Wahi a nā helu heluʻāina, ma ko mākou'āina, i nā ʻāina nui i noho ʻia e ka wao nahele a me nā semi-deserto - ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi miliona mau kānaka e ola. ʻO hoʻokahi kanaka no ka 4-5 mau kilomita square kilometona, ʻo ia ka mea e like me ka nui o ka lehulehu ma o kēia mau wahi. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hele no nā hola, mau lā, he mau pule a ʻaʻole e hālāwai me hoʻokahi ola. Eia nō naʻe, i kēia mau wā, ua ʻike ʻia lākou i nā waiwai maoli a me kā lākou waiwai, ua hūnā ʻia i mau kaukani mau makahiki. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki i kēia hana e like me nā hopena ʻole o ke kaiapuni.
ʻO ia ka ʻike kino i nā mea ʻenehana pono hiki ke kiʻi i ka hoihoi kūikawā, ma hope iho, i ʻike ʻia mai nā ʻano he nui a me ke ʻano ʻawaʻawa, aia wale nō nā pōʻino, hoʻokahi no ke kanaka a me ke ʻano maoli. Hoʻokaʻa ʻia lākou, ʻo ka mea mua, me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā panalāʻau hou, ka ʻepekema ʻepekema, a me ka hopena o ka manawa kahiko o ka ʻekekohui i hoʻokumu ʻia o nā ʻano kūlohelohe. Hoʻomaopopo ka ʻekekema i kahi hope, inā paha.
ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka holomua ʻenehana a ʻaʻole i nā kaona palena ʻole o nā waiwai maoli ua alakaʻi i nā kānaka e hōʻea i nā wahi wao. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi ʻepekema i nā nui semi-deserto a me nā wao nahele he nui nā wahi kūloko o nā kumu kūlohelohe, e like me ka ʻaila, ka hau, nā metala waiwai. Ke hoʻonui mau nei ka pono iā lākou. No laila, ʻōpiopio me nā lako kaumaha, na mea hana hana, ke luku nei mākou i ka ʻona, i ke kahakaha iho ʻana o ka mea i hoʻomana ʻole ʻia.
ʻO ke kūkulu ʻana i nā alanui, ka kau ʻana o nā alanui nui, ka lawe a me ka halihali i ka ʻaila a me nā mea kinikona maoli, ʻo kēia mau mea a pau e hoʻopilikia nei i nā pilikia o ke kaiapuni ma ka wao nahele a me ka semi-one. Hoʻopilikia maoli ka ʻaila no ka ʻona.
Hoʻopilikia ʻia ke kala ʻeleʻele ma ke kahua o ka minuke a ma ke kahua o ka halihali, hoʻopili a me ka mālama. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ke kaiāulu maoli, akā ʻoi aku ka ulu aʻe o kēia me ke ʻano o ka rula. Hoʻomaka pinepine ka komo ʻana o ke kūlohelohe maoli a ʻaʻole i nā hōʻino āpau no ke ʻano a me nā mea ola a pau. ʻO ka poke ke hiʻohiʻona ma ka kaona o nā mea kū like ʻole, ʻaʻole i kūlike ʻole. Ua ʻike ʻia nā ulia he nui i nā paila hinu, i loko o nā hale mālama a i ka wā o ka halihali, ka hopena i hōʻino ʻia i ka pōʻino.
ʻO kekahi o nā pilikia e ʻokiʻoki a hōʻemi i nā ʻano ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka mea kanu a me ka honua holoholona ma muli o ka hana a ke kanaka. Kūpono loa, kekahi mau holoholona o nā holoholona, manu, pepeke a me nā mea kanu e noho ana ma nā wao nahele, ka nui o ia mau ʻāʻī a helu ʻia i loko o ka Red Book. No ka pale aku i ka flora a me ka manuʻa i loko o nā semi-deserto, hoʻokumu ʻia nā mea kūlohelohe, e like me Aral-Paygambar, Tigrovaya Balka, a me ka wana o Ustyurt.
Eia nō naʻe, he pilikia koʻikoʻi kūlohelohe, a he haʻalele wale nō paha. ʻO ka Desertification kahi haʻahaʻa nui loa o ka ʻaʻai. Hiki i kēia kaʻina hana ma ke ʻano kūlohelohe, akā ma ke ʻano kūlohelohe nui ʻia kēia (me ka ʻike ʻole i nā anona ma ke palena o nā wahi wao ma mua) a me ka mālie. ʻO ka palahalaha ʻana o ke kaʻina hana ma lalo o ka mana o nā mea anthropogenic he mea ʻē aʻe kahi mea hou aku hoʻi.
