Na wai ka wai? Hiki paha i kēlā me kēia ke pane i kēia nīnau me ke kali ʻole: he reptile kēia e kolo ana ma ka lepo, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe ona wāwae e hele wāwae. Ma kahi ʻāpana, ka pane pololei. No ke aha ʻāpana? No ka mea, aia nā reptile ʻaʻole nā nahesa, ʻaʻole nō hoʻi i nā wāwae - he mau lika laulima kēia. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole ka mea e pili ana i ka kūkākūkā ma kā mākou moʻolelo, akā e pili ana i nā nahesa. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, hōʻiliʻili nui ka hui o kēia mau holoholona.
Ka helu ʻepekema ma kahi o 2500 mau nahesa i ke kino. Kūkulu kēia mau holoholona i ka papa o ka papa āpau i loko o ka moku o ka reptile. He mea maʻalahi ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā nahesa i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe i ke ʻano o ke kino: elongated, e like me kā mākou i ʻōlelo ai, ʻaʻohe nāhelehele manu. Hoʻololi ʻia ke kino o kēia mau reptile, ka neʻe lākou i ka hoʻoponopono i luna, e hana ana i nā neʻe like-like. ʻO ke ʻano kūikawā o ke kuʻekuʻe a me ka nui o ka vertebrae e hana i ka acrobats maoli i nā naheka, no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke kipi i loko o kahi pōpō a hiki i kā lākou iho i loko o kahi puʻupuʻu!
ʻO ka nui o nā nahesa e hoʻokuʻi nei i kā lākou kaulike: mai kekahi mau kenimika a ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 mau mika! ʻAe, ke noho nei ma luna o kā mākou honua, ua hoʻomākaukau mākou no ʻoe i kahi moʻolelo ʻokoʻa, ʻike nui.
ʻAuhea e noho ai nā nahesa?
Noho ka nahesa i kokoke holoʻokoʻa a puni ko mākou honua, me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole o ka ʻenekia kūwaho - Antarctica. Loaʻa ka nui o nā holoholona like ʻole o kēia mau holoholona i nā wahi ʻaluna. Ma aneʻi ua loaʻa nā mea make e like me nā nui a me nā poʻe no nā ʻāpana like ʻole. ʻOi aku lākou makemake e noho i nā wao nahele, nā wao nahele, nā awawa, nā mauna, a me nā wahi wai.
ʻO ke ʻano ola, ka hānai a me ka hoʻōla i nā naheka i loko o ke ʻano
Ma ke ala o ke ola, na manu a pau he aloha. Akā, i ka manawa o ka male, ʻike ʻia ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o kēia mau holoholona i ka nui o ka wā moe.
ʻO nā mea nui a pau ka make he mea make. ʻIke pinepine ʻia nā mau ʻōlio he nui i ʻApelia a me Asia. E pili ana i kēia honua e haʻi kēia wikiō:
E like me nā manaʻo o nā nahesa, ʻaʻohe o lākou lohe a maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO ka mea, ua nele loa ka pepeiao i ka nahesa, no laila ua lohe ka nahesa i "kokoke" wale nō ma muli o ka u mai o ka lepo a i ʻole ka ihu ma luna. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa nā maka o nā nahelehele i ke kiaʻi ʻana, hiki iā lākou ke ʻike wale i ka mea e neʻe mau ana, i ka hapanui o nā hihia, ʻaʻole i noʻonoʻo pono nā nahesa i ka "mea koa" kuʻuna.
Inā maikaʻi ʻole ka ʻike a me ka hoʻolohe ʻana ma ke ʻano ma kēia mau reptile, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā pua ʻala o nā nahesa? Eia nō hoʻi, ʻo ia ka hihia i ʻaneʻi. ʻAʻohe nāhelehele e hoʻokaʻawale i waena o ka ʻono o ka meaʻai a lākou e ʻai ai. ʻAʻole maʻamau lākou i ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻai maʻamau, ʻaʻole lākou e mōʻī, akā, ale maoli ia.
ʻO ka manaʻo wale nō i ulu aʻe ai i waena o nā nahesa ke ʻano o kā lākou ʻala. ʻIke ʻia nā mea kuʻi e hopu ana i nā mea ʻili i loko o kēia mau reptile ʻaʻole i loko o nā nostrile wale nō, akā ma ka ʻōlelo ʻea a lākou. No laila, kau pinepine ka ʻili i kā lākou mau alelo e mea e honi i kā lākou ʻai.
