ʻO nā pōkole o ka honua kahi e noho ai ka honua Seismic (Greek seismos - ʻōlaʻi) i waena o nā papa lithospheric, kahi i hōʻike ʻia e ka haʻalulu nui a me nā ʻōlaʻi maʻamau, a he mau wahi o ka neʻe ʻana o ka lua pele ikaika. ʻO ka lōʻihi o nā kai seismic he mau tausani mau kilomita. Ua pili kēia mau ʻāpana i nā kime hohonu ma ka ʻāina, a ma ka moana i nā kahawai waena-moana a me nā wahi hohonu hohonu i kēia manawa, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāpana ʻelua: ʻo ka latitudinal Mediterranean-Trans-Asian a me ka meridional Pacific. E pili ana ka hana ma ka moana Seismic i nā wahi o ka ulu ʻana o ka mauna a me ka lua pele. Ke pili nei kēia kaila ma kahi o 15% o nā ʻōlaʻi āpau ma ka honua, kahi hohonu hohonu o ka manawa i waena, akā hiki ke loaʻa kahi pōʻino loa. ʻO nā mokona moana kai e pili ana i nā mokupuni o Aleutian, Alaska, Kuril Islands, Kamchatka, ko ʻApelipoli Filipina, Iapana, New Zealand, Hawaiʻi ʻAmelika, a me ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻAmelika Hema e noho nei ma kēia kāʻei o ka moana. Ma neʻe pinepine mai ka ʻōlaʻi me nā kumu poʻomanaʻo subcrustal o nā hopena, ka hopena o ka hopena a me ka hōʻeuʻeu ʻana i ka mai tsunami. ʻO ka lālā hikina o ke kāʻei o ka Pakiki i puka mai i ka ʻaoʻao kahakai o Kamchatka, e hoʻopuni ana i nā mokupuni ʻo Aleutian, e holo ana ma ke kahakai komohana o ʻAmelika a me ʻAmelika Hema a hoʻopau i ka piko o Antilles Hema. Ke ʻike ʻia nei ka seismity kiʻekiʻe ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka lālā o ka Pakipika a ma Kaleponi o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻOi aku ka lula ʻana i ka Seismism i Central a me ʻAmelika Hema, akā hiki ke ʻō ʻia aʻe nā kai ikaika i loko o kēia mau wahi.ʻO ke kumu Komohana o ke kai kūlima a ka Pākīpika e holo nei mai Molikaea a hala, hele ma waena o ke kai Banda, Nicobar a me ka ʻAha ʻAha i ka Andraman Archipelago. Wahi a nā kānaka ʻepekema, pili ke kihi komohana ma waena o Burma me ka kāʻei o Trans-Asian. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka nui o nā ʻōlaʻi kūhelu subcrustal ma nā wahi o ke lālā komohana o ke kāʻei kai holo moana. Aia ka ʻaoʻao hohonu ma lalo o ke kai o Okhotsk ma ka mokupuni ʻo Iapana a me Kuril, a laila moe ka ʻaoʻao hohonu i ke komohana hema, e kahe ana i ka moana o Iapana ma nā Mokupuni ʻo Mariana. Ma kahi o 5% o nā lulu a pau e hele ana ma kēia mau wahi. Paʻi maila ke kai hele mai o ke Kai Kaiaka ma Greenland, i ka hema ma ke kahawai o ka wai kai ma waena o Mid-Atlantic a hoʻopau i nā mokupuni o Tristan da Cugna. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā pupuhi ikaika ma aneʻi. ʻO ka hui o ke kai holo moana ma ke kai Komohana ʻĀina holo i ka ʻAmelika Aria ma ka hema, a laila i ke kūkulu hema ma ka hohonu o ka wai i Antarctica. Eia, e like me ka mokuʻo Arctic, hiki mai nā ʻōlaʻi liʻiliʻi me nā iwi pāpiki. Loaʻa nā kāʻei hoʻihoʻi o ka honua i kahi o lākou e ʻike ʻia ana e nā poloka nui o ka ʻōpala o nā honua - nā ʻenehana i kūkulu ʻia i ka wā kahiko. I kekahi manawa hiki iā lākou ke komo i ko lākou ʻāina. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia, pili ka hūnā i nā kāʻei seismic e pili pono ana i nā hemahema o ka ʻōpala o ka honua, i ka wā kahiko a me nā ʻano hou.

Ma kēia ʻatikala, e haʻi mākou iā ʻoe e pili ana i ka kaila pāheʻe o ka Alpine-Himalayan, no ka mea, ua pili pū ʻia ka mōʻaukala holoʻokoʻa o ke ʻano o ka hoʻomau i ke ʻano o nā ʻano a me ke ʻano o nā hōʻike hoʻomohala a me ka neʻe ʻana o ka holomua o ka honua. Nā ʻōpala o ka honua, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ke kuʻi ʻana o nā ʻāpana tectonic a me nā kuahiwi mauna i loko. Kēia mau hana hoʻonāukiuki e kū mai ana i ka pahū o ka honua i kapa ʻia nā hewa a me nā kīʻaha, kēlā me ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā horsts a me nā hopu. Ke neenee nei ka neʻe ʻana o nā papa tectonic me ka hōʻike nui ʻana i ka seismic a me nā pelu lua pele. He ʻekolu mau ʻano o ka pihi pālani:
1. Ua ʻōwahi ʻia nā papa pākuʻu ikaika e kū i kekahi, e hoʻokumu ana i nā kuahiwi, ma nā kaona a me ka ʻāina.
2. Ka launa pū ʻana i nā papa meʻe i loko o ka moʻo, kahi e hana ai nā ʻoki o ke kaʻo o ke ʻano i loko o ka honua.
3. ka neʻe ʻana o nā papa tectonic i waena o lākou iho, no laila hana i nā hewa hewa.
ʻO nā kāʻei o ka hana nui seismic o ka honua e pili ana i ka pili me ka laina o ka pilina o nā neʻe papa tectonic. Aia nā ʻano nui ʻelua:
1. Alpine - Himalayan seismic belt
2. Ke kāʻei pale kaiʻai.

