I ke kauwela kauwela, i waho o nā hale hana hale, nā hakahaka, nā hale, hiki ke hālāwai pinepine ʻia me kahi rodent i kapa ʻia he kiʻina hale. Ua hele kēia mau holoholona nimble liʻiliʻi mai nā wā kahiko. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻokomo ʻia kēia ʻano mehe me nā meaʻai a me nā ukana ʻē aʻe mai North India a ʻAmelika, ʻĀsia ʻĀkau. Ua lilo ke kanaka i kumu no ko lākou hoʻolaha ʻana ma ka honua.
Nā ʻano kaukau a me nā ʻano
He nui nā isika hale a make ʻole nā holoholona. Loaʻa ia lākou ko lākou inoa wale no ka mea ke manaʻo nui lākou a noho maluhia ma hope o ka poʻe. Ua lilo ka kiʻina brownie i ʻelele a nā mākaʻomaka, nā mea i pālahalaha wikiwiki ʻia ai nā ʻāina ākea.
ʻAʻole makemake kēia holoholona liʻiliʻi i ka anuanu a nele i ka māʻona. ʻAʻole hiki ke lawe i nā mea aloha ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nahele a me ka haki o ka ʻākau mamao, permafrost, Antarctica, nā ʻāina kiʻekiʻe e lawe i nā kiʻi o ka hale i ko lākou wahi kūlohelohe. ʻAʻole lākou e ola ma laila. Akā ke noho nei lākou me ka leʻaleʻa ma nā ʻāina ākea.
I loko o ka honuaʻepekema, ua loaʻa kahi ʻano o ka kiʻina hale. Ua wehewehe nā ʻepekema ʻimi i kahi o hoʻokahi haneli a me kanakolu kumumānāwai o kēia heluna kanaka. I ka ʻōlelo Lālia, ua kapa ʻia kēlā holoholona ʻo Mus musculus. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo ʻekolu ma kona inoa e hōʻike i ka noho maʻamau. Kūlike, kuʻi ʻia nā kiole i 4 mau subspecies:
- m. castaneus - noho ma Asia Hema,
- m. Bactrianus - kahi noho o ʻAsia, koe no ka hema a me ka hikina,
- m. kama'āina - ua loaʻa i ka puʻu i ʻAmelika, Ausetalia, ʻEulopa a me kahi ʻāina nui o ʻApelika,
- m. musculus - noho kēia mau makika ma ʻEulopa ʻEulopa a me ka ʻāina nui o Russia.
Nā māpepa Kepani he M.m. ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo molossinus he subspecies alima, he mea nui i ka hui nui, akā e like me ka hōʻaike hou o ka hui ʻana he M.m. castaneus a me M.m musculus.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i loko o Roma kahiko, ʻaʻohe mea i hoʻokaʻawale i nā kiʻi mai nā ʻiole, no laila ua manaʻo ʻia ka haole he kiʻo nui wale nō.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o waho
ʻO ka pālima hale kekahi momona i kahi ʻoi lōʻihi a me kahi kino oval. ʻO ka nui o ka holoholona e pili ana i 6,5 a 9.5 cm.ʻO kekahi e makemake i ka nīnau pehea ka nui o ke kiʻī o ka hale inā kau ʻia ka huelo, i uhi ʻia me ka lauoho puʻupuʻu pōkole a me nā ʻāpana horny, aneane 60% o ka lōʻihi o ke kino. Hōʻalo ka pane a ʻo ka nui o ke koʻikoʻi o kahi rodent e pili ana i 12-30 gram.
ʻO ka kiʻī hale ma ka kiʻi e hōʻike maikaʻi ana i kona kala. Akā ka mea e waiho like ai ke kala o ke kapa me ka pilikino a ʻokoʻa mai ka one māmā i ka hue brown brown. Ke keʻokeʻo a ʻeleʻele hina paha ka ʻōpū o nā subspecies. ʻO nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo i luhi ʻia e like me nā mea hoʻonaninani lole hiki ke keʻokeʻo, ʻulaʻula-hina, ʻeleʻele, ka melemele, a me nā kumu. ʻO ka mice hale wahine he 5 mau o nā kui. Hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻole ka ʻokoʻa loa nā moe kolohe i loko o nā ʻano.
ʻO ka pilina a me ka lōʻihi
I hoʻokahi makahiki, hiki i kahi pākeke ke hāpai i nā hua 14. Penei ke helu o ka nui o nā hua ʻōpiopio, no ka mea, i kēlā me kēia lōpala he hiki ke ʻekolu mai i ʻumikumamālua mau cubs.
Hana ʻia nā kiole me ke kumu ʻole o ka lauoho, makapō, akā, ulu koke nā kiʻi hale.
- ma hope o 10 mau lā ua ko lākou huluhulu huluhulu.
- ma ka lā iwakāluakūmākahi ua lilo lākou i kūʻokoʻa a haʻalele i ka pūnana makua,
- ʻoki ʻia i ʻehiku mau pule no ka poʻe ʻōpio e hoʻomaka e hānai i kā lākou keiki.
I ka manawa e moe ai, nā mice hale kāne, ke hoʻāʻo nei e huki i ka wahine, hoʻoiho i kahi kani kani e hoʻololi i ka pae o 30-110 kHz. ʻO kēia hoʻopiʻi, me kāna paʻakikī, ke hoʻokokoke nei i nā mele mele manu. Hiki i ka wahine ke hoʻopili ʻia me nā subspecies o nā kiʻi hou, e like me kolonchikovye. ʻO ka hua, ʻoiai kēia, ulu ola kino.
ʻO ke ola o nā kiʻi hale ua piha i nā pōʻino a me nā pilikia. ʻOi pinepine lākou i ka mea i nā pōpoki, nā alopeke, nā nahesa, nā mongoose, nā manu manuʻala. ʻO nā kiʻī kekahi e hoʻomake i kēia mau mea hoʻokele wikiwiki. ʻO kēia mau helu ʻenemi i ka pōkole loa i ko lākou ola.
I ka awelika, ola ka ʻiole hale mai 12 a 18 mau mahina, akā i ka pio, hiki ke hoʻonui i ke ola o kahi kiʻi a hiki i 2 mau makahiki.
He mea ʻole nā maka o nā Rodents, akā, ʻo nā mea kikowaena naʻau e kōkua iā lākou e ola: ka lohe a me ka ʻala.
- ka hiki i nā kiʻī hale ke ʻoki i ke kani ma o nā alapine a hiki i 100 kHz e mālama pinepine i ko lākou ola,
- Hoʻokū ka manaʻo o ka ʻono e loaʻa i ka meaʻai a ʻike i ko lākou mau hoahānau.
Ma nā wāwae o nā kiʻi hale, loaʻa nā ʻōnohi pulupulu kūikawā e waiho i kahi hōʻailona ma ke ala o nā rodents. I kahi hihia o ka pōʻino, me ka urine, hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā mea i manaʻo e hoʻonāukiuki ai a me ka lele ʻana o nā hoahānau pili. He ikaika a ke kūlohelohe o ka ʻōpio, hiki i nā hola ʻeono. Akā ʻo ka hapa nui o nā kahe hale ʻē aʻe i ka ʻono i waiho ʻia i kēia mau hihia e nā kāne. Hoʻomaopopo ka nānā aku i nā wahine pheromone wahine wale nō.
Hoʻaiho
ʻOna ʻaihue
I nā kūlana kūlohelohe, noho lākou ma luna o nā ʻāina palupalu, kahi a lākou e eli ai i kahi mauʻu o ka hohonu o 20-30 cm. Ma ke anuanu, hiki ke hoʻomohala ʻia ka pā i ka 50-60 cm. i nā ʻaoʻao ʻekolu.
ʻO ka lalo o ka mink i uhi ʻia me nā lālā palupalu, ka pepa, nā ʻāpana ʻāpana, nā hulu manu. Inā loaʻa he mau nalo o nā holoholona liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā kiʻi hale ke ola i ka poʻe hoʻokūkū a noho paha i nā hāmeʻa maoli a me nā lua e kū ai i ka lepo.
Mālama kēia mau mea liʻiliʻi i ko lākou hale i ka maʻemaʻe a me ka maʻemaʻe. Inā popo koke ka lūlū, lilo i lepo nui a hoʻoponopono paha me nā parasites, haʻalele koke nā kahe hale i ka nalo a kūkulu i kahi hou.