A hoʻopau ʻia nā nahe e ka ʻano me ka radar i kapa ʻia. ʻO ia kahi mau mea kūikawā i kū ʻia ma ka maka a me ke ʻano o nā dimples. Ua manaʻo ka ʻepekema ʻepekema e ʻae nā mea nānā aku i ka nahesa e ʻike i ka honua a puni ia e like me ka mea o ka mea noʻonoʻo kiʻi.
ʻAʻole leo ka leo o nā nahesa, ʻo ke kani hoʻokahi wale nō i aʻo ʻia e kēia mau holoholona e hana i ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana e hoʻomau. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia wale nō, ʻo nā rattlesnakes wale nō, ka mea e ʻike i ke ʻano o ka "rattle" mai ka huelo: ua hoʻonohonoho pono lākou i nā lihi i kēia wahi o ke kino.
ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona o nā nahesa he molting. ʻO ka mea ʻoi koke a manawa koke ua ulu mai ka nahe a mai kāna peʻa a hele pono e "hoʻololi" ia. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole e loli ka kela me kēia mau puʻupuʻu no ka nahesa, e haʻalele ka holoholona i ka "ʻili" kahiko me kahi lāʻau.ʻO ka "lole" i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i kapa ʻia ʻo ia mau huaʻolelo.
He ʻano nui o nā alaula a mai nā ʻano: mai ke ʻano a me ka hoʻohālike, a me nā aniani a nani hoʻi. Hoʻohana kekahi poʻe i ka ʻula ʻulaʻula e hūnā mai i nā ʻenemi a hoʻokū paha e hoʻokokoke aku i ka mea nāna. ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe, ma kahi ʻē aʻe, e hoʻomaopopo i loko o ko lākou waihoʻoluʻu ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokokoke ʻana iā lākou. E like me ke kānāwai, ua loaʻa nā mākona hona a pau me nā unahi mālamalama, akā aia nā mea ʻē aʻe.
ʻO nā mākia āpau o nā kaona o nā nahesa he holoholona makehewa. ʻAi kekahi i nā kiʻi, ʻai kekahi i nā ʻōpala, ʻoiai ʻē aʻe kekahi i kā lākou liʻiliʻi, ʻehā ʻehā hua manu huaʻai, a ma ka lima ... hiki iā lākou ke ʻai i ka bolo.
ʻO nā manawa nui, ʻo nā holoholona ungulate nui e lilo i mea no ka nahesa (maʻa maoli, nui loa). Uheu maoli ka nahe i ka moʻo o ka holoholona i hopu ʻia a hoʻomāʻo ia iā ia, a laila ʻāniʻā ʻo ia ia no ka lōʻihi loa.
Nāhelehele. ʻOiai ʻaʻole wau i ʻike i kahi nahe ola e noho nei i loko o kahi ululāʻau, ʻaʻole i noʻonoʻo koʻu noʻonoʻo i nā hui ʻoluʻolu loa me lākou. :) Hoʻomaopopo koʻikoʻi wau i ke kiʻi i hana ʻia ma Australia. Maluna, e lele malū mai kahi lua nui mai loko o ka pākaukau. Ua ʻike lōʻihi wau i nā manawa ʻē aʻe e hana nei ma Australia, akā nui loa. Mai koʻu ʻano loa, no laila, no kekahi mau lā hou ua nānā hou wau i ka lua. :)
He aha nā ʻai a ka ʻai mea e ʻai ai?
ʻO kekahi mea e pili ana i nā nahesa
Na nāhelehele i nā ʻāpana o nā reptile. Ua hele pinepine loa ʻia wau e kēia mau holoholona i loko o ko lākou poʻe hoahānau, e like me nā honu. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, he mau reptile kēia mau mea ola. Akā ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi mea maʻamau ma waena o lākou he mau miliona e ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻokoʻa. :)
Hono kēia mau holoholona - ma aneane nā ʻāina āpau. koe wale nō ia ʻo Antartika. ʻO ka mahalo, hiki i nā poʻe makaʻāina o New Zealand a me Ireland ke mālie e pili ana i kā lākou mau keʻena, me ka ma laila a ma nā mokupuni ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole ola ka nahesa. :)
No nā poʻe maʻamau e hoihoi mau ʻia ia he nahu a kolohe paha paha. Hoʻohana nui kēia mau mea i kā lākou venom no ka hopu ana, aole ia no ko lakou pale ponoi ana. Hiki i kekahi mau holoholona ke hiki ke pepehi i kekahi.
Pehea nā holoholona hihiu
Loaʻa i nā nakahi ko lākou meaʻai ma ke hahai holoholona. Holo lākou i nā ʻano like ʻole, pili ia i nā ʻano. ʻO ka hapanui mea ʻino ʻoaʻuhi ke kali nei i kā lākou pio, e moe ana ma kahi hoʻokahi no nā hola a i ka wā i aʻo ai lākou i nā mea kūpono, hele nui lākou i laila a hana i kahi aʻa.
