Kāhea ʻole nā mea kupanaha o ka honua holoholona. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahi i hele ʻia a puni, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka poʻe i noho i laila. Ma luna o ka maʻamau, a ma lalo iho o ke aniani, e like me ke aniani, ka amphibian ola ʻoni e noho ana ma nā wahi kai o ʻAmelika Hema.
Nā pōkole aniani. ʻO ke kiʻi o kahi nani
Aia kekahi mau aniani i ka honua. ʻO ke kiʻi o kahi nani nani a me kahi wehewehe o kona ʻano kupaianaha kupanaha i loko o kā mākou ʻatikala.
Kālia kāmaha - ʻaʻohe, ʻaʻole lākou i hana i ka aniani! ʻO kēia nā ʻelima ola maoli loa o ka fauna terrestrial. He mau amphibians kēia, a pili nā ʻepekema i ke ʻano o ka tailless. ʻO ka ʻohana e hoʻohui pū ai i kēia mau mea i kapa ʻia - frog kīkī, loaʻa ka inoa i ka huaʻōlelo.
Ehia mau hana mana ma ka honua! Hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ka ʻōlelo kūlohelohe ʻo ka mea hana nui o ka nani o kā mākou honua. ʻAʻohe o ka mea hana haʻalulu me kāna naʻauao. Ma aneʻi, makemake ʻia, nā bakoka maʻamau - he aha ka mea kūikawā e pili ana iā lākou? Eia nō naʻe ma waena o kēia mau mea i ʻike ʻia nā mea i hiki ʻole ke pale aku i ka mahalo.
Inā ʻoe e nānā i ka baki aniani mai luna mai - ʻaʻole ia ʻokoʻa loa mai ka mau lāʻau palaka maʻamau.
ʻO ka manawa mua loa, ua wehewehe nā mea noiʻi i kēia holoholona ʻike i ka makahiki 1872. I kēia lā ma kā mākou honua me kahi o 60 o nā ʻano o kēia mau mea nani.
Nā hiʻohiʻona frog a me nā noho maʻamau
I nā pulu hiki ʻole o ka lālā hema o Mexico, ma Paraguay ʻākau, ʻAmelika kahi e hiki ʻole ai i nā kānaka ke hele, papau meha aniani (Hōʻoluʻolu ʻo Centrolenidae). ʻO nā kapa wai o nā kahawai a me nā kahawai e kahe ana ma waena o nā ululāʻau anuu loa he wahi punahele loa no kona mau wahi. ʻO ka mea ola maoli, me he mea lā mai ke aniani, ma nā ʻili o nā ʻili e ʻike ʻia, nā hua.
Aia ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū me ka ʻāʻī o ka ʻōpū he nui, akā ua ʻike ʻia me ka ʻili ʻili o ke kua a i ʻole nā wāwae translucent. I kekahi manawa hoʻonani ʻia nā lālā kuʻekuʻe me kahi ʻano o kahi palu. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole ka nui ma mua o 3 cm ka lōʻihi, ʻōmaʻomaʻo kukui, nā puaʻulaʻula i nā kala me nā ʻulaʻulaʻula, me nā maka ʻole like ʻole wehewehe akiʻi o kahi pōʻā aniani.
I loko o ke kiʻi i kahi pōkā aniani
ʻAʻole like me ka amphibian lāʻau, ʻaʻole ke nānā aku kona mau maka i nā ʻaoʻao, akā, no ka neʻe ʻana, no laila ke alakaʻi ʻia kona nānā ʻana ma ke kihi o 45 °, e ʻae ana iā ʻoe e pololei pololei i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi. Aia kekahi kikoʻi kikoʻī ma ka kuʻekuʻe.
ʻO nā subspecies Ecuadorian o nā amphibians (Centrolene) ka nui o nā ʻāpana nui a hiki i 7 cm. He mau papa ʻaʻa keʻokeʻo, ʻike ʻia nā iwi ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Loaʻa ka humerus i kahi puka maikaʻi. ʻO ke kumu kumu o ke kuʻina he mea hana i ka wā e uhaʻi ana i ka ʻāina a i ʻole ke ʻano ʻē.
ʻO ke ʻano o ke aniani kīʻaha, pehea ia he mea kupaianaha?
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻōpū o ka holoholona ma o ke ʻano hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā pau ʻana o nā ʻiʻo o ka holoholona. ʻIke ʻia ke ʻano o ka ʻāpana o ke kino a pau. ʻO ia ke kumu i kapa ʻia ai ka holoholona "ʻōwili", no ka mea ua aniani nā mea a pau!