No nā holoholona nā holoholona nocturnal, akā ke noho nei me nā kānaka, e hoʻoponopono i ko lākou papa ala. I nā kūlana o ka kukui kūlohelohe, hiki iā lākou ke noho nui no nā hola 24. Noho ka noho āpau o nā kānaka, e ʻimi ana nā mau kiʻo hale i nā nooks a me nā ʻulu manu ma lalo o ka papahele, i nā lotika i nā ʻōpala.
Inā ʻoe e nānā i ke kiʻi o nā kiʻī hale, a laila palekana paha ke kīnā. Akā ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana, hiki iā lākou ke hana e like me nā mea wānana. Ua uku ʻia ke ʻano iā lākou me ka ʻūlū.
- holo holo (12-13 km / h)
- lele a piʻi mālie
- ʻike i ka ʻauʻau pana maikaʻi.
Ma lalo o nā ʻano kūlohelohe, hoʻāʻo ʻia nā mau kiʻo ka home e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kekahi mai kekahi, akā inā hiki ʻole naʻe, hoʻonoho ʻia lākou i loko o nā ʻohana liʻiliʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia i hoʻokahi kāne a me nā wahine me nā cub. I loko o ka ʻohana, luhi pinepine ka hana a me ke ʻano. Loaʻa nā ʻūhā ʻana i waena o nā kāne a i kahi manawa e ola aʻe ai ka hanauna hou mai ka ʻōpū.
Mea ʻai
Pono ka waiʻona nā mea inu a hiki i ka 3 ml o ka wai i kēlā me kēia lā. Inā hāʻule lākou i kahi maloʻo maloʻo a hoʻopau wale i ka meaʻai maloʻo, a laila e make lākou mai ka dehydration ma hope o nā pule he ʻelua.
Hāʻawi ke kamaʻilio pū me ke kanaka iā lākou i ka hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻanoʻai like ʻole. Hiki iā lākou ke ʻai wale i ka meaʻai maʻamau, akā ʻo ka ʻiʻo hoʻi, nā huahana pālolo, e like me ka sime. I ka waiho ʻole ʻana o nā mea nona ka hale, ʻaʻole paʻakikī ia iā lākou e hoʻāʻo i ka ʻonika, ka ipukukui, nā pā a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e pono ai ka poʻe.
Hoʻololi i nā helu a me nā koʻikoʻi no nā kānaka
Loaʻa ka nui o nā rodents i nā manawa ʻokoʻa o ka makahiki. ʻAʻole hoʻoili nā kūlana i ka hoʻoilo ma ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o ka hua, no laila, kali nā kiʻi hale no ka hiki ʻana o ka pūnāwai a me ke kauwela. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ʻāʻī, hōʻea ka nui o nā holoholona i ka helu nui loa, a laila hāʻule ka hoʻouluulu ʻana a hiki i ka puna wai hou. I nā kūlana maikaʻi, ʻike ʻia ka hana hou i ka makahiki āpau a hiki i ka kolone ke hoʻonui i ka helu ma 2-3 mau manawa.
No nā kānaka, nā kiʻī hale noho hoʻoweliweli i kekahi. Hiki iā lākou ke kumu o nā maʻi ʻino, e like me ka pseudotuberculosis, leptospirosis, tularemia, maʻi a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Hiki ke hoʻouna ʻia ka maʻi ma o ke kahakaha ʻana o nā holoholona, a ma o nā maʻi waiū i hoka ʻia, e hoʻololi maʻalahi i ko lākou kauka a hoʻololi i nā kānaka.
ʻO ka maʻi mammary mammary (ka maʻi MMTV) i lawe ʻia e nā kiʻi hale, e like me nā mea ʻepekema, ʻo ia paha ke kumu no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka maʻi umauma o ke kanaka.
ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻae ʻia ka maikaʻi o kēia mau holoholona liʻiliʻi. Hoʻohana ʻia nā kiʻi hale no nā hoʻokolohua ʻepekema i nā hana āpau ma ka honua. Ua hāʻule ka koho i kēia rodent ma muli o kona wikiwiki o ka hoʻoulu. ʻO nā specimens o kahi hana maʻamau ka maʻamau o nā hakahaka o nā subspecies i ʻike ʻia.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā kiʻī hale ma nā kānaka e like me nā mea e hānai ai i nā terrariums. ʻAʻole paha kēia he kanaka maoli, akā ma ka holoholona hihiu aia kekahi he kaʻina o ka ʻai ʻana i nā rodents me nā reptile a me nā holoholona nui aʻe. ʻO ke kānāwai o ka pōkole a me ka mālama ʻana i ke ola ma ko mākou Honua, ʻaʻole i pau ʻē. ʻAʻole mākou e hoʻāʻo.
ʻO ka wehewehe a Rodent
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kaila o ka hale he 6.5-9.5 cm. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka huelo e pili ana i ka 60% e pili ana i ka lōʻihi o ke kino, ua uhi ʻia kona helehelena me nā unahi horny i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o nā apo, a me nā lauoho puʻupuʻu pōkole. ʻO ka laulā o nā pākeke mai 12 a 30 30. Pono nā pepeiao o ka pepeiao, liʻiliʻi. He ʻeleʻele a ʻulaʻula paha ka hulu, ka hina ka hina o ka hina a ʻulaʻula paha. Māmā ka ʻiole wīwī, keʻokeʻo-ʻulu ka lole o lākou, a ke keʻokeʻo kā lākou ʻōpū. He keʻokeʻo, ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele, ʻōmaʻomaʻo-ʻulaʻula a me ka hoʻonaninani hoʻi nā ʻiole home. Loaʻa i nā wahine he 5 mau wāwae o ka manamana.
Ka Mana Mana o ka Hale Makela
Ma lalo o nā kūlana kūlohelohe, hānai nui nā kiʻi hale i nā hua o nā mea hihiu a kanu i nā mea kanu. ʻOi aku lākou i ka hua o ka cereals, legumes a me Asteraceae. Eia kekahi, hānai lākou i nā mea ulaula, lākou larvae, carrion. Hoʻopau nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā mea kanu i ka 1/3 o ka nui o ka nui o ka pāʻina. Me ka nui o ka ʻai, hiki i nā lāʻau.
Paʻi ʻia nā kiʻi o ka hale e pili ana i 3 ml o ka wai i kēlā me kēia lā, a hōʻeha loa i ka dehydration.
Noho e pili ana i nā kānaka, e hānai i nā kiʻi i nā lako ʻai a pau, i kekahi manawa he kohu, nā kukui, nā pū. ʻO nā grains, ka laiki, nā mea ʻai, nā ʻiʻo, ka pīkoi, nā huahana dairy i loko o kāu meaʻai.
Pālahalaha ʻia ka pā hale
ʻO ka ʻona no ka kiʻi ʻo ka home, ka ʻākau o ʻĀsia a i ʻole ke ʻākau o ʻA ʻAbelia a i ʻole ʻo Asia Minor; ma kēia mau ʻāina āpau e ʻike ʻia ai ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma nā ʻāina hona. Ma hope mai, me nā kānaka, e pālahalaha ʻia ka kiʻina o ka hale ma ka honua a i kēia lā he holoholona kosmopolitan.
ʻAʻole wale ka mau hale hale noho wale ma ka North North, i Antartika a i nā kuahiwi i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻopā iki ʻia kā lākou pālahalaha e nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ke kiʻekiʻe haʻahaʻa. Ma Lūkia, ʻaʻole ka noho nui o nā kaole hale ma ke komohana hema o Siberia, ma Taimyr, kokoke i ka Yenisei a me Lena, i ka mauna tundra.
Hoʻololi ʻia ka nui o nā kiole hale ma kēlā manawa, ma ke kau o ka hoʻoilo ka mea liʻiliʻi loa, a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pūnāwai a me ka wā hoʻoulu, hoʻonui ka nui o ka poʻe i hiki a hiki i kona kiʻekiʻe ma ka ʻāʻī.
Nā Kūlana Kūlana Kūʻai Pono
Ma kahi o 130 subspecies o ka kiʻina hale e wehewehe ʻia, i hoʻohui ʻia i nā ʻāpana nui e ka wahi o ka wahi noho.
- ʻO Mus musculus musculus kahi kamaʻāina o ʻEulopa ʻEulopa, mai Polani a i hou aku i ka hikina, ka hapanui o Rūsia.
- Mus musculus domesticus - kahi hoʻokolohua e pili ana iā ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika, ʻAralia, ʻApelika.
- Mus musculus bactrianus - loaʻa i Asia, koe wale nō no ka ʻāina hema.
- Mus musculus castaneus - hoʻoili ʻia ma ka hema o Asia.
ʻO ka mea mahalo, ma ka wa kahiko Roma, ʻaʻole mau ka poli i nā kaole, nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Mus Minimus, a ʻo Mus Musimimus i hope.
