ʻO ko lākou wahi noho, ʻo ʻApelika. Noho lākou i ka ʻākau o ka ʻāina, e noho ana i nā wahi neoneo a me nā wao, nā wahi kuahiwi a me nā ʻōpala. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino 130 - 160 cm, kiʻekiʻe ma ka maloʻo e pili ana i ka 1 mika, ʻeleʻele ʻihi loa 20 cm, a me nā paona holoholona 40 - 140 kg. He ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka male nui o ke kaupaona a ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā wahine. Pākuʻi ke kino, nā wāwae o ka lōʻihi, kealolo nei ke poʻo. Hiki i ka huluhulu ke lōʻihi o 70cm a, hou aku, i nā wahine ua pōkole lākou. Ma ke ala, ulu nā pepeiaohala o nā bovids i ko lākou mau ola a pau. Holo ʻia nā uhi ʻili ma nā koʻi iwi i loaʻa i nā iwi o nā iwi mua. He liʻiliʻi nā pepeiao, he liʻiliʻi, liʻiliʻi nā maka. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, kahi hipa maned, e like me ka helu, aia ma waena o nā hipa a me nā kao. ʻAno hina-ʻula a ʻōmaʻomaʻo ka ʻulaʻula. Ke keʻokeʻo wale ka hulu, keʻokeʻo hoʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā wāwae a me kahi kaula ma ka ʻōpū. He mānoanoa ka pale me ka undercoat pōkole palupalu. ʻAʻole manu ka holoholona i ka manu, akā nā kāne ke ulu a mane ma ko lākou ʻāʻī. ʻO ke kāne ke kāne, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o kona lei ʻāʻī, hiki i ka ʻāina. Akā ʻaʻole lākou e pālahalaha i ke ʻano o ka "kao kāne". I nā holoholona nānā a me ke nānā, me ka hoʻolohe maikaʻi a me ka manaʻo o ka honi. Nui ʻoi ka holo ʻana i nā pōhaku e kālai ʻia ai, akā ma ka hāmama, piliʻole lākou. ʻAʻole ʻoe e mālama iā ʻoe i ka lele, hāmeʻa pinepine lākou ma ke kahua, me he mea lā e eli ʻia ana lākou.
Ke alakaʻi nei nā Males i kahi nohona kūʻokoʻa. Hoʻokumu nā wahine i nā hui liʻiliʻi: nā makuahine a me kā lākou mau keiki. ʻAi lākou i ka lau mauʻu a me nā lau. No ka manawa lōʻihi hiki iā lākou ke hana me ka wai ʻole, ka loaʻa ʻana mai o ka lau o ke kaila. Hele mau loa ma ka wā lōʻihi i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai. Inā hiki mai ʻo ia i ka wai, inu nui ʻo ia i nā mea he nui. Ke alakaʻi nei lākou i kahi ola ola i ke kakahiaka a i ka pō, i ke ao e hoʻomaha ai lākou a hiamoe. He nui ko lākou poʻe ʻenemi - he leopadi, kahi lynx, kahi caracal, a me ke ʻano kekahi mea mālama i nā meaʻai a me ka huluhulu.
Ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā e moe ai, hoʻomaka nā kāne i ke kaua no ka pono e loaʻa ai kahi harem liʻiliʻi. Hoʻohui pinepine kēia ma ka waena waena. Ke hui pū nei ka poʻe ikaika i nā hui wahine. Akā ʻo ka mua, ʻaʻole hiki ke pale. Ke kū nei i nā wāwae a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke poʻo, lawe nā kāne i kahi kūlana hakakā. Inā ʻaʻole i hoʻolohe kekahi o lākou i ka mākaukau, a laila nāhelehele nā hipa. A inā i hoʻohālikelike kekahi i kekahi, a laila kolo lākou i nā pū me ka hoʻāʻo e hoʻokau i ka hoa kū i ka lepo. Ke alakaʻi nei ka kāne lanakila i ka hui o nā wahine. Hoʻopau loa ka maʻa ma nā lā 160. Ua hānau hoʻokahi hoʻokahi a ʻelua keiki hipa. Ke maloʻo a hoʻomaha, kū ana nā keiki ma luna o ko lākou wāwae a inu i ka waiū o ko lākou makuahine. Pau koke ka hahai ʻana i ko lāua makuahine me ka lele ʻū ma luna o nā pōhaku. 4 mau malama ka hānai e hoʻolōʻihi i ka mahina, a laila e hānai nā mea kanu i kā lākou ponoʻai i nā mea kanu.
Kāleka
Maned keiki (Lōmoku Ammotragus) noho he kūlana waena ma waena o ka hipa a me nā kao. ʻO ka lōʻihi o kona kino mai ka 1,3 a 1.7 m, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka huelo he 15-25 cm, ke kiʻekiʻe mai ka 75 a 110 cm, ke kiʻekiʻe o nā kāne mai 100 a 145 kg, ʻo nā wahine wale nō he 40-55 kg. ʻO ka huluhulu o kēia mau hipa hipa ka beige a ʻulaʻula-ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ka hulu, ke kiko ma ka ʻōpū a me ka ʻōpū o nā wāwae i hoʻokeʻokeʻo. Ma ke kumu o ka huelo he mau maka nā hāmama e hāʻawi ai i ka holoholona ka mea honi. I nā kāne, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi haʻalulu nui ("ʻumiʻumi" a i ʻole "mane") ma ka ʻāʻī a me ka umauma mai ka lauoho paluhiko lōʻihi, i kekahi manawa ke hiki ke pani ʻia i nā wāwae mua o ka hipa kāne, nona ke kumu i loaʻa ai ko lākou inoa. Kahi ʻia ke poʻo o kahi hipa maned me nā maka nui a me nā pepeiao liʻiliʻi, ua koʻokeʻo, ua koʻikoʻi ke kapa. He pū nō nā kāne ʻelua, akā ʻo ka kāne nui lākou, e wehewehe i kahi ʻaluna ma luna o ke kua a hiki aku i ka lōʻihi o 85 cm.