Ma lalo iho mākou e noho ai i ka kāʻei kaiahi hoʻāla Alpine-Himalayan, e kaawale ana mai nā kuahiwi ʻo Paniolo a hiki i nā Pamirs, ʻoi aku hoʻi me nā kuahiwi o Farani, nā kuahiwi o ke kikowaena a me ke kūkulu hema o ʻEulopa, ʻo kona hikina a me nā ʻaoʻao hou aku - nā Carpathians, nā mauna o Caucasus a me nā Pamir, a me nā hōʻike mele. Iran, India ʻĀkau, Turkey a me Burma. Ma kēia kahina o ka hōʻike ikaika o nā kaʻina tectonic, ʻo ka hapanui o nā ʻōlaʻi nui o ka lūlū, e lawe mai ana i nā pōʻino lehulehu i nā ʻāina e hāʻule ana i loko o ke kahawai o ka Alpine - Himalayan seismic belt. ʻO kēia luku kālaihana i nā kamaʻāina, nui o nā mea make, nā hewa ʻole o nā hana ʻoihana a pēlā aku ... No laila ma Kina, i ka makahiki 1566, he ikaika nui i ka ʻāina ʻo Gansu a me Shaanxi. I ka wā o ke ōlaʻi, ua make ma mua o 800 tausani kānaka, a ua luku ʻia nā kūlanakauhale he nui i ka maka o ka honua. ʻO Calcutta ma India, 1737 - he 400 tausani kānaka i make. 1948 - Ashgabat (Turkmenistan, USSR). Nā mea make - ʻoi aku ma mua o 100 tausani. 1988, ʻAmelika (USSR), i luku ʻia nā kūlanakauhale o Spitak a me Leninakan. Pepehi ʻia 25 tausani kānaka. Hiki iā ʻoe ke papa inoa i nā ʻōlaʻi ikaika loa ma Turkey, Iran, Romania, me ka luku nui a me nā mea i hōʻino ʻia. Ma kahi kokoke i kēlā me kēia lā, lawelawe nā lawelawe mālama seismic i nā haʻalulu nāwaliwali ma kahi o ka puni o ka seismic Alpine-Himalayan. Hōʻike lākou i ka hoʻōho o nā meahana i kēia mau wahi ʻaʻole i pau ka lōʻihi, ʻaʻole i pau ka neʻe o ka papa o ka papa tectonic, a ma hope o kekahi ʻōlaʻi ikaika, a i kahi e hopohopo hou ai ka puʻupuʻu o ka honua, ulu hou a hiki i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi, ma ia manawa, a ma hope paha - i ka hiki ʻole ʻana, aia kekahi hopena o ka ʻōpala o ka ʻōpala o ka honua, e hōʻea ai ka ʻōlaʻi.
ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole hiki i ka ʻepekema hou ke hoʻoholo pololei i ka wahi a me ka manawa o ka lūlū e hiki mai ana. Ma nā mea kikowaena ikaika e pili ana i ka ʻōpala o ka honua, he mau like ʻole ia, ʻoiai ka hoʻomau ʻia ke kaʻina o nā papa tectonic. Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻenehana kamepiula, me ka hiki ʻana o nā polokalamu kamepiula ikaika loa a me ka wikiwiki, e hoʻokokoke ka holo mua o ka mana a hiki i ka hana e hana ai i ka hana hoʻohālike o nā kaʻina hana ʻekika i mea e hiki ai i kahi koho kūpono loa ke koho pono ʻia i nā kihi o ka ʻōlaʻi e hiki mai ana. Hāʻawi kēia, e hāʻawi i kahi manawa no ke kanaka e mākaukau ai no kēlā mau pōʻino a kōkua aku i ka hōʻalo ʻana i nā nui lehulehu, a ʻo nā ʻenehana kūkulu hou a me ka hoʻohiki ʻana e hōʻemi i nā hopena pōʻino o nā ʻōlaʻi ikaika. Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia he mau kāʻei kai holo ma ka lewa e pili pū ana i nā mahi o ka lua pele. Ua hōʻike ʻia e ka ʻepekema ma ka hapanui o ka hana pili ka lua pele i ka hana seismic. E like me ke ōlaʻi, ʻo ka hana nui o ka lua pele e hoʻoweliweli loa i ka nohona kanaka. Noho ʻia nā lua pele he nui ma nā wahi ākea, me ka ʻoihana i kūkulu ʻia. Ke hū ka lua o ka lua pele. ʻO ka ʻoi aʻe ma luna nei, aia nā kaiāulu i loko o nā kai a me nā kai i hiki i ke kai eʻe mai i ke tsunami, ʻaʻole e mau i ke kahe ʻana o nā ʻāina i ke kahakai ʻoi aku ka lū. ʻO ia no ke kumu hana o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻano o ka nānā ʻana o ka hoʻokalakupua e neʻe ana i nā hana hoʻihoʻi kime.

Ke ʻana nei nā ʻōlaʻi ma ke poʻo o nā kuahiwi

ʻO ka poʻe ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻole i kēia pilikia e ʻike he mau wahi ma ka honua mākou iʻike pinepine ʻia i nā ʻōlaʻi. E nānā i ka International Seismological Report i paʻi ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki, me ka papa inoa o nā haunaele seismic no ka makahiki a hāʻawi i ko lākou mau ʻano. E ʻike koke ʻia mākou i ka hapanui o ka nui e ʻike ʻia nā lūlū o ka lūlū ma nā ʻāina o ke kahakai o ka Pakipika, nui i loko o Iapana a me Chile. Akā ʻaʻole hāʻawi kēia papa inoa i kahi kiʻi holoʻokoʻa o ka nui o nā mea hoʻonaninani seism, no ka mea ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike i ka nui a me nā ʻōlaʻi āpau, nui a liʻiliʻi hoʻi, kūlohelohe ma nā wāwae like ʻole. Eia naʻe ke akaka nei nō naʻe i loko o kēia hōʻino nui ka hoʻomāhuahua ʻana o nā ʻāina hoʻokele waiwai, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā seismographie i hopu i nā loli liʻiliʻi.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke kūʻē ʻia ka hōʻike maoli ʻana o ka hōʻike no ka lūlū pinepine e pili ana i ka lūlū ʻākau ma ka ʻekepono ma ka ʻaoʻao hema. Eia kekahi, ʻo kā mākou hemisphere e hōʻike ana i nā kahua o nā hanana nui nui: 90 ka nui o nā pōpilikia seismic e kūkulu ana ma ke kūkulu ʻākau o 30 degere hema latitude.

Eia ua loaʻa iā mākou ka hoʻolālā, kahi i kuhi ʻia ai nā hana o nā lulepa a pau i loko o ka International Seismological Report no 22 mau makahiki. Kūkulu ʻia kā mākou mau manaʻo: ua hoʻopili maoli ʻia nā kaiāulu i kekahi o nā ʻona kūloko a maopopo ʻole i ka pili ʻana i ka hapa nui o ka honua.

No ka nānā ʻana i kēia mau maka o ke kaiāulu, e ʻike mua ʻoe i kahi kaula (ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka māka) e hoʻomaka ana ma Kamchatka, holo ka ʻāina ʻo Iapana a iho mai i ka hikina, a laila ka iwi āheu e pili ana i ke kahakai o ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻAmelika Hema e hopu i kou maka (ma ka palapala ʻāina). ʻElua mau pāleka, hoʻokahi ʻAmelika, ʻo ʻAmelika kekahi, e hoʻokokoke ana ma ke kūkulu ʻākau, kokoke hoʻopuni piha ʻia ʻo ka Pakipika. ʻO kēia ka kāʻei holo kai lawaiʻa a ka Pākīpika. Ke hanana nei nā hanana hohonu hohonu loa, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka pīkolo ākea a me nā hana nui seismic waena.