Ka hānai ʻana o ka hoʻonaninani ʻo Antropogen no nā kumu he nui: deforestation and shrubbery, plowing of unsuitable land for agriculture, hayfields and grazing for a long time, salinization and irrigation method, long-construction and mining of mineral, desiccation of the sea, a me ke kumu o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka wao. terrain, he mea hoʻohālike o ka hoʻomaloʻo o ke Kai Aral. I ka lua o ka hapa o ka kenekulia 20, e like me nā kumuwaiwai, he 500 miliona mau no ka ʻāina i ka wailua.
I kēia manawa, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka wīwī i ka pilikia o ka honua. ʻO nā alakaʻi honua i ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻohi i ka United States, India, China. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo Rusia kekahi o lākou. Ma kahi o 30% o nā lau o kēia mau ʻāina i ka ʻāhaʻi ʻana, a he manawa wale nō ka nui o ka wai anuhe i ʻole e ʻae ʻia ka hopena o ka wao.
I ka ʻōlelo a me ke kaiapuni hua, ua ʻike maopopo ʻia nā hopena o ka wīwī. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo kēia ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka mea kūlohelohe, kāna ʻenekema i hana ʻia, ka mea ke koi ʻole ia e hoʻohana i nā makana maʻamau. ʻO ka lua, ʻo kēia hōʻino i ka mahiʻai, ke emi ʻana o ka huahana. ʻO ke kolu, he nui nā ʻano o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu i pau i ko lākou mau wahi o ka noho ʻana, a ma ka hopena e hoʻopilikia ai i nā poʻe. Hoʻomaopopo nā manawa haʻahaʻa a nā keiki kula a hiki i nā keiki o ka wā o ka makahiki kula, akā ʻaʻole nā makua i ka ʻike.
Ma ka hōʻike hope loa, ʻike ʻia ka heʻe i nā wahi semi-desales a i ka neʻe ʻana iā lākou iho. Hāʻawi ʻia kā lākou hāmeʻa i kahi wahi liʻiliʻi loa o ka manawa, nā kumuwaiwai, nā kumuwaiwai kumu. Malia paha i ka wā e hiki mai ana, e loli nā mea āpau a uku nui aku ia e hoʻouka i ka wīwī, hoʻonā i nā pilikia kūlohelohe. Eia nō paha, e hana ʻia kēia i ka wā i lawa ʻole ai ka wahi o nā ʻāina e pono ai no ka mahiʻai. I kēia manawa, ʻike mākou i ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā wahi melenike ma ka palapala honua o ka honua.
Hiki i kēia mea ke hana i nā haumāna o ka papa 4 i ke kumuhana o ka honua a puni lākou i ka wā e kākau ai i nā hōʻike, nūolelo a i ʻole ka hōʻike ʻana i ke kumuhana o nā pilikia o ke kaiapuni he maʻamau no nā wao nahele a me nā semi-wao a pehea e hoʻoponopono ai iā lākou. E noʻonoʻo, no ka mea, i ka papa 4 ua ʻike nā haumāna i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi e pono ai ke hoʻonā ʻia, i ʻole lākou e alakaʻi i ka hopena koʻikoʻi, nā hiʻohiʻona o ka mea kaumaha, nui loa.
ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā palena o nā ʻāina
Ma muli o ka hana a ke kanaka, ulu nā ʻehā o ka lepo i ka palena o nā semi-deses, e hōʻohi kino i nā wao nahele. Ke kūlohelohe nei, hele malū nei ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā palena o nā wao, eia naʻe, ma lalo o ke ʻano o nā mea anthropogenic, e piʻi pinepine ka ulu o ka ulu. E alakaʻi ana kēia iā:
- ka hoʻopilikia ʻana ma nā palena o nā ʻona kūlohelohe,
- ʻolua,
- kahe e pili ana i nā wahi a me nā loko e kokoke ana,
- kahawai kahawai.
ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka wao nahele i alakaʻi i ka loli honua. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana o ke ea a me kahi hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka nui o ka ua i nā palena o nā ʻāina kūlohelohe i alakaʻi i ka neʻe o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona i nā pilina ʻē aʻe, a i kekahi manawa i ka make o nā ʻano holoʻokoʻa. Hoʻohui ʻia nā kaʻili o ka hau i nā wao Arctic, kahi e hoʻemi ai ka nui o nā mea kanu.
Poaching
ʻO nā wailele, ʻoiai he liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka nohona o ke ola ʻana, e hōʻeha ʻia i ka poaching. ʻO ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā ʻelele i loaʻa ʻole i nā ʻano ʻōiwi like ʻole i ka hemahema wale nō o nā mea ola wale nō, akā i ka luku ʻana i nā nīnūnika a pau, kahi hūʻeu o kahi ʻĀpana paʻa. Hōʻalo ʻia nā holoholona i ke kaʻina o nā kānaka e hoʻōla pono ʻia. Kūkā ʻia nā mea kanu he nui a me nā holoholona i loko o ka Puke ʻaha.