Akā ʻoiai ke kūpono ia e ʻike i kona ʻōpū - a ʻike koke ʻo ia ke kumu i kapa ʻia ai kēia holoholona pela!
Ke ulu nui nei kēia mau nani i ka lōʻihi mai 3 a 7.5 mau kenimika - i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā huaʻala ʻē aʻe he liʻiliʻi loa lākou. A ke emi hou nei ka palupalu me ka nui o ko lākou nui. ʻO kahi like ʻana o ka holoholona ua like me ka helehelena kikoʻī. I kekahi mau ʻōiwi, ua hoʻonani ʻia lākou me ka palia e ʻike nui ʻia. ʻAiʻulaʻula nā kala kala o ke aniani. Akā i kekahi manawa aia kahi mau kime e pena i nā aniani ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO nā maka he aniani iʻa ka maka i mua, ʻaʻole ia ma nā ʻaoʻao, e like me, no ka lālani lāʻau.
Kūkulu wai frog a me ka noho ʻana
Aia ma ʻEkuador ma ka hopena o ka kenekulia 19 a ua loaʻa nā ʻōhua mua loa, a a hiki i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 20 ua māhele ʻia kēlā mau amphibians i 2 genera. Hope i koho ʻia he 3 mau genus aniani poloka (Hyalinobatrachium) ke ʻano o ka waiho ʻana o kahi iwi keʻokeʻo, ka ʻike ʻole ʻana o ka pale kukui, aia i loko o nā "hoahānau" ʻē aʻe ka uhi ʻana i ka ʻike o ka ʻōpū, ka ʻōpū, ka ate.
ʻIke maopopo ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana kūloko. ʻO ka ʻāpana nui o ke ola o nā baki āpau e hana ma ka ʻāina. Makemake paha kekahi poʻe e noho i nā kumulāʻau, koho i kahi kuahiwi mauna. Akā hiki ke kūpono wale nō ka procreation ma kahi o nā kahawai wai.
Ke alakaʻi nei i kahi nohona nocturnal, i ka lā e hoʻomaha ai lākou i kahi lōpele. ʻOi aku ka makemakeʻo Amphibians Hyalinobatrachium e huki ma ke ao. ʻO nā kiʻi kiʻi pōkole uʻi ʻo ia nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hana hoʻohālikelike i ka wahine, ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā hana i ka wā e waiho ai i ka hua hua.
Mālama nā Males i ko lākou mau hola mua o ke ola, a laila hoʻopau manawa ka manawa. "E mālama nā mākua Mesh" i ka masonry mai ka dehydration a i ʻole nā mea inikinena no ka lōʻihi (i ka lā āpau). Aia kekahi manaʻo i ka wā e hiki mai ana lākou e mālama i ka ulu ʻōpiopio. ʻO nā wahine o nā ʻano ʻano a pau ma hope o ka puhi ʻana i nalowale i kahi ala ʻole.
Kaʻaina ʻana o ka Palapala ʻaina
Ma waena o nā inoa inoa amphibians i loaʻa Ka baki uha ʻōlelana ua hāʻawi ʻia iā ia ma kahi kūlana. E like me nā amphibians "ʻelima" maikaʻi loa, makemake ʻole e hoʻolalelale ma nā arthropod palupalu liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, lele, mau namu.
I ka ʻike ʻana o kekahi mea e make ai, wehe ʻo ia i ka waha, e ʻoki ana iā ia mai kahi lōʻihi o nā kenekimita. Hōʻailona ia hiki iā ʻoe ke kiʻi i ka meaʻai ʻaʻole wale i ke ahiahi, akā i ka wā hoʻi i ke ao. Ma lalo o nā kūlana ola kūlohelohe, kūpono nā mākeke Drosophila i nā meaʻai.
E kūʻai i ka bakaka uaka paʻakikī loa, ʻoiai aia nā kikowaena ʻepekema no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kēia mau holoholona ʻokoʻa, aia kekahi mau mea aloha amphibian i loaʻa iā lākou. He paʻakikī nā koi no ka lawe pio ʻana, e pono ʻoe i nā aquatorrariums kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe me kahi koina kaulike kūpono.
ʻO ka hana a me ka lōʻihi o ke aniani o ka haka
Hōʻike wale ka manawa hoʻoulu i ka wā māla. ʻO ke kāne, e hoʻopau ana i nā ʻenemi me kahi mea hoʻoweliweli a hoʻoweliweli, hoʻomaka ka pelekikena o ka wahine. ʻO nā mea a pau i huki ai, a laila me ke kōpau, a laila pōkole koke.
I ke kiʻi paʻi aniani me kahi caviar
I kekahi manawa i loaʻa ai kiʻi o ke aniani, kahi e kū like ai kēlā kanaka i kēlā me kēia. Ua kapa ʻia kēlā mau ʻōlama like me kahi amplexus, me ka mea ua hopu ke hoa i ka wahine me kāna mau wāwae, mai hoʻokuʻu i nā kekona a mau hola.
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua ʻai i ka pā o loko o kahi lau o nā mea kanu e ulu ana ma luna o ka wai. ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke ʻike ʻia e nā manu, ʻaʻole hiki i nā kānaka aquatic ke hōʻea. Ma hope o ka make ʻana o ka caviar, puka mai nā tadpoles, e hāʻule koke ana i loko o ka wai wai, kahi e kali ai ka pōpilikia iā lākou.
ʻAʻole maopopo i ka lōʻihi o ke ola a me ka make o nā amphibians. ʻAʻohe kumu kūpono no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka makahiki o nā holoholona e noho ana i nā kai kūlohelohe. Akā ʻōlelo ʻo nā kānakaʻepekema ma ke kūlohelohe ua pōkole ka lōʻihi o ko lākou ola. Ua mālama ʻia nā ʻike o ka noho ʻana ma ka waiho ʻana:
- hina hina - 36 mau makahiki,
- lāʻau ʻala - 22 mau makahiki,
- mauʻu poloka - 18.
ʻAʻole hiki ke loaʻa kahi lōʻihi o nā frogs Centrolenidae. Hoʻopili i nā pilikia o ke kaiapuni, nā ʻōlelo hoʻoweliweli o ka deforestation, aia kahi nui o nā pesticides e noho nei i loko o ka wai wai, kahi e noho ai nā tadpoles. He mau mea ʻai nā iʻa a me nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o ka fauna, no laila, nalowale ka "aniani" amphibians mai ka honua holoholona.
Makemake wau e ʻike i nā mea āpau
ʻAʻole i hoʻōki ʻo Panama i ka pīhoihoi iā mākou me ka manuua. ʻO kekahi mea e noho ai kahi mea i kapa ʻia he mana maoli maoli o ka kūlohelohe. He pōpau aniani ia ("Centrolenidae" - ka inoa hoʻonohonoho ʻepekema.
ʻAʻole aniani kīʻaha makaʻa aniani, ʻaʻole naʻe kahi mea ola. Ke nānā aku nei iā ia mai luna mai, mai ka ʻaoʻao, mai mua - mai i ka lulu ʻoi ʻole a lohi ʻole. Akā e nānā i lalo a kahaha. Mālamalama ka ʻili o kona ʻōpū i hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i kona ʻōpū āpau i loko, me nā hua liʻiliʻi. ʻOiai i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa like, ʻokoʻa ka hōʻailona o ke aniani o ka ʻili.
I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo nā kīkuʻu polā he ʻohana amphibian holoʻokoʻa.
Ua like ka ʻili o ka ʻili i ka ʻōpū o ka baki, no ka mea ma o ia hiki ke ʻike pono i nā ʻāpana o ke kino - ka ate, ka puʻuwai, ka gastrointestinal tract, a i kekahi manawa he mau huaʻa o nā wahine. No kēia kumu, kapa ʻia ka frog i ke aniani. Ma waho aʻe o ke kahe ʻili ma luna o ka ʻōpū, ʻo ia ʻo ka ʻakaʻā maʻamau.
ʻO ka hua ʻōlelo mua o kahi aniani i huki ʻia i ka makahiki 1872, aʻo nā kīʻaha mua i loaʻa ma ʻEkuador. Ma hope iho, ʻike ka ʻepekema i ka pili ʻana o ka ʻōpū kīnā ʻole i ʻEkuador wale nō, ʻokoʻa kēia holoholona ʻano ʻokoʻa ma ke komohana ʻākau o ʻAmelika Hema, ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (ma ka isthmus ma waena o North and South America, a i Mexico ʻē) a me kekahi mau wahi o ʻAmelika Hema . ^ E Ha yM.
Ma ka huina holo, he 12 genera kēia ʻohana o nā rana, he 60 mau ʻano. No ka ʻike ʻia o kēia ʻike ʻana i kēia mau amphibians e komo i ka poʻe Zoologist Spanish ʻo Jim Jimenez de la Espada (1872, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa). Ua hoʻolauna ʻia kēia ʻike ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kekahi mau ʻike i nā ʻano lāʻau hou o kēia ʻohana. I nā makahiki 50-70 o ka kenekulia 20, ua wehewehe ʻia nā baki e noho ana i ʻAmelika Tutonu (Costa Rica a me Panama), ma hope iki - ma ke kahua o Andes, ma Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador a me Peru. Noho kekahi mau holoholona ma nā wahi o nā kahawai ʻo Amazon a Orinoco.
Eia naʻe, e like me nā kānaka ʻepekema, ua noho mua nā pōkole aniani ma ke komohana komohana o ʻAmelika Hema, a ma hope e hoʻonui lākou i ko lākou wahi noho. Noho ka baki maʻa ma nā lāʻau i nā ululāʻau kai ā nui. ʻO ke kokoke i ka wai, neʻe wale lākou i ka wā hoʻoulu. Ua kau ʻo Frogs i kā lākou hua ma nā lau o nā kumulāʻau a me nā kumulāʻau e loaʻa ana ma luna o nā kahawai a me nā kahawai. Hoʻokomo kekahi ʻano ʻano hua i nā hua ma kahi kokoke i nā wai. Ma hope o ka hānai ʻana a me ka hānau ʻana, pono nā lele i ka wai. ʻO kahi o kēia mau loa, i loko o nā lima a lākou e hāʻule koke ai, ʻaʻole i kahi pilikia nui. Mahalo i kahi huelo ikaika a me nā pā liʻiliʻi, maʻalahi lākou.
ʻO ke koho i kahi wahi kū ʻole e waiho ai i ka huaʻala e loaʻa i kāna mau pono ponoʻī. No laila e hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka baki aniani i ka nui o ke ola, ʻoiai, ʻaʻole e hōʻea ka iʻa i ka huaʻōlelo. ʻOiai, ke hāʻule ka tadpoles i loko o ka wai, hiki iā lākou ke maʻalahi no ka iʻa no ka iʻa.
ʻO kona liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, mai 3 a 7.5 mau kenimika, hāʻawi i ka baki aniani i kahi lokomaikaʻi a me ka palaki. ʻO nā ʻāpana kūʻokoʻa o ke kino, e like me nā wāwae, he ʻakaʻewa loa. Hoʻomalolo ke kua a me nā wāwae i nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo like ʻole.
I kekahi manawa, ua manaʻo ʻia ka ʻohana āpau o nā frog aniani ma ke ʻano he ʻohana o ka ʻohana frog. Akā ʻaʻole e kū ka ʻepekema, a ʻike mau ka ʻepekema i ka ʻike a hoʻomohala i kā lākou ʻike, a me ka ʻike o nā kānaka āpau. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi ʻo nā palaka olakino a me nā bako lāʻau he mau ʻokoʻa like ʻole ʻohana. A ʻo ka ʻōlelo āpau, ʻo ke ʻano o kahi frog aniani a me kahi ʻōpala lāʻau, kahi e pili ai me nā rana lāʻau, ka like like. Akā me kahi baki aniani, nānā wale nā maka i mua, akā me ka lāʻau lāʻau i kuhikuhi ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole.
Ua noʻonoʻo mākou i ka hana kūlohelohe. Ke puka nei aia ma loko o kahi hana a nā lima kanaka. Ua hoʻopuka nā poʻe ʻepekema Japanese i kahi holoholona hou - ka huaʻōlelo poloka. ʻAe kēia iā lākou e nānā i ke kūkulu ʻana o nā kino o loko, nā kīʻaha koko, nā hua ʻole me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana. "Hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā i ka ʻili o ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana o ke kino, pehea e ulu ai ke kanesa a ulu. Oe ke ʻike i ke ola o ka baki like pehea i hoʻopilikia ai nā iwi i nā iwi, nā ʻāpana a me nā mea ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe, "wahi a ka mea noiʻi kumu ʻo Masayuki Sumida, ka mea kaukaʻi ma ke Institute of Amphibian Biology ma Hiroshima State University.
ʻĀnō ua kūpono kēia i ka hapanui o ka honua i ka loiloi ʻana i ka mākaukau, ua hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia nā mea mālama holoholona. I ka hālāwai kūkākūkā, ua hōʻike ʻo Masayuki Sumida ua hoʻokumu kā kāna hui i ka mea hoʻomāluulu ʻehā i ka honua aʻa, me ka ʻole o ka nānā ʻana i kekahi mau iʻa i kūlohelohe. Ua haku ʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema i kahi ʻano hou hou e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻole o ka palaka pōpilikia Iapana, ʻo Rena japonica, nona ka ʻimi i ʻole ka ʻula a i ʻulaʻula paha. Ua lilo i ka pololi ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenemi recessive. Ke hoʻohana nei i ka insemination kūlohelohe, ua kipa ka hui Sumida i ʻelua mau pū me ka genres recessive. Ua kūleʻa ka huaʻehā o kā lākou keiki, a ua lanakila nā huaʻōlelo ikaika. Akā i ke kū aʻe i ka hele ʻana i ke ʻano o nā ʻenekole.
