʻai." E makaʻala! ʻAʻole hiamoe nā "hoaaloha" o ka agronomist. Mai poina e pili ana i ka manawa a me kahi e hakakā ai me kēia mau pōpoki liʻiliʻi, akā huhū loa.
ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana iā Wheat
Kūpono ka wahine i nā lōʻihi o 1.3-1-1 mm mm. Hiki ke ʻeleʻele paha ka ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha. ʻEleʻele nā ʻōwili a me nā wāwae ʻeleʻele i ke kala. Kūpono nā ʻēheu. Nui nā cilia ma nā ʻēheu. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kīpoki kāne ma mua o nā wahine a i ʻokoʻa hoʻi ka nui. He ʻulaʻula ʻono kao ʻōhua.
ʻO ke kaʻina hana
No ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo thrips squad. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā wī wahine i nā hua ma nā puʻu. Hiki i kahi pūpū ke loaʻa mai ka 4 a 8 ʻāpana. Ua kau ʻia nā hua ʻai ma nā unahi a me nā kumu o ka pepeiao o ka mea kanu. ʻO kā lākou huina maʻa mau ma kahi o 28 mau ʻāpana. ʻO ka nui o ka nui o nā hua i kau ʻia e ka wahine ke hiki i ka 50. Ka puka ʻana mai nā hua mai nā hua i ka lā 6-7. Hoʻokomo ʻo nā ʻōpū ma ka wai o nā ʻalā a me ka pepeiao o ka palaoa. I ka hōʻea ʻana o nā hua ohua i ka manawa o ka wā moe, ua hoʻopau ka hoʻomohala ʻana a palu, a hele lākou no ka hoʻoilo. Hoʻokumu ka hanauna o nā thrips i hoʻokahi makahiki. ʻO nā kūlana maikaʻi loa o ka māla no ka laha ʻana o nā hehe he mahana a mahana hoʻi.
Koi nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele
Ma ke ʻano o ke ala ʻana o nā hua lāʻau i ka wā e mahana ai ka lepo i ka ʻewalu a i ʻole mau ʻekena (ʻApelila-Mei), a ke nānā ʻia nei ka ulu ʻana o ka pākeke i ka palaoa i waena o ke kauwela, he mau mahina ʻelua ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nui o nā iniseti e hoʻomalu ai i nā iniseti. Ma kahi o ke ala like e pale ai lākou i nā ʻuala mai ka pīkī ʻūlū o Colorado.
ʻO kekahi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a ma ka manawa like i nā lāʻau hōʻemi, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Fastak.. ^ E Ha yM. He mea pili a me ka hopena o nā mea pono nā mea hana. Ke pale i nā kūlohelohe, e aʻo ʻia e hoʻohana i kahi mahele o 0.1-0.15 l / ha.
He mea koʻikoʻi ia no ka mālama ʻana i nā kemika i nā palahalaha e koho i ka manawa ʻaʻole i hūnā ʻia nā mea ʻino ma hope o ka lau nui o ka lau ma luna o ke kōpapa a ma lalo o nā unahi spikelet: i ka manawa o kēia manawa, aia nā pōpoki. ʻOiai me ka hoʻokūkū ʻenehana o nā loina o ke kaohi o ka hoʻokele, ʻo ka wehe i nā thrips he pilikia nui. Hiki i nā ʻōlima o nā ʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa i nā nui ma lalo o nā unahi o ka pepeiao, ma hope o ka lau nui o ka lau, ma ka sinus ka lau.
Me kēia hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, ʻaʻole wale ka hemo, akā hoʻokau pū ʻana nō hoʻi i nā hua o nā lele ʻo Hessian, lele ʻē a Sela he nui o nā pōpilikia ʻē aʻe.
Ka hoʻōki ʻana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana e ka Fastak i hui pū ʻia me ka mālama ʻana i ka lāʻau me ka hoʻōla lāʻau i ka waiʻaila piha me ka hoʻāla piha ʻana i nā palaoa. ʻO kēia no ka mea i ka manawa o ka hoʻomake kemu, ua lele ʻo ka iniseti i ka palaoa a maikaʻi a mai nā ʻoli kūlohelohe.