Inā hiki i ka pōʻai ʻai hiki ke hūnā, a laila ʻaʻole e alualu ka ʻili, akā hūnā hou a kali i ka mea hou.
A pehea nā ʻaina maikaʻi ʻole kaiʻai ʻole? ʻO ka hapanui o lākou e ʻimi ai i kā lākou mea pio, e hū ana i nā pūpū a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a loaʻa iā lākou kahi mea kūpono no ka ʻai, keʻule nei lākou a huki aku i kā lākou mea iʻa ma ke kī uila.
Pehea e ʻai ai i nā nahesa
Huki i kāna mea pio, e pepehi ke ʻimi iā ia. Hana ʻia nā ʻano mea makepa me ke kōkua o nā mea ʻona, ʻoiai ʻaʻole nā mea kaona i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o nā apo o ko lākou kino, akā aia nō ko ka poʻe i ʻōlelo i ke ola ʻana.
ʻAno nā ʻalopeke āpau i ka mea āpau a hoʻouna i loko i loko o ko lākou ʻūʻī haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, aia ʻia o nā halima ʻelua, kahi i pili ʻia me nā elamika elastic.
E ʻai ka nahesa, e huki ana i ka hapalua ʻākau o ka iwi ma ka mea i kau ʻia, ʻo nā niho o ka ʻaoʻao hema e paʻa loa ana, a laila ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau i hopu aku i ka mea, a huki nā ʻaoʻao hema a ʻōloʻakaʻi ka ʻōpū i ka ʻai i loko o ka ʻāʻī.
He aha nā meaʻai a ka ʻōpio?
Hiki i nā nāhelehele ke kapa ʻia nā ʻōmaka. Hiki iā lākou ke ʻimi no nā mea a lākou e loaʻa ai - ʻoiaʻiʻo, e like me ka nui o kā lākou ʻokoʻa. ʻAi ʻia lākou:
- Nā hale liʻiliʻi - Lizres, nā nakahi liʻiliʻi.
- ʻAfonia kāne - nā baki, salamanders, etc.
- Nā momi liʻiliʻi - nāhelehe, pipi, nāhelehele. Hiki i nā ʻano nui nui ke ʻimi, no ka laʻana, he mau aniani.
- Ua kūleʻa kekahi mau ʻano like ʻole. iʻa nā iʻa.
ʻOi aku kekahi mea makemake i nā mea ʻai i luna, akā hiki i kekahi ke koho i kekahi. :)
Ma hope o ka hopu ʻana i kaʻu ʻike nāuhele a pau i mea pio. Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei wau he nui nā mea i ʻike i kona ʻano. :)
He mea kupaianaha hoʻi i hiki i kekahi poʻe nonokoke ke kiʻi i ka mea i ka mea e ola ana - ka weliweli! ʻAe nā nāhelehele i ka meaʻai e like me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. Ma loko o kā lākou kino a pau ʻai liʻiliʻi ka meaʻai.
He mau nāhelehele nui. ʻAʻohe lākou ʻai ʻai i nā mea kanu. Aia nā ʻōleʻa ma nā koninika āpau. ʻAʻohe mea ma ka Antarctic. Noho ka hapanui o nā pahele i nā subtropics, a me nā ʻōpala. Aia nā ʻōpio ʻelua a me nā meaʻino ʻole. ʻO nā nāhele nui he wai loko o ka boa constrictor, anaconda a me ka palthth net. Ua ale lākou i ka nui o kā lākou mea pio, no ka mea, hoʻōla i ka nui o ka wai i loko o ka ʻōpū. Na nā ʻīlio i nele i nā niho ikaika. ʻO ia, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokeo i ka meaʻai. He mau niho niho wale nō lākou e like me ka huina keʻokeʻo. Kokua kēia mau niho nika i nā nahelehele e loaʻa i ka meaʻai. No ka mea, kahi leakona, he hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano o kona mau niho, hiki ke ʻai i nā holoholona e like me ka leopadi a me ka deer.
He aha nā meaʻai a ka ʻōpio?
He aha nā meaʻai a ka ʻōpio? Aia nō i ke ʻano o nā ʻano.
ʻO ka nui o nā nakahi e ʻai i nā mea a pau e pili ana i ka holoholona hihiu, i.e. nā ʻano manu like ʻole, nā manu, nā huaʻai, nā mea inikona, a me nā ʻelele o kā lākou papa o nā ʻano reptile. ʻO nā mea ʻalaʻou aikou e like me nā mea e noho kokoke ana i ka wai, ʻai pū kekahi i nā iʻa a me nā holoholona aku.