A i kēia manawa, i ka wili o ka tadpole e ʻike ʻoe i kēia mau loli kūloko o ke ao holoʻokoʻa. Ma ke ʻano, hiki ke loaʻa i kēlā mau baki ma ke ʻano, akā aneane hiki ʻole ke hoʻoili ʻia ka nui o nā hua hemo. Hiki ke hānai ʻia nā baki i kihi ʻia, e hoʻoili ai i nā ʻano o ko lākou mau mākua. Akā make ka hua hope, ma muli o ke ʻano o nā ʻano he ʻelua o ka hopena o nā ʻano heʻe. Wahi a nā kānakaʻepekema, e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka insemination pilikino, e lawe ʻia nō hoʻi lākou i nā pōlaka luminous ma ke kanu hou i kahi protein kūikawā. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano loiloi no nā mammals, e like me nā kiʻī, ʻaʻole ia e hāʻawi i ia i "hua" aila, no ka mea, ʻokoʻa ʻē ke ʻano o ko lākou ʻano ʻili.
ʻAʻole wau i kākau no nā lālani ma mua, akā no kekahi mea wau i kākau ai Lūlū pīpī
Pehea e noho ai nā rana aniani a ʻano pono i ke ʻano?
ʻO ka hana nui o kēia mau amphibians e lele ana ma luna o nā kumulāʻau. Noho ʻo lākou ma nā ululāʻau mauna. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka manawa a lākou e noho ai ma ka ʻāina. Pono e pili ka wai i ka wai i ka wā mālama. ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻano o kēia mau holoholona, ʻo ia ka pilina o nā kāne a me kā lākou kuleana i ka hoʻonaʻauao o nā keiki. Maliʻa paha kēia mau laka mai ka honua holoholona holoʻokoʻa, no ka mea, ʻo nā baki liʻiliʻi, mai ka wā o nā hua liʻiliʻi, e nānā ʻia ... e nā kāne! A ʻo nā wahine o nā raka ʻōlala e ʻike koke i ka wā o ke ʻano o ka waiho ʻana o ka hua manu. He aha e! Mālama ka "ama" i nā hua, a laila ulu ka ʻōpio, mai nā mea kuhi a me nā pilikia ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka evolution he mea i hiki ke kūpono a kūpono. No ke aha e pono ai kahi hāmeʻa i ke ʻano o ka ʻili pehu - hiki iā mākou ke kuhi.
Ke pale nei i kāna huaā, hiki i kahi puʻupuʻu kāne ke lilo i ikaika loa loa, e komo pū i kahi hakakā. E hakakā ʻo ia i ka mea hope loa! Eia kekahi makua kāne kūʻokoʻa ole.
ʻO ka hānai ʻana i nā baki
E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, e lawe ana ka wahine i ka hapa liʻiliʻi loa i ka hoʻoulu. Ke waiho nei i nā hua, ua waiho ʻo ia i kāna mau lālā no ka wā e waiho mai ana, a waiho iā lākou i ka mālama o ke kāne. Noho ka manonry ma nā lau o nā kumulāʻau. ʻO nā ʻōpiki i hānau ʻia he mauʻu liʻiliʻi a me kahi huelo nui. ʻO kēia hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻolālā kino ke kōkua iā lākou e pale i ka kahe a holo wikiwiki i ka wai.
Ma nā ʻano e like me ka hopena o ka hānai ʻana i ka hua: no ke aha e nalowale ai nā wahine ma hope o ka hānai ʻana i nā hua hua?
ʻO nā ʻenemi i ka hale
Ma muli o ka manaʻo o ka frog e waiho i nā hua i loko o nā wahi i kahi huna ʻia, ʻaʻole loa i loaʻa i kekahi mau mea hopu. ʻO kēia mea hiki i ka mālamaʻana i ka helu o nā holoholona'ōpio. Akā, i kekahi manawa lilo ka mea pīpī a me ka nānā ʻole i ka iʻa iʻa no ka iʻa iʻa. ʻAe, ia mea i hāʻawi ʻia e ke ʻano.