Pāʻalo kino
Ma nā pae kai o nā wao nahele a me nā semi-deses, he nui nā manawa wai e waiho ai - nāʻaila, ka aila. Ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia lākou, ma muli o ka hui ʻana o nā kumu he nui, ʻo ka hewa me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka aila e hele mai. Ma nā wīwī polar the end you are you find the burns marshes oil, that provelling the burn out of many areas, the death of animals, and the luku o nā mea kanu.
Hiki i ke kīleʻa ke hoʻoulu i nā hana āpau - hana, lawe, hoʻouka, mālama, mālama.
Papa lepo a maikaʻi ʻole
ʻO ka ʻike ʻana a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea hoʻonaʻauao maoli ma nā wao nahele, me ke kāpili ʻana i nā alanui, ka waiho ʻana o nā alahele nui, a me ke kūkulu ʻana o nā hale ʻoihana. Hana pinepine ʻia ka hana kanaka me ke ʻano o ka lapuwale. Pono ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai e hana hou ai i nā kumuwaiwai, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā konohiki no ka mālama ʻana i ke kālā ma nā wahi o ka hana kanaka.
Eia kekahi, mālama pinepine ʻia ka ʻōpala i nā wao. No laila, ma ka Moku o Mojave aia kahi papa o 14 mau kaʻa. E hana ʻia lākou i ka corrosion a me ka luku, ma muli o nā mea hōʻona kino i komo i ka ʻokala.
Hana ʻenehana
Pili pū ka hana ʻana o nā ʻoihana ponoʻenehana me nā hana o ka pau ʻana, ka nui o nā kani kani, a me ka hana ikaika kanaka. Ma muli o ka hōʻike o kēlā mau mea, ua hoʻohaumia ka lepo a me ka wai palapala e nā huahana i hana ʻia. Ma o lākou iho, lilo i mau mea i kumu no ka hopohopo a me ka neʻe ʻana o nā holoholona i nā wahi ʻē aʻe, e hōʻino aku i nā ʻano lahilahi a i ka helu ponoʻī o nā wahi.
ʻO ka mea hiki ke hana
ʻO nā ala e hoʻoponopono ai i nā pilikia kūlohelohe o nā wao nahele a me nā semi-deserto e pono e waiho wahaheʻe wale nō ma ke kaona a me ka'āina, akā i nā pae honua. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā hopena i hiki ke ʻike ʻia no ka pale ʻana i ka palekana o nā wahi kūlohelohe.
- ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka luhi anthropogenic,
- luana ʻāina,
- ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā ʻoihana pale i nā palena o nā wao nahele,
- ka ʻimi ʻana no nā ala hou, kūlohelohe hou e hana i nā aila o waho,
- ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka kaohi ʻana o nā makana kūlohelohe,
- ka hana ʻana o nā keʻa,
- hoʻihoʻi kūlohelohe o nā kānaka o nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi a me nā holoholona.
(ʻAʻole pane mau)
Nā pilikia kulekele o ka wao
ʻO ka pilikia nui o ka wao nahele a me nā semi-desert, ʻo ka hoʻolalelale ʻana o ka luku lepo. Ke ulu wikiwiki nei kēia kaʻina ma USA, China, India a me Russia. ʻO ka hapakolu o kēia mau ʻāina i kēia mau ʻāina i ka luku. ʻO ka molikina climatic wale nō ʻaʻole e ʻae i ka hana hope loa o ka haʻalele ʻana.
Loaʻa ʻia nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka neʻe ʻana i ka ʻoihana a me ke kaiapuni.
- ke luku ʻia ana ka mea kūlohelohe a me kāna ʻenehana hoʻōhoola, a hōʻeha kēia i nā poʻe i ke kūpono i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā makana kūlohelohe,
- poino ka mahiʻai,
- nui nā holoholona me nā mea kanu i hoʻohemo i ka manawa e hoʻohana i ko lākou mau mea maʻamau, a pili kēia i nā poʻe.
Nā kumu pilikia o ka wao nahele
ʻO ka Desertert kahi hana i mālama ʻole ʻia o ka weliweli o ka ʻāina a me kahi pilikia koʻikoʻi kūlohelohe. Hiki i kēia mau kaʻina hana ke kūlohelohe, ʻoiai he mea maʻamau loa kēia ma ke ʻano, ke ʻole nā ʻona ma nā palena o nā wao i kūkulu ʻia, a neʻe wikiwiki nei kēia mau kaʻina.
ʻO kekahi mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka laha ʻana o ka hopena ma muli o nā mea anthropogenic. Ma muli o ia mau kumu i haʻalele ʻia ai kēia ʻano kumu.