ʻO Habitat a me ke ʻano
Maʻamau hipa kāne maned ma ʻArika ʻApelika, ua pālahalaha ka laulā mai Moroko a me Sahara Komohana a hiki i ʻAigupita a me Sudan. Noho lākou i nā wao nahele a me nā wahi semi-desales, makemake i nā wahi ʻōpala a maloʻo. Aʻo ka hipa a maned ka weliweli loa, piʻi lākou i nā pihi maʻa ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā hipa kāne, e lele maikaʻi ana a hiki i 2 m ke kiʻekiʻe a hiki koke iā lākou ke iho i lalo mai ka pali. Ke hoʻoweliweli ʻia, ʻaʻole holo nā hipa kāne, akā hoʻokaho ma ka hakahaka. ʻO lākou e hana, e like me ka hapanui o nā poʻe noho ma nā wahi wao, he nui ma ka lūlū a me ka pō.
Mea ʻai
Mea ʻai hipa kāne maned nā mea kanu like ʻole: nā mea kanu, nā lichens a me nā mea kanu o nā mea kanu (ma ka nui, ua hoʻohana lākou i nā mea kanu 79 no nā meaʻai). Kūlike ka ʻai ʻana i nā hipa ma ke kauwela: i ka hoʻoilo, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā lāʻau (86%), i ka pūnāwai a me ke kauwela - nā mea kanu (60%). Inā ʻaʻohe wai e kolo ana i ka wai ma kahi kokoke, hiki i ka hipa kāne ke hana me ka ʻole o kekahi mau pule, e waiho ka wai i ke kakahiaka mai nā lau a me ka mauʻu. Ke loaʻa nei ka wai, inu lākou a nui, a inā hiki, e moe paha i loko o ka wai.
Koi a ʻĀpana Kai a Reproduction
Noho kēlā holoholona i loko o nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi e hui pū ana i nā wahine, kā lākou keiki a hoʻokahi kāne, loaʻa iā lākou ka kuleana e alakaʻi i kēlā ʻano puʻupaʻa e kūʻē i nā kāne ʻē, a ʻo nā mea hoʻokūkū e hui pū ana me nā pū a me kekahi manawa hoʻāʻo e pana i ka ʻenemi i ka honua me nā pu.
Gon y hipa kāne maned hiki ke hana i kekahi manawa o ka makahiki, akā hāʻule pinepine i ka hāʻule. Hiki i nā wahine ke lilo i hapai i nā makahiki he 8 mau, akā ʻo ka makee pinepine ʻia ma ka makahiki he 15 mau mahina. ʻO Males, ma muli o ka hoʻokūkū me nā kāne kahiko, ʻaʻohe ʻōpiopio keiki a hiki i ʻekolu mau makahiki. Noho ka wahine i ka lā 150-165 mau lā, ma mua o ka hānau ʻana, ka waiho ʻana o ka wahine i nā wahi ākea loa loa no nā mea hoʻopiʻi. ʻO ka maʻa mau ʻia ʻo 1-2 (kahi liʻiliʻi 3) mau keiki pāpaona e kaupaona ana he 4.5 kg i kēlā me kēia, i nā makahiki e hānai ai, me ka nui o nā wahine meaʻai i hānau ʻia nā māhoe. I ka hopena o ka lā, hiki ke lele mua i nā pōhaku. Ma hope o hoʻokahi pule, e hoʻomaka nā keiki hipa i ka ʻōpala, akā mau ka makuahine e hānai iā lākou i ka waiū no 3-5 mau mahina. I nā makahiki he ʻekolu, e hoʻomaka nā niho ʻōpio e huki i nā cubs.
Ke kūlana ʻona
Hipa kāne maned mai ka wā kahiko, ua ʻimi ʻia lākou e nā kamaʻāina e like me Tuaregs, he kumu waiwai nui ia o ka ʻiʻo, ka huluhulu, ka ʻili a me nā tendons no lākou. Ma muli o nā ʻano lawaiʻa o kēia wā me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ahi, ua hāʻule nui ka nui o ka hipa maned i nā makahiki heʻe i hala, a ke kākau nei lākou i loko o ka IUCN Red List me ke kūlana o nā mea make.
ʻO keʻano o nā hipa kāne maned
ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe ma ka lūlū he 80-100 kenimika, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke kino mai ka 135 a 165 centimeter.
Kaumaha nā wahine i 35-60 kilograms, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāne - 100-140 kilograms. Pono ka lōʻihi o ka pū kani i ka 80 kenimika, a ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka huelo ʻaʻole e hoʻonui i 25 sentimeter.
ʻO nā nā pepeiaohao o nā hipa maned he mau like me nā pepeiaohao o ka pōkaʻa Caucasian, ʻo lākou ka lapalapa o kahi kūlike i ka helehelena, a ʻōluʻu ka ʻula e nā kahe ʻovelelo i ʻike ʻia.
Ma ke ʻano o ke kino, ʻoi aku nā keiki kāne maned e like me nā kao me nā puʻupuʻu nui. ʻO ka waihoʻoluʻu palemo ka hina hina. Ma lalo o ka undercoat. Holoi ka lauoho lōʻihi i ka ʻāʻī a me ka umauma, hoʻokumu i ka mane, kahi e puka ai ka inoa. E like me ke kānāwai, he māmā ka mane ma mua o ke koena o ka lole. ʻO ka ʻili, he pōkole nā lālani ma kona ʻāpana. ʻO nā wāwae kahi ikaika me nā puʻu koi. ʻAʻole e holo ʻia kēlā mau ʻōlea i nā pihi mauna kiʻekiʻe.