ʻO ka ʻano pākuhi home
ʻO ka kiʻina hale ka mea noho i kahi ʻano o nā ʻano ʻāina he nui. Pākuʻi ʻia nā holoholona me nā kānaka, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā holoholona synanthropic, a noho pinepine lākou i nā hale noho a me nā hale hana.
Ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau, ua hele nā neʻe manawa ʻano me nā kiʻina. No laila, ma lalo o ke ʻano o ke kauwela a me ka ʻohi ʻana, neʻe lākou i kahi kokoke i nā wahi e hānai ai: nā hale noho, nā mea kanu, nā mea kanu, nā hale kūʻai. Loaʻa ka nui o kēlā mau neʻe i ka 3m km. ʻO ka lālani ka ʻiʻo o ka hale i loko o nā pale ka nahele, nā ahu a me nā mea hao. I ka pūnāwai, ua hoʻi nā rodents i ko lākou mau mea kanu mea maʻamau, nā mahina ʻai, nā māla a me nā ʻohi.
Ma nā wao nahele a me nā neoneo o ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka awelika, noho kahe hale i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma waho o nā hale o ka poʻe, kahi kokoke i nā ʻoka a me nā loko.
Ma lalo o nā kūlana kūlohelohe, noho ka mau hale ʻōlapa ma nā lepo palupalu, maloʻo, kahi e ʻeli ai lākou i nā ʻuʻuku liʻiliʻi: a hiki i 1 m ka lōʻihi, 20-30 cm i ka hohonu a me nā komo o 1-3. I ka hoʻoilo, ua hohonu ka mink i ke 50-60 cm.ʻO 10 ka cm ka lōʻihi o nā keʻena honu he 10-25 cm, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā kiʻi me nā puʻu lāʻau māla. Mālama i nā kumikela o nā rodents (voles, mole voles, gerbils) a noho pū kekahi. Ma hope o kahi kanaka, noho ka mau hale ʻōlapa ma lalo o ka papahele, i ka attics, i nā pilala o ka ʻōpala. Kūkulu ʻia ka pūnana mai kekahi lako mea i loaʻa: pepa, ʻōpala o ka lole, huluhulu, huluhulu, ʻili hoʻonaninani, a mālama ʻia lākou. Ma ke ʻano kūlohelohe, alakaʻi lākou i kahi nohona a me ka nohona nocturnal, ma hope o ka poʻe e hoʻoponopono i kā lākou mau hana. Ke neʻe nei, adamu i nā ala maʻamau a hana i nā ʻaoʻao ākea me nā ʻōpala o ka ʻōpala a me ka lepo.
Mobile mobile mice, manu nimble, holo wikiwiki (hiki i ka wikiwiki o 12-13 km / h) piʻi, piʻi, lele a ʻalo nō hoʻi, akā ʻaʻole lākou e hele lōʻihi mai ka pili. Ma lalo o nā kūlana kūlohelohe, noho nō kēlā me kēia kiʻi kahi pā pahū ma kahi o 1200 m² no kahi kāne a hiki i 900 m² no ka wahine, ke noho nei paha lākou i loko o nā pūʻulu o nā kāne kāne nui a me nā wahine.
Ka hānai ʻona home
I lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi, ʻano huaʻai mice ma ka makahiki. No hoʻokahi makahiki, lawe nā wahine i ka hua 5-10, kēlā me kēia pēpē 3-12. I mea e huki aku ai i nā wahine, hoʻolaha nā kāne i nā ultrasounds ma waena o 30-110 kHz, ka mea like me ka paʻakikī o nā mele o nā manu. Noho ka wahine hāpai i ka manawa 19-21. I ka mālamalama o nā kiʻi ke ʻike makapō a he kapa ʻole. I ka lā 10 mau lā o ke ola, ua uhi piha lākou i ka hulu, kūmole nā maka i ka 2 wiki ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, a i ke kolu o ka hebedoma, hele mau nā pēpē i kahi ola kūʻokoʻa. Lilo lākou i ka moekolohe i loko o ka wiki 5-7 o ke ola.
Loaʻa ka ola i nā kūlana kūlohelohe he 12-18 mau mahina, i ka lawe pio - a i 2-3 mau makahiki.
Nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe
Hopu ʻia nā kiʻi o ka hale e nā ʻaka, nā ʻalopeke, nā cuns liʻiliʻi, nā moooses, nā mānī nui, nāu, nā manu, nā manu, nā ʻuʻā, a me nā ʻūhā. Ua make pinepine hoʻi ʻo Ratsia a ʻai i ko lākou mau kaikaina.
Akā i ka kiʻi hale hiki kekahi mea hoʻohua. No laila, ua lawe ʻia mai lākou i ka mokupuni o ʻAmelika Hema o Gough, a lawe i ke aʻa a loaʻa i ka helu o 700,000 kanaka. Ma hope mai, ua hoʻomaka ka ʻiole nui e hoʻouka i nā moa albatross; i ka makahiki hoʻokahi, ua luku ʻia lākou ma mua o 1 miliona mau moa.
ʻO nā ʻike e pili ana i nā mea rodent:
- Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā kiʻina hale ma ka ʻike haʻahaʻa, akā ʻo ka hoʻolohe nui loa. Hiki iā lākou ke ʻike i ke kani me ka leki o ka 100 kHz (ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pae ʻana o nā ʻike auditory kanaka he 20 kHz). I loko o nā wahi malona ua alakaʻi ʻia lākou e vibrissa. E kōkua ka mea ʻawaʻī i nā ʻiole i ka ʻimi no ka ʻai a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka wahi, ka ʻike ʻana i nā hoahānau.
- ʻO ka pōʻino o ka kiʻi hale i nā kānaka e ʻai i nā hua ʻai, nāʻaʻai i ka meaʻai a me ka holoholona i nā holoholona me nā mōnī a me ka urine, ka waiwai pio i nā lako, nā lako uila, nā lole, nā puke. ʻO ka hakakā me nā kiʻea hale ua lilo i kumu kekahi o ka hoʻomake ʻana i nā pōpoki kanaka. Eia kekahi, lawe nā ʻiole hale i nā maʻi he nui e hōʻino no ke kanaka, no ka laʻana, pseudotuberculosis, vesicular rickettsiosis, leptospirosis, tularemia, a me nā pōpilikia.
- Ma ka manawa like, ʻo nā kiʻi hale ka mea e lawe pono mai i nā pōpilikia i nā kānaka, ʻoiai lākou i hōʻai ʻia i loko o nā holoholona a me nā holoholona ʻōpiopio, e like me ka "hānai" holoholona no nā terrariums. Hoʻohana ʻia nā kiʻina i nā haʻawina preclinical e like me nā holoholona hoʻokolohua a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻohālikelike, ma muli o kā lākou hiki ke loli hou.
- Ma 2013, ua kūkulu ʻia kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻoihana hulina ma Novosibirsk e hoʻomaopopo i ka hana o ka iʻa ma genetics a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau hoʻokolohua (e ʻike i ke kiʻi).
Hoʻaiho
ʻO ka kiʻi brownie, ke kiʻi o ia mea i hōʻike ʻia ma kēia ʻatikala, he holoholona maoli ʻole ia. Loaʻa iā ia kona inoa no ka noho ʻana a puni kahi kanaka. Noho ka mau hale home ma nā wahi a pau o ka honua, me ka ʻae ʻole i ka permafrost, Antarctica, a me nā ʻāina kiʻekiʻe.ʻO Mus musculus ka inoa holoholona o ka holoholona, a hoʻohui ʻia kekahi huaʻala i ke kolu o ka huaʻōlelo, e hōʻike ana i ka noho, no ka laʻana, he mau kiole hale e noho ana ma ka hema o Asia he Mus musculus castaneus. I ko mākou'āina, e noho kaonaole ma nā wahi āpau: ʻO Krasnodar Territory, Rostov Region, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Astrakhan, etc. ʻokoʻa wale nō nā wahi o ka mamao mamao.