- ka luku ʻana
- ʻūlū i nā wahi kūpono ʻole no ka mahiʻai ʻana,
- ʻolua
- ka launa ʻana
- nā hana a me nā kuhi hewa i nā koho o ka wao haona.
- mau makahiki o ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka hana ʻana,
- ka palena o ke kai a me ke kumu o ke kaiāulu (he kumu hoʻohālikelike ʻia o ke Kai Aral).
I ka hapa 2 o ka makahiki 20 He palena he ʻelima miliona ʻāina no ka ʻāina. Hāpai ʻia ka ʻike e nā ʻike o nā mea ʻenehana kūlohelohe. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ke kumu kēia i pilikia no ke kanaka a me ke ʻano. Kuhi lākou mai ke kūkulu ʻana mai o nā ʻāina hou, ʻo ka ʻepekema ʻepekema, ka hopena i ka ʻāpana o ka waiwai kūlohelohe o nā ʻano kūlohelohe. ʻO Ecology ka mea hope a lākou e noʻonoʻo ai.
Ke hoʻomohala nei i ka holomua ʻenehana a me nā palena waiwai o nā waiwai kūlohelohe i alakaʻi ai ka poʻe i nā wahi neoneo. He nui o lākou, e like me ka ʻepekema ʻepekema, ua waiwai nui i ka aila, ke kumu kūʻai, nā metala waiwai. I ka manawa like, ke ulu mau nei ka noi no nā kumu kūlohelohe. No laila, lawe ke kanaka i nā mea kaumaha, nā mea hana a hoʻomaka i ka luku ʻana i ka ʻekekōkō o nā panalā i hana ʻole ʻia ma mua.
Hōʻike nā pilikia o ke kaiapuni i nā wao nahele a me nā semi-deses e ka hoʻolilo ʻana i nā alanui, ka waiho ʻana o nā alanui nui, ka lawe ʻana a me ka halihali ʻana i nā mea ʻenehana kūlohelohe, me ka aila. ʻO ia ka mea weliweli loa i ke kaiapuni.
Hoʻomaka ka hana ʻana i ka aila i ka wā hana a hoʻomau i ka wā o ka hele ʻana, hana hoʻōla, ka mālama ʻana. Hiki i ke gula ʻeleʻele ke komo i ka hana ma ke ala kūlohelohe. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole e hele pinepine kēia a ʻo ka hope wale nō ka mea i hōʻoia i ke kānāwai. Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i nā mea liʻiliʻi. ʻAʻole lākou e hoʻohaumia i nā mea ola.
Ma ka holoʻokoʻa, ʻike ʻia ka haumia ʻana o ke komo ʻana i ka ʻenekolo o nā ʻāpana i hoʻohālikelike ʻole ʻia i ia, a i nā nui. Nui nā hiʻohiʻona nui i nā ulia i ka paila hinu, i loko o nā hale mālama, i ka wā o ka hele ʻana, nā mea i hōʻeha i ka pōʻino o ke kaona o ka wao a me nā wahi semi-deserto.
Pahuala ʻa honua
ʻO kēia ke kumu e hoʻonāukiuki i ka puka ʻana mai o nā pilikia o ke kaiapuni ma nā wao nahele. ʻO nā māhina o nā hemisekela kūkulu hema a kūkulu ʻūlū ma muli o ka wela wela. Ma muli o kēia, ke hoʻemi nei nā mokuna o nā wao Arctic, a ke piʻi nei ka nui o ka wai ma ke kai. E kue aku nei i kēia ʻano, ʻaʻohe loli o ka ʻenekona. Hoʻoikaika kekahi mau holoholona a me nā holoholona i nā wahi ʻē aʻe. E koe ana kekahi o lākou.
I ka hopena o nā loli honua, ua loli nui ka mea kanu, a lilo nā permafrost i ulu nui aʻe. Hoʻoholele nā hau a me nā hana kūlohelohe ʻē aʻe. Hoʻopilikia lākou iā lākou iho. I ka manawa like, hoʻonui nā hopena i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole.
ʻO ka ʻauhau paʻa
I waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, e loaʻa ana nā neʻe i ka poaching, e hōʻemi ana i nā mea ʻano like ʻole o ka flora a me nā manu. Nui nā manu, nā holoholona, nā pepeke, nā mea kanu. Eia nō naʻe, aia kahi mau kope luhi i waena o lākou i kākau ʻia ma ka Buke Red. I mea e pale ai i ka flora a me nā manu i nā wao a me nā semi-desert e hoʻonohonoho i nā mālama kūlohelohe. I waena o lākou ʻo Tigrovaya Balka, Ustyurt, Aral-Paygambar a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka pilikia wai
ʻO nā pilikia o ke kaiapuni e kumu no ka luku ʻia e ka pūʻali koa. Mai hūnā iā lākou me ka nukle. Hoʻohana ka pūʻali koa i nā wahi neoneo ma kahi o nā konohiki. No ka hoʻopau i ka pilikia, pono ia e ʻimi hou i nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe o ka hoʻohemo ʻana i ka luku kaua ma mua o ka haʻalele.