Kuhi. 20. ʻO ka hūnā ʻana i nā haʻalulu heʻe ma ka 1913–1935 (e like me Koloni).

ʻO kekahi wahi e hana ai ka hana hoʻowalewale he kiko e hoʻomaka ana ma ka mokupuni o Sulawesi. Piʻi ʻo ia ma ka nupepa ʻo Indonesia, e kū ana mai ka hikina a i ke komohana, e hoʻopili ana i nā Himalaya, a laila hoʻomau i ka moana Mediterranean, Italia, Gibraltar a hele hou aku i nā Azores. Ua kapa ʻia kēia kāʻei he Eurasian, a i ʻole Alpine, no ka mea ua hoʻopili ʻia i kahi pā kula nui, ʻo kekahi o nā pilina o ia ʻano mea ʻo Alps. ʻO nā ʻōlaʻi nui he nui a puni ke kai o ka Pakipika, a i ʻole paha ma ke kaʻe o ka Eurasian.

Hoʻopili i nā mea nui ʻelua, ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana kai kūloko liʻiliʻi ma kahi e ulu wale ai nā ʻōlaʻi me nā kumulā puaʻa. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau pana e haki ana i ka waena o ka moana Atlantika a hiki i ka ʻArikika, ʻo ka mea ʻē aʻe e lihi ana mai ka ʻākau a i ke kūkulu hema ma ke Kaiʻula.

Ma kēia ʻano haʻahaʻa o ke kikowaena kūlohelohe e kū nei i ka nīnau: "No ke aha?"

ʻO ka pane ʻāpana mua i hāʻawi ʻia e Montessu de Ballore: ua aneane mau ʻia ʻo ia e nā mauna nui a i ʻole nā ​​ipu moana. ʻO nā ʻike pili i kēia e hoʻolako ʻia ana e ke ʻano nui o nā kahakai o ka Pakipika, kahi i hoʻonui ʻia ai nā peʻa hohonu, i ka holo ʻana o Tibet ma ka Himalaya a i Italia a me Greece paha, kahi e pili ana i nā kahawai o ka moana Mediterranean.

E kamaʻilio i kēia mau ʻike, e noʻonoʻo mākou i ka ʻike ʻana i nā mauna kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua i waena o ka muli loa. No ke aha mai? ʻAe, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ka hoʻomohala iā lākou e luku iā lākou. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo nā Himalaya, nā Alps, nā Andes, nā Pōhaku - ua puka lākou a pau i ka Tertiary, ʻo ia hoʻi, e pili ana i nā kaulike geological. Akā e ʻōlelo nei he ʻōpio kēia mau mauna, ʻike mākou e ulu nei lākou i ke ulu ʻana o ka ulu. A ʻo kēia ke ʻano like ʻole lākou i nā hana i hoʻopiha ʻia a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, me nā Vosges a i ʻole ka Central Massif, e kūkulu mau ana. Hiki paha i hoʻokahi miliona mau makahiki ma mua o ka pau ʻana o kā lākou kūkulu. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo nā kālai alpine āpau - nā Alps, nā Himalaya, nā Andes a me nā Rockies i hoʻomau mau ʻia. I nā geosynclines kahiko, kahi i puka ai ka hale mauna alpine, e hoʻomau a komo nā pelahona, a piʻi nā ʻāpana o nā ʻāpana.

No laila, ʻaʻohe mea kānalua i ka wā e hoʻomau nei kēia kaʻina hana i kēlā me kēia manawa i nā manawa, nā papa o nā pōhaku, e ʻike nui ana i ka ʻāʻī nui, nahā, kīwaha a loaʻa mai kahi ʻōla. ʻO ia ke kumu e hoʻomau nei ka kaʻina lipole, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua lilo nā mauna ʻōpio a i kā lākou mau embryos, i lilo i wahi punahele nui o nā ʻōlaʻi.

ʻAʻole kēia i wehewehe i ka hana o ke kai holo ʻana ʻaʻole ma ka pili o nā kuahiwi kiʻekiʻe, akāʻo ka hohonu o ke kaumaha. E hoʻomanaʻo he mau mea ʻole kēia mau mea haʻalulu ma lalo o ka wai. ʻO ke kūpeʻe mau loa ʻo Geosynclines, a me nā huaʻala e hōʻuluʻulu ʻia i loko o lākou i nā mea āpau ma muli o ka nele o ka nui, ua paʻa a hoʻopili ʻia i nā ʻāpana, e hana ana i nā "kumu" o nā mauna e hiki mai ana. ʻO ia hōʻiliʻili ʻana a me ka uʻi ʻana i nā ʻāpana o ka pōhaku palupalu, ʻaʻohe o ke koʻikoʻi a me ka wā, e hana ai ke ōlaʻi.

Ke kālika ʻōkuhi o ka Pākīpika

Hāʻawi ka ʻekikika kahikena Pākīpika i nā hiʻohiʻona ākea loa a he nui nā hiʻohiʻona o kēia hana lalo o ke kula, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā mauna kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole nā ​​kaumaha nui i lalo o ka wai. Ua pili paha ka pilina o kēia ʻāina me nā hewa, nā palaki a me nā ʻano pectonic a pau ʻole i hoʻāʻo ʻia e ka mea i hoʻohui ʻia me ke kani ahi o ka Pākīpika? E hoʻomanaʻo i ke kaulahao o nā lua pele i ka moana. I ka laau. Hōʻike ke kiʻina 21 i ke kāʻei o ka Pākīlika holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa, a e hoʻāʻo mākou e wehewehe pōkole iā ia, e hoʻomaka ana mai ka hema, a hiki i ka ʻula.

Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia kāʻei i ka Pole Hema e like me ka hōʻike ma ka palapala? ʻAʻole kēlā i ʻike i kēia, ʻoiai hiki nō paha ke neʻe manawa a me ke ʻano o ka hana moana ma Antarctica, a laila e hōʻea aku i ka mokupuni ʻo Macquarie a me New Zealand, kahi i kū pinepine ai nā ʻōlaʻi ikaika. Ma 1855, ma New Zealand, ua hoʻopau ke ōlaʻi me kahi hewa o ka ʻewalu 140 mau lōʻihi a ua hoʻolei ʻia kahi 3 mika. ʻO ka haʻalulu ikaika o 1929 a me 1931, hoʻomālamalama nui i kēia hewa a hōʻino.

Kuhi. 21. ʻO ka ʻĀkau o ka Pākīpika ʻo ia nā wahi i kū i ka ʻōlaʻi, akā ua puni ʻia e ia i ke kāʻei kai holo moana (e like me Gutenberg a me Richter).

1 - mau wahi kū i ka ʻāina (kūlau i ka lūlū), 2 - pāpaho pāpaku, 3 - foci waena. 4

Mai Niihau mai, piʻi ke kāʻei i nā mokupuni o Tonga, a laila iho mau i ke komohana a hiki i New Guinea. Eia, mai ka mokupuni o Sulawesi, he mau ʻaukā, ke kū mai i ka ʻākau. Hele kekahi lālā i nā mokupuni o Caroline, Mariana a me Bonin, ʻo kā kekahi - i ka ʻĀina Pilipini a me Taiwan. ʻO kēia hope ka hōʻailona ʻana i ka pohō nui o ka moana, kahi i huhū nui ai ka ʻōlaʻi ikaika loa. Kūkulu ʻia kekahi lālā e nā alawai o ke kai, nā kihi kahi e hoʻohālikelike ai i luna o ka honua i loko o ke ʻano o nā moku ʻo Caroline, Marian and Bonin. Ma waena o kēia mau lālā ʻelua, ʻo ke kai Pākīpika e like me ke kai kūʻono i kahi lalo paʻa, ka seismic passivity e hoʻohālikelike ana me ka hana frenetic o ke kāʻei puni. Nui ka hoʻomanaʻo i ka pōʻino o ka moana i hōʻino ʻia e Taiwan ma ka lā Malaki 17, 1906, me ka luku ʻana i nā ola he 1,300 a me ka luku ʻana i nā hale 7,000, a ʻo ia hoʻi ka lū i loko o Pilipinas i 1955, i ka wā i nalowale ai ke kauhale holoʻokoʻa ma lalo o ka loko.

Hoʻohui nā mau lālā ʻelua i ka ʻākau kokoke i ka mokupua ʻo Iapana a hoʻonui i nā kahakai hikina. Ma nā ʻāpana hohonu hoʻi i loaʻa i laila, ʻaʻole mākou e noʻonoʻo ʻia i ka hana nui o ke ʻano he nui o kēia wahi. E haʻi aku mākou ma ka makahiki 1918 a 1954 ua helu ʻo Gutenberg i nā lū he 122 o ka nui 7 a ʻoi aʻe hoʻi i kēia wahi (me Northeast China, Taiwan a me ke kūkulu hema o nā Kuril Islands), he 85 o lākou he pehu paʻa a 17 mau poʻe me ka puʻupuʻu hohonu.

Ma o nā mokupuni ʻo Kuril, holo ʻē aʻe ka ʻekekika o ka Pakipika. Hoʻopili i ke kai, i hele ma ke kahakai hikina o Kamchatka a me nā mokupuni ʻo Aleutian. He pā heihei o nā mokupuni e hoʻopuni ana i nā wahi hohonu loa kahi e ulu nui ai nā ʻōlaʻi a me nā tsunami. ʻO nā lūlū hou (1957) i kahi ʻano o nā haʻalulu me ka nui 8. ʻAʻole i pau kēia mau ʻōhū no nā mahina ʻeono. Ua hoʻohui ʻia ke kaulahao o ka mokupuni ʻo Aleutian i kahi kaiāulu ikaika ma Asia me kahi ʻāpana ʻole i ka hana o ʻAmelika ma kēia. E hoʻomaka kākou me Alaska. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻōlaʻi ma laila ma Yakutat Bay i ka makahiki 1899, ʻaʻole i hōʻeha he nui ka poʻomanaʻo, akā ua hāʻawi ʻia i kahi hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻololi o ka hoʻomaha. Ua kū i kahi kuahiʻo hou (kiʻekiʻe loa o 14 mau mika) ma kēia wahi a kūleʻa i kahi pālahalaha. ʻO ka haunaele seismic me ka nui o 8.5 i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā seismographs o nā kahua āpau ma ka honua.

Mai Alaska a i Mexico, holo ke kāʻei i ke kahakai kahakai, akā ka neʻe i ka neʻe i ke kai, no laila ʻo ka lūlū ma aneʻi, ʻoiai ka hopena pinepine ʻia, ʻaʻole e hōʻemi ʻia ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia. ʻAʻole mākou e noho ma ka lawehala o kēia mau wahi, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma Kaleponi, i kahi o ka nui i ʻōlelo ʻia, akā e ʻike nā mea e hiki mai ana ma Mexico. ʻO nā ʻōlaʻi ma Mexico kahi kumu i liʻiliʻi ʻole ai, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou e make ma laila. Ua kū mai ka ʻōlaʻi ikaika ma Mekiko i ka makahiki 1887 a i ka 1912. Ke ʻākau o ka ʻāina (ka mokuʻāina ʻo Sonora) ma hope o ke kai ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o nā hewa a me nā pio.

ʻO nā kāʻei holo kai nui nui loa o ka honua

ʻO kēlā mau wahi o ka honua kahi i pili ai nā papa lithospheric i pili i kekahi me kekahi e kapa ʻia nā kāʻei seismic.

Kuhi 1. ka nui o nā wahi e pili ana i ka honua. Aʻoaʻo24 - ke hoʻololi pūnaewele no ka hana o nā haumāna

ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui o kēia mau wahi i hoʻonui ʻia ka neʻe, e hoʻopiʻi pinepine i ka lū a me nā lua pele.

ʻO kēia mau hiʻohiʻona he lōʻihi a lōʻihi loa, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kānāwai, e kau ana no nā mauʻumi kaukani mau mile.

Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā kāʻei hoʻihoʻi nui loa - ʻelua kahi ākea i ka latitude, ʻo kekahi - ma ke ka meridian, i.e. lele i ka mea mua.

Ua kapa ʻia ke kāʻei holo Seismic ma ka Pōkeka-Trans-Āsia a ua puka mai i loko o ke Kaiwaeneka, a hōʻea i kona kihi ma waena o ka moana Atlantika.

Aia ka ʻāina kaiʻai ma ka ʻaoʻao Kai ma ke Kai Kūʻai a me nā mauna kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka Hema ʻEulopa ma waena o North Africa a me Asia Minor. Eia kekahi, hele ke kāʻei i ka Caucasus a me Iran a ma waena o Central Asia hele i Himalayas.

Hoʻopau i ka hana ma kahi kumuhana like

Ke hana ikaika nei ma kēia wahi ʻo nā Carpathians Romania, Iran, Balochistan.

Aia ka hana maʻa kai ma loko o ke kai kūlaki a me ke kai moana, a komo i loko o ka moana Arctic.

I ke kahakai Atlantika, hele ka ʻāina kaiʻai ma Sepania a me ke Kaiʻula, a ma ke Kaiʻula ʻo India e holo i Arabia a i ka hema a me ke kūkulu hema i Antarctica.

ʻO ka lua o ke kāʻei holo moana ʻo ka Pākīpika, ʻo ia ka mea ikaika e ola ai a me nā moʻolelo no 80% o nā ʻōlaʻi a me ka lua o ka lua pele.

ʻO ka ʻāpana nui o kēia kāʻei, aia ma lalo o ka wai, akā aia nō hoʻi nā wahi ʻāina, no ka laʻana, ʻo ka Mokupuni ʻo Hawaiʻi, kahi e mau ai ka ʻōlaʻi ma muli o ka haki ʻana i ka ʻōpala o ka honua.

E pili ana i ke kāʻei holo moana o ka Pākīpika i nā pōkole haʻahaʻa o ka honua - Kamchatka, nā mokupuni ʻo Aleutian.

E holo ana ke kāʻei i ke kahakai komohana o ʻAmelika a hoʻopau i ka piko o Antilles Hema a me nā wahi a pau ma kēia laina e ʻike ikaika nei i ka haʻalulu.

I loko o kēia wahi kūpono ʻole, aia ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.

Aia nā wahi o ka seismicity mahele ma ka honua, a ma kekahi mau wahi, ʻaʻole i lohe iki ʻia. Akā ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe i hiki i nā leo ke hiki i ko lākou nui, akā he mea maʻamau kēia mau wahi i lalo o ka wai.

Aia nā wahi ma ka moana kīkīlani ma loko o ke kaona Atlantika a me ka Pākīpika, aia i ka Arctic a ma kekahi mau wahi o ka Moana Inikua.

Hiki i nā haʻalulu ikaika ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina o nā wai āpau.

Hoʻomau

ʻO nā wahi kihi Seismic o ka honua i kapa ʻia kahi wahi e pili ai nā papa lithospheric o ka honua i kekahi me kekahi. I loko o kēia mau wahi, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai nā kāʻei o ka honua, i ka nui o ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻōpala o ka honua, ka hana a ka lua pele ma muli o ke kaʻina hana o ke kuahiwi, e mau ana no ka millennia.

Pono ka lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o kēia mau kāʻei - ke kāʻei nei nā kāʻei mau tausani he mau mile.

Hoʻohālikelike hāmeʻa Kākoʻo Seism

Hoʻokumu ʻia nā kāʻei hoʻihoʻi ma ka wana o nā papa lithospheric.

ʻO ka Meridian Pacific Ridge kekahi o ka nui loa, ma ka lōʻihi o ke ana kahi i loaʻa ai kekahi nui o nā kiʻekiʻe mauna.

ʻO ke kikowaena o ka hopena ma aneʻi, he subcrustal, no laila e pālahalaha aku nei i nā lōʻihi lōʻihi. He lālā Seismic ikaika loa i ka lālā ʻākau.

ʻO nā pīkole e ʻike ʻia ma aneane o ke kapakai o Kaleponi. Aia ʻo Kapalakiko a me Los Angeles, aia ma kēia wahi, he ʻano hoʻomohala ʻano hale, a ʻo nā hale kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe wale nō i ka wahi o ka mau kūlanakauhale.

I ka ʻaoʻao southerly, lilo ka lalo o ka lālā ma lalo a ma ke kahakai komohana o ʻAmelika Hema e nawaliwali. Akā naʻe, mālama ka mālamaʻana i nā fīlaha subekika.

ʻO kekahi lālā o ka Ridge Pacific kahi East, e hoʻomaka ana i ke kahakai o Kamchatka. Ma waho aku, hele aku ia ma ka mokupuni o Aleutian, holo iā ʻAmelika a hoʻopau i nā Falklands.

ʻO ka lulu ma loko o kēia ʻāpana i liʻiliʻi i ka ikaika, no laila, ʻaʻole kahi catastrophic.

Aia nō nā ʻāina mokupuni a me nā Caribbean kekahi i ka wahi o ka mokulima Antilles, kahi i ʻike ʻia ai nā ʻōlaʻi he nui.

I ko mākou manawa, ua mālie ke aniani o ka honua a me nā haʻalulu o ke kanaka, e lohe maoli ana, ʻaʻole ka palena o ka ola.

I ka hōʻaʻike ʻia o kēia mau kāʻei kai holo moana ma ka palapala honua, hiki i kekahi ke ʻike i kahi ʻano kuʻuna i nā kahawai, kahi e kū nei ma kēia - nā lālā hikina o ka Pākīpika Ridge e holo ana i kahakai komohana o North and South America, a e hoʻomaka ana kāna lālā komohana ma ka mokupuni ʻo Kuril, hele ma Iapana a ua māhele ʻia i loko o ʻāpana ʻelua. . ^ E Ha yM.

ʻO ke ʻano hoʻohuli o ke koho ʻia nā inoa o kēia mau seismic i kahi ʻē aʻe.

Ua kapa ʻia nā lālā i haʻalele mai Iapana mai "Western" a me "Eastern", akā, ma kēia hana, ua pili ko lākou pilina ma ke ʻano he kānāwai no ka mea maʻamau.

ʻO ka lālā hikina ma mua, e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, e hele i ka hikina - ma New Guinea a hiki i Aotearoa, e uhi i nā kahakai o nā Mokupuni o Filipina, Burma, nā mokupuni hema o Thailand a pili i ka kāʻei ʻo ka Mūkini-Trans-Asian.

Hōʻike ʻia kēia ʻāpana i nā haʻalulu ikaika, pinepine o kahi mea ʻino.

No laila, pili nā inoa o nā zona seismic o ka honua i ko lākou wahi kikoʻī.

Ke Au Pū ʻIke Pono-Mediterranean-Trans-Āhia

Ke holo nei ke kāʻei i ka ʻaoʻao o ke Kaiʻula a me nā kuahiwi pali hema hema, a me nā mauna o North Africa a me Asia Minor. Eia kekahi, holo aku ia ma nā kuamoʻo o Caucasus a me Iran, ma waena o Central Asia, ka Hindu Kush i Kuen-Lun a me nā Himalaya.

ʻO nā zia kai nui loa o ke kai kūloko o ke kūleʻa o ka Mediterranean-Trans-Asian, ʻo ia nā wahi o nā Carpathians Lūkia, ʻo Iran a me Balochistan. Mai Balochistan, e neʻe aku ana ke kikowaena o ka hana moana ma Burma. Kani pinepine ʻia nā ʻōmū ikaika ma ka Hindu Kush.

Aia nā kula ma ka hana ma lalo o ke ʻano o ke kāʻei i ka Atlantika a me India, a me kekahi hapa i ka Arctic. Ke hele nei ka palena o ke kaiāulu ma ke Kaiʻula ʻo Greenland a me Sepania ma waena o ka Mid-Atlantic Range. Ke kuhi nei i ka hana o ke kai moana ma waena o ka Arabian Peninsula e holo ana ma lalo o ke kūkulu hema a ma hema a me ke komohana a hiki i Antarctica.

Seʻe moana

Ka neʻe mai ka ikehu mai ke kahalulu o ka lulu ma nā wahi āpau - ʻo ia nā neʻe moana, ke ʻano o ka pālahalaha e hilinaʻi ana i ke kūlike a me ka kiko o nā pōhaku.

ʻO ka mea mua, hele nā ​​nalu lele lōʻihi i ka seismograms, akā naʻe, ua hoʻopaʻa mua ʻia nā nalu lōʻihi.