Ke noho maʻamau
Noho ka kiʻi hale i nā ʻano biotopes a me nā ʻāina, e pili ana i nā ʻano hana kanaka. Ua pili paʻa ʻo ia me nā kānaka a noho pinepine ʻo ia i nā hale pāmu a me nā hale noho. Ma ke ʻākau, hana lākou i nā wahi hoʻolaʻina makahiki. Ma ka laʻana, i ka hopena o ke kauwela, hoʻomaka ka holoholona i ka neʻe ʻana i nā wahi mahana: nā ʻuʻa a me nā mea kanu ʻai, nā hale noho, a me nā hale kūkulu hale. Hiki i ka pae o kēlā mau neʻe e hiki i ka 5 km. ʻO ka manawa pinepine lākou i ka hoʻoilo ma nā wahi hao, i loko o nā ahu a me nā kāʻei lāʻau. I ka pūnāwai ua waiho lākou i ko lākou "mau keʻena hoʻoilo", e hoʻi ana i nā māla, nā māla kihikina, a me nā māla. Ma ka hema o ke awāwa, noho pinepine lākou i hoʻokahi makahiki a ʻole ka noho ʻana o nā kānaka. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻopili ʻia nā kiʻi o ka hale i nā kaola, lehulehu.
Ke kūlohelohe nei, noho ma ka maloʻo maloʻo loa. Ma laila lākou i ʻoka ai i nā ʻuʻuku liʻiliʻi o kahi hāmeʻa. I loko, e hoʻonohonoho ana i ka līwī, e hoʻohana ana i kahi hālea palupalu palupalu no kēia. Hāpai ka ʻā ʻia a nā ʻā o nā holoholona: mole voles, voles, gerbils - a no ka hale, hoʻohana lākou i nā poho ma ka ʻāina a me nā palapala kūlohelohe. Ke noho nei a puni ke kanaka, hoʻonohonoho lākou i kā lākou mau nelo i nā kihi palekana a pale ʻia a noho nui hoʻi, ma lalo o ka papahele, a attics, i nā ʻōpala o ka pauna hale a me nā ʻōpala. I kēia hihia, ʻike ʻia nā mea waiwai e loaʻa iā lākou no ka narang: nā ʻāpana ʻāpana, ka pepa, nā hulu, ka hulu, nā mea akamai maoli. ʻO nā kiʻi hale ka nui ma kā lākou pūnana me ka mālama pono. I ka hopena nui o ka hoʻomāinoino o ka litter, ka maʻi koʻikoʻi me nā maʻi parasit a i ka hoʻomaloʻo paha, haʻalele wale lākou i kahi, e neʻe nei i kahi hou.
ʻO ka hana kūlohelohe, he mau holoholona nocturnal a me nā pōkole, akā i ka noho kanaka ka mea e hoʻoponopono lākou i kā lākou hoʻoponopono o kēlā me kēia lā i ke ola o nā kānaka. ʻO kekahi manawa, ma lalo o nā kukui hana, e hoʻomau lākou i ka hana o ka uaki, e hōʻemi wale ia i ka manawa o ka hana ikaika o ka poʻe. I ka manawa like, ʻo ka hana a nā holoholona, he polyphase, aia ma kahi o 20 mau ala a pau i kēlā me kēia lā, kahi mau a 90 mau minuke. E like me nā kiʻi he nui, e hāhai lākou i kekahi o nā ala paʻa i ka neʻe ʻana, e hana ana i nā ala ākea me nā puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi o nā lepo a me nā hiʻi ʻana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka urine.
Maikaʻi loa nā kiʻi hale, nā holoholona mobile, holo lākou, ʻelehe, piʻi a ʻoluʻolu hoʻi a maikaʻi loa. Akā mai ko lākou pūnana, ua lōʻihi loa lākou mai ka neʻe ʻana. ʻO kēlā me kēia mika i ka kūlohelohe kekahi wahi pākahi: nā kāne a hiki i 1200 m2 a ʻo nā wahine hoʻi a hiki i 900 m2. Akā me kahi ʻoi aku ka nui, noho ka nui o nā holoholona i nā ʻohana liʻiliʻi a i nā kolone e pili ana i ke kāne nui, kekahi mau wahine me kā lākou keiki. I waena o nā lālā o kēia koloni, ua hoʻokū mau ʻia nā pilina hierarchical. He pili a hopohopo nā mele like kekahi me kekahi, ʻoi aku ka ulu a keu ka wahine. Akeleʻeke loa nā ʻenemi i loko o nā ʻohana ʻohana, ʻo ka mea maʻamau i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā hua i ulu i luna.
Hōʻike helehelena
ʻO nā kiʻi hale ua lilo i kekahi o nā pūʻulu lehulehu o nā mammals ma ka honua - rodents. Ma kahi o 80 mau ʻano lāʻau o nā kahelehe e ʻike ʻia ma ka honua. ʻO ka mea maʻamau ka maʻamau i nā kiʻi hale. ʻO waho, ua ʻike ka holoholona i nā pākeke, nā kamaliʻi liʻiliʻi. Aia kahi kiʻi o nā kiʻī hale.
- ʻO ke lōʻihi o ka pākeke o ka pākeke mai ka 6 a 10 cm. Hiki iā ia ke hiki i 15 cm i kekahi mau ʻano.O ka nui o ke kaupaona ʻana o kahi kiʻina hale e hilinaʻi ʻia i nā kūlana o ke ola a me ka hoʻopono. ʻO ka paona o ka ʻīlio hihiu he 12 a 30 g. I ka nui, he paʻakikī ke hoʻokaʻawale i ke kāne mai ka wahine.
- Ua ʻno ka huʻu, me nā unuhi kaulua. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka huelo he 60% o ka lōʻihi o ke kino.
- Kuhi ʻia nā pepeiao liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i kekahi.
- ʻO nā maka ʻoliona, kūhaki oblong.
- Hāʻawi ʻia nā kiʻī hale ma nā ʻano ʻokoʻa. ʻEleʻele ka papae luna. E kiʻi ia i ka hina, ʻulaʻula, ʻeleʻele. ʻO ka ʻōpū ka māmā o ka pūhaka. ʻĀhinahina hina hina, ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula aʻulaʻula.
Noho maikaʻi nā kiʻi hale i loko o nā cages. Hāpai nā mea lawe pua i nā holoholona kulana i ka melemele, uliuli, ʻeleʻele, ʻulaʻula, keʻokeʻo. Ma lalo iho nei kahi kiʻi hale ʻōpiopio i ke kiʻi.
Kāne
He palakeke nā kiole hale, nohona, hoʻowalewale, akamai, akā maikaʻi nā holoholona. ʻO nā walaʻau ʻole i nā leo ʻole a i ʻole nā leo hoʻoweliweli iā lākou. He mau holoholona lākou i ka nohona a ʻaʻole makemake i ka minamina. Ke ʻole o ka kamaʻilio ʻana a me ka nānā ʻole, nā poloka home a hoʻomaka ka holo hihiu. He mau makuahine maikaʻi nā wahine, a hōʻike nā kāne kāne i nā manaʻo paternal no kā lākou keiki wale nō inā ʻaʻole nā kāne ʻē aʻe i loko o ka pā.
Hōʻike i nā keiki
Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomaka ma loko o nā ʻohana kahi i hala aku nā keiki ma mua o 10 mau makahiki. Makemake lākou i kā lākou holoholona pono'ī, ʻoiai ʻaʻoheʻike i ka mālama ʻana iā ia. Nui ka poʻe i makemake i ka nīnau: "ʻO ka mice ngi ka hale ʻaʻole paha?" He mea pono ke hoʻomaopopo ʻole ʻole ka luhi, ʻoiai hiki iā lākou ke huki a hiki i ka manawa i hiki ke hoʻololi i ka poʻe a me nā kaiāulu, no laila, ʻoi mua ʻoe pono e kōkua i nā keiki e kamaʻāina me ka holoholona, me kāua pū kekahi. Hoʻokahi nā kamaliʻi ʻōpio me kēia mau mea liʻiliʻi, nimble a me dexterous i waiho ʻole ʻia.
Kahi-hoʻomaʻamaʻa
ʻO nā kiʻina hale nā holoholona ʻumi a nā holoholona akamai i waena o nā rodents, ʻoiai nā ʻano hoʻonaina e hoʻohana koke ʻia i kā lākou mau mea nona a ʻōnohi maikaʻi ʻia inā hāʻawi ʻia lākou. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomanaʻo i kā lākou inoa. Hoʻomaka koke ʻo Mice e ʻike i ka ʻala o ka mea nāna i lawe i ka meaʻai, a hui lākou me ia me kahi squeak i hauʻoli. Hiki i nā holoholona ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka pane ʻana i nā whist a me nā ʻōlelo like ʻole, no ka laʻana, "E hele mai iaʻu!", "Serve!", "Home!"
He mea kūpono ia e ʻike lōʻihi ana nā poʻe ʻepekema i nā kiʻi hale. Kotenkova E.V. (Doctor of Biological Science), ma ka laʻana, hoʻolilo i ka manawa i kēia pilikia, ke kākau nei i kekahi mau pepa ʻepekema e pili ana i kā lākou ʻano, a me kā lākou kuleana ma ka ʻatikala kahiko.