Hoʻopili pili kahi haumia honua i kēia pilikia. ʻO ia e hoʻoulu ʻia e nā mākaʻi a me nā kanu koʻo i kaua. Hiki ke mālama ʻia ka pilikia ma o ka waiho ʻana ʻana i nā konohiki i nā wao nahele.
ʻO ka ʻaila ʻea a me ka ʻaila
ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka wao Arctic i ukali ʻia e nā pilikia o ka kaiapū i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka ʻike ʻana o nā waiwai minamina koʻikoʻi ma laila. Hoʻopilikia ka pōpilikia me nā hoʻolaʻa aila inā komo nā mea iona i ka lewa. ʻO ka hopena o kēia mea ka leʻa honua o ka biosphere.
I kekahi manawa ma ke kiko o nā pilalela ʻike ʻike ʻoe i ke kahe ʻana o nā aila ʻaila. Puhi lākou i ka puhi ʻana o nā wahi ākea i uhi ʻia e ka lāʻau. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, i ka wā e kau ai i nā pipiki aila, hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻāpana no nā holoholona, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa mau iā lākou a hoʻohana. No laila, make ka holoholona.
No laila, ʻike ʻia nā pilikia kūlohelohe i nā wahi semi-deserto a ma nā wao nahele. Hoʻonāukiuki lākou i nā hopena maikaʻi loa no nā mea ola a pau, akā he liʻiliʻi ka manawa, nā kumuwaiwai a me nā kālā i hoʻonā e hoʻoponopono iā lākou. Ke kali ia nei ka holomua o ke kūlana i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
Hoʻomaka paha e hoʻomaka ke hakakā maoli kekahi kanaka i nā kaona o ka ʻāina a hoʻonā i nā pilikia kūlohelohe. Akā, e hele mai paha nā kānaka i kēia inā ʻaʻole i lawa ka nui o ka ʻāina. A laila, pehea ka nīnau pehea e hānai ai i ka heluna holoʻokoʻa. I kēia manawa, loaʻa ka hoʻonui pinepine mau i ka nui o nā ʻeleʻele i ka palapala honua.
Pane a pane paha 1
Nā pilikia kulekele o ka wao a me ka semi-wao:
- ʻO ka Desertification kahi hana e alakaʻi ai i ka liʻiliʻi loa. Kēia ʻano kaʻina hana e like me ka mea maoli, akā lohi.ʻO kekahi mea ʻē aʻe, ka waona anthropogenic, alakaʻi ka hana kanaka i kēia: deforestation, salinization a irrigation, etc.
- ʻO ke kūkulu ʻana i nā alanui, nā alanui nui, a me nā alanui nui, ka lawe ʻana i ka aila a me nā mea ʻona ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana o ka wao a me nā semi-wao.
- ʻO ka ʻume ʻae a me ka hōʻemi o nā mea kanu kūlohelohe e hoʻopilikia pū kekahi i ka ʻenekona wao.
Koho ʻAiʻi Pūnaewele
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina āhina o ka honua i loko o ke kaiāulu, e loaʻa iā lākou mai ka 0 a 250 mm ka ua i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO ka evaporation ka maʻamau o nā manawa he nui ma mua o ka nui o ka ua. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, ʻaʻole i hiki i nā puna ke hiki i ka ʻili o ka honua, i ka lewa i ka lewa. Ma ka papu stroʻo Gobi a ma Central Asia i ka hoʻoilo, hoʻoheheʻe ka mahana ma lalo o 0 ° C. ʻO ka hoʻonui nuiʻana he hiʻohiʻona o ka hiʻona o ka wao. No ka lā hiki iā 25-30 ° С, ma Sahara a hiki i ka 40-45 ° С. Nā ʻōlelo hoʻohālike o ka honua nei:
- ua ʻōpala ʻole ka lepo i ka lepo.
- puʻu ʻinoʻino a me nā puahiohio e ʻole ka ua
- paʻakai paʻakai
- nā mea e nalowale ai i ka one, ʻaʻole e hāʻawi i nā kahe,
- nā muliwai kahe, nā kū wai ʻole a me nā hōʻuluʻulu maloʻo ma deltas,
- nā wai ʻauhele me nā kahakai i hoʻololi mau ʻia,
- nā lāʻau, nā mea kanu a me nā mauʻu me nā lau ʻole, akā me nā kakalaioa.
ʻO nā wao nui loa o ka honua
Wahi a nā wahi nui i kolohe ʻia nā mea kanu lāʻau i nā wahi wai ʻole o ka honua. Eia, nā lāʻau, nā lāʻau a me nā nāhelehele me ka lau ʻole i ka lau a i ʻole nā lau a pau ʻole, ʻike ʻia i ka hua ʻōlelo "wao" ʻo ia iho. ʻO nā kiʻi i hōʻike ʻia ma ka ʻatikala e hāʻawi i kahi manaʻo o nā kūlana paʻakikī i nā wahi maloʻo. Hōʻike ka papa ʻāina ma nā ʻāina kahawai ma nā Northern and Southern Hemispheres i ke anuanu wela. Aia wale nō ma Asia Hikina kēia kūlohelohe kūpono i kū i ke kahua nanā, hiki i 50 ° C. w lu. ʻO nā wao nahele nui loa o ka honua:
- ʻO Sahara, Libya, Kalahari a me Namib i ʻApelika,
- ʻO Monte, Patagonian a me Atacama i ʻAmelika Hema,
- Sandy nui a me Victoria ma Australia,
- Arapi, Gobi, Suria, Rub al-Khali, Karakum, Kyzylkum ma Eurasia.
ʻO nā wahi e like me ka semi-wao a me ka wao nahele, aia ma ka honua honua i noho a puni ka 17 a 25% o ka ʻāina āpau o ka honua, a ma Africa a me Australia - 40% o ka wahi.
Kai Kahi
ʻO kahi wahi maʻamau kahi hiʻohiʻona o Atakama a me Namib. ʻO kēia mau ʻāina anuʻu i ola ʻole ma ke kai! Aia ka palena ʻo Atacama ma ke komohana o ʻAmelika Hema, i hoʻopuni ʻia e ka poʻi pali pōhaku o ka mauna ʻo Andes, a hiki i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 6500 m ma ke komohana, holoi ʻia ke kahe e ke kai a ka Pākīpika me kona wā anuanu o Peruvian e kū nei.
ʻO Atacama ka wao nahele loa ola ʻole loa, me kahi papa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o 0 mm. Hiki i nā ua uila ke hoʻopau i nā manawa āpau i kēlā me kēia mau makahiki, akā i ka hoʻoilo huehue ke hele mai nā wai o ke kai. Ma kahi o 1 miliona mau kānaka e noho nei ma kēia wahi kuahiwi. Ke hana nei ka heluna kanaka i ka ʻoihana holoholona: ʻo ka wao nahele kiʻekiʻe āpau ke puni ʻia e ka wahie a me nā hehi. Hāʻawi ke kiʻi i ka ʻatikala i kahi manaʻo o nā ʻōpala hōʻeuʻeu o Atacama.
Nā ʻanohele wīwī (ka hoʻonohonoho ʻano ʻāina)
- ʻAoʻao - zonal type, ʻano o nā wahi a me nā subtropical zones. Hoʻopili a wela ka pākana i kēia wahi.
- Anthropogenic - ala mai i ka hopena a i ʻole a i ʻole nā hopena o ke kanaka i ke ʻano. Aia kekahi manaʻo e wehewehe ana i kēia wao nahele kahi pilikia pili i ka kaiapuni me kona hoʻonui ʻana. A ua kumu kēia mea e ka hana a ka heluna o nā heluna.
- Nohoʻāina - ka teritori kahi i noho mau ai nā kamaʻāina. Aia nā kahawai transit, nā ʻōkuhi, ka mea i kūkulu ʻia ma nā wahi e puka mai ai ka wai.
- Paʻaʻina - nā ʻāina me nā pōpilikia maikaʻiʻole uhi a me ka holoholona hihiu, aia ma muli o nā hana hana a me nā haunaele o ka hana kūlohelohe.
- Arctic - hau a me ka hau ma nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO nā pilikia o ke kaiapuni o nā wao nahele a me nā ʻino ma ke komohana a me nā ʻulāʻau e like like me: no ka laʻana, ʻaʻohe lawa o ka ua, kahi palena ia no ka ola kanu. Akā ka uluʻana o nā mika o ka Arctic e ke anuanu haʻahaʻa loa.
Desertification - nalowale o nā mea kanu mau loa
Ma kahi o 150 makahiki i hala aku nei, ua ʻike nā ʻepekema i ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā wahi ʻo Sahara. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻikepili Archaeological a me nā haʻawina paleontological akā ʻaʻole ka lula wale nō kēia wahi ma kēia ʻāina. ʻO nā pilikia o ke kaiāulu ʻia i loko o nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "hoʻomaʻemaʻe" ʻo ka Sahara. No laila, i ka kenekulia XI, ʻoi ka mahiʻai i loko o ʻAmelika Hikina hiki i ka 21 ° latitude ka lōʻihi. No nā makahiki he ʻehiku, ua neʻe ka palena ʻākau i ka hema i ka 17 mau mea ʻanuʻu, a ma ka makahiki 21 ua neʻe hou aku ia. No ke aha e hana ai ka wailele? Ua wehewehe kekahi poʻe noiʻi ma kēia kaʻina ʻo ʻAmelika i ka "hoʻomaloʻo" i ka lewa, aʻo nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i ka neʻe o ka mai i ke one ka hiamoe. ʻO ka manaʻo kekahi, ʻo ia ka hana a Stebbing "Desert, i hana ʻia e ke kanaka", ka mea i ʻike i ka mālamalama i ka makahiki 1938. Ua haʻi aku ka mea kākau i nā ʻikepili e pili ana i ka holomua o ka Sahara ma ka hema a wehewehe i ka hanana ʻana ma o ka mahiʻai ʻana, kūpono i ka hehi ʻana o nā mea kanu ʻai e nā holoholona, a me nā ʻano ʻoihana lawaiʻa ʻole.
Anthropogenic kumu o ka haʻalele
Ma muli o nā haʻawina o ka neʻe o ka one ma Sahara, ua ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua Mua, kahi o ka ʻāina mahiʻai a me ka nui o nā holoholona. Kahi hou ka hua lāʻau Woody-knubby, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hoʻi ka wao! Hoʻopili ʻia nā pilikia o ke kaiāulu i ka aneane ʻaʻole e hoʻopau i ia mau hihia i ka wā i haʻalele ʻia nā wahi i ke kaʻe ʻana i ka mahiʻai no ko lākou hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana. Lawe ʻia nā hana hoʻihoʻi a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana ma kahi liʻiliʻi.
Ma muli o ka loina ka mea kanu ʻia e nā hana kanaka, ʻaʻole ke kumu ke ʻano o ka "hoʻomaloʻo", akā ʻo ka anthropogenic, e pili pū ana me ka hana nui ʻana o nā hana ʻai, ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke alanui, a me ka mahiʻai ʻole ʻana. Hiki i ke kanu ʻia ma lalo o ke ʻano o nā mea kūlohelohe i ka palena o nā ʻāina maloʻo kahi i loaʻa, akā i ka emi iki ma mua o ka mana o ka hana kanaka. ʻO nā kumu nui o ka haʻalele anthropogenic:
- ke kōlea hana ʻoihana
- ʻohiʻohi me ka ʻole o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka huahana ʻai,
- ʻo ka ʻoki ʻana i ka nahele ke kū i ka ʻāina.
- ka hana hoʻokūkū manuahi (irrigation),
- hoʻonui i ka wai a me ka hana ʻana o ka makani:
- ka lua o ka wai wai, e like me ka nalo o ka moana Aral ma Asia Hikina.
Nā ʻano iho o nā wao nahele a me nā neone mua
Wahi a ka papa huluhulu i nā ʻano o nā wao ma lalo nei.
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- kū maikaʻi - i ka tropic a me nā subtropics, kahi mahana a me kahi maloʻo,
- anthropogenic - ke ʻano he hopena o ka hana kanaka i ka pōʻino,
- nohona - loaʻa i nā kahawai a me nā ʻena e lilo i wahi e noho ai o nā kānaka,
- ʻoihana - pilikia ka hana a ke ʻano o ka hana o nā kānaka
- Arctic - loaʻa ka hau a me ka hoʻoilo o ka hau, kahi i ʻike ʻole ai nā holoholona.
Ua ʻike ʻia he nui nā wao e ʻike ʻia i nā waiwai nui o ka aila a me ka mīkini, a me nā metala kūpono hoʻi, ka mea i alakaʻi i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o kēia mau ʻāina e ka poʻe. Hoʻonui ka hoʻonui aila i ka pae o ka pōʻino. I ka wā e hoʻōla ai ka aila, hoʻopau ʻia nā ʻōnika holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO kekahi pilikia no ka kaiapuni, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻopau ai i ka nanā. Ma muli o ka loaʻaʻana o ka ea, pilikia kahi pilikia o ka wai ʻole. ʻO kekahi pilikia ʻo ka lepo a me nā ʻinoʻino. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole kēia o kahi papa inoa piha o nā pilikia o nā wao nahele a me nā wahi neʻe mua-semi.
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Inā mākou e kamaʻilio hou aku e pili ana i nā pilikia o ke kaiapuni o nā semi-deses, ʻo ka pilikia nui ka hoʻonui ʻana iā lākou. No ka nui o nā semi-deserto kekahi mau wahi kūlohelohe me nā kiʻī ma ke wao, akā ma lalo o ke ākea o kekahi mau mea, e hoʻonui ai lākou i ka ʻāina a huli pū hoʻi i nā wao nahele. ʻO ka hapanui o kēia kaʻina e hoʻoikaika ʻia e ka hana anthropogenic - hina ka lāʻau, ka luku ʻana i nā holoholona, hana kūkulu ʻana i nā lako o ka ʻenehana, a me ka hana o ka lepo Ma muli o kēia, ʻaʻole lawa ka nui o ka semi-efitra, ua make nā mea kanu, e like me kekahi mau holoholona, a ua lele kekahi. No laila huli koke ka semi-efitra i kahi wao make (a i ʻole paha ola).
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Nā pilikia no ke kaiāulu i nā wao Arctic
Aia ka waona ma Arctic ma ke komohana a me nā pōkā hema, kahi e laha ai ke ʻano o ka minus i kēlā me kēia manawa āpau, e kīloe ana a he nui o nā glacier e waiho ana. Hoʻopili ʻia nā wao Arctic a me Antarctic i ʻole ka hopena o ke kanaka. Ma waena o ke kau hoʻoilo maʻamau mai -30 a -60 degere Celsius, a i ke kauwela hiki lākou ke ala i ka +3 degere. ʻO 400 mm ka nui o ka ua ma ka makahiki he 400 mm. No ka uhi ʻia o ka wao nahele i ka hau, ʻaʻohe mau mea kanu, me kaʻole o nā lichens a me nā mosses. Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā holoholona i nā ʻano ʻino.
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I ka wā i hala, ua ʻike pū ʻia nā neʻe Arctic i ke ʻano kanaka maikaʻi ʻole. Ma ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā kānaka, ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻenekula Arctic a me Antartika. No laila ke alakaʻi ʻia ʻana o ka lawaiʻa i ka hōʻemi o kā lākou heluna. I kēlā me kēia makahiki, hoʻemi ʻia ka helu o nā sila a me nā walruses, nā bea polar a me nā ʻalopelo Arctic ma aneʻi. Aia kekahi mau holoholona aia ma ka palena o ka pauahi ma muli o ke kanaka.
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Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻepekema ʻepekema koʻikoʻi o ka minamina ma ka palena wao no Arctic. Ma hope o ka mea e hoʻomaka ai, hoʻomaka kā lākou hana, ʻaʻole e kūleʻa mau kēia. I kekahi manawa i hele mai nā hanana, a komo ka ʻaila i loko o ka ʻākoʻolima, komo nā mea ʻino i ka lewa, a ua haumia ka honua honua.
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ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻopili i ke kumuhana o ka hoʻokū honua. Hoʻonohonoho ka mahana wela i ka hoʻoheʻe ʻana o nā glacier i ka ʻehā a me nā ʻekena ʻehā ʻākau. Ma muli o kēia mea, ua hoʻemi nā nā wahi o nā wao o Arctic, a laila ke piʻi ka wai wai o ka Honua. Hāʻawi kēia i nā loli wale nō i nā kaolaʻenehana, akā i ka neʻe ʻana o kekahi mau ʻano o nā mea flora a me nā mea ola manuahi i nā wahi ʻē aʻe a me kā lākou hana hoʻopau ʻana.
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No laila, ʻo ka pilikia o nā wīwī a me nā semi-deserto e lilo i honua. Hoʻonui ka nui o kā lākou helu ma muli o ka hewa o kekahi kanaka, no laila, ʻaʻole ʻoe e noʻonoʻo wale i ka pehea e hoʻokuʻu ai i kēia kaʻina hana, akā e lawe pū i nā hana radical e mālama i ke ʻano.
Make ke ola. ʻO nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona
ʻO nā kūlana pōʻino, nā palena o ka wai a me nā ʻona ʻāina wao ma hope o ka ua i hala. Nui nā succulents, e like me cacti a me Crassulaceae, hiki ke hoʻopili a mālama i ka wai paʻa i loko o nā kumu a me nā lau. ʻO nā mea kanu xeromorphic ʻē aʻe, e like me ka saxaul a me ka wormwood, e ulu i nā aʻa lōʻihi i hiki i ka aquifer. Ua hoʻoponopono ʻia nā holoholona e loaʻa i ka umauma kahi e pono ai lākou mai ka meaʻai. Nui nā ʻelele o ka fauna i huli i kahi pō kiaʻi e noho ai ka wela.
ʻO ka honua a puni, ka wao nahele i hoʻopilikia maoli ʻia e nā hana a nā heluna kanaka. ʻO ka make o ke kai kūlohelohe, e like me ka hopena, ʻaʻole hiki i ke kanaka ke hoʻohana i nā makana o ke ʻano. Ke nalowale nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu i ko lākou wahi, a hopena maikaʻi kēia i ka ola o ka heluna kanaka.