Akā aia pū kekahi mau mea makemake i hoʻokahi wale ʻana o ka mea i make, a aia nō kekahi o nā ʻano luhi like ʻole e ʻai nei i nā ʻelele o kā lākou ʻano haʻuki a i ʻole kā lākou ʻano like ʻole.
He aha nā meaʻai a nā ʻōpio home?
He holoholona ʻokoʻa nā holoholona. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻokuʻu i ka hopu ʻana i nā rodents liʻiliʻi, nā mauhele. ʻO kahi ʻōloke kēlā ʻano holoholona e pono ai i nā kūlana kūikawā o ka paʻa, a me ka nānā. E ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e kūʻai i nā nahesa i nā wahi kūikawā, no ka mea ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa kēia mau holoholona i ka pio, i nā meaʻai a me ka kua. ʻAʻohe nāhele a pau e ʻai i ka meaʻai like. ʻO kahi laʻai, ʻai kekahi i nā ʻiole maʻamau, aʻo kekahi e ʻai i nā lepa a me nā baku. Aia wale nō i ka ʻano o ka nahesa āu e makemake ai e kūʻai.
Ma waho o nā kaʻawale ʻole, nā mea moile a pau e ʻāleʻa ana, ʻai lākou i nā mea āpau mai nā popo a i nā anele. Hiki i ka nahesa ke luku i kahi holoholona i nui mau manawa i ʻoi loa iā ia iho, a me kāna ʻōpū e maʻalahi e hoʻokaʻawale i nā holoholona nui, ʻo ia hoʻi nā iwi, nā pepeiaohao a me nā ʻūhā.
He aha nā mea ʻawaʻawa e inu ai
Ma muli o ka pili ʻana i ka nahesa, ʻaʻole paʻakikī ke kuhi hewa i nā mea e aloha ai ka nahe mai ka meaʻai, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka lawelawe ʻana i nā mea e inu ai, ʻoiai no ka manawa lōʻihi ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻaʻole nā inu kika e inu nui ʻole.
ʻAno nā nāhele āpau, me ka ʻole o ka ʻokoʻa, ka ʻokoʻa, hana lākou me ia, ʻokoʻa kekahi e lawe i ka wai i loko o nā kīʻaha piha, e hoʻomaʻemaʻe wale kekahi i kona alelo, akā pono no lākou i ka wai. Loaʻa i nā nāhelehele i ka nui o ka wai kūpono mai ke kino o kā lākou mau poʻe i hana ai, a no laila ʻike pinepine ʻole lākou e inu, ʻo ia hoʻi kēlā mau ʻano e noho ana ma ka wao nahele, akā inā ʻoe e hoʻohoka i ka nahe i ka wai, hiki ke make.
ʻO ka manaʻoʻiʻo lapuwale punahele i ka waiū kuhi hewa. Ke kino o nā reptile, ʻaʻohe huehu e wāwahi i ka lactose, no laila, ʻaʻole i hoʻopili ʻia ka waiū o nā nahe a hiki i ka maʻi o ka ʻōpū a me nā hopena maʻi. E inu ka nahesa i ka waiū, akā inā makewai wale nō a ʻaʻohe mea wale nō i ka waiū, akā ma kahi liʻiliʻi.
I ka hopena, makemake wau e ʻōlelo aku i kahi ʻohe maikaʻi hānai i hānai ʻia, hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e peʻe ma kekahi kihi huna a hoʻōloi me ka ʻoluʻolu i kāna meaʻai.
ʻĀ, maʻa mau mea ʻelua e ʻai a ʻai - ʻike wau.
E inu ana kaʻu nahe i ke koko. ʻO ka mea maoli. No laila, ʻokoʻa au a ʻōpala ʻana.
A ʻo ka "ʻokiʻoki" Sveta mai ka ʻōpio kokoke e ʻai i nā moa. Hāpai ʻo ia iā lākou mai ka home i ka pahu lita ma lalo o kahi kahelona. Kāhea wau iā Kobrino. Holo ke aloha nā kaikamahine o kāna keʻena.
I ka laulā, ʻaʻole ʻoe e hālāwai me nā nahe ʻano mea kanu. ʻAʻole lākou e noho wale. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, he poʻe lākou i ka hoʻāno.