Holo ka nalu mokulele i nā mea a pau - paʻa, wai a hoʻāla a hoʻohuihui i ke ʻano o ka hoʻoweliweli a me nā palena o nā pali.

Ke waiho nei i nā ʻāpana o ka Honua, ka ʻāpana o ka ikehu o ka nalu i ka lewa a ʻike nā kānaka iā lākou e like me ke kani ʻana ma kahi o ka 15 Hz. ʻO nā nalu kino, ʻo lākou ka wikiwiki.

Kūkulu ka nalu ʻano i loko o ka wai o ka wai i ka mea ʻole, no ka mea, he lime ka hoʻoponopono i ka wai.

Ke neʻe nei lākou i ka neʻe o ka mea i nā kihi ʻākau i ke ala o ko lākou ala. No ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā nalu lōʻihi, ka haʻahaʻa ka nui o ka hawewe kipa a ʻo ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻāina a hoʻokaʻawale iā ia a ʻoi paha ka pae.

ʻO ke ʻano ʻelua o nā hawewe seismic he mau ʻaoʻao nalu. ʻO ka neʻe o ka neʻe o ka nalu i ka lehelehe, e like me ka nalu o ka wai. ʻOkoʻa nā ʻōpū o luna.

Hoʻohālikelike ka neʻe o nā nalu aloha o ke aloha iā lākou i ka nahesa, ke ʻae nei lākou i ka pōhaku i nā ʻaoʻao i ka lewa ʻoi aku ka manaʻo o ka nui loa.

Ma ka ma waena o nā mea hoʻolaha ʻelua, kū mai nā nalu Rayleigh. E hana ana lākou i ka hiʻona o ka pākali a hoʻonoho iā lākou i neʻe a kū a paʻa i kahi mokulele paʻa.

ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike i nā nalu aloha, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o nā nalu o Rayleigh, a ʻo ka poʻe me ka hohonu a me ka mamao o ka epicenter wikiwiki loa.

Hōʻalo i nā pōhaku me nā waiwai like ʻole, nā aniani o ke kai kū like me ka mālamalama o ke kukui.

Nānā nā mea loea i ka ʻōnaehana hohonu o ka Honua, e ʻimi ana i ka hoʻomāhā o nā neʻe moana. Kūpono ka ʻāhana ma aneʻi a maʻalahi ma ka waiho ʻia ʻana o kahi kumukūʻai i ka ʻāina a lawe ʻia kahi hana kuʻuna.

Mai kahi o ka pahū, ua ʻōlaʻi ka nalu ʻōlaʻi i nā ʻōkuhi āpau a hiki i nā ʻāpana like i loko o ka honua.

Ma ka palena o kēlā me kēia pā i hele ai, ʻike ʻia nā nalu o ke kai hoʻi i ka hiʻi o ka Honua a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā kikowaena seismic.

Ke kālika ʻōkuhi o ka Pākīpika

ʻOi aku ma kahi o 80% o nā ʻōlaʻi a pau ma ka Honua e kū nei ma ke kāʻei o ka Pakipika. Hele ʻia ma ke kuahiwi e pili ana i ka moana Pakipika, ma lalo o ke kai ponoʻī, a i ke kahakai no hoʻi o nā ʻāpana komohana a me Indonesia.

ʻO ka ʻaoʻao hikina o ke kāʻei ka ākea a ākea a holo mai Kamchatka ma nā mokupuni ʻo Aleutian a me nā ʻāpana kahakai komohana o ʻAmelika Hema a hiki i ka piko o Antilles Hema. ʻO ka ʻāpana ʻākau o ke kāʻei, he nui loa ka hana neʻe, i ʻike ʻia ma ka pilina ʻo Kaleponi, a ma ka ʻāina ʻo Central and South America. ʻO nā ʻaoʻao komohana mai Kamchatka a me nā Mokupuni o Kuril e holo aku ana i Iapana a me kahi hou.

ʻO ka lālā hikina o ke kāʻei e piha i ka huli a twisty a iʻe. Aia nō ma ka mokupuni ʻo Guam, hōʻae i ka ʻaoʻao komohana o New Guinea a huli a huli i ka hikina i ka moku ma Tonga, mai ka huli ʻana i ka ʻaoʻao hema. Ka mea e lulu ai i ka palena hema o ka hana kahakepu o ke kāʻei o ka Pakipika, a i kēia manawa ʻaʻole i lawa ʻia ka ʻike.

Kāʻei Pākīpika

Ke kāʻei ʻikepili o ka Pākīpika i ka ʻāina o ka Pākīpika i Indonesia. Ma kahi o 80% o nā ʻōlaʻi honua āpau i hiki i kona wahi. Holo ʻia kēia hīnaʻi ma ka mokupuni ʻo Aleutian, e uhi ana i ke kahakai komohana o ʻAmelika, ʻelua ma North a me South, e hōʻea i ka mokupuni ʻo Iapana a me New Guinea. ʻEhā mau lālā o ke kaʻe o ka Pakipika. ʻAʻole maikaʻi i maopopo. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka hana Seism i kēia mau wahi, kahi e alakaʻi ai i nā pōʻino kūlohelohe.

ʻAkene ʻAi-ʻAmelika-Trans

ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kēia kāʻei kaiʻe moana ma ka Kaihee. Hele ma waena o ka mauna mauna o ʻEulopa, ma waena o North Africa a me Asia Minor, a hiki i ka mauna Himalayan. Ma kēia ʻāpana, ʻo nā ʻola ikaika e like me ka penei:

• Carpathians Roma,
• Wālana o Iran
• ʻO Balochistan
• ʻ Klelo Kush.

No ka hana ma lalo o ke kai, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma nā kai ʻĀina a me Atlantika, hiki i ka hema-komohana o Antarctica.

ʻO nā Kulika Seismic Minor

ʻO nā zona kai nui ka ʻāina ʻo ka Pākīpika a me Mediterranean-Trans-Asian. Ua puni lākou i kahi ʻāina koʻikoʻi o ko mākou honua, he lōʻihi ka lōʻihi. Eia nō naʻe, mai poina ka mea e pili i ke ʻano e like me ke kūloko o ka seismic kūloko. ʻEkolu mau ʻonike ʻokoʻa hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia:

• Arika,
• i Ke Kai Hikina, / li>
• i Ke Kuaina Inua. / li>

Ma muli o ka neʻe o nā papa lithospheric i kēia mau ʻāina, loaʻa nā mea like e like me ke ōlaʻi, tsunami a me nā kaiāulu. Ma kēia mea e pili ana i nā wahi āpau - nā ʻāpana ʻāina a me nā mokupuni e pili ana i nā pōʻino maoli.

