TimVickers - Nā hana iho / Wikimedia Commons

Ua hele nā ​​ʻepekema ʻepekema i ka nahele Amazon no ka nānā ʻana i nā mea pili ma hope o nā moʻolelo o ke kaiāulu e pili ana i nā mele aloha - nā manu kolo. ʻOihana, ka nahesa nui i koi ʻia ma ka Hemepela Komohana. Ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka "mele" i pili i nā naheka i hoʻopuka maoli nei i nā rana no ka ʻano ʻike ʻole ʻia. Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻike i ka hōʻike ʻo Zookeys.

ʻO ka Bushmeister (a i ʻole Surukuku) pae i ʻekolu a me ka hapa i ka lōʻihi. ʻO nā moʻolelo e pili ana i kona hiki ke hīmeni ʻana ma waena o nā poʻe kolone o ʻEulopa a me nā ʻohana ʻē aʻe o ka Amazon. ʻO Zoologists mai ke Kulanui Katolika o ʻEkuador, ke Kulanui o Colorado a me nā hui ʻē aʻe i hoʻoholo e nānā i ka mea o hope o kēia mau loina.

Ma ke ʻano o nā haʻawina kula (ma Peru a me ʻEkuador) huli ʻia ʻo ia ka "mele" kīwī "ʻaʻole i hīmeni", akā nā huaʻala nui e noho nei i loko o kahi o nā kumulāʻau. Kānana kēia mau baki i ka genus ʻike ʻole i ka ʻepekema. Tepuihyla . ^ E Ha yM. Ua kapa ʻia nā inoa hou Tepuihyla shushupe, ʻoi aku, "shushupe" i kekahi o nā ʻōlelo a ka wahi a me ke ʻano ʻo Bushmeister. ʻIke ʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻo nā leo i hana ʻia e nā kānaka o kēia ʻano he kūlike ʻole o nā rana a ʻoi aku ia e like me nā mele manu. Noho mau nō ke kumu o ka Indians of Amazonia i hoʻopili ai i kēia mau kani i nā poʻe pōpua.

Nā mea huna o ka naʻauao - Waʻahele i ka manawa (ʻApelila 2020).

Ke kipa nei ma mua o 3,5 m ka lōʻihi, ʻo ka bushmaster (nona nā genus Laces) ka viper nui loa ma ka hemisie komohana. Hōʻike ka moʻolelo i waena o nā kolone a me nā poʻe kūwili mai ka ʻāina ʻo Amazon a me Central America, ua ʻōlelo ʻia e hīmeni ana. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia mau ʻōlelo pili i nā loulou, he mea paʻakikī loa, no ka mea i ʻike ʻia e hiki ʻole ai i nā nahesa ke hīmeni, ʻawaʻī ka poʻe ʻepekema e wehe i ka pākuʻi.

I ka manawa i hana hou ai nā mea noiʻi i nā hana ma e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ʻEkuador a me Peru ma Amazon, ua hōʻike lākou ʻaʻole ia he mele hine. ʻO "The Song" kahi hoʻopiʻi maoli i nā palahalā lāʻau nui e noho nei i nā pahu umauma i ka nahele.

ʻOiai nā alakaʻi alakaʻi kūloko ma nā ʻāina ʻelua i hua mele i ka Bushmaster, ua ʻike piha ʻole ʻia nā amphibians. I ko lākou pīhoihoi, ʻaʻole lākou i ʻimi i ka nahesa, ua ʻike ka hui o nā kahua i ʻelua mau ʻano o ka homa o ka huaʻāina ʻo Tepuihyla. Ua paʻi ʻia nā hualoaʻa ma ka papa kūkala ʻo ZooKeys me ka poʻe ʻepekema mai Catholic University of Ecuador, ka Peruvian Institute for Amazonian Studies, ka Ecuadorian Museum of Natural Science, a me ke University of Colorado, USA.

ʻO kekahi mau rana lāʻau hou i nā ʻano hou, ʻo Tepuihyla shushupe. Hoʻohana ʻia ka huaʻōlelo shushupe e nā ʻōiwi maoli e ʻōlelo i ka Bushmaster. Kahi ʻokoʻa nā kāhea no nā rana, no ka mea he ʻakaʻaka nui ia, e hoʻomanaʻo ana i ka hīmeni manu. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia no ke kumu e launa pū ai nā kamaʻāina i ke ʻano o nā ʻaina ʻelua me ka Bushmaster.

Ma na wahi a pau

ʻO nā noho maʻamau o kēia mau amphibians he mau ʻāina kapuai, nā loko a me nā kino wai ʻē aʻe, kahi e ʻai ʻole ai ka wai. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole pono lākou a pau i ka wai, koe wale nō kahi puna liʻiliʻi. Hiki i kekahi o kā lākou mau ʻano ke noho nani ma ka ʻāina, ʻaʻole wale nō ma ka ʻāina, akā, aia nō hoʻi ma nā lāʻau, aia nō hoʻi ko lākou ola ʻana i ko lākou ola ma nā papa pāluna ma loko o ka ipukukū o ka honua i kahi hohonu o nā mau mika a hiki i ka wao nahele. ʻOiaʻiʻo, pili kēia i kā lākou ʻano like a me nā ʻano o ka halihali. Hiki iā lākou ke lele, hele, ʻeli i nā lua hohonu, ʻauʻau, piʻi i nā lāʻau a hoʻolālā paha i ka lewa.

Ke kūwahi nei kēia mau maka

ʻO nā maka ʻōpala ʻē aʻe. Noho lākou i ke ola kūʻokoʻa a hiki ke nānā like i nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole. Eia naʻe, ʻoiai ke kau nei o ka neʻe i ka ʻāina, ʻike lākou i ka mea mamao mai nā mea āpau, akā, ʻo ka mea wale nō e neʻe nei.

Inā ʻoe e hoʻokomo iā lākou i loko o ka hale kai a hoʻolei i kahi ʻaka o nā meaʻai maikaʻi loa no lākou, hiki ke make i ka pōloli me ka ʻike ʻole ʻana he momona, akā lele mau ʻia ma lalo o ko lākou mau wāwae. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole lākou maʻalo loa i ka neʻe ʻana i nā mea hoʻoneʻe a hiki iā lākou ke hopu i kahi mea i hiki ʻole ke nānā aku, no ka laʻana, he puʻupuʻu e lele ana i ka makani a i ʻole petal. ʻAʻole i loaʻa iā lākou i loko o kā lākou palu, ʻoiai ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea hiki ʻole ke lele aʻe. ʻO ka mea ʻoi ka 95% o ka ʻike i loaʻa mai o ka ʻikepili ocular i nā baki e komo ana i ka wahi reflex o ka lolo, e kaomi iā lākou e hana me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana iā lākou iho me nā manaʻo loiloi e pili ana i ka ʻike. Ua ʻike - lawe wau iā ia. ʻAʻole hiki i ka maka maka ke nānā i ka wikiwiki o kēia kiʻi. I ka manawa like, hoʻoluhi hewa ʻole i ka inedible, ʻaʻole i huhū loa ʻo tailless e pili ana i kēia. ʻO kēia ka hana a ko lākou lolo, hiki ʻole ke hoʻopaʻa i ka hala a hoʻomanaʻo i ka liʻiliʻi ma kahi kekona.

Nā nāhelehele i hopu ʻia

Hiki i ka mea uka ke holo mālie a mālie. Kahi neʻe ka neʻe ʻana ma mua o nā palena o ka makaʻikepili o ka frog a ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ma o kahi mea paʻa. A ʻo ka nahesa i hele i ka ʻoihana e ʻike pono ia. Akā ʻoi aku ka alelo o ka nahesa i ka lewa, ʻike maikaʻi ka mea pōʻino. I ka nui a me ke ʻano o kona neʻe, like a like me kahi lele. "Ke lele nei" kokoke mai nei a ua mākaukau ka mea lawaiʻa e hopu iā ia. Kahi manawa - a lele ka frog ma ka mea o kona ʻimi e make ai i ka make, ʻaʻole ka manaʻo ka mana maoli kēia mea maoli. No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hana ʻono o ka wiwo frog, ua hōʻole ka poʻeʻepekema i ka ʻike o nā nahe a hypnotizing.

Ma ke ala, aia nā maka i kahi mea nui i ke ola o kēia mau amphibians. Hoʻokomo lākou i ... digestion. I mea e huki hou i ka meaʻai i loko o ka waha, pono lākou e kīmū a pēhi i nā lihilihi o luna, a i ʻole ʻaʻole e hana. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka wā hiamoe, e pani iki i ko lākou mau maka wale nō i kahi manawa pōkole.

He ʻuhane? Maʻalahi!

Hiki i nā pōkuhi ke hanu i kekahi mea. Wahi a ke ʻano, hiki iā lākou ke hana a me ko lāua mau puʻuwai, a me ko lākou puʻupuʻu, a me ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o ko lākou ʻano kupaianaha, e pili ana i nā mea he nui aʻe i ʻike ʻia. Akā, ʻaʻohe o lākou mau pu. Hana ka ʻākala a me nā waha i kā lākou hana ma luna o ka ʻāina, akā inā e hoʻopalulu ʻia ke kuʻi i ka wai, hōʻailona ka ʻili i ka pā o ka ʻona a me ka ʻōnaehana. ʻO nā ʻaumia māmā he nui i pili i ke kino, a hiki iā lākou ke hāʻawi i ke kino me ka oxygen no nā manawa lōʻihi, ʻo ia ka hana e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia e hoʻopili ʻia e ka ʻili. Eia kekahi, hiki i ka ʻili ke hanu ma luna o kona iho, synthesizing oxygen i ka wai. ʻO kēia ka mea i ka lalo ma ke kumukūʻai o ke anuanu holoʻokoʻa i kahi kūlana o ke kōkana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia, i ka wā e hele ai ke neʻe ʻana o ka lewa ma ke ʻano wikiwiki.

ʻO nā hōʻailona o ka waiwai, nā lei a me ke ola mau loa.

I koʻEulopa kahiko, ʻo kēia mau ʻaumia he hōʻailona no ke alahouana a me ke ola mau loa. He mea maʻamau ka moʻomine iā lākou me ka mea i make a waiho pū me ia i loko o ka hale kupapaʻu, i mea e kōkua ai i ke ola hou.

ʻO ka mea ʻike, ma muli kēia o ka hiki ke hāʻule i loko o kahi kūlana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka wā hoʻoilo maloʻo, a hoʻi hou i ke ola hou i ka pūnāwai. ʻIke ia, i ka ʻāpana ʻākau o ʻAigupita i lawa ka nui o ka hoʻoilo, no laila hiki i ka poʻe ke nānā i kēia ʻano hiki ʻole ke ʻike iā lākou.

Hāʻawi ʻia ka hana hoʻohanohano i nā pōlani ma Iapana, kahi a lākou i hōʻike ai i ka hiki ke kahakaha maikaʻi. Ma Kina, a laila hoʻi i ʻEulopa, aia kahi manaʻo e kiʻi ke kiʻi o nā amphibians i ʻekolu hoʻoneʻe i ka waiwai i loko o ka hale a pale i ka poʻe e noho ana i loko.

No ke aha e ulu ai nā rana i nā wāwae ʻē aʻe?

ʻO ka haʻalele ʻana o kekahi wāwae i ka hōʻailona o ka waiwai e hiki ke wehewehe e like me kāu e makemake ai (e like me ke kūʻauhau, lawe ʻia ka ʻehā e Buddha no nā hewa), akā ʻo ka poʻe me nā papa ʻē aʻe he mea kānalua nā kūpuna e nā ʻepekema, a hana hewa lākou i ka pau ʻole kemika. Ka mea, ua lilo ka poʻe amphibians i nā mea ulu ʻole i komo ʻole i loko o ka wai, i nā mea make a Ribeiroia, he puʻuwai paʻakikī ia e hoʻomaka ana i loko o nā snails. Ke ulu aʻe nei, ke ʻimi nei lākou i kahi mea hou hou, e lilo ai i iʻa a i ʻole he tagpole. A mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka tadpole i ka ulu ʻana i ka wāwae, ua hoʻomōhū ʻia ke kaʻina hana o nā molekela hou a lalahala i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kino, e hoʻokūkū ai i nā limu hou. ʻO ka nui o nā wāwae e ʻike ʻia e ka ʻaka ma kahi kanaka he 10 mau ʻāpana ma kēlā ʻaoʻao.

No ke aha e hoʻolei i nā baki i ka waiū?

ʻO ka hana maoli i nā wā kahiko, he hana maʻamau, ʻike nui. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ia e pale i ka amphibian anuanu i ka hoʻomakeʻa o ka huahana, a no laila e hoʻomoe ana i kona hōʻona. I ka haʻaleleʻana o nā mea pani, ua hoʻāpono ʻia kēia. Hoʻohana ʻia kahi hanana hana maʻemaʻe-e like me nā Russia, akā i ka nui o nā ʻāina ʻē a me ʻEulopa.

No ka manawa lōʻihi ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia he kupanaha, akā ʻaʻole maoli ka waiū i ka wai a makemake nā mea loea i ka hanana. Ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka loaʻa o ka ʻili o ka amphibian i nā pūpū kūikawā e hiki ai ke hana i nā antibiotics kūlohelohe, me ka ʻole o ka hiki ʻole ke hele i loko o kahi pāʻai, akā hoʻi i nā tropics. Ma muli o nā maʻi fungal a me nā maʻi maʻi, no kēia mau ʻano he paradaiso ma ka honua, ʻaʻohe o ka manawa a nā māpholi e nānā a puni, e like me kā lākou i uhi ʻia me ka mauʻu. Hoʻololi hou nā ʻano antibiotika kūlohelohe i ka noho maʻamau. Ma nā poʻe amphibians, e lele ana i ko mākou kai kūlohelohe, ʻaʻole ikaika lākou, akā, ʻo nā peptides a nā ʻili i hana ai i ka hana antimicrobial e pale ai i kekahi mau leka o ka waiū mai ka ulu ʻana.

Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻai, akā ʻaʻole hiki i kou paʻi

ʻO kekahi o nā ikaika loa (a e like me kekahi hōʻike, ʻo ka ikaika loa) he wahi pōʻai o ka mea ola no nā holoholona he mucus o kahi pōkole Kolombia Kola, nona ke kūpaʻa ʻaʻole eʻoi aku i ka 1 g a me ke kiʻekiʻe o 3 cm. Akā, ʻo kahi mea like i lawa ke pepehi iā 1,500 poʻe. Ma ka manawa like, ʻaʻohe ʻino kāna ʻāʻī i ka wā e ʻai ai, akā ʻo ka mea liʻiliʻi loa i loaʻa i ka pahi e hōʻeha koke ai i ka maʻi pākahi. ʻAʻohe mea lapaʻau i laila. Ma ke ala, ʻaʻole ʻike ka organisme amphibian pehea e hoʻopili ai i ka ʻona; ua komo ia me ka meaʻai.

Ua loaʻa i nā poʻe Kina Chocolate Keʻokeʻo ka nui o nā kope o ka niu i loko o ka ulu lāʻau a hoʻopaʻa iā lākou ma luna o ke ahi no ka mea, e hele mai ka ʻāʻī ma luna o ka ʻili, a ma hope o kā lākou ʻā ʻana i nā pua. I ka wā e maloʻo ai, mālama ʻo ia i kāna mau waiwai a hiki i 15 mau makahiki.

ʻO nā ʻike ʻē aʻe e pili ana i nā baki

• Ma nāʻaoʻao o ka Amazon, aia kahi ʻano holoholona i hānau ʻia ai nā kāne he 10 mau manawa ma mua o nā wahine. No laila, i ka manawa mare, ʻaʻole pono lākou e koho, ke hoʻāʻo nei lākou e hōʻiliʻili ʻaʻole wale ka poʻe ola, akā ʻo nā wahine make. Ma ka ʻōlelo ʻepekema, ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻano ʻoiana "necrophilia hoʻoikaika ʻia."
• Aia kekahi ʻokoʻa kahi e ulu ʻole ai nā cubs me nā makahiki, akā e hōʻemi. ʻOiai ʻaʻole eʻoi aku nā mākua o ka tadpole i 6 cm ka lōʻihi, hiki iā ia ke loaʻa i kahi "kiʻekiʻe" a hiki i 25 cm.
• ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana mai i nā hua i ka pākeke a pili loa i 30 mau pae, e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hoʻopiha maoli i ke ola ma kahi ʻokoʻa.
• ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā maka e nā kukui a me ke kua ʻana. Hiki i kekahi mau ʻano ke kūpono i kēia mau mea me ko lākou kala.
• Ke hoʻokokoke nei nā ʻenemi, ʻokoʻa nā ʻano ʻāpana like ʻole. No ka mea la, kahi lichen copepod (mossy frog) e piʻipiʻi nei a hōʻole ʻē iā ia iho. Akā ʻo ka pale kaua 13-sentimeter e hoʻokūkū ʻokoʻa i ka ʻenemi. Hoʻopuka ʻo ia i kona mau wāwae i nā ʻaoʻao, hoʻopuka i kona ʻōpū, hāmama i kona waha a hoʻomaka i ka ʻāʻī, ʻāwili i ka ʻenemi.
• ʻAʻole huluhulu lauoho huluhulu nona ka lauoho maoli, akā ulu nā mea hōʻeha o ka ʻili i ka wā o ka huki (nā kāne). Akā ʻo ka mea kupanaha loa loa ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka hānau ʻana me ka ʻole o ka pale, maʻalahi lākou e hana iā lākou ma luna o lākou iho. No ka hana i kēia, hōʻili wale lākou i nā manamana lima a me nā iwi i nā ʻāpana hāwili i ka ʻili. Ano, ua kahiko kaua lākou! ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole mai nā Kamerona ʻāina, makemake nui e ʻai i ka palaoa, ka mea i manaʻo ʻia he mea maikaʻi ʻole i kēia mau wahi.
• ʻO ka ʻogetika i ulaula, me kona ʻano he ʻāpana maikaʻi loa, ʻeli i nā lua a hele koke i ka hohonu o 3 m a i ʻole. Ma laila e loaʻa ai iā ia ka makona e pono ai. Eia nō hoʻi, he mau kuleana koʻikoʻi nā lālā o nā ʻano. Ke loaʻa nei o hua, hele hou ka wahine ma lalo o ke kula, ʻaʻole mālama pono i ka mea e hiki mai ai i ka hua. Akā, e like me kona makuakāne.

• Kuhi ʻia kekahi kiʻi like ʻole me nā polan Darwin. Pēlā ka hana ʻana o ka wahine ia, akā noho ka makuakāne ma kahi kokoke i ka masonry a hiki i ka wā ka puka mai nā hua manu. Ke waiho nei ʻo ia iā lākou me kāna alelo, hoʻāla ʻo ia iā lākou a pau i kāna ʻāʻī ʻāʻī, kahi āna e lawe ai iā lākou i ka uku o kāna mau kumu a pau kā lākou paʻa ʻana.
• I kahi wahi ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe, lohe kekahi amphibian i nā ʻōpū like ʻole - nā pūpū a me nā iwi o nā pepeiao o loko, a me nā iwi a me nā iwi o nā limana ma o ka lū ʻana o ka lepo.
• He mau niho no ka baki, akā, ʻaʻole like me lākou, ʻaʻole. Eia naʻe, pono wale lākou i nā niho ke hiki i ka laka i ka ʻai i loko o ko lākou waha a hiki i ka nānā ʻana o nā maka kuʻekuʻe i loko.
• Loaʻa i nā lāʻau mauʻu pūnaewele i nā wāwae pūnaewele e kōkua iā lākou e lele. ʻOiaʻiʻo, hiki ke kapa ʻia i kēia ʻano lele, akā hiki iā lākou ke hoʻolālā no nā wahi lōʻihi.
• ʻO nā 5000 amphibians i hōʻike ʻia e nā mea ola lāʻau, ʻo 88% he mau baki.
• Ua hoʻohana ʻia lākou ma 11% o ka hana hoʻohuli ʻana i nā hanohano Nobel i ka mahele o ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ke ʻano biology.
• Hōʻike ka loea kaulana e kūʻē i ka angina e pono ʻoe e hopu i kahi kuahiwi nui loa, e lawe mai i kou waha a hana pū me ia. Wahi a ka moʻolelo, e make koke ka holoholona, ​​a ola ke kanaka maʻi. ʻAʻole pehea ka ʻike o kēia ʻie aʻoaʻo, akā ua ola ʻo ia ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli.

Hiki iā mākou ke ola me lākou?

E noʻonoʻo palaka! No ke aha e pono ai nā kānaka iā lākou? ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, aia ma kahi liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ke kumu e ʻano maikaʻi ai mākou me ka ʻole o lākou.

• E hoʻomoe ka hoʻolālā ʻana i kekahi mau wahi i ka ʻepekema. ʻAʻole wale ka mea i loko o ke kumu no ka hoʻomākaukau. Loaʻa iā mākou ma kahi o 1.5 tausani mau moʻa genetic, hiki iā mākou ke noi i ka pathology a me nā hopena o nā mea like ʻole ma ke kino kanaka. No ka laʻana, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia i kēia mau amphibians i aʻo ʻia ka maʻi o Alzheimer.
• Kōkua lākou i ka kaohi i nā mea o nā kino wai, e hōʻemi ana i ka nui o nā algae. Ke ʻole o lākou, make ka iʻa mai ka nele o ke oxygen, hoʻokahe ka wai a lilo i pōʻino.
• ʻO kēia mau amphibians he mea nui ia o ke kaulahao meaʻai.
• Ma waho o lākou, e hoʻonui ka nui o nā mea inikua maikaʻi ʻole.
• E ulu ka hopena ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻo ia kahi hopena o ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka nui o nā pepeke, ʻoiai no ka nele nā ​​mea kanu.
• ʻO kekahi kumu e pili pū me nā iniseti, lawe lākou i nā maʻi pathogenic, ʻo ia ka mea e loaʻa hou ai ka maʻi.

Eia nō naʻe, inā e pili ana kēia mau luhi a leʻaleʻa maikaʻi ʻole e nānā i nā holoholona, ​​e lilo nā mai a ka lū, ʻoi aku paha ka liʻiliʻi o nā pilikia e kū ai kekahi kanaka.