ʻO nā Shellfish he ʻano ola ola e loaʻa ai nā mea he ʻelua haneli kaukani mau ʻano. ʻAʻohe o lākou a nā mākala pōkole a me nā iwi, akā pale ʻia lākou i kahi pale kālai a ikaika loa a uhi ʻia ʻo ia ma luna. ʻAʻole hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kino o nā holoholona. He ʻano pahee kona, a hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia i ke kuhi, ʻaʻole hiki ke kapa ʻia ia ʻano hiʻohiʻona.

Hōʻike ʻia nā Mollusks e nā bivalves, gastropod, shellless a me nā mea ʻeleu. I waena o lākou he poʻe kāne, nā lau, nā uka, nā pū, nā pū, nā wili. Aia kēlā mau ʻano ʻano like ʻole i ka papa o nā gastropod.

ʻO nā gastropods papa ka mea ʻokoʻa loa a me ka lehulehu o nā mollusks. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā ʻelele o ia mau mea e pili ana iā 90 tausani mau ʻano. Noho lākou:

Hoʻopau i ka hana ma kahi kumuhana like

ʻO ke kino o nā mollusks e loaʻa i kekahi mau keʻena:

Hoʻopili like nā ʻāpana āpau o ke kino i kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe, akā i ka hoʻonaʻauao a me ke ʻano kino no ka hoʻohālikelike, hana hou, a me ka pale o ka mollusk. Hāʻawi lākou i ka hana i kona hoʻomohala holomua.

Aia ke poʻo i ʻelua, ʻelua pālua o ka halelewa a me ka maka. Aia nā ʻōpū āpau i loko o ke kino. ʻO ka wāwae o ka gastropod mollusk he mau mākala ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū o ke kino. ʻO nā gastropod he mau kānana, nā mea kaukau, a me nā aniani. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mollusks he mau mea kanu hakanui;

ʻO kahi hui kuʻuna maʻamau o ka gastropods i kapa ʻia he loko maʻamau. Noho kēia kanaka i nā wai wai, i nā kahawai pāpaku, a ma waena o Rūsia a me ka honua. Pēlā kekahi ʻaha maʻamau o ka gastropods i ka hue i ka uka, e hana hou ana i nā hiʻona o nā hiʻohiʻona o nā papa āpau.

Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ʻoma hana o ka gastropods e nā ʻano hiʻohiʻona: he alelo me nā niho chitinous.

E noi i ka nīnau i nā poʻe loea a loaʻa
pane i 15 mau minuke!

ʻO Radula ka ʻāpana o nā niho chitin i ka ʻōlelo clam.

Kiʻina 1. ʻAla palu. Aʻoaʻo24 - ke hoʻololi pūnaewele no ka hana o nā haumāna

I nā mollusks herbivorous, hoʻolāʻau ka ʻaumu (rainbow) no ka ʻohi ʻana i nā meaʻai kanu, i nā mollusks predatory e kōkua ai ka mālama ʻana i ka waiwai. Loaʻa ka waha ʻawaʻawa o nā mollusks, nā mea i loaʻa nā keli kō. E komo ana ka lua waha i ka pharynx, a laila i loko o ka esophagus, ka mea e komo ana i loko o ka ʻōpū a me nā ʻōpū. E kahe aku nā wai kūwili i loko o nā ʻāpana. Aia kekahi ʻāpana kahi i kiola ʻia ai ke koena e ʻai ʻia. ʻO kēlā me ka holomua o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻoneʻe nui i hoʻonui ʻia i nā hiki o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka ʻai o nā mollusks, hoʻonui i ko lākou manawa e ola ai, hoʻonui ʻia nā nological ecological a hiki i kēia mau mea hoʻokūkū ke hoʻokūkū me nā luna o nā papa ʻē aʻe i loko o ka ʻano.

Hōʻike ʻia ka pūnao o nā mollusks i loko o ia mau mea he mau pūʻulu ganglia a i ʻole nā ​​iwi a nā iwi i hoʻopuehu ʻia a puni ke kino. Hoʻokumu maikaʻi nā gastropods i nā ʻōpū sensory: aia nā maka, nā hale lole, nā ʻāpana o ke kaulike a me nā pā. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomaopopo i nā mea ʻala, e hoʻonui ai i ko lākou adaptability.

Hoʻonohonoho ka ʻenehana ʻana o ka gastropods e ka ʻike a wehe ʻia kēlā a he ʻelua o ke keʻena a me nā moku koko. Ua pani paʻa ʻia nā moku ma nā kihi, akā ʻaʻole e hoʻi i loko o ka puʻuwai. ʻAʻohe o Hemoglobin i ke koko o nā mollusks, no laila he ʻāpana kukukula kaila. Hoʻāla nā wai ʻōpala i nā gills, a me nā mollusks ʻāina me nā māmā. Hoʻokahi hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha kahi o nā kahe mantle o ka mollusk gastropod. I loko o nā loko, nā coils, snails souss, the mantle cavities play the role of the paru. O ka pūnū mai ka ea kūʻai e hoʻopiha ana i ka “pūloo” e komo i ka paia mantle i loko o nā kīʻaha koko i hoʻopuka ʻia i loko, a me nā ʻaina o ke kahe o ke koko ke komo i loko o ka lua o ka "pū" a puka.

Hoʻolaha nā ʻōnaehana excretory o nā mollusks e hoʻokahi mau mea ʻelua a ʻelua mau keiki. Hiki ke huaʻaleʻa metabolic o nā huaʻala i ke aʻa mai ke koko a e wehe ʻo kona kumua i ka lua mantle, kahi a lākou e hōʻuluʻulu ai.

ʻO ke kaʻina o ka hana hou ʻana o mollusks ka mea maoli i kēia mau kānaka i hoʻohuli i kā lākou ʻano like wale nō ma o ka hana pilikino. ʻO nā moku ʻauʻau, nā ʻili, nā mea he hermaphrodites.

Hoʻokomo ʻo Mollusks i kahi hua kanu i ka lau o nā mea kanu a me nā ʻano wai like ʻole, ma waena o nā ʻōpū mauʻu. Ke puka mai nei nā snail liʻiliʻi mai loko mai o lākou. Hōʻike ʻia nā gastropod i ke kai e nā mea maʻi dioecious. Eia nō hoʻi, i loko o kēia mau mea ola, hiki ke ʻike i kahi mea hoʻomohala me ka metamorphosis a i ʻole ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pili moana.

ʻO ka mea nui o ka gastropods hiki iā lākou ke lawelawe e like me nā mea kikowaena waena no nā pōpoki parasit flat, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hepatic hepatic. Eia kekahi, he nui nā mollusks i meaʻai no nā manu a me ka iʻa. ʻAi nā mollusks i kanaka, amphibians, moles, hedgehogs. ʻO nā gastropods he nui nā mea kanu o nā māla. ʻO kēia ka poʻe palaka a me nā mea ʻawa.

Ke hōʻuluʻulu i nā mea āpau o luna, hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo e ʻokoʻa nā gastropod mollusks i loko o nā hiʻohiʻona papa hana: ʻo lākou ka mea mua, nā holoholona coelomic, maʻamau i hōʻike ʻia e ka pericardium a me ka lua o nā kime kelepona. Loaʻa kēia mau holoholona i ka symmetry bilateral a ʻekolu mau wahi nui o ke kino. Ua uhi ʻia ke kino me ka paʻu kino - ka mahele a he hana ia o ka ʻike ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana hanu a me nā komo ʻana o nā kelima wahine a me nā kumulima. ʻO ka mana o ka mole lau o ka gastropod ka ʻekolu o nā ʻāpana: waho (ka ʻona), waena (poka), a me ka makuahine-o-kaina (loko). ʻO ka mea mollusk ka holomua ʻōhumu holomua no ka mālama ʻana i nā meaola mai nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ke kaiapuni.

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Ka wehewehe holoʻokoʻa

Aia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona e alakaʻi i kahi nohona parasit. ^ E Ha yM. Hiki i ka ʻohana Eulimidae ke hoʻoili ʻia iā lākou, ʻo lākou, ma ke ʻano kānāwai, parasitize i ke kino o nā echinoderms, maʻa nui kēia:

I nā mea kanu puaʻa, ʻoi aku ka pinepine ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe, hiki iā ʻoe ke hālāwai me ka kaʻe huʻu kahi e hoʻokomo ai i kahi manakia a iʻa a pihoʻu ʻole ʻole me kēia hōʻailona hōʻailona.

He ʻikepili ʻo kā Biology he turbospirality o ka pōpoki ka mea nui i ka hoʻopulapula o nā ʻano asymmetries o ke ʻano o nā kūmole gastropod.

Nui ka ʻano o kēia papa i ka loko o ke kai, kahi i hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale.

Akā i ka wai anuanu he nui nā palaina, mauʻu, a me nā loko wai maʻamau.

Makemake nā ʻelele wai e noho ma ka lalo, ʻoiai i waena o lākou aia nā mea e makemake e ʻauʻau. Aia kēia mau ʻano:

ʻOi aku ka nui o ka manawa, hiki i kekahi ke nānā i nā ʻano planktonic e lele manuahi ana i ka kolu wai. ʻAʻole nui kēia mau ʻelele, like ʻole me kekahi.

Hoʻohanohano nā ʻōiwi invertebrate i nā ʻano ʻāpana like ʻole. ʻAʻole ulu kekahi o nā mea iʻoi aku ma mua o 2 mm, ʻoiai ua loaʻa ka lōʻihi i kahi lōʻihi o ka hapalua mika. E like me ka manaolana o ke ola, ua loli ka manawa mai 2 mau mahina a hiki i 3 mau makahiki.

Ua makemake kēia mau mea kūʻokoʻa i kahi lewa lepo like a me ka lewa hoʻokahi. Akā i kahi anuanu maloʻo, hiki iā lākou ke manaʻo maʻamau. ʻO kēia no ka mea, ke hoʻomaka nei ko lākou kino e hana i ka mucus, e pale iā lākou mai ka maloʻo.

Ma hope o kēlā, lawa ka ʻōpio e loaʻa i kekahi mea kanu i hiki iā ia ke huki i nā mea e pono ai a loaʻa i ka ikaika.

Nā hiʻohiʻonaʻike

Me nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona, loaʻa i nā snails kahi puaʻe asymmetrical a conical shell. ^ E Ha yM. Pēlā, ma ke kānāwai, ke hana nei i kekahi mau hana i ka manawa hoʻokahi:

ʻOiai aia kekahi mau lālā i ka mea i puka ʻole mai ai a i ʻole i ulu ʻole. Hōʻailona loa ke kino o kēlā kanaka a hiki i ka lōʻihi o ka ʻelima makua ke ʻano mai 1 mm a 60 mm.

Hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka gastropods i ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana ʻekolu.

Ma ke poʻo o ka ʻōpū, aia kekahi mau ʻāpana ʻano, aia i kekahi o nā ʻelele he hoʻokahi, aia i loko o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe he ʻelua ʻelua o lākou, ʻoiai hiki ke kiʻi ʻia hoʻi. Hiki ke loaʻa nā maka ma ko lākou ma luna o ka uha a ma ke kumu paha. Ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā mollusks he waha. I nā mea i hoʻolilo ʻia, he mea ʻokoʻa ia e like me ka wā e loaʻa ai i ka proboscis elongated, kahi a ke ʻimi ʻia, hiki i ka lua.

I uhi ʻia ke kino me ka ʻili o ka ʻili - he ʻano ʻano palalaha kēia, e hūnā me ke kōkua o nā pulima kūikawā i mea e kūkulu ai a hoʻonui i ka ʻōpū. Hoʻokomo ʻia kekahi mau luna o nā invertebrates i loko o ka ʻauʻau, aʻo kekahi mau ʻāpana wale nō.

ʻO ka pona kahi e kū nei ma waena o ka moʻo a me ke kino i kapa ʻia ka lua mantle.

Aia nā ʻāpana kūwaho ma waho - nā ʻāpana muscular o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū. Me ke kōkua o nā neʻe e like me nā neʻe o nā wāwae, neʻe ka mollusks e hoʻonui i ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe, ua hūnā ka mea maʻi i ka mucus kūikawā.

Hiki ke kiki ʻia ka curl i kekahi ʻaoʻao, e pili pū ana i ke kino me nā ikaika ikaika, no laila ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻonoho hou. ʻOi loa ka ʻaoʻao luna o ka ʻu, me ka ʻona o ka paʻakai.

Ulu nui ka wai i loko o ke kauwela, a i ka hoʻoilo, ua hoʻemi iki ʻia kēia hana. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻole o ke kino i nā mea e pono ai i ka nui o ka nui.

Ma luna o kona ʻāpana he mau laina hiʻona e maʻalahi ai ke koho ʻana i ka makahiki o ka cochlea.

Ke ʻano kūloko

Ma ke kānāwai, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā gastropod e like me ke ʻano kūwaho o loko. ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana loea:

1. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana musculoskeletal ka pūlima o ka hydrostatic skeleton, e hana ana i ka neʻe ʻana ma muli o ke kahe o ke kahe i loko o nā pūnaehana kūloko.
2. Hiki i ka ʻōhumu ke hoʻohālikelike i ka pāheʻe a i ʻole nāʻuʻuku, e hilinaʻi nui ʻia ka noho ʻana o ka mea like. Aia nā lālā ʻelua i ka lua mantle. I ka mollusks pulmonary, ua piha ka moena i ka lewa, a he puka liʻiliʻi nō hoʻi i loko, i uhi ʻia i ka ʻāʻīwī wīwīwīwī o nā capillaries. Pono ka poʻe noho o ka wai i ka wā kahe ʻana i ka ʻōpū o ka wai e hanu a hāmama i kahi wai o oxygen.
3. Aia ka lono i kahi puʻuwai ʻelua ʻelua mai ka ventricle a me ka atrium, aia kekahi mau moku e hamama ana ma ka lua i waena o nā puna. Kahi ʻia ka wai paʻakai ka wai i loko o ka lewa. ʻO kēia no ka mea loaʻa ka hua nui i ka nui o hemocyanin.
4. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana o ka pōkole o nā mole no ka gastropod, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ganglia, ʻo lākou ka pālahalaha ʻia a puni ke kino a hoʻopili ʻia me ka hoʻāla kino a me nā aʻa.
5. Kiʻikuhi. He like ʻole nā ​​ʻano like ʻole, aia kekahi mau ʻelele i hoʻokahi keiki, ʻelua hoʻi. Aia kekahi puʻupuʻu excretory i hoʻopili ʻia i ka moʻolelo.

Eia kekahi, ʻo nā mollusks i kūkulu maikaʻi i nā papa sensory. Ke hoʻohana nei i kahi hoʻāno, a loaʻa i nā kānaka i nā leka e pili ana i ka pōʻino a i ʻole ka loaʻa o ka meaʻai. Aia nā statocysts i ka anuʻu - nā hui ke kuleana no ke kaulike. Hāʻawi ʻia lākou i ke ʻano o ka vesicle, ka ʻāpana oloko i uhi ʻia me ka citary epithelium.

Aia ka ʻōnaehana o ka digestive:

Aia ka ʻona i kahi kokoke i nā gills a wehe i waho. No ka mea, he mau muscular mālama loa nā ʻelele invertebrate, aia ma luna o nā niho chitinous. ʻO ia i ka ʻāʻī, kahi e puka ai nā kelepona salivary.

Wahi a nā hiʻohiʻona, he dioecious a he hermaphrodites nā kānaka āpau. Hiki iā lākou ke hana hou i ka moekolohe. Loaʻa ka mākeke i ka makahiki ʻeono mau mahina.

Pono ia e hoʻomaopopo i kēlā i ka wā e moe ana, e hōʻono ʻia nā mea ʻelua. Hoʻopili ʻia ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana ma hope o ke komo ʻana o nā kāne kāne kāne i ka wehe ʻana o ka wahine, a hiki koke ʻole ke kōmua.

ʻO kēia no ka mea hiki i ka wahine ke hoʻopiʻi i kēia manawa i kahi hihia kūpono loa, mālama i ka sperm i loko a palekana.

Ma hope o ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana i ka hua, a puka kāwili ʻia nā molluska mai lākou aku. ʻO kekahi mau lālā i kū mua wale ai nā ʻōhule.

Hoʻolālā

ʻO kahi hōʻailona hōʻailona o nā gastropods ka mea o ka maka o kahi hollow i uhi i ke kua o ka holoholona, ​​i.e. ka ʻeke kūloko. Heʻokoʻa nā ʻano o ka pūpū me nā kiʻi a me ke kiʻi: conical conical, plane-helical and saucer-shaped. ʻO ka lua o ka hōʻailona o nā gastropods i ka nalowale o ka symmetry bilateral ma muli o ka hikiʻana o kahi pale turbospiral i nā mollusks he nui, i.e. ua hoʻoweliweli ʻia i loko o kahi puʻupuʻu, nā mau kipi e moe ana i nā papa hana like ʻole. Me ka pūlima turbo-spiral, ʻo ka ʻeke kūloko o ke kime ka manamana wili i kūlohelohe. Pahu ka kohu a he waha - he lua o kahi poʻo a me nā wāwae o ka mollusk e puka mai ana. ʻO ka punawai ka ʻekolu o nā ʻāpana: he horny ka ʻaoʻao waho, ʻo ka ʻaoʻao waena he pulu, a ʻo ka wīwī, he makuahine-ou. Aia nā gastropod, e komo ai ka pale i loko a nalowale paha. Hoʻopili ka pili i ke kino me ka ikaika ikaika, i ka manawa o ka hoʻokaʻina o ke kau i huki i loko o ka pūpū.

ʻO ka mahele haʻalulu o ke kino gastropod mollusk i piha i ke poʻo, kahi ʻāpana a me nā wāwae. He poʻo: ka waha, ka hale ʻula a me nā maka ʻelua. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ventral he wāwae muscular nui me kahi ʻōlapa haʻahaʻa loa i kapa ʻia he kū hoʻokahi. Hali ka wāwae i ka neʻe i ka mollusk, e hoʻolōʻihi i ka wāwae o kahi wāwae, hoʻomaikaʻi i nā nalu o ka wāwae o ka wāwae mai ke alo. Hoʻohui nui ka ʻona me ka māla i huna ʻia e ka ʻili, e hōʻemi ana i ka friction a hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke neʻe ma ka ʻaoʻao paʻakikī.

ʻO ka ʻanā o loko kahi mea pale pālule ma ka ʻaoʻao dorsal, kahi i loaʻa ai nā nui o nā kino. Noho pololei ma lalo o ka neʻe ʻana i ke kapa pale i ka ʻeke kūloko. ʻO kona mua i ka maka, e hoʻopili paʻa ana ma luna o ke kino, e uhi ana i ka lua o ka mantle. Kuhi ka hapanui o nā gastropod e ka haʻalele ʻana o ka symmetry bilateral ma muli o ka hiki ʻana o kahi ʻano turbospiral shell, no laila, ka poʻe asymmetry o nā pūlohelohe mantle a me ka ʻoko o loko (hoʻokahi atrium, hoʻokahi kidney, hoʻokahi gill) ua nānā ʻia.

Aia nā mea hanu i loko o ka lua mantle, excretory, anal a me ka wehe ʻana o nā ʻano ʻōiwi i loko. I loko o ka lua o ka puʻu limu ke ʻano a i ʻole a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana mākaʻi a me ka grater (radula), nā puka o nā huʻu liʻoniʻu e pili ana i loko o ia ʻano, i kekahi mau mea a me nā mea lepa (nā mea make a i ʻole ka pau o ka waikawa). ʻO ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka puʻupuʻu waha he esophagus manawaleʻa (ma laila paha kekahi goiter ākea), e hele ana i loko o ka ʻōpū, kahi e wehe ai ka ate - ka huʻi launa. Ma ka ʻōpū mai loko mai o ka ʻōpū, kahi i pōkole i nā mea koho a lōʻihi i loko o nā molropod gastropodous. E wehe i waho i waena o ka anus. I nā gastropod i kēia mau lā, hana ka iwi i ka piko o ka lula, a pēlā ke kolo e noho ai ma luna o ke poʻo a i ʻole ke kino o ke poʻo.

ʻO ka ʻōnaehana o ka hanu ma nā ʻano like ʻole o nā gastropod e ʻokoʻa. I kekahi mau mea, ctenidia nā kino hanu. Hiki i nā gastropods ke hanu a me nā māmā, a me nā mea hōʻiliʻili, a me ke kōkua o ke ana mantle.

Hāʻawi kekahi o nā snails i kahi ʻōnaehana kao hūnā: ʻo ka puʻuwai e hōʻike ʻia e kekahi o ka ventricle a hoʻokahi mea atrium (loaʻa i nā ʻano liʻiliʻi he ʻelua ma atria). Hoʻokaʻa ʻia ke koko o ka mea hoʻonaninā mai ka atrium i loko o ka ventricle, a hoʻolala akula ma waena o ka aila branching ma loko o ke kino. Aia ka puʻuwai o nā snails i loko o ka lua pericardial, kahi e kamaʻilio ai nā hui o nā excretory - hoʻokahi mau peʻama, liʻiliʻi ʻole kekahi mau kāne.

I loko o nā huaʻai a me ka pilikia, nā pūnaehana nīnū i hoʻopalulu ʻia i loko o ke kino; ʻO ka ʻōnaehana o ka pūnaehana he 5 mau pūnaehana nīnū (ganglia): cerebral, pleural, foot, or pedal, visceral a parietal, nā mea i hoʻopili ʻia e nā kaula nerve. I nā snails o ka subclass o ka anteropodia a me nā mea i hōʻike mua ʻia o nā papa ʻelua, he ʻano ganglion, a no nā kiʻekiʻe pulmonary a me nā pihi posterill, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka intersection.

I loko o nā ʻōpū o ka gastropod ka maka o ka maka, ka manaʻo o ka pā - ke kī ʻana o ke poʻo, ka ʻōpū o ka olfactory - ka lua o ka hale ʻula hoʻi i nā ʻano terestrial, nā ʻāpana kūloko - he mau puʻupuʻu statocysts, nā mea kūmole i pani ʻia, ka ʻōpū kūlohelohe - osfradia, aia ma ke kumu o ka gill a i manaʻo ʻia no ka hoʻāʻo. wai e komo ana i ka lua mantle. Mālama pū ka ʻili o nā snails i nā sela pili. Nā kumulāʻau nā mea kanu ma luna o nā hale noho, nā ʻili ʻōiwi i ka waha e hāʻawi i ka mea e ʻai ai ke ʻano o ka meaʻai.

Mea Hoʻohui a me Ka Pono

Loaʻa iā Invertebrates kahi ʻano ʻono kūikawā. No ka hoʻohālikelike, ʻoi aku ka mea i makemake i nā mea kanu i ka māla i loko o ko lākou waha me ka ʻokaʻī ʻana i kā lākou ʻai, a ke kāohi lākou i ka meaʻai me ka ʻalaʻī i mea e maʻalahi ai ka moni ʻana. ʻO nā mea wānana, aia ka proboscis i mua o ke kino, e hoʻopau ana i ka waha. Hoʻohana ka nui o nā ʻelele i nā niho no ko lākou niho e hopu i ka mea nāna i pepehi.

Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano āpau i loko o nā pūʻulu:

A me ka mea nui o ka gastropod ma ke ʻano, he hana nui lākou. He pono ia e hoʻomaopopo i kekahi o lākou

• lawelawe i ka ʻai no nā holoholona, ​​nā manu, nā iʻa a me nā ʻano momi ʻole,
• He mau meaʻai momona maikaʻi ma nā ʻāina he nui,
• lawelawe ma ke ʻano he kala melemele.
• halaʻo mea kūlohelohe i nā kino wai,
• hoʻōla i ka lepo me nā minerale.

Hiki i kēia mau mea leʻaleʻa ke loaʻa i nā pōʻino o ke kaiapuni, he mau waena waena o nā flatworms parasit, ʻo ia hoʻi, e lawelawe ana i ka poʻe me kēia maʻi. Akā, ʻona ʻoi ke kīleʻa ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻawaʻawa i ka ʻāina mahiʻai.

He mea pono ia e hoʻomaopopo ʻole ʻia he mau mollusks i loko o nā muliwai a me nā loko, e hoʻokomo ʻia nā hauna maoli. E hoʻopiha wale lākou a hoʻopiha i nā pala uhau.

I ka papa lāʻau kuʻina, kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai nā ʻelele a pau o ka ʻohana gastropod, kahi ʻano nui like ʻole. A loaʻa kēlā me kēia i kēia mau hiʻohiʻona pilikino o ka hoʻokaʻawale a lawe i kona wahi i loko o ke ʻano.

ʻAno hānau

I nā mea hoʻohanohano o nā ʻāpana snails, he ʻokoʻa ka ʻōnaehana pakanui. Ma waena o nā snails aia nā ʻano dioecious a me hermaphroditic. ʻO ka hoʻomohala loko i loko o ka hapa o nā gastropods. Nui nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole: ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o kekahi i nā hua a me ka sperm i loko o ka wai, kahi e pono ai ka hoʻokuʻi ʻana, hana ʻia kekahi cords, cocoons mai hua i kāwili ʻia i ka ʻōpū, a pili iā lākou i ka mākeke, nā gastropod i kanu i nā hua i ka lepo lepo a i ʻole e pili i nā mea kanu.

He okoa ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka gastropods: ma o ka mahele o ka larval, a i ʻole pololei, i.e. kahi mollusk liʻiliʻi, kūmole i hoʻokumu ʻia mai ka hua. Hiki pū nā ʻalopiha Viviparous i ka wā e ulu ai nā hua ma nā wahi kūikawā o ka ʻōpiopio o ka makuahine.

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā gastropods e hānai i nā mea ola a me ka detritus. I waena o nā ākea nui o nā ʻano gastropod, aia nā mea koho, a me nā filtrator, a me nā aniani, a me nā mea ʻai manuahi, i.e. Ua hālāwai lākou i nā ʻano kaiʻai a pau i loko o ke ʻano o nā mollusks. ʻO ka gastropods lākou ka mea ʻai no ka holoholona āpau, i ka ʻāina a i ka wai.

Noho ka gastropods ma nā wahi āpau, noho lākou i ke kahakai kahakai o nā kai a me ke kai a me ka hohonu, mau kino wai. Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻōpio e noho ma luna o ka ʻāina, ka pālahalaha ʻana i nā wao pōhaku, i nā ana.

ʻO ka wehewehe a me nā hiʻohiʻona

ʻO ka mea mua e haʻi ʻia i ka wā e kamaʻilio ana nā hale ʻōpala, no laila ʻo lākou ka meaʻokoʻa. Ma aneane hoʻokahi haneli mau ʻano ʻokoʻa like ʻole. He nui o ka poʻe o kēia mau invertebrates e noho ana i loko o ka wai kai, e moe ana i ke aloha me ka hohonu hohonu a me ka wai makehe, a me nā wai hou, nā loko, a me ka pihi paha, a hiki iā ʻoe ke hālāwai me lākou wale nō ma nā mākeke uliuli, akā, ma nā wao nahele a me nā wao. nā pōhaku.

Kahiki nā hua ʻumea hiki a me nā ano like ʻole. ʻAʻole ulu kekahi mau kanaka iʻoi aku ma mua o 2 milimetro. Hiki i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe ke piʻi a hiki i ka hapalua mika. ʻAʻole lākou e ola lōʻihi: mai kekahi mau mahina a hala ʻekolu mau makahiki.

Piha loa kēia mau mea i ke aloha me ka lewa i hoʻōla ʻia, a e pono hoʻi e hoʻolako ʻia ka lewa. Inā hiki koke iā lākou ke wela a maloʻo paha, e kīloi ka poʻe lawelawe i ka nui o ka lemus, no laila e pale ʻia ko lākou pelu a me nā ʻikepili mai ka maloʻo ʻana. Ma hope o kēlā, hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻehā i nā mea kanu a noho i kēia moku a hiki i ko lākou hāʻule hou i nā kūlana kūpono. ʻO nā wahi punahele o kēia mau mea, he mau nahele nahele grassy.

Inā mākou e noʻonoʻo i ka mea i hōʻike maʻamau i ka papa, a laila he ʻōpū kēia i: i ke kino (ʻoi aʻe ma mua a i ka ʻāwīwī ʻana i ka hopena e kū pono ana, ma luna o ka mea i ulu ai ka hump), he poʻo (ma luna o ke kupaena a me nā maka) a me kahi wāwae (palaka, a hoʻopau ʻia me ke neʻe. like wāwae).

Hoʻopili kēia mau mea i ka kahe. He ʻano ʻē kona ʻano: mai ka twisted i conical, a pīpī ʻole, akā mau nō hoʻi, ʻaʻohe cusps. Akā aia kekahi mau mea ʻaʻole i hoʻomohala ʻia kēia mea, i.e. pau loa, ke kamaʻilio nei mākou i nā slugs. A, no ka laʻana, i ka poʻe noho moana, ʻo kēia ʻāpana he ʻokoʻa ka nui o ka ʻokoʻa.

Inā hoʻoweliweli ʻole kekahi i ka holoholona, ​​e waiho wale ia i ke kino i loko o kahi kalapu. Inā hopohopo ka ʻona, lilo ka lua i kona puʻuhonua, hiki iā ia ke hoʻokomo i ka mea a pau. ʻO kekahi ʻokoʻa ʻē mai nā mollusks ʻē aʻe o ka nalowale o ka symmetry bilateral.

Nā. ina he mau holoholona kekahi o na oho, elua paha o na g, a pela, a ʻano o nā gastropods ʻAʻole kēia e hoʻopiʻi, hiki i kā lākou mau kino ke hana e hana me ka ʻole o "hoahele". ʻO kēia nā hopena āpau o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi mea kinipōpō. ʻAʻohe lohe a leo hoʻoliʻi, pili a me ke ʻano o ka honi e kōkua iā lākou e holo.

ʻĀina

Ma kahi o nā gastropods i loko o nā hale huke, aia ke ola maoli. e nānā, kēlā ka waiwai o nā gastropods nui. ʻAʻole wale lākou e ʻai i nā mea pohō, ke pale aku nei nō hoʻi lākou i ka nui o ka loko, nā kahawai, nā lehelehe a me ke kai. Hiki i nā snails ʻāina ke waiwai i ka lepo me nā minerala. Akā akāʻino kekahi mau mea o ka mollusks. ʻO kahi laʻana, luku ka lāʻau i nā mea kanu.

Eia kekahi, noho nā mea ola i ko lākou wahi i loko o ka mekala ʻai, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi mau ʻano o nā iʻa a me nā kohola ke noho ʻole. ʻAʻole naʻe e hoʻowahāwahā i luna o lākou a me ke kanaka. Hoʻohui, hana i nā kinikini i nā mea hana maikaʻi a me nā mea hoʻonaninani.

Nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o ka papa

He helu ʻia ka nui o Gastropods ma mua o 400 mau ʻohana me ka 100 tausani mau mea hoʻohalahala a ʻōlelo ʻia ma kahi āpau. Ke ʻano ʻo ia nā kamaʻāina moana, ka mea nui o lākou i ulu a ʻano i ke ola i ka wai wai a i ka ʻāina, ʻo ia wale nō kahi ʻano o kēia papa. Hiki ke ʻike i nā ʻōpala i nā hohonu o ke kai, i ka wai pāpaku, i nā pohihihi maloʻo, nā pōhaku a me nā wahi neoneo. He mau mea ola manu ʻole kēia me ka neʻe ʻana o ka hana. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka papa o ka phytophages a me detritophages, akā loaʻa nō hoʻi nā mea kaupaʻi kaiʻai a me nā aniani. ʻO ka mea kahiko (ka ʻohana Cones) hōʻeha i kā lākou mau mea i hoʻopailua me ka ʻawaʻawa ikaika, aʻo ka hope (ʻo ka ʻohana Eulimidae) e makemake i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā kino o nā echinoderms.

Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, ua hoʻokaʻawale ka papa o nā gastropods i kona nui ākea ākea (mai ka 2 mm a 75 cm) a me nā ʻano ola o kona mau ʻelele (mai 2 mau mahina a 15 mau makahiki). No nā snails, he mea nui ka lūlū ʻāina, me ka hapa ʻole o lākou e pale ai i ko lākou kino mai ka maloʻo ʻana me ke kōkua o nā lemomi huna.

ʻO ke ʻano o waho

ʻO ke kino me ka symmetry bilateral i loko o nā bivalves a me cephalopods, aiʻole i ka asymmetric ma gastropods. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano ʻoihana ʻē aʻe: ʻo ka poʻo poʻo me nā ʻāpana o ka ʻike a me nā ʻekekala, ka kino maoli a me nā wāwae - ka hoʻokumu kino ʻana, e lawelawe ai ka neʻe. Hōʻike ʻia nā bivalves a pau i ka hele ʻana o kahi wāwae, aʻo ka cephalopods ua hoʻololi ʻia i loko o kahi ʻekena a me kahi siphon.

Hoʻopuni ʻia ke kino o ka mollusk e kahi ʻūlio, lawelawe ia i wahi no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā io. I loko o nā gastropods, he hana holoʻokoʻa i ke ʻano o kahi curl cural. I loko o nā bivalves, hōʻike ʻia ʻo ia i ʻelua ʻaoʻao o ka ʻiliʻili ʻana e pili ana i nā kahe o ka pili pili. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā cephalopods i kaʻaiki.

ʻO ka mantle, i hoʻouna ʻia e nā cell epithelial, ke haʻalele aku mai nā wahi hope o ke kino. Mālama pū me ke kino i kahi kahe i kahi o nā gill, nā ʻōpū sensory, nā kahawai excretory o nā kuʻina o ka digestive tract, kahi genitourinary system, a me kahi anus.

ʻO Mollusks nā mea coelomic, akā, ʻo ko lākou lua o ka lua ua mālama ʻia ʻo ia e kokoke wale i ka puʻuwai a me nā genital. ʻO ka ʻāpana nui o ka lumi kūloko e hōʻike ʻia e kahi hemocele.

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o nā mollusks i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā annelids

He aha nā lālā hou i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā mollusks e hoʻohālikelike ai i nā wīwī?

Loaʻa i nā Shellfish nā lālā kūikawā. He ʻōkuhi, kahi ʻōpina o ka lawehala, kahi e komo ai nā helu o nā keʻena, he naʻau, ʻāʻī. Nā ʻōpū o ka hanu - nā puʻu a i ʻole a me nā ʻili o ka pūpū.

ʻAʻole paʻa ka ʻōnaehana uila, i loko o nā annelids - pani ʻia.

ʻO ka pahuhopu o nā mikollusks ka ʻano o ka ganglia nerve, i hui pū ʻia me kekahi e nā fibers nerve. Loaʻa i nā Ringworms kahi kaulahao nerve ma nā ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, nāna e kū i nā māhele.

Pehea e hoʻohui ʻia ai nā mollusks i ko lākou wahi noho?

Noho nā ʻelele o ka ʻano noho i ka wai hāmama i nā wahi ākea a me ka ʻāina. No ka noho ʻana ma waho o ke kōkana a me ka hanu ʻana o ka ea hau, ua puka mai nā ʻōpū palupalu a me ke kino. Loaʻa nā poʻe noho o nā loko i kahi Oh₂ ke hoʻohana nei i nā mea kani gill.

Pehea e pale ai nā mollusks iā lākou iho i nā ʻenemi?

E neʻe i loko o ka wai, hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā cephalopods i ke kōpaʻa jet, no laila hiki koke iā lākou ke holo i nā ʻenemi.

ʻO nā mea make a me nā mea ʻona (ink) lawelawe i ka pale i nā poʻe wīwī. Hiki i kekahi ke eli i loko o ke pā palua kekona i ka kekona inā he hoʻoweliweli a huna paha paha ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi wāwae springy.

He aha ka hana o ka pū mollusk?

ʻO ka mea mua, he kākoʻo kākoʻo ia, e lawelawe ana me kahi ʻanā o waho. Eia kekahi, pono ka pale ikaika o nā bivalves a me nā gastropods e pale aku ai i nā mea hōʻino. No laila, ke hoʻokokoke mai nei kahi pōʻino, hūnā lākou iā lākou a lilo i ka hiki ʻole i ka hapa nui o ka iʻa.

ʻO ka like a me ka hoʻokaʻawale o nā gastropods a me nā bivalves

Nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻonui

Hoʻopili wale ʻia nā Gastropods a moe wale ʻia e ke dioecious a me nā mollusks bisexual. Loaʻa ka mea mua i ka testis me nā vas deferens (kāne) a i hoʻokahi ovary me ka oviduct (wahine). Hōʻike ʻia ka lua ma ke ʻano he kelepona hermaphroditic, kahi mea e hoʻopili ai i nā wahi o nā kāne a pau.

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā kai a me kekahi mau ʻōpū waiʻu e hōʻike ʻia ana e nā ʻano dioecious e ulu pū me ka loli. ʻO kā lākou pili, i kapa ʻia ʻo veligers, holo i ka wai me ke kōkua o kekahi holo (velum) me nā lobes. Hoʻokomo kahi Gastropod hermaphrodites (terestrial, wai hou loa a me kekahi kai lawaiʻa) ma ke ala pololei. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua moa i hoʻopili ʻia ma ka mauʻu a me ka lau o ka lau, nā mea hōʻoluʻolu a i ka lepo hū ʻole. Kāleʻa ʻōpio mai nā hua.

Māhele i loko o kahi papa a me nā ʻelele o nā subclass

Wahi a ke kino kino i ka papa, hoʻokaʻawale nā ​​gastropods i nā ʻāpana he ʻekolu.

• ka pulmonary (no ka laʻana, he sape grape me kahi molā a i ʻole kahi slug i ʻole)
• prothoracic (saucer sea or helm snail),
• posterior a pteropods (slug sea, glaucus a angelfish) paha.