Haplothrips tritici
ʻAno kau (Fringe-winged) - Thysanoptera (Physapoda)
Nā wili palaoa - pūpū o ka pūnāwai a me ka palaoa hoʻoilo. ʻO nā mea kanu huaʻai: nā ʻai kai hoʻoilo, ka bale, ka ōka, ka palaoa, ka cereals wild, buckwheat, cotton, tembakau, a me nā mea kanu he nui. Hoʻopili i ka bisexual. ʻAʻole paʻa ke hoʻomohala ʻana. ʻOkēlā mea aloha. E ulu ana ka hanauna i ka makahiki.
Kaomi i ke kiʻi e hoʻonui
ma ka pepeiao
Laulima
Imago. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka lōʻihi kino 1,2-1,3 mm. Nā pepeke liʻiliʻi, elongated. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka hāmeʻa waha waha o ka ʻōpiopio piʻi i loko o ke kino, e like me nā ʻelele āpau o nā ʻāpana Trips. ʻO ka lalo o lalo o ka lae me ka ikaika loa a hoʻokumu i ka kumu o ka cone o ka waha.
ʻO ke poʻo e kūlike i ka pronotum, he liʻiliʻi iki ka lōʻihi. ʻO ka pūpū waha ka pōkole, hoʻopuni i ka ʻaoʻao.
Antennae 8-ʻokoʻa. ʻO nā mea keu o antennae scaly. He liʻiliʻi ka lōʻihi ma waena o nā wahi o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka antennae. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻekolu o ka antennae me kahi lāʻau ʻokiʻoki.
Hoʻopili ke Prothorax i mua. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka setular angular setae o ka prothorax he 50-70 microns.
ʻO Abdomen 10 mau ʻāpana. ʻO ka umauma apical o ka ʻōpū ma mua o ke poʻo.
Ke holo nei nā wāwae. I ka hope o nā wāwae, ʻo nā mea haki ʻomaʻomaʻo. Pākuʻi ʻōwili hoʻokahi.
Hoʻoweliweli ʻia nā ʻēheu me ka hoʻonaninani ʻia a me ka panakū o ka cilia lōʻihi i nā kihi, e ʻāʻī i ke waenakonu. ʻO ka lōʻihi a me nā ʻēheu ākea like me ka lōʻihi a me ka laulā. I ka palena o ka lālā o ka ʻēheu mua, 5-8 cilia hou, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka 10th i ka pahu.
Ke kinoʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele i ʻeleʻele. Pili i ka tibia, koe wale nō ke kumu, a ma mua o tarsi ka melemele. ʻO ke kolu o ka ʻāpana antennae melemele, uaʻeleʻele i mua o ka uka. Kūpono nā ʻēheu. Setae pale melemele a melemele-brown.
Wahine wahine. ^ E Ha yM. Lākiʻi 1.8–2.3 mm. ʻAno ka ovipositor, aia kahi lāʻau chitinized maka i mua o ka ʻaoʻao o ka pihi o ka māhele IX.
Kāne kāne. ^ E Ha yM. Lā 1.2-1.2 mm. Aia kahi kihi ma kahi kumu o ka puna apical o ka ʻōpū. He ʻolo loa ka antennae ma mua o ka wahine.
ʻGpihi ʻalani a ʻulaʻula paha, keʻokeʻo oblong. ʻO ka lōʻihi ka 0.4-0.6 mm.
Larva I '' u makahiki, II makahiki. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka antennae e like me ke ʻano me ka imago. Loa ka ʻoki o ka ʻōpū o kaʻōpū. Māhele X ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, vestigial o ka māhele XI me nā lauoho lōʻihi ʻelua. ʻO nā ʻōlele o ka makahiki mua he ʻōmaʻomaʻo-melemele i ka kala, ma hope o kekahi mau hola, loaʻa iā ia kaʻulaʻulaʻula. ʻO Larva o ka lua o ka makahiki he ʻulaʻula māmā.
Pronimfa me nā primordia o nā ʻēheu, antennae i alakaʻi i mua, nā mea pili i hoʻopili ʻia.
Nymph. ^ E Ha yM. Kau ʻia i hope ka antennae. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā ʻēheu ma waho aʻe o ka māhele thoracic.
Phenology o ka holomua (i nā lā)
Nā pili lāʻau Morologically
Wahi a morphology (hiʻohiʻona) ke kokoke ka imago i nā mea i hōʻike ʻia ʻO ka ʻāplothrips yuccae. ^ E Ha yM. Ka ʻokoʻa ma ka hopena ʻo ka hopena o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū o 0.2 mm ma mua o ka peʻa apical. ʻO ka mea kanu nui ka yusca.
Ma kahi o nā mea i wehewehe ʻia, loaʻa pinepine ʻo Pustaceous thrips (ʻO ka huamo Haplothrips), e like nō hoʻi ma ka morphology i nā pākeke me nā wīwī Wheat (Haplothrips tritici).
ʻAumea
Hoʻokomo ʻia ka palaoa i ka hoʻoilo a me ka palaoa palaoa, kekahi mau lau mau i ka makahiki. Loaʻa iā ia i ka hoʻoilo o ka hoʻoilo, bale, nā ōka, ka ʻai, nā kūlohelohe, nā kūwaha, ka pākeke, ka pia a me nā mea kanu honu. He maikaʻi nā huaʻelima a me nā ʻōlima. Hoʻopilikia ka pākeke i nā pepeiao o ka palaoa, nā kīwī floral, spines. Ke kuʻi nei i ka wai wai, nā māla make i ka mahele ʻāpana a me nā schlozernost. ʻO kaʻino i ka lau o ka hae ma ke kumu e hoʻokūkū ai ia, i kahi paʻakikī i ka puka ʻana i ka pepeiao.
Hoʻopilikia i kahi pōʻino i ka wā o ka lohi. Hoʻemi ka momona o ka hōʻiliʻili me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o nā keiki hānai. Me ka helu o 20-30 mau ʻāpana no ka spike, ke piʻi nui ʻana o ka nui o ka palaoa ma kahi o 13-15%. ʻAʻole hōʻemi ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona palaoa. Hoʻopau maoli nā hōʻailona o nā hua.
ʻO ka paepae koʻikoʻi ua hoʻoholo ʻia ia ma ka hopena o ka ukana - ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka waiū lau o ka palaoa a hoʻokumu ʻia i ka mua o nā papa o 40-50 ma kahi pepeiao.
Poino e hōʻino ʻia e ka palaoa
ʻO ka helu nui o nā hehi i ʻike ʻia i ka wā o ka ʻilo o ka hoʻoilo. I ka wā mua, ʻai wale ka ʻuʻiwa i nā hua palaoa, a laila komo lākou i ka spikelet a me ka masonry i loko. ʻO ka nui o nā hua i kau ʻia ma ka lā 8-12 mau lā.
Kūkā nui nā thrips i nā CIS: nā wao nahele a me nā ʻanuʻu steppe o ka hapa ʻEulopa, ma ka Caucasus, Kazakhstan a me Central Asia
Hoʻomaka ka huaʻala mai ka hua i ka wai o nā pepeiao o ka palaoa. Ma muli o ka hana o nā hua laka, pau nā grains i kahi palupalu palupalu.
ʻO nā thrat thrats ke hoʻopilikia nui loa i ka hoʻoilo a me ka puna o ka wai, i nā mea hou aku paha e hōʻino ai lākou i ka rye. E hānai nā ʻōpio i ka wai wai, hoʻopoina nā lau a me nā pepeiao ʻōpio. Hōʻike nā ʻāpana kala me ka kumu o nā lau. Ke loli nei ke ʻano o nā pepeiao. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka pepeiao, e lilo a wehe.
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻūlū palaoa i waena o nā palaleka intergernum a me ka palaoa.
Hoʻokomo ʻo Wheat i ka hōʻino maikaʻi o ka palaoa a hōʻemi i kona paona. ʻO ka nui o ka nalowale o ka hua mai ka hana a nā ʻōpala i hiki i 20%.
Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.