Maned ram (Ammotragus lervia).
ʻĀlelo Hoʻonohonoho Wahine Maned
Mālama ʻia kēia mau holoholona, e like me ka hōʻike e nā hui ʻohana. A hiki i ka pau ʻana o ka ua, hui pū ʻia kekahi mau hui o nā hipa maned i loko o kahi ʻano nui, ke hui pū nā lālā a pau no ka ʻimi a me ka hoʻomaha. ʻAʻole holoholona holoholona no ka maned.
Paʻi maikaʻi mau hipa kāne i ka hoʻomehana a hana ikaika, e like me ka hapanui o nā poʻe noho ma ka wao nahele, ka hapanui i ka pō a me ka pō.
I ka huli ʻana i ka meaʻai, hana lākou i nā kahalaha lōʻihi. Hele lākou e ʻimi no ka ʻai i ke kakahiaka, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ʻoki nui ʻia nā hihi o ka lā o Aferika.
Mai ka wela ʻole ke kala, hūnā ka hipa i ka malu, kahi e ʻānai ai lākou i ka meaʻai. I ke ahiahi, ʻoiai e hōʻemi ka nui o ka wela, hoʻomaka hou lākou e ʻimi i nā meaʻai.
ʻAʻole hiki i ka hipa kāne ke waiho wale me ka wai no ka lōʻihi. Inā wela nui ka wā, a laila huna iā lākou i ka pā o nā peʻa mai nā pōhaku nui, i nā ana a me nā puʻu mauna. I ka hoʻomaha ʻana i ka hipa kāne, nānā lākou i ka lauoho, e ʻāʻī i nā pōhaku a i ʻole nā lālā lāʻau, a e ʻokiʻoki i nā pu.
Holoi me ka leʻaleʻa e ʻauʻau i ka moena mākū, hoʻohemo i nā parasites. Paʻa mua huli lākou mai kēlā ʻaoʻao a i kekahi ʻaoʻao a uhi ke one i ka ʻōpū a me nā ʻāpana a pau o ke kino, a laila e huki lākou i ke one ma ko lākou kua.
ʻO kahi nohona o nā hipa ka wao nahele a me nā semi-desres, kahi lākou e makemake ai i nā wahi ʻulala a maloʻo.
Hiki i nā hipa maned ke hiki ke piʻi i nā pōhaku. Ua loaʻa iā lākou ma nā wao nahele a me nā puʻu pōhaku. Inā nā mea kauleo e kokoke kokoke ana i ka ʻohana, kū koke i ke kahe a hū ma laila. Ma ka wao nahele, mālama ʻia nā hipa maned e kā lāua hulu like.
ʻAi ka hipa maned i nā lau a me ka lau. ʻAi lākou i ka pāpū i pili i nā puʻu. E like me nā leʻaleʻa ʻē aʻe, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka loʻo maned i nā meaʻai. ʻAi pinepine lākou i nā lāʻau a me nā lāʻau. No ka hōʻea ʻana aku i nā lau luna i holomua loa, e kū ana kēia mau hipa kāne i ko lākou mau wāwae hind.
Ua inu ka hipa maned i ka wai e ʻohi ai i loko o nā kahe o nā pōhaku, a hāhai pū i ka hau.
Noho ʻo nā hipa Maned i loko o ka noho pio ʻana ʻaʻole 24 makahiki a ʻoi aku ka ʻike o ko lākou ola ma ke ʻano.
Hoʻomoe o nā hipa kāne
Puberty i loko o lākou e hele i 1-2 mau makahiki. E hana ʻia ana ʻo ia mahina ma ʻOkakopa-Nowemapa. Hānau ka wahine hapai a 150-165 mau lā, ma hope iho i hānau ai ka pēpē 1 a me 3 i ka wahine. ʻO ke kāne, i loaʻa iā ia ka wahine, e alualu iā ia no kekahi mau lā a ʻimi ʻo ia i ka mākaukau no ka mare.
Mahalo i ka hihiʻo maikaʻi, hoʻolohe a me ka ʻono, hiki i nā maned hipa ke ʻike i kahi kanaka predator i kahi mamao o kā lākou hoʻokuʻi ʻana.
ʻO kēlā me kēia pēpē pēpē paona i ka 1.5-3 kilokilā. ʻO nā lā 3 ʻekolu, ke noho mau ka wahine me kāna keiki ma kahi paʻa i kahi paʻa, a hui pū me ka bipi. Mālama ka makuahine i nā ʻāpana me ka waiū no 3-4 mau mahina.
Nā kao kūloko
ʻOi aku ka nui o nā kao Bezoar ma mua o nā poʻe o ka hale - ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o nā kāne ma ka maloʻo e hele ana i ka 95 cm. He ʻōnūula ʻulaʻula a i ʻole nā poni ʻulaʻula me kahi kāwele ʻeleʻele e pili ana i ke kua. ʻEleʻeleʻele ka mua, ka umauma a me ka mua o ke kua. Nui nā pepeiaohao o nā kao puaa, i ʻalā ʻia mai nā ʻaoʻao, hana i kahi ʻaka a kū hoʻi i nā ʻaoʻao mai ka waihona. I ka ʻāpana koleke, loaʻa iā lākou ke ʻano o ka tapatapa me ka maka mua o ka maka e nānā ai ka nodes a loaʻa i kahi protrude.
ʻO nā kao Bezoar ka nui o nā kao manuolika o ka nui o nā kao manu. ʻO ka mea nui i ka wā e koho ai i ko lākou mau wahi noho, ʻo ka hele ʻana o ka pali holomua a me nā gorges. ʻAi lākou i ka lau mauʻu a me nā kumulāʻau lāʻau, a i ka wā e hānai ai, kū pinepine lākou i nā wāwae ʻehā, a kuʻi i kā lākou forelegs ma luna o ka pu lāʻau. A i kekahi manawa piʻi lākou i nā lālā ākea o nā kumulāʻau. Noho ka poʻe Bezoar i nā pā liʻiliʻi.
ʻO ka lua e manaʻo ʻia ai ke kupuna o ke kao keiki ʻokiʻoki pū, a i ʻole marhur (C.falconeri), e noho ana i nā mauna o Northwest India, Pakistan, Afghanistan a me nā repubalika o Central Asia. Ma ka ʻōlelo Persian, "mar" ʻo ia ka naheka, "khur" ʻo ia ka ʻai ʻana. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia ua ʻānai nā ʻōpio i ka nahesa, me ka ʻimi ʻimi iā lākou ma nā kuahiwi, no laila e hoʻōla ai kāna ʻiʻo, me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻuā nahe. He wā lōʻihi a piʻi paha ʻo Markhur i nā pepeiao. Ua hoʻopili ʻia kēlā ʻo kēlā me kēia pū i ke ala corkscrew (hema - ma ka ʻākau, a ma ka ʻākau, ma ka hema), i hoʻokumu ʻia mai hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua a ʻeono paha i loko o kahi ʻeono paha. ʻO ka lōʻihi o nā pū i ka pākeke kāne hiki ke piʻi aku i ka 1.5 m. I nā wahine o marhur, ʻoi aku hoʻi ka pū, akā he liʻiliʻi. E like me nā kao bezoar, ua kāhea ʻia ke kao ʻoki ʻia ma ka International Red Book.
I loko o nā kao kīwila, he ʻāʻī loa nā pepeiao o ke ʻano i kapa ʻia e marhur (ʻo nā pepeiaohao, e like me ka poʻe kao bezoar, he hapakolu o nā holoholona), no laila ʻaʻole manaʻo nā mea noiʻi he ʻano kūpuna o nā kao kāne. Eia nō naʻe, he hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale loa i ke kao kāne mai waena o nā ʻohana o nā kao hale - hiki i ka lehulehu o nā moku o Markhur i kiʻi ʻia lākou me nā ʻano pili i laila.
ʻO ka mahalo, ma ka East Galicia, i loko o ka neolima Neolithic, ua loaʻa i ʻekolu mau kaʻe o ke kao kāne, i kapa ʻia prima poʻo mua (C.prisca).
ʻO nā mea pū i kao kao o ke kao a kulou paha i hope, kū i ka ʻaoʻao a loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi ʻōwili nāwaliwali nāwaliwali, me ka pūlima ʻākau i kū pono i ka ʻākau a me ka pūlima hema ma ka hema, i.e. ua kūlike ka ʻaoʻao o nā huli i kēlā i nānā ʻia no ka markur. ʻO ia nei nā pepeiaohao e loaʻa pinepine nei ma nā kao hale ma ke ao. Eia nō naʻe, ʻokoʻa ka hulu kao o ka priskate, ʻaʻole ia he ʻano kūʻokoʻa wale nō, akā ka mea i hoʻokele ʻia mua i ka pua bezoarless, ʻo ke ʻano o nā pu i hoʻololi ʻia ma muli o ka mutation.
Ma waena o nā ʻanoʻokoʻa o nā kao manuahi, pono e haʻi i nā kao Siberia, nā Caucasian a me Dagestan nā huakaʻi, nā Alpine a me nā Pyrenean mauna kao.
Siberian mauna kao, a i ʻole kea (C.sibirica), hiki ke loaʻa i nā mauna o Central a me Central Asia a me ke kūkulu hema o Siberia (Altai, Mountains Sayan). ʻO kēia kekahi o nā mākaʻi nui loa o ka hua ʻano, i hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe o 90-120 cm ma nā lālā maloʻo me ke kaumaha a hiki i 130-150 kg. ʻO nā pū ʻoni a Capricorn he mau ʻula a hulapulu paha - he lōʻihi lākou, ʻilihune, ʻehā ma ka ʻaoʻao. ʻO ka lōʻihi o nā pū i ka 140 cm, ʻo ka girth ma ke kumu he 26 cm.
Kaukaole, a i ʻole Kuban, huakaʻi (C.caucasica) - Hoʻōla i ka ʻaoʻao komohana o ka Luʻu Nui. Noho ia ma nā kuahiwi, ma ke kiʻekiʻe o 1.5-35 ʻehā m ma luna o ke kai, nui loa i nā subalpine a me nā ʻāpana alpine. ʻO nā males ke mau ke aniani ākea, a me ka puʻupuʻu e like me ke anawaena a he 85 cm a ke kaupaona nei ʻo 3-5 kg.
Dagestan mākaʻikaʻi
Dagestan, a i ʻole Kaukaia Hikina, huakaʻi (C.cylindricornis) aia ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau a me nā ʻaoʻao o ka lālani mauna Caucasus. E kūlou ana nā pepeiaohao o ka nui ʻo Dagestan i kahi kūlana iʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ke Kuban, a ʻo ko lākou kihi ka mea i kuhikuhi iki i loko. Aia ka maile manu a puni ke alo ma ke alo o nā pu.
Alpine mauna kao (C.ibex) noho i ka Alps a me na mauna o Central Europa, a Iberian (C.pyrenaica) loaʻa ma nā mauna ʻo Sepania. ʻO ka pū mua ka mea i like me ke ʻano o ka pū i luna o kahi capricorn, a me ka lua - nā pepeiaohao o ka puni Caucasian.