Ke kulu kai kū loko ma ka moana ʻo Atlantika

Ua loaʻa i ka moana kaiaulu ma ke kaiʻo Atlantika e nā ʻepekema i ka makahiki 1950. Hoʻomaka kēia wahi mai ke kahakai o Greenland, holo i ka pili o ka ʻaoʻao kai ma waena o Mid-Atlantic, a hoʻopau i loko o ka hale kūʻai ʻo Tristan da Cunha. ʻO ka hana Seismic e wehewehe ʻia nei e nā hewa hou o ka Middle Ridge, ʻoiai ke hoʻomau nei nā neʻe lithospheric plate ma aneʻi.

Hoʻolaha Seicic o ke Kaiʻula

Hoʻāla ʻia ke kumu o ke kai holo moana ma ke Kai Kūloko mai loko o ka panikini Arabia a i ka hema, a aneane hiki i Antarctica. Hoʻopili ʻia nā wahi kai ma ʻō me ka Middle India Ridge. ʻO ka ʻōlaʻi ʻōpiopio a me nā lua pele i lalo o ka wai e loaʻa ma aneʻi, ʻaʻole hohonu loa nā kumu. ʻO kēia ma muli o nā hemahema tectonic.

ʻO nā wahi Seismic o ka Arctic

Ke nānā nei ka Seismicity ma ka wahi Arctic. No ka ʻōlaʻi, ka ʻū ʻana o nā lua pele ʻōiwi, a me nā hanana luku ʻē aʻe kekahi mea ma aneʻi. Nānā nā loea i nā kikowaena nui o nā lūlū ma ka wahi. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe he hana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, akā ʻaʻole kēia. Ke hoʻolālā nei i kekahi hana ma ʻaneʻi, pono ʻoe e makaʻala a mākaukau no nā ʻano seismic.

ʻO ke kāʻei seismic Alpine-Himalayan

E kū loa ana ʻo Alpine-Himalayan iā ʻAmelika a me ʻEulopa a pau.Ma kona mau kihi, nā ʻōlaʻi weliweli a me nā lua pele.

No ka laʻana, ma Kina i ka makahiki 1566, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o 800 tausani mau kānaka i make ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana o nā papa, a he 400 tausani kānaka ka make ma India i 1737.

Hoʻopili i ka pūlima kai holo moana a Alpine-Himalayan ma nā wahi mauna he 30 a ʻo: Russia, India, China, France, Turkey, Armenia, Romania a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui.

Seismic ʻōlaʻi ʻōlaʻi

ʻO ke ʻano o ka pāhola ʻana o nā neʻe seismic e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i nā waiwai elastic a me ka hoʻokaʻa pōhaku o nā papa lithospheric.

Ua māhele ʻia lākou a pau i nā ʻano ʻekolu:

Nā lōʻihina ale okohola - kū i ka wai me ke kūleʻa a paʻa. Hoʻokumu lākou i ka pōʻino o ka liʻiliʻi.

Nā ʻalo kū - ua ʻoi aku ka ikaika no ka nui o lākou. Hiki i ka ʻōlaʻi i nā pae 2 a me 3. Holo wale nā ​​nalu ʻōpiopio i nā mea paʻa a maloʻo.

Nā hawewe makana - ka pono weliweli loa. Noho wale ma ka ʻano paʻa o ka honua.

I ke kai kūloko

ʻO ke kāʻei o ke kai holo moana ma ka moana Atlantika e hohola ana mai Greenland, a holo aku ma ka ʻaoʻao Atlantona a hiki i ka hale kūʻai ʻo Tristan da Cunha. ʻO kēia wale nō kahi e hana nei i ka neʻe o nā papa lithospheric, ʻo ia ke kumu e nui ai ka hana.

ʻO nā inoa o nā zona seismic o ka honua

Aia he mau kākiko holoʻokoʻa nui ma ka honua: ʻo ka Mediterranean-Trans-Asian a me ka Pākīpika.

Kuhi. 1. ʻO nā kāʻei honua.

Hoʻopilikua-Trans-ʻĀsia ke kipaka ka puka mai o ke kahakai o ka māka Pelekane a hoʻopau i waena o ka moana Atlantika. Ua kapa ʻia kēia kāʻei i ka latitudinal, no ka mea e pālahalaha ʻia ana ia me ka eʻe.

Kāʻei Pākīpika - meridional, e pākuʻi ana i ka neʻe i ka kāʻei o ka Caribbean-Trans-Asian. Aia ma ka lāhina o kēia kāʻei, aia ka nui o nā lua pele e kū pono ana, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā kika i kū ʻia ma lalo o ka wai o ka Pakipika i ka pono iā ia iho.

Inā ʻoe e huki i nā kāʻei hoʻihoʻi o ka Honua ma kahi papa honua, e kiʻi ana ʻoe i kahi kiʻi hoihoi a kupaianaha. ʻO ka mālama ʻia, e like me ka wā e kahakaha ana i nā kahua kahiko o ka Honua, a i kekahi manawa ke kau ʻia i loko o lākou. Ua pili nā pilina me nā hemahema o ka honua o ka honua, ʻelua a me ka ʻōpio.

He aha kā mākou i aʻo ai?

No laila, ʻaʻole e hoʻokau ʻia nā ʻōlaʻi ma nā wahi ma ka Honua. Hiki ke wānana ka hana ʻana o ke ʻano o ka puʻukū o ka honua, ʻoiai ʻo ka nui o nā ʻōlaʻi i kū mai ma nā wahi kūikawā i kapa ʻia nā kāʻei hoʻihoʻi o ka Honua. ʻElua wale o nā mea ma ka honua mākou: ʻo ka Latitudinal Mediterranean-Trans-Asian seismic belt, e holo like i ka Equator a me ka meridional Pacific seismic, kahi e kū nei i ka latitudinal.

ʻO kahi kūkākūkā nui hou loa o kēia pilikia

Ma hope o ka hoʻopau pono ʻana i kēia haʻawina, hiki i nā haumāna. E wehewehe i ke ʻano a me nā kumu o ke kaiāulu, e ʻike i nā wahi o ka pōʻino weliweli a ka honua ma ke ao nei, e kūkākūkā i nā seismism o Canada a me British Columbia, a e hoʻohana i nā ʻōhua no ke ana ʻana i ka ʻōlaʻi, e like me ka nui a me ka ikaika o ka ʻōlaʻi. Ke lō nei i ka neʻe o kahi ʻōlaʻi kekahi hopena o ka hoʻokuʻu koke ʻana mai o ka ikaika. Ke kū mai kekahi ʻōlaʻi i ka wā o ke kaumaha ma loko o nā pali o ka lepo o ka honua e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ana e ka wikiwiki.

He pākuʻina liʻiliʻi kikoʻī

Ua luku ʻia ka ʻōlaʻi o Wenchuan ma kahi kiʻekiʻe i ke ala nui o Dujianyan-Wenchuan. ʻO ka manaʻo kēia ua pāpā ʻia ke ala no nā hui hoʻopakele. Ua anaʻe ʻia ke ʻōlaʻi 5 mau manawa ma luna o ka pākuʻu ʻo Richter, a i loko o kēia mahina ʻelua he mau pūʻulu heluna o ka nui 8 a ʻoi aku paha he ʻumi mau kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka ikaika i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ke ōlaʻi a nui loa ka mea i hōʻake ai i nā lua pele e hana ana a ʻekolu hana hou. ʻO nā tsunami e ala ʻia e ke olai i ka moana ʻo ka Pākīpika i ka wikiwiki o 850 km i kēlā me kēia hola, kahi i hoʻopilikia ʻia i nā wahi mamao loa mai Hawaii a me Iapana.

Helu 3. Ke kālika ʻōkuhi o ka Pakipika.

ʻO ka ʻāpana nui loa o kēia kāʻei. Mīleʻa ʻia ma Kamchatka, piʻi a puni ma ka mokupuni ʻo Aleutian a me nā kahakai komohana kahiki o ka ʻĀkau a me ʻAmelika Hema pololei a hiki i ka piko o Antilles Hema.

ʻO kahi ʻōla make o Wenchuan he kumulepule ia e hōʻike ʻia e ka ikaika luku loa. E like me ke kiʻi e hōʻike nei, ʻo nā hale pule ma ke kuahiwi. Holo ʻo Dutuan mai Mianyang. ʻO ke kākā o ke kai holo moana nui ka inoa o ke kāʻei kai holo moana-Himalayan. ʻO ka Azores ma ke Kaiʻo Atlantika ʻoi loa kona pili komohana, mai kahi e holo ai ma ka Pīhika Atlanta, ma ka ʻaoʻao Kaiʻo Mediterranean, a hiki i Myanmar, a i ka hema, e pili pū ana me ka Lā ahi o Indonesia.

E pili ana i ka waʻa moana kai-Himalaya ka nui o nā kuahiwi nui: mai ke komohana a i ka hikina, e hoʻopiʻi aku ia i nā Alps a me nā puke ʻo Balkan e hāhū ana mai ke kūkulu hema a i hema, ma nā kahe nui o Asia Minor a me ka palaka Iranian, a ma hope loa ʻo ka Himalayas, ka mauna nui loa he hui. ʻO nā mauna kiʻekiʻe o kēia kāʻei seismic he ʻōpiopio - ʻoiai, he ʻōpio lākou i ka ʻōpio. Maanei ua hiki mai nā ʻōlaʻi nui o ka wā kahiko, a ʻike mākou e pili ana i nā moʻolelo kahiko.

He kuhi kahaka a ʻike ʻole ʻia ka lālā hikina. Ua piha ka pihi a me nā ʻāwāwili lua.

ʻO ka ʻāpana ʻākau o ke kāʻei e hoʻoikaika ikaika mau ʻia, e ʻae ʻia e nā poʻe o Kaleponi, a me ʻAmelika a me ʻAmelika Hema.

ʻO ka ʻaoʻao komohana o ke kāʻei meridional e hele mai ana i Kamchatka, paʻe i Iapana a me kahi hou.

Loaʻa i kēia mau wahi seismic i hoʻokahi mea maʻamau - kiʻekiʻe wavy kiʻekiʻe. He ʻōpiopio ka ʻōpio o nā kuahiwi, a ʻo kēia mau kumu ʻelua ke kumu no ke kumu o ke ʻano nui o ke kāʻei o ke kaiʻe he mea hiki ke hoʻoikaika ʻia i ia ʻano ikaika.

ʻO nā ʻōlaʻi ka hopena o ka neʻe o nā papa tectonic, a me nā palena ma waena o nā papa kahi i hele mai ai nā ʻōlaʻi nui. ʻO nā palena ma waena o nā ʻāpana Eurasian a me Australia i ke komohana, ka papa ʻAmelika i ka hikina a me ka papa Antarctic ma ka ʻaoʻao hema ke puka ʻana o ke ahi. ʻO ka palena kaihe kaiʻo Mediterranean-Himalayan ka palena ma waena o nā papa Eurasian, ʻApelika a me Australia.

ʻO ka ʻōlaʻi ikaika loa a 20-21 mau kenekulia

Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Pākīlani ahi ahi ma kahi o 80% o nā ʻōlaʻi āpau, ʻo nā cataclysms nui e pili ana i ka mana a me ka luku ʻana i kēia wahi. ʻO ka mea mua, pono ia e ʻōlelo iā Iapana, ke ʻū pinepine nei ʻo ia ka mea nāna i pōʻino mai ka ʻālaʻi nui. ʻO ka mea make loa, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia ka ikaika o ka nui o kāna mau kaʻe, ʻo ka lūlū he 1923, ka mea i kapa ʻia ka Honua Kanto Nui. Wahi a nā manaʻo like ʻole, i ka manawa a ma hope o ka hopena o kēia pōʻino, ua make ʻo 174 tausani mau kānaka, ʻaʻole i loaʻa kekahi he 545 tausani, ua ʻike ʻia ka huina o nā mea i hōʻemi ʻia he 4 miliona mau kānaka. ʻO ka ʻōlaʻi ikaika loa ʻo Iapana (me ka nui o 9.0 a 9.1) ka mea kaulana i hōʻino ʻia i ka makahiki 2011, i ka manawa o ke kai eʻe ʻana i ka wai ma lalo o ke kai kūloko o Iapana ua hoʻopōʻino ʻia i nā kūlanakauhale kahakai, a me kahi ahi i ka pūnaehana puhipaha i Sendai a ʻo kahi ulia ma ka ʻO nā NPP o Fokushima-1 ka mea i hōʻino nui i ka mahele o ka ʻāina a me ka ecology o ke ao holoʻokoʻa.

ʻO ka ikaika loa I nā ʻōlaʻi holoʻokoʻa i paʻi ʻia, ke kai ʻana o ka Nui Chile e ka nui a hiki i ka 9,5, i hōʻea ʻia i ka makahiki 1960, inā e noʻonoʻo ʻia (inā ʻoe e nānā i ka palapala, ʻike ʻia ia i hana ʻia ma ke kai kūloko o ka Pākīpika). ʻO ka pōʻino i koi i ka hapa nui o nā ola ma ka kenekulia 21 ʻo ka ʻĀina o ke Kai ʻĀina o 2004, i ka wā i loaʻa ai ka tsunami ikaika i kona hopena he 300 tausani mau kānaka mai kahi kokoke o 20 mau ʻāina. Ma ka pakuhi, kahi e pili ana ke ʻōlaʻi i ka ʻaoʻao komohana o ka Pākīpika Pākīpika.

Ma nā kālani huluhulu Mediterranean-Trans-Āsia, ua hele pū nō hoʻi kekahi mau ʻino a he nui paha. ʻO kekahi o kēia ka lūlū 1976 ma Tangshan, i ka manawa wale nō i hōʻike ʻia e ka lehulehu mai PRC 242,419 kanaka, akā, e like me kekahi e hōʻike nei i ka nui o nā mea i make ma o 655,000, ka mea e make ai kēia lūlū kekahi o ka mea i make i ka mōʻaukala kanaka.