Nā pōʻino i hōʻino
ʻO ka luku ʻia o nā mau kahe a ka mea i hōʻino ʻia e nā lāʻau waiwai a me nā mea hana hale.
ʻO nā kiʻī holoholona hale nui, kahi i hakakā ai ke kanaka no nā kenekulia, hiki ke ʻai iki i kekahi mea. ʻO ka hopena, ua ʻai ʻia nā mea ʻaila, nā ipukuniahi a me ka palau, nā mea pono ʻole, a me nā mea pono ʻole i ka hale.
Kuhi nā holoholona i loko o nā hale hana palaoa, luku i nā hua o nā ʻano aʻa like ʻole, e ʻai i nā kaila o ka cereals, ʻoiai, ua hoʻohaumia lākou i ka hale me nā huahana o ko lākou ola ʻana. Hoʻohana ikaika lākou i kā lākou huna, no laila, ʻo ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e hiki ke hōʻeha i ka nui. No laila ʻaʻole ʻai nā holoholona i ka hapa nui o ka hua, ʻo ia hoʻi, hoʻohaumia lākou ia.
Eia kekahi, ʻo nā kiʻina o ka hale (pehea e wehe ai iā lākou, e aʻo mākou ma lalo) e lawe i ka nui o nā pathogens o nā maʻi like ʻole. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokuʻi i nā kolu Escherichia, helminth hua manu i ke kanaka, e hōʻeha a me ke ʻōpū typhoid. Noho mau nā pepeke wai koko i waena o lākou i waena o lākou a me ka leʻalulu a me nā ʻili, kahi e hoʻoneʻe ʻia me ka leʻaleʻa o ke kanaka.
ʻO ka hopena, hiki ke hana ʻino i nā home. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo ka poʻe i ka hōʻea i kēia. Ke lilo nei ka luku ʻana i ka holoholona i ka hana nui no nā wahi kūloko, nā hale kūʻokoʻa, nā hui mālama, a me nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole. Hiki ke kauoha ʻia kēia lawelawe mai nā hui kūikawā, a i ʻole hoʻohana i ka mousetrap ma ke ʻano kahiko.
ʻO kekahi wahi o ka mōʻaukala
Noho ʻia nā ʻiole keʻokeʻo ma ke ʻano - albinos, aneane aneane hiki ʻole ke ola, no ka mea, ua nānā nui ʻia lākou, a lilo koke i mea pio. Akā i loko o nā wā kahiko ma Crete ua mālama ʻia lākou i ke ʻano o nā kime ola e lawe ai i ka laki. Mālama ʻia lākou i nā luakini, kahi i mālama pono ai nā minita iā lākou. 4000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua kīle ʻia nā kiʻi a mālama ʻia i loko o ʻAigupita kahiko, e nānā pono ana i nā ʻano manu. Ua kuhi aku ko ʻAigupita i nā mana hoʻohua ʻole iā lākou, ʻoi aku, ua ʻike lākou iā lākou ma kā lākou mau ipu lepo.
I ka wā o Roma kahiko a me nā makahiki lōʻihi, ʻo nā mea maʻi no nā lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻohana ana i nā kiole a me nā mea heole, ʻoiai ʻo Asia i kēia lā ua hana ʻoni ʻia lākou no kēlā mau kumu. Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau lāʻau a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau hoʻokolohua, hoʻomaka ka nāole a me nā lālani no nā ʻano like ʻole e like me nā holoholona laboratorium. Ke manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia nā hāleʻa a me nā ʻenekini hulina mai ka keʻokeʻo, ʻūmū a me nā ʻolua hakakā kaua, i wehewehe ʻia i loko o kahi puke i ka paʻi 1787. Hōʻike e pili ana i nā holoholona i hoʻohana ʻia no ke hakakā ma ia manawa. Lawe mai kā lākou poʻe kalepa Pelekane mai Iapana. Ma hope aku, ua hana ʻo nā kiʻi i kahi laina kūikawā o nā kiʻina hale, aʻo nā mea hoʻonani i hoʻomaka e hua e like me nā holoholona.
I kēia manawa, ma nā'āina āpau o Komohana Komohana a me ʻAmelika he mau hui aloha ʻo Mice, ʻo ke kumu nui o ia ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻano huaʻai like ʻole o kēia mau holoholona. I ka manawa pinepine, loaʻa nā mania o nā ʻano like ʻole: hina, ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula, poni a pinkish, me nā wahi. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā hōʻikeʻike kūikawā me ka loiloi loiloi.
Akā i ko mākou'āina, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kiʻina hoʻonani ma mua o nā ʻāina o ʻAmelika a me ʻEulopa, akā i waena o nā mea aloha holoholona ua lilo lākou i mea kaulana loa i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Ua haku ʻia nā hui kūikawā o nā kiʻina hoʻonaninani i nā hui o nā mea aloha o nā rodents, ua wehe ʻia nā mea kanu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka hoʻouka ʻana a me ka hoʻouluulu ʻana, a mālama ʻia hoʻi nā hōʻikeʻike kahi, me nā holoholona liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe, e ʻike pū ʻia nā mau nāhelehe hale.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka kaila o ka hale
ʻO ka kiʻiona hale ka rodent liʻiliʻi lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o ke kino he 6.5 a 9.5 cm. Aia hoʻi i ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ka huelo ma lalo o 60%.
ʻO ka luna i uhi ʻia i nā pālahalaha horny lima-a me nā lauoho pōkole pokole. ʻO ka paona o ka pākeke mai 12 a 30 ka kalama. Ua liʻiliʻi a pepeiao nā pepeiao. He ʻulaʻula a he hina paha ka ʻili. ʻO ka kala o ka ʻōpū mai ke keʻokeʻo a hina ka hina. Loaʻa i nā ʻiole nāhelehele he kukui melemele-ʻula a me kahi ʻōpū keʻokeʻo.
ʻO nā kiʻi homesticated he variegated, hina, ʻulaʻula, ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha. ʻElima mau wahine o nā manamana wahine. I ka kiʻī hale, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia kahi moʻomeheu wahine.
Iwa kiʻiona (Mus musculus).
Nā hale ʻike hale
He nui nā ʻikepili o ka home, nui nā mea wānana. He mau manu manu kēia nāu nui, nahesa, nā bika nui, nā mongooses, nā ʻelele liʻiliʻi o ka ʻohana marten, nā ʻalopeke, nā pōpoki a me nā wīwī kekahi.
ʻO ka hoʻokūkū koʻikoʻi no nā ʻiole ʻo ka hoki nā kaole, ka mea e make pinepine ai a hānai pū kekahi i nā ʻohana liʻiliʻi.
Ke kūlohelohe nei, nā pōpoki hale a he mau pōpilikia a me nā holoholona nocturnal, akā naʻe i loko o nā hale kanaka, hoʻoponopono lākou i ko lākou hoʻoponopono i kēlā me kēia lā i nā hana a nā kānaka.
I ka manawa like, ʻo nā kiʻi ponoʻī e hiki ke hana i ka mea e wānana, ka mea maʻamau no lākou.
I kekahi manawa, ma ka mokupuni o Gough, e waiho ana ma ka hema hema o Atlantika, ua lawe hewa ʻia nā kiʻi i loko, nāna i kumu i laila. I ka ʻole ʻana o nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka mokupuni, hoʻonui nui lākou a kēia manawa ua helu ʻia ko lākou heluna he 0.7 miliona mau kānaka. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he ʻekolu mau ʻoi aku ka nui o kēia mau moku i ko lākou ʻāina nui. Hoʻohui pū lākou i ka hui a hoʻouka iā lākou i nā manu manu, e ʻai ana i nā moa.
Pono au e ʻōlelo ʻo ka mokupuni o Gough kahi kolu nui o nā manu kai, ma waena ʻoe e hiki ai ke haʻi i nā manu e like me Typhoon Schlegel a me albatross. Aia ma kahi ʻē aʻe kēia mau manu. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai ka hiki i nā ʻōpio albatross ke hiki i kahi kiʻekiʻe o hoʻokahi mita a kaupaona ʻo 250 mau manawa ma mua o nā kiʻi o kēia mokupuni, ʻaʻole lākou i neʻe a hiki ʻole ke pale iā lākou iho.
Mālama ka Mice keʻokeʻo i ka maʻemaʻe i kā lākou pūnana.
Ma ke hopena, ua kuʻi maoli nā ʻiʻo i nā kino o nā pipi a loaʻa i nā hōʻeha hohonu ma luna o lākou. Wahi a nā kānaka ʻepekema, ʻo ka mea make o nā kahe nui i kēlā me kēia makahiki he nui a keu paha he mau moa ma kēia mokupuni.
ʻO nā wahiʻike o ka ʻiʻo o ka hale
Hoʻopuka maikaʻi loa nā lālā o kēia helehelena. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka palupalu ma ka ʻike i loko o ka kiʻiona.
ʻO nā kiʻina hale, e noho ana ma hope o nā kānaka, e ʻai ai i nā meaʻai a pau, e komo pū ana i ke kīʻaha, nā ipukuniahi, ka umauma
E like me ka hapa nui o nā rodents, ʻike ʻia lākou e ka farsightedness. ʻOi aku nō hoʻi kahi pepeiao o lākou. ʻO ka nui o nā maʻamau i ʻike lākou he ākea loa - a hiki i 100 kHz. No ka hoʻohālikelike, ʻo ka paepae papa kanaka o 20 kHz. I ka liʻiliʻi o ka mālamalama, hoʻohuihui maoli ʻia ka ʻili o ka hale me ke kōkua o vibrissae. He kiʻekiʻe loa ka hana o ka olfaction i ke ola o nā kiʻi, pono pono no ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai a no ka ʻike ʻana i nā hoahānau pili.
Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kiʻi nā hīmeni huluhulu i kona mau wāwae, me ke kōkua o ia mea e hōʻailona inoa ai i nā wahi. Inā makaʻu nui ʻia ka kiʻo, a laila ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia kahi mea i loko o ka urine e kumu ai ka makaʻu a me ka lele i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, ua paʻa ka mea ʻāʻā, a lōʻihi aʻe i hoʻokahi hapaha o ka lā, e hoʻomaopopo ana i nā isika ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka hemahema o kēia wahi.
Eia nō naʻe, inā ua waiho ʻia ka mea hōʻailona ma ke kāne, a laila ʻoluʻolu nā mea a pau, a ʻano wale ke ʻano o ka wahine i ka inoa o ka wahine, ʻoiai ke nānā ʻole ʻia nā kāne.
Kahua home a me nā kāne
ʻO nā mau kiʻī hale ka maʻi hānai a me nā mea lawe aku i kekahi o nā pōʻino weliweli, e like me ka pōpilikia, etc. I ka manawa like, ʻo nā kiʻi kahi mea koʻikoʻi o kahi holoholona nui. Ma ka lā 1.07.2013, ua kūkulu ʻia kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻoihana mokuahi ma Novosibirsk no kāna hāʻawi ʻana i nā lāʻau hoʻokolohua a me nā genetics.
Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.
Nā Manuia
Noho ka ʻiole home ma nā wahi āpau. E pili ana i kēia mākaukau kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻololi maikaʻi loa nā holoholona i ke anuanu, wela, kūpono i kekahi kūlana o ke ola. E hoʻolako i ka palekana ola ma kahi kokoke i ke kanaka - ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻenemi, ka nui o nā meaʻai. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi ʻelele maʻamau o ka kiʻi ma ke ala, i loko. Noho ia ma nā hale kākela.
ʻO nā kiʻea hale ka ʻike ākea maʻamau i nā limahana. I loko o nā makahiki he nui o ka hana, ua kuhi hewa ʻole ʻia a kuhi ʻole nā mea hihiu he nui i nā subspecies o nā mau māka hale. Akā nui ka poʻe i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia.
Nā Koho Hana Mana.
- musculus - loaʻa ka hoʻoilina ma Polani, Northern, East Europe, parts of Russia,
- Bactrianus - kahi ʻano ʻano kupaianaha kīʻaha i loaʻa ma Asia,
- homeus - he ʻano thermophilic i loaʻa ma ʻEulopa hema, ʻAmelika, ʻAmelika, ʻAralia,
- castaneus he mea hou o Asia, ʻo ia wale nō ma ka hema hema.
![](http://img.thinkfirsttahoe.org/img/imag-2020/3786/domovie-mishi-A53C53.jpg)
No ka manawa lōʻihi aia kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe o nā kiʻi kūloko - M.m.molossinus. Ua hohola nā Rodents ma Iapana. Eia naʻe, ua ʻōlelo nā hope ʻepekema ʻo kēia ʻano kīnā ʻole e hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i kēia ʻano ʻano inoa, no ka mea ua loaʻa iā lākou nā holoholona ma ke komo ʻana i M.m.musculus, M.m.castaneus.
Ka Hoʻonohonoho ʻana
Pono ke kiʻi hale i ka wela, ʻaʻole i ʻae i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. ʻAʻole ola ka holoholona i ka ʻAle Akau, nā expanses of Antarctica, kiʻekiʻe i nā kuahiwi. ʻO ke koena o ka ʻāina ka ʻimi ʻia ʻana a iho i lalo.
Makemake nui nā kaole hale e noho kokoke i nā hale o kānaka i ka wā wela. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke anuanu, nā hale kai, nā hale kūʻai, nā hale ʻona, nā hale kūkulu hale a me ke neʻe ʻana i ka hale o ke kanaka. ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o ka manawa ma 3-5 km.
Nānā ka ʻike lohi ma lalo o nā kūlana ʻino. Hoʻopuka i ke kaʻina hana o ke ahi neʻe, ka waipala, ka maloʻo, ka lua makeatur. ʻO kekahi o nā kiʻi hale ua waiho ʻia i ka hoʻoilo i loko o nā pā i loko o nā ʻōpala, nā māka lāʻau, a me nā mea hao.Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pūnāwai e waiho i nā home, nā hale noho, hoʻoneʻe i nā wahi kūlohelohe.
Ma kahi wahi nahele, kahi e leʻaleʻa ai ka mahana o nā ea no nā kiole hale, ʻaʻole kū i ka hele ʻana o ka nui o nā home kanaka. Noho ka Rodents i kēlā me kēia makahiki i loko o nā moana, mālama i nā wahi me ka nui o nā loko. I nā papa pōhaku, noho lākou i loko o nā ʻāpana walnut, e hōʻino ʻia ana i ka nui o nā mea nona nā mea ʻona.
Hale hale noho
ʻO ka kiʻina hale ma ka hapanui o nā hihia ke kau nei maʻa palupalu, ʻaʻole ākea e hoʻomaloʻo i ka lepo. I mea e maʻalahi ai ka hana ʻana, ʻaʻole i wāwahi ka paia o nā kaohi. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka lua me ka lōʻihi o 100 cm. Pono e komo kahi puka, 2 mau hanana pōpilikia. Kūkulu ʻo ia i kahi kāmelo no ka nano ma kahi mamao o 30 cm mai ka honua aku. I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻomohala hou - hiki i ka 65 cm i ka hohonu. He anawaena o ka papahele he 25 cm. ʻO nā kiʻi hale ka hoʻomākaukau i kahi ʻōpala palupalu mai nā ʻōpala, nā lau, nā lumala, a me nā mea waiwai a pau.
ʻOiʻike home Mouse
Hoʻohana pinepine i nā kiʻina hale a nā lua i mākaukau i nā lua, nā moles, nā hamsters, a me nā mea hao ʻē aʻe. A i ʻole e kūkulu i kahi pūnana ma lalo o nā pōhaku, ma nā wahi kūlohelohe o ka ʻāina, ma lalo o kahi ʻōpala o nā lau.
I loko o nā hale kanaka, nā wahi a ka poʻe nice i kā lākou mau honu i nā wahi i mālama pono ʻia. ʻOi aku ka makemake e hoʻonoho:
- malalo o ka papahele
- ma waena o nā paia
- i ka attic,
- ma lalo o nā waʻa
- ma nā wahi e hōʻiliʻili ai i ka ʻai o nā meaʻai,
- i ka hale mea kanu.
No ka hana ʻana i ka pūnana, nā ʻano like ʻole e loaʻa ai: nā ʻōpala, nā ʻāpana o ka lole, twigs, ka lauoho, nā hulu, ka polystyrene, ka polyurethane umu.
I loko o ka nīnū, e hoʻākoakoa mau ka mouse brownie i ka mālama i ka maʻemaʻe. Inā ʻoki ʻia nā palaʻai, maloʻo ka hale, ulu wale ia ʻole, e hoʻolei ʻia lākou me ke aloha ʻole, ke kūkulu nei lākou i kahi pūnana hou.
Nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻonui
Hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi o ka hale e ka momona kupaianaha. Ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi, hoʻonui ka hale i nā makahiki a puni. Ma ka hana kūlohelohe, noho ka manawa o ka lā nui o nā lā mahana. E hoʻomaka ma Malaki, hoʻopau i ka mahina o Nowemapa. Ma hoʻokahi makahiki, ua hānau ka wahine i nā hua o 10-14, ma ka litter mai 3 a 11 mau lālani. Ma hope o nā hola 18, mākaukau hou no ka hoʻomakeʻa. Noho ka wahine i kahi manawa o 21 mau lā.
Kahi ʻia ka naole i ʻike makapō ʻia, ʻaʻohe ona lā, ʻaʻole pono iki. Ma hope o 2 mau pule, ua uhi ʻia lākou i ka hulu, e hoʻokaʻa ana ko lākou mau maka, ma ka manawa like, ʻike ʻia nā niho o nā mea incisors. Ma ka lā 21 o ko lākou ola, ua mākaukau piha lākou no ke ola kūʻokoʻa, ua kipaku ʻia lākou mai ka ʻōpū. Hoʻokomo ʻia kahi hoʻohālikelike o kahi wahine i nā 5 mau makahiki o kona mau makahiki.
Hoʻomoʻa nā puʻupuʻu i ka nānā ʻana o nā wahine me ka ultrasound. Mai kū i luna o ka hana ma nā pāʻani haʻahaʻa, e hele koke i ka pāʻoihana. ʻO nā kiʻi hale kuʻi me nā subspecies ʻē aʻe ʻole i pilikia.
ʻĀnō ke ola
He nui nā ʻenemi kūliu i nā kaheʻe - mai kahi heʻe pōʻino i kahi kīwaha, ʻōlio, ʻīlio, nā ʻīlio. Loaʻa ka ola olakino o nā ʻiole he hiki aku i ka 18 mau mahina. I ka noho pio ana, me ka mālama pono ʻana, ka nui o nā meaʻai, nā mice hale ke ola a hiki i 3 makahiki. Ma kahi kikowaena i ka wā o ka hoʻokolohua, noho i ke kanaka no 5 mau makahiki.
ʻAʻole hoʻolōʻihi ke kanaka i nā ola no nā rodents, akā e hoʻolōʻihi ia. Ke hoʻohana nei i nā kahe, nā mousetraps uila, nā pūlapa, nā mea ʻona no nā kiʻi a me nā ala ʻē aʻe o ke kaohi.
ʻO ka huina o nā rodents e kau i ke neʻe o ka hanana i kekahi manawa. Ua mālama ʻia ʻia ke hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka nui o nā kaila i kēlā me kēia 5 mau makahiki. I ka hopena o ka hoʻoilo, ʻo ka nui o nā holoholona ma ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pūnāwai, hoʻomaka nā rodents e hoʻohou. I ka wā e ulu ai ka mea kanu, hoʻonui ka nui o nā rodents. A hiki i ka hopena o ke kauwela aia ka emi. ʻO ka nui o nā pōpoki he nānā i ka hāʻule. I ka home, ʻaʻole e loaʻa nā loli nui i ka nui o nā isika, hiki i ka lehulehu ke hoʻonui i nā manawa 3.
ʻO nā kiʻī hale hale me kā lākou helu nui e hao i nā mahina ʻai. ʻAʻole noi ka nui o ka palaʻai i ka wā e eli ai lākou i nā kaila, form form. Hōʻalo ka hua ma ka lepo, pala ka palaoa, kū mai nā pilikia i ka wā o ka hōʻiliʻili.
ʻO ka pōʻino nui mai ka maʻi hūlū hale e pili ana i ka lawe ʻana i nā lako meaʻai, nā holoholona hānai. Hōʻalo nā pale iā lākou me nā feces, urine, waiho nui i nā maʻi he nui, pathogens.
ʻO ka hōʻino ʻole i lawe ʻia, lawe ʻia i nā mea pono, nā mea hoʻonani, nā puke, nā lole. Pahu lāʻau Gnaw, plastika, kahe, nā mīkini uila. No kēia mau kumu, hanai kekahi kanaka mua i ka pōpoki e hoʻopau malolo ana i nā rodents.
ʻO nā kiʻi hale ka poʻe lawe i nā maʻi weliweli.
- nā maʻi ʻōpū
- ahulau
- pseudotuberculosis
- fiva
- rabies
- tularemia,
- lehemaopirosis.
ʻO kēia manawa hou, ua hoʻolaha nā mea ʻepekema i ka hiki ʻana o ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā umauma umauma ma o ka mauʻu. Hoʻōla ʻia nā maʻi ma o nā feces, kaʻai, ka wai, nā ectoparasites. Hoʻokele wale ke kanaka i ka hakakā ʻana i nā pōpoki ma luna o ka ʻāina o kona kahua.
Hoʻomaikaʻi
No nā makahiki he nui, ua ʻike ʻia nā kiʻi kūloko e like me ka poʻe o ka home, nā ʻōkuhi lāʻau. ʻO kekahi o nā kumu no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ulu lāʻau i ka noho pio ʻana he mau ʻano hoʻokolohua. ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka genome o nā kiʻi hale. Ua ʻike nā ʻepekemaʻepekema e pili ana ka huakaʻi me ke kanaka 80%. Hoʻowalewale nā holoholona i ka hopena o nā lāʻau hou.
Hoʻomau pinepine ʻia nā ʻōpio puaʻa, hoʻomoʻa i nā puaʻa me ke kala mua - ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula, uliuli, keʻokeʻo, ʻōpū. Hoʻololi ka mea kupanaha liʻiliʻi i nā maka o nā mea i nona, ʻaʻole like me he mea lā e ʻona a he kino ʻupena.
I ka hele ʻana o nā hoʻokolohua he nui, loaʻa iā lākou kahi "lālani hula." Ke alakaʻi nei i ka lolo i ke kuhi, kahi like ʻole o ka polū nā ka mea pono i ka neʻe ʻana o nā holoholona me ka hoʻōki ʻole, ka mea i hoʻokahi wahi, neʻe i loko o zigzags. Ma kahi o 350 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hīmeni nā hīmeni hīmeni ma Kina. Ke kani nei nā rodents i nā kani kani.
Ua hānai maoli ʻia nā holoholona i nā mea mālama manuʻai no ka hānai ʻana i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe - nāhelehele, lizards, hedgehog, mau pōpoki, a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka kiʻī hale ka mea kūpono hoʻokahi, hoihoi, ʻoluʻolu ʻole. Pono kūpono ka luku ʻana i nā holoholona ʻaʻole pono ia, inā ʻaʻole lākou kokoke i ka hale, ʻaʻole i noho i ka hale.
Māpuna kumu
ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka Penikala Hindustan, ka ʻākau o ka ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a i nā Penia Arabin ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka iole o ka hale, kahi kiwi o ka ʻiole kahe nui. Ma nā wahi a pau e loaʻa ai ke koena o nā rodents o kēia ʻano. Loaʻa paha, ka loli ʻana i kekahi wahi ma kēia wahi, ua ʻōwili koke ʻia lākou i nā wahi a puni.
Akā ʻo ka ʻōlelo "wikiwiki" ʻaʻole ia ka manaʻo i hana ʻia i ke kenekulia a i ʻole mau haneli mau makahiki. Ma muli o ke kōkua o ke kanaka holoʻokoʻa wale nō me ke kōkua o ke kanaka, i ka manawa i hoʻomaka ai ʻo ia e ʻimi i ke kai.
Pehea i hana ai ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana?
I ka mua, kahi hana hou o nā mommals o nā gen Mice (nā kiʻina home) mai nā wahi mua i hana mua ʻia a ʻano maoli. ʻO nā ʻunalu, ʻo nā pā, nā semi-deserto i hānau ʻia kēia mau holoholona, akā liʻiliʻi ka poʻe liʻiliʻi e hoʻomaka i ke ʻano o ke ʻano hana. A i kēlā manawa ke hoʻomaka a kahi kanaka e hana i kāna mau waihona ulu mua, ua ʻike ka poʻe rodents ʻaʻole pono e loaʻa hou nā lako no ka hoʻoilo, hiki iā lākou ke neʻe iki i loko o ka hale ʻaina a me ka hoʻoilo ma laila me ka hōʻoluʻolu. Mai ia manawa, hoʻomaka ka huaʻōlelo i mālama ʻia i ka "home mouse" i kahi kumu maoli.
Mai ka hana ʻana o ka poʻe i ka hoʻokele ʻana, hoʻomaka ka mauʻu a puni ka honua ma luna o ko lākou mau moku iho, ke nānā ʻia nā mea a pau e mālama ai i ka palaoa. ʻO nā ʻāpana ʻākau a i ka hema paha o ka honua, ʻaʻole i hoʻohālikelike ʻia e ka lauwili e ka ʻōpala, no ka mea he thermophilic kēia mau holoholona a ʻaʻole i hoʻokipa i ka maloʻo. Akā ʻo nā kānaka o ke koena o ka honua ua cohabiting me nā kiʻi home no nā makahiki he nui. ʻO nā pono o ia cohabitation nā nika wale nō. I kēlā kanaka mai kēlā "cohabitation" aia wale nō mau poho.
Nā hiʻohiʻona, nā ʻano, nā hana, nā puʻuwai, ke ola o ka ola
He kīwī nui ka pālima home māmā, wikiwiki a wikiwiki hoʻi. I kahi ākea, hiki i kēia holoholona ke hele i nā wikiwiki a hiki i ka 13 km / h, a me kona briskness i hiki ai i kēia mau mea i hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea make.
Kuhi nui mau ʻano ʻoiʻi ka pōpoki a i ʻole ka nocturnal. He hilahila loa lākou a loaʻa iā lākou nā ʻāpana naʻau naʻau. ʻIli ke ʻano o ka haki ʻana o ka ʻōpū o ka honua, a me ka ʻike o ka ʻalā a me ka lohe i hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā ʻano liʻiliʻi o ka hiona a me nā kunu.
No ka orientation maʻamau, ʻaʻole pono lākou i ke kukui ʻana. Ua hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi lākou iā lākou me ke kōkua o ka ʻāʻī a me ke ʻano vibrissa. ʻO ko lākou mea palaka ʻike ʻia. ʻIke maoli ʻia kahi hana mai ia mau wahi mai kahi lōʻihi aku, aʻo ka neʻe ʻana i ka mea i mua o ko lākou mau maka e palahalaha ana ʻole ka pālahalaha ʻole.
I ka manawa mahana, hiki i nā kiʻi ke neʻe mai nā hale kanaka i ke alanui. ʻIke nui lākou i ka kūlohelohe. E hoʻopili iā lākou iho i nā lua liʻiliʻi i kekahi mau panee. ʻO ka noho nui e uhi ʻia me nā hulu manu a me nā lau maloʻo. ʻO nā holoholona e noho nei i ke ʻano nūhou i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai nā kānaka, paʻa i kā lākou puʻu e ʻike ai i ka waiho ʻana o ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, kahi e loaʻa ai i nā holoholona nā lako no ka hoʻoilo. Akā hoʻi ka poʻe noho i loko o ka palena o ka wahi e noho hoʻi no ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo a me nā hale kīhāpai, kahi e hoʻoilo pono ai ke kau, a mālama pū, i ka manawa like ka nui o nā pilikia i ka poʻe.
ʻAʻole noho lōʻihi nā mice o kēia ʻanoʻano i ka nahele - mai kahi makahiki a i hoʻokahi a me ka hapa. Akā ma ke pio (inā hiki iā ʻoe ke kapa iā ia i nā piʻi cozy o kahi hale waihona hale e piha ana i nā paina ʻaina) hiki iā lākou ke noho ʻelua.
ʻO ka hua a me ka nui
He koʻikoʻi nui nā kiʻi hale. Hiki i ka wahine hoʻokahi i ka hānai i nā awelika he 12 mau mākela kiʻekiʻe, a hāʻawi iā lākou e ola wikiwiki ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, a mākaukau e hāpai hou iho ma hope o kekahi mau lā, lawe mai lākou i nā keiki a 10 mau manawa i ka manawa mahana. Hoʻopau e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wahine hānau hou ma hope o 2 mau mahina mai ka lā o ka hānau ʻana iho ua mākaukau lākou e lawe mai i keiki. No laila, i ka manawa mahana, ua hoʻonui pinepine i ka nui o nā mauhe.
Akā me ka hiki ʻana mai o ka hoʻoilo, make ka nui o nā rodents liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻohe manawa ke kūpono i nā kūlana a i nā kumu ʻē aʻe paha. ʻO ka pinepine ke kumu o ka make ʻana o nā kahe mau makaʻi he mau hierarchical paʻakikī i nā ʻohana murine.
Laulalo
ʻO ka hierarchy o nā kaona ʻo ka hale i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke kaʻina o ka ʻoihana e like me kēia: hoʻokahi ʻoni a hui a ʻohana ʻohana paha i lalo o ka alakaʻi paʻa ʻana o ka male kāne. Ma lalo o kāna papa kiaʻi ʻana kekahi mau wahine e hoʻomau mau ana i nā keiki. Hānau ʻia nā keiki i kahi "hui" ʻohana a hiki i ka wā ʻōpiopio (a hiki i 2 mau mahina), a pau ka wā "kipaku ʻia" ka poʻe āpau. No laila, i loko o kahi ʻohana, ʻaʻohe ʻano o nā ʻelele o nā hanauna a i hoʻokahi manawa. ʻElua wale nō o nā mea hou loa. ʻO ke koena, ka kipaku ʻia ʻana mai ko lākou wahi noho maʻamau, e koi ʻia e hana i ko lākou mau ʻohana ponoʻī.
No nā ʻohana he nui, kahi i ʻole ai kahi wahi i ka hale noho i hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o nā "clans" (barn, shed), me ka neʻe ʻana o ka hoʻoilo, noho lākou ma ke alanui a make.
Na palapala kapu
ʻO nā ʻano āpau o nā kiʻea hale like ʻole kekahi me kekahi a ʻo nā mea loea wale nō i akamai i kēia ʻoihana e hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou. ʻEhā mau ʻanuʻu nui:
- ʻO Mus musculus ka waena waena o Eurasia, mai Polani a i Lake Baikal, me ka ʻaoʻao hema o Rūsia a me Kazakhstan.
- Mus domesticus - ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o Eurasia, ka ʻāpana a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ka hapanui o ʻAmelika.
- Mus bactrianus - aneane puni ke ao holoʻokoʻa o Asia, me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole o ka hema.
- ʻO Mus castaneus ka ʻaoʻao hema ma Asia.
Akā, ʻoiai ka mea o ko kēia mau rodents i ʻokoʻa iki i ka helehelena, ma ka laulā, ʻano like ko lākou ʻano āpau, a no laila ke ʻano like ai nā ʻano hana o lākou.
Iona home Mice
ʻO ka kiʻea wale nō e hoʻopōʻino i nā ʻōpiopio i hōʻoki ʻia e ke kanaka. Ma ka nui a ʻaʻole lākou e huki i ka lua, akā, e hali iā lākou i loko o ko lākou pā. Hoʻokomo ʻia kā lākou huʻī a me nā ōpū. Kāpī ʻili ʻia ka ʻūpī ʻia me ka mīpī iole i ʻole ka meaʻai. ʻO kēia ke kumu nui e alakaʻi i ka poʻe e kaua i kēia mau pōpilikia.
Eia nō kekahi, ʻo nā kaona ka mea ʻike ʻole ʻole e lawe mai i nā maʻi lēʻeha maikaʻi loa. ʻO ia ke kumu e hakakā ai lākou.
Pehea e hana ai?
He hana ka hakakā ʻana iā lākou me ka hoʻohana ʻana:
- kaʻenehana kino (pahele, mousetraps),
- nā hana ola olakino (ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe maoli - nā māpuna, nā ʻona, nā hedgehog, nāhelehele, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe).
- nā ʻōmaka hana (nā poʻi, nā mea kanu).
ʻAʻole ʻōlelo nā loea i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea waiʻona i nā home kahi i ka ʻoi aku i nā ʻohana ʻohana makua aia kekahi keiki liʻiliʻi, me nā holoholona. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi ma ka huli ʻana i nā kaʻina loea i mea e hoʻopau ai i ke kino. He hale maikaʻi loa nā Mousetraps no kahi home pilikino. Hiki paha ke ʻōlelo paha he mea maikaʻi ʻole kēia. ʻAe, aia ma kahi ʻenehana ʻoihana ʻole kēia mea ke koho. Akā ma ka home, ma hope o ka luku ʻia ʻana o kekahi mau hoahānau e nā mousetraps, e noʻonoʻo koʻikoʻi ke koena o ka kiʻi e hele i kona hoalauna.
I nā hale mahiʻai kahi e mālama ʻole ai nā meaʻai a me nā hua ʻai, hiki ke hoʻohana pono ʻia nā mea ʻohi. I loko o nā hale waihona puke nui, inā ua hoʻopili nā mau i nā hale i kahi alapine, hiki ke kapa ʻia nā lawelawe kūikawā e pili ana i ka deratization.