ʻO nā Capricorns a me nā huakaʻi ke māla maikaʻi a hānai ʻia i ka noho pio ʻana a hāʻawi i nā progeny prolific me nā kao o ka hale. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia nā pepeiaohao e like me nā pepeiaohao o nā kao keiki. Akā, ʻo kēia mau ʻano o nā kao holoholona, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole lākou nā kūpuna pololei o nā holoholona ʻĀina, ʻoi loa, e like me ka marhur, i lawe i kekahi ʻano i ka hana hou ʻana i nā ʻano hou.
E pili kokoke i nā hoahānau o nā kao mai waena aku o ka Euro-Asian ungulates - Himalayan a me nā Arabian mau pahu hopu (genus Hemitragus) a me Pamir a me Tibetan hipa hipa (genus Pseudois) Akā, ʻo ko lākou komo ʻana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā puaʻa o ka home, ʻoiai inā he mea, ʻaʻole ia i hōʻike ʻia. ʻOi aku ka mamao o nā kao ʻEulopa chamois (genus Rupicapra) a me ʻAsia Hikina mau kikika a serow (genus Naemorhedus).
ʻAuake
He hoihoi hoihoi a, e like ana paha, he kaila mea kokoke a nā kao hipa kāne maned (Lōmoku Ammotragus), maʻamau ma nā kuahiwi kuahiwi o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika - mai ʻAkana a hiki i ke Kaiʻula. Hiki i kēia hipa ke hoʻowahāwahā i nā kao hale a i ka manawa like, ʻike ʻia, ʻo ia ke kūpuna no nā ʻano o nā hipa hipa ʻAmelika kūikawā. Akā ʻaʻole ʻo ia i palapu me nā hipa home o Europa a me Asia.
O ka paʻakikī o ka nīnau i nā mea i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā kao kūloko i kuhihewa ʻia a hiki nō i waena o nā hua like i hiki ke loaʻa i nā pū i nā ʻano ʻehā like ʻole, a me nā kao o nā pono holomua manuahi, e like me ke kānāwai, ka mea maʻamau komolas (pūoʻahi). Ma luna o nā mileniuma i hala aku nei mai ka mahi ʻana i ka māla, ka mea ua like nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā huahana o nā kao kūloko i nā nui o nā loli. ʻO nā kiʻi i hiki mai iā mākou i nā kaila pōhaku i hōʻike ai i loko o ka hale o 4 - 3 millennia BC ma nā moku kahiko o Mesopotamia - Sumer a me Akkad - hoʻāla lākou i nā kao o ka hale me ka lauoho lōʻihi, wailua, like loa me Angora hou. Ma nā ʻōhumu-hoʻāla kaua o ʻAsuria, ua hiki nō ke loaʻa nā kiʻi o nā kao me nā pepeiao huahe, i.e. ʻokoʻa nui i kēia hōʻailona mai nā kūpuna hihiu.Ma muli o ke koho lōʻihi ʻana, lilo nā wāwae o nā kao keiki i ka pōkole a i kahi māhuahua, ua pōkole ke ʻāʻī, a lilo ke kino o ke kino, ma muli o ka nui o ke kua o ke kua. Ua liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi nā kao o nā hale ʻōlima ma mua o nā holoholona hihiu, ʻokoʻa ka pā nui a me ka ulu ʻana, ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā pū i nā mana like ʻole e like me ka nui o nā holoholona hihiu. Ua loli nui ka ʻōuli a me ka lauoho. ʻO ka hulu o nā kao Angora, a hiki i kahi mamao loa, ʻaʻole like i ka hulu o nā kao kuahiwi ulu a me nā huakaʻi. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā kao waiʻai ma mua o ko lākou mau hoahānau aloha i nā hua umauma, ka waiū waiū a me ka lōʻihi o ka manawa lactation. ʻO ka nui o ka waiū a me ka huluhulu o nā kao o ka home, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kao hihiu, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe: ʻo ka waiū hānai i 10-20 mau manawa, ʻo ka hulu hipa i kohu ʻia 2-5 mau manawa, ka hulu hipa 10-15 mau manawa.
Ma nā wahi neolithic Waena Hikina, he nui nā iwi hipa i loaʻa me nā ʻuʻuku a me nā hōʻike ʻē aʻe o ka ulana. Ua ʻike ʻia ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ko kākou manawa i kēia mau ʻāpana like ʻole o nā hipa hipa: nā hipa ʻakoe, ʻūhā, a me ka ʻūhā. ʻO nā hōʻike i kākau ʻia i ola a hiki i kēia lā, ua ʻōlelo ʻia he mau hipa i ka wā kahiko e loaʻa i ka hipa ke loaʻa i ka ʻiʻo, ka huluhulu, a me ke kumu o ke hoʻololi ʻana i nā waiwai. I ʻEulopa, hoʻomaka nā hipa i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻia i loko o nā mahiʻai. Ma ʻAsia Wīlani, ua ʻike ʻia paha lākou ma mua o ka Middle East, akā ua pālahalaha nā hipa hipa ma ʻaneʻi o nā wahi ākea a lilo i kumu no ka mālama pono ʻana o ka poʻe kānaka.
ʻO nā hipa home i loko o nā ʻano ʻĀwili Ovis, a inā i ke koena o ka nui o nā holoholona hihiu he nui i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kuapo kūikawā (ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻano kīlohelohe nunui), a ʻo ke ʻano ka like me nā hipa: he kūpuna maʻamau 'calculatedlelo' ia nō kā lākou mau helu he nui. ia hipa hipa maunamaʻamau mai nā mokupuni o ke Kaiwaen a i ʻAsia Kaleponi. Loaʻa kona mau hiʻohiʻona nui ma ka hikina a ua kapa ʻia hakakā a paio (Ovis ammon), ke ʻike ʻē i ke komohana (ma Central and Western Asia) hiki ke loaʻa urial (O.vignei), ola lākou ma Asia Minor meleflon okoa (O.orientalis), a i ʻEulopa - ʻElāleʻaleʻa Europa (O.musimon) hōʻikeʻia e ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole ka kaona wale nō, akā na ka poʻe manawaleʻa o ka karyological ma waena o kēia mau ʻano (ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā setali diploid i hōʻike ʻia e 56, nā urials - 58, nā mouflons - 54 nā chromosome), hiki iā lākou āpau ke kue me ka hua mai i nā hua ulu. No laila, ʻaʻole kiko loa ka kūlana o nā hipa hipa like ʻole o kēia hui - i kekahi manawa kēlā me kēia, komo Oihana, no nā ʻano like ʻole me nā lāhui chromosomal lehulehu.
ʻEleʻelele ʻāpana
A no ka hōʻike ʻana o ka memloid i ka 54 chromosome i nā hipa hipa, kūlohelohe ia e kuhi ko lākou mau kūpuna he mouflons - nā ʻano maʻamau i loko o nā ʻano o nā kuʻuna kahiko, ʻo ka Mediterranean a me Asia Minor. He mea kūpono hoʻi ke manaʻo e ʻike he ʻano ʻāpana ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe o nā ʻohana kuahiwi o ʻAsia hau (O.nivicola), e noho ana ma ke kahawai hikina o Siberia a kokoke i ka ʻAmelika Huipū ʻia O.canadensis, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia e ka poʻe i hānai i nā hipa a hana i kā lākou mau pua mua.
Hiki ke loaʻa nā mouflons wild i ka Iraq Iraq, Western Iran, ka Caucasus Hema, ke South Caspian Sea a me Asia Minor. Noho wale ka mouflon ʻEulopa ma nā mokupuni o Corsica a me Sardinia. ʻOiai no ka nui o nā hipa hipa, e like me nā kao hihiu, he poʻe lākou o nā mauna, ʻaʻole lākou i makemake i nā pali iʻa kaohi, akā makemake lākou e noho i waena o nā puʻu akina a me nā pālima.
ʻO nā hipa o nā home ua lilo mau i kumu nui no ka ʻiʻo a me ka huluhulu no nā kānaka, a ʻo kā lākou waiu i hoʻohana nui ʻia no ke kīhi. ʻO nā mea noho mua nā mea i huli i ka ʻāina hou i lawe i nā hipa me lākou i ke ʻano o ka ʻiʻo, ka lawe ʻana iā lākou i ka ʻāina hou ma ka ʻāina a i ʻole lawe mai ai iā lākou ma luna o nā moku. Ua hele pū ka hipa me nā kānaka ma ko lākou neʻe ʻana i ka mōʻaukala holoʻokoʻa ma ke ʻano honua, e hui pū ana ma ke ala me nā holoholona o kūloko a i ʻole ka lilo ʻana i holoholona holoholona mua i komo i loko o nā ʻāina kūkulu. Mahalo nui ʻia lākou, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, no ko lākou hiki ke ʻai i nā ʻano koena like ʻole.
Ua manaʻo ʻia aia ma kahi o 850 mau hipa hipa i kēia ao. No kā lākou papa kikoʻī, ʻelua mau ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia - morphological a me ka hoʻokele waiwai. ʻO ka mea mua i kau ʻia ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka kenekulia 19. ʻO ka mea noiʻi kūwaho kūwaho Russian kūlike P.S. Palani. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka mahele i nā pūʻulu e like me kēia papa hoʻonohonoho i ke ʻano o ka huelo.
TO ʻiliʻili hipa me kahi kāʻei lōʻihi, lōʻihi a paʻa, a ʻaihoe ʻailā - me kahi ʻoi lōʻihi lōʻihi, ka ʻohi ʻana iā ia iho me ka mālama maikaʻi i nā mālama momona nui. Hiki i kēlā ʻili ke lilo i koʻikoʻi nui e pono ai i nā kahu hipa ke hoʻopili i nā kākela liʻiliʻi a i ʻole paha e hele ka ʻili i ka lepo. Kēia mau ʻano pili, ʻo ia nō hoʻi, ʻo Voloshskaya mai ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o Rusia a me Hanyan mai Kina. I laulā nui Hoʻoulu ka lōʻihi o ka ʻili lōʻihi i ka ʻaoʻao ma luna, e kūkulu ana i nā lehelehe o ka kiko adipose ma nā ʻaoʻao. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona karakul hipa, e hele mai ana mai ka Hikina Waena, akā ʻo Bred ma ka ʻūlū Asia. Kaulana nō ka pālule karakul ākea kaulana no ka maikaʻi o nā paʻu (smushki) i lawe ʻia mai nā keiki hipa hou. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia hulu i ka lole hulu a me nā pāpale.
I ʻili momona He ʻeke pōkole loa ka hipa, ka mea maʻamau ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ma muli o ka uluna momona momona forked (ʻoi ka momona) e kau ana mai ka ʻōpū o ka holoholona. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka pua Chuy mai ka moku Bukhara ma Uzbekistan. Hoʻopili ʻia ʻokoʻa nā hipa ʻokoʻa i nā hipa hiku momona me ka mālama ʻole o nā waihona momona momona (momona momona ʻoi) ma ka sacrum. ʻO nā ʻōlelo hoʻohālike pōkole ka pōkole mai ka hapa ʻEulopa o Lūkia a me ka pua Abyssinian mai ka ʻūao kahakai.
Hoʻokahi ʻokoʻa nā ʻohana hipa i loko o ke ʻano a me nā kala. Ke keʻokeʻo ka hapa nui o nā hipa, ʻoiai ke ʻano kekahi o nā pōʻeleʻele i kekahi mau wā litter. ʻEleʻele ka poʻe ʻē aʻe, e like me nā ʻohana hipa Welsh. ʻO nā holoholona o nā momona a me nā momona momona, e pili ana i nā kūlana o waho ʻaʻole i koʻikoʻi loa, he brown, hina, ʻulaʻula a me nā motley.
Ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka hipa no ka zootechnician M.F. Ivanov. Aia ia ma ke ʻano, ke ʻano a me ka nui o nā huahana (ka huluhulu, ka ʻai, ka waiū), no ka mea he kolo ka kekahi.
Nā hipa wīwī. Ke manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia ua hūnā ʻia kēia ʻano hipa ma Waena Hikina, aia nō paha ma loko o nā ʻohana i kāwili ʻia, kekahi o kēia mau mea e hele mai nei i Central Asia. Ma hope aku, nalowale nā hipa huluhulu maikaʻi i nā wahi āpau koe, ʻo Sepania, kahi i hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia ai lākou a hāʻawi i kahi pūʻulu o kahi kū'ē. melehoʻokumu ʻia i ka manawa mai X a i XVII kenekulia. Ke waiho mau nei nā Merinos i ke kumu nui o ka huluhulu hulu hipa a ua hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e hana i nā mea hou a hoʻomaikaʻi hou i nā ʻano holoholona i loaʻa. Ua hele mua nā hipa Merino iā Lūkia i 1802, akā ua hoʻomaka lākou e mālama pono i ka kenekulia 20 wale nō. ʻO ka nui o ka ʻohana hipa i hoʻokumu ʻia ma USSR i kūkulu ʻia i nā pōhaku merino-precos.
ʻO nā hipa hipa like ʻole e hana ana i nā huahana like me ka ʻAmelika, ka Mediterranean a me East Europe. I nā ʻano nui loa, ʻo ka huluhulu ka huluhulu me kahi liʻiliʻi o nā fibers maikaʻi. Eia kekahi, loaʻa i nā pona huluhulu i piha i ka ea. Ua kapa ʻia kēlā ʻano hulu hipa i kālai ʻia a ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana o nā lole hou.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hipa o nā huahana hou a nā hipa a me nā hipa hipa i hana ʻia i loko o UK.
Nui nō hoʻi nā ʻōhua like ʻole o nā manamana. No laila, i Kelemania, nā holoholona dairy East Frisian e hōʻike ʻia e ka lauoho lōʻihi o ka lauoho palu ma ko lākou mau kino, koe wale nō no kahi ʻūʻū nui i uhi ʻia, uhi wale ʻia me ka pōkole. Kuhi pinepine kēia mau hipa i ʻelua māhoe i ka hipa mua, a me nā māhoe a me nā triple ma nā ʻaoʻao aʻe. He momona loa kā lākou waiū: no ka lactation (228 lā), ka awelika o 600 kg o ka waiū me ka momona momona o 6% loaʻa mai kēia mau hipa.
I loko o ka ʻIseraʻela, ʻo nā huahana momona momona Avassi e hoʻohana nui ʻia e hoʻohana ʻia i ka wai palapala. I ka awelika, hāʻawi lākou i ka 270 kg o ka waiū o ka 6% momona no ka lactation. Ke noi nui nei ka waiū o kēia mau hipa i nā ʻāina ʻA Arabia, i hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka hana ʻana o ke kīwī. ʻO kekahi ʻano holoholona holomaka ʻo Manesh mai nā Pyrenees Farani. ʻO ia nā holoholona i ulana ʻia me ka lauoho hina. Hoʻohana ʻia kā lākou waiu e hana i ke kuhi he nui Roquefort kaulana.
Hāʻawi kekahi mau hipa hipa i ʻehiku a ʻehiku mau keikihipa no ka hipa, no ka laʻana, he ʻāina Finnish, Romanovskaya mai Lūkia, dman mai Maroko, Java-lei tailed, Hanyang mai China a me Burula mai Australia.
Hōʻano ʻia nā ʻano he nui he mau hiʻohiʻona maʻamau. No laila, he mau wāwae lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o kahi Guinean a me kahi kino paʻa, he ʻano Tsakel primitive, e lūlū mai Turkey a me Greece a i Hungary, he mau ʻīlio lōʻihi kona e kau nei i luna ma luna o kona poʻo, a me nā holoholona o kekahi mau puaʻa i hāpai ʻia ma Islandia a ʻo nā Hebrides hiki. ʻaʻole ʻelua wale nō, akā ʻehā nō hoʻi, a i ahe i nā pepeiaohao (ʻo nā hipa like ʻole e hoʻopaʻi ʻia e ʻAmelika ʻAmelika ʻAmelika ʻAmelika).
Ma United Kingdom, ua kaulana nā hipa a Wiltshire Horn no ka meaʻai o kā lākou ʻai, akā ua pōkole loa kā lākou hulu. I nā hipa o Wensleydale, he ʻakiʻeke loa ia, a he kaumaha loa, a kūlou nā papale i ka hopena, akā ulu ka ulu ʻana 36-45 cm i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia ʻano no ka hana ʻana o nā kuʻuna wahine, a me nā wili theatrical a me nā ʻaha hoʻokolokolo.
Palapala palapala
Ola o nā holoholona. T.6. - M .: E hoʻonaʻauao, 1971.
Nā Mamona o Eurasia. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana a me ke ʻano kikoʻī. - Ke Kulanui o Moscow, 1995.
Sokolov V.E. ʻO nā ʻōnaehana o nā mommals. - M .: Ke kula kiʻekiʻe, 1979.
Chikalev A.I. Pipi hua manu. Palapala kumu no nā haumāna o nā kula hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe e aʻo nei i ka "Zootechnics" kūikawā, 2001.
Shnirelman V.A. ʻO ke kumu e kau ai ka holoholona. - M.: Science, 1980.
Wilson, D. E., a me D. M. Reeder (eds) Nā Mammal Spies o ka honua. ʻO ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o ka Mōʻaukala kūlohelohe. 1993.
ʻO nā mea e pili ana i nā hipa kāne
• No kēia mau hipa kāne, hānau ke lalo o ka huelo, no ka mea, he mau ʻoniʻoni ʻoni e puka mai ana he mea ʻala ikaika.
• Ua ʻimi nā kānaka o ʻAmelika i nā hipa kāne no nā kenekulia. ʻAʻole wale ka ʻiʻo a me nā ʻili i hoʻohana ʻia, akā ʻo nā lono hoʻi o kēia mau holoholona. Ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka noho o nā mauna mauna o ʻApelika, e hoʻonui ana ka nui o nā hipa kāne i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
E kani nā leo o nā kāne makua kāne, a ʻo nā ʻōpio'ōpiopio e hoʻōla me ka leo nui.
• ʻO nā pahu maned e paʻa ana i loko o ka noho pio ʻana, ua hoʻokuʻi ʻia me nā kao o ka home. Hiki i ke keiki o kēia mau hybrop ke keʻa me nā ʻano pili o nā ʻohana bovine, no ka laʻana, me ka chamois,
• Noho ʻo nā hipa liʻiliʻi o nā hipa kāne i nā wahi o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO ia nā holoholona i holo i ka pā kumulāʻau pilikino a me nā paka o nā ʻāina, a hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā kūlana hou i ka hihiu.
ʻAno lawehala
Paʻi maikaʻi mau hipa kāne i ka hoʻomehana a hana ikaika, e like me ka hapanui o nā poʻe noho ma ka wao nahele, ka hapanui i ka pō a me ka pō. Ma muli o ko lākou mau wahi o ka noho ʻana, ʻaʻohe kokoke o kahi ʻuala ulu ʻana mai nā maka o nā mea nāna e hopu, a i ka pōpilikia lākou, ke kāpae wale nei lākou i ka make. Noho ka hipa maned ma loko o nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi e pili ana i nā wahine, keiki a hoʻokahi alakaʻi. Loaʻa iā ia ke kuleana e alakaʻi i kēlā ʻano holoholona i ka hakakā ʻana i nā kāne ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka hānai o nā hipa kāne hānai ʻia nā lau nahele a me nā lau o nā mea kanu wao. Hiki iā lākou ke hana me ka wai ʻole no kekahi mau pule, e hoʻopau wale i ka hau a me nā wai kanu. Ke loaʻa, loaʻa ka wai, inu nui lākou a hiki nō paha ke hāʻule i loko.
Maned kāne kāne a me ke kāne
Mai ka wā ma mua, ʻo Sahara, ua ʻuʻaha ʻia nā maned i nā kānaka e like me Tuaregs, he kumu nui ia o ka ʻiʻo, ka huluhulu, ka ʻili a me nā tendons no lākou. Ma muli o nā ʻano o ke kaona nei me nā pū ahi, ua pau nui ka nui o ka hipa maned i nā makahiki he mau makahiki i hala, a i kēia manawa ua hāʻawi ʻo IUCN i kēia ʻano ʻano o ka "hoʻoweliweli" (ka hopena) Nā subspecies ʻōiwi Ammotragus lervia ornata Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻopau wale ʻia ʻo ia ma ka hihiu mai ka makahiki 1970 a hoʻomau mau ʻia e like me kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi ma ka Giza Zoo.
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kenekulia 20, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke keiki hipa maned i Kaleponi, New Mexico a me Texas. Ma laila ʻo ia i kā aʻa ai i kēia lā a i kāna mau kānaka he nui i mau tausani holoholona. Ua hopohopo nā poʻe kaiāulu e ʻoi aku ka nui o kona mau helu a e hoʻomaka ia e hoʻohele i nā ʻano ʻehā ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa o nā bighorn. Ua ʻike ʻia ka lehulehu o nā hipa maned e pili ana i nā mauna Spanish Espunia ma ka ʻāina ʻo Murcia.
He ʻauhau
ʻAʻole nō i hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia ia mau ʻano pili i pili i nā hipa maned. Hiki iā ia ke uhaki me kahi kao keiki, akā loaʻa nā hōʻailona o nā kao a me nā hipa. I kēia manawa, loaʻa kahi kuikahi ma waena o nā zoologists e hoʻokaʻawale i loko o kahi ʻano genus Ammotragus. ^ E Ha yM. Inoa ʻano Latin Ammotragus mai ka huaʻōlelo Helene ka manaʻo maoli "kapa kao".
Na palapala kapu
He 6 subspecies o ka maned ram:
- ʻO lervia ammotragus lervia (Pallas, 1777) - nā kuahiwi o Maroko, ʻĀsia o Algeria a me Tunisia kūkulu ʻia,
- Ammotragus lervia angusi W. Rothschild, 1921 - Niger,
- Ammotragus lervia blainei (W. Rothschild, 1913) - ʻO ka hipa kāne Kordofan maned , ke ʻike ʻia nā wahi kiʻekiʻe o Sudan hikina, ʻike ʻia ma kahakai Chad ma ka hikina hema o Libya,
- Ammotragus lervia fassini Lepri, 1930 - ʻO ka hipa kāne Libya , ʻO Libya, ka hema hema o Tunisia,
- Ammotragus lervia ornatus (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827) - ke komohana a me ka hikina hikina o ʻAigupita,
- Ammotragus lervia sahariensis (W. Rothschild, 1913) - Sugar Maned Ram , nā subspecies maʻamau loa: hema o Maroko, Sahara Komohana, hema Algeria, hema-komohana Libya, Sudan, Mali, Niger, Mauritania.