ʻOiai nā ʻili o nā mea make i ka meaʻai, ʻokoʻa ʻē kā lākou mau papa: mai nā semale a hiki i nā antelope.Aʻa ka ʻā a me ke ʻano o nā iʻa a puni i ka iʻa, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka ʻelua o ka ʻai me ka ʻai. Mai nānā i kēlā ʻohe ʻo ia ʻokiʻoki aia. E noʻonoʻo, ʻaʻole paha, akā hiki iā ia ke loaʻa ka ʻai ma lalo o nā pōhaku a i nā ʻāwīwī o ka pūwā. A, i kāna wā e wehe ai i kona waha, ʻaʻole ʻoe i noʻonoʻo.
He ʻano ʻōlapa maoli, no ka laʻana, he nahe ʻalani o ʻAmelika Huipū. ʻO kāna mau punahele punahele he mau ʻuʻuku a me nā hua ihe. I kekahi manawa hiki ke iho i ka iʻa a me ka moa. Akā inā kū mai ʻo ia ma o ka līkī a iʻa paha - e huli koke ʻo ia me ka wikiwiki. ʻO ka nahe ʻalani i ulana ʻia e noho ana ma ʻAmelika Hema, ma kahi ʻē, he ʻoliʻoli, a ʻai ʻia ka mea āpau e hele mai ai i ka lima. ʻO kaʻu manaʻo, ma ke ala: iʻa, nā baki, nā kiʻiki, nā manu, a me nā ʻūlū pipi.
Nā ʻīlena ulana pākoki me kahi noho ma ʻAmelika a me Asia e hoʻomana mau ana i nā makika. ʻO nā ʻūpoko, nā ʻupena, kahi e lele ai ka ʻōlika a ka ʻAmelika ʻAmelika Hūlū, a ʻala lākou i ka ʻoluʻolu aloha. Huki lākou i kā lākou meaʻai "e nā wāwae", e hoʻopili ana i ka iwi ʻeha ma lalo o ka pūpū a kau ana i ka sime me nā niho palupalu, a me ko lākou.
Mai hānai i nā nahesa makapō e noho ana i ka lepo me ka berena - ʻoluʻolu lākou i nā ʻāpana. ʻO kēia mau mea liʻiliʻi - nāheu makapo - hiki ke ʻai i nā ʻumi o nā popo i ka hoʻokahi e noho ai, ʻaʻole hoʻokahi haneli i ka lā hoʻokahi. E kūpono ua kūpono kūpono ia i loko o ke anthill, e hoʻopuni iā lākou iho i ka honi ʻana mai nā huli a nā ʻōlio. No laila, ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻopā i ka nahesa, akā ʻaʻole nō e hoʻokokoke. A ʻo kekahi ʻano ʻāpana o nā ʻīlio makapō kekahi i nā minamina sadistic. ʻO ke loaʻa ʻana o ka hua ʻōlelo aniani, ʻaʻole ia i ale i ka make, e hāʻawi ana i ka make koke, akā hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hoʻomāino a hōʻeha a hiki ke kahe mai nā ʻōpū o ka huaʻala maikaʻi. ʻAiʻai Carnivorous, ʻaʻai kahe nui i ka leaka a kau i ke koena, waiho wale he citinous mai ka anai.
Aia nā mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo ʻole i ka pilina. ʻO ka lākena, ʻoi aku paha a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ʻole, ka pōloli, hiki ke ʻai i kahi kīwī.
ʻO ka Copper, ke loaʻa mau i ka Central Russia, hiki ke loaʻa i ka pāʻina me kahi viper, a i ka manawa like me ka nahesa. Hoʻokomo pū ʻia nā loko ola i ka ʻai o ke keleawe. Loaʻa paha kona ʻano like ʻana i nā nahesa.
ʻO ka cobra King, ka nui loa o nā mea ʻona ʻona, hiki ke lōʻihi i ka lōʻihi o ʻelima mau mika, ʻoi aku ka makemake i nā nahesa. Pepehi ia ia lākou me kāna mea ʻono. Akā hiki ke hoʻomālamalama wale ka ʻāpana i ka nahe me ka ʻuʻū: ʻaʻole i pili ka palu i nā ʻōpala.
E aloha ʻo Mussurana, he kamaʻāina ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, e pānaʻi i kona mau hoahānau a me nā kaikuahine ʻona. Hāpai ʻo ia iā lākou e nā maloʻo, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi ma hope o kona poʻo, ʻūlū ʻo ia iā ia a puni kona kino a me ka ʻālana i kona mau ʻōpala, hoʻomāʻewaʻewa.
ʻO nā nahesa nui loa i ka honua he anaconda a reticulated python. Ua kiʻi mua lākou i kā lākou ʻai, a laila luku. E like me ka mea i hōʻino ʻia, aia nō paha nā holoholona nui, a hiki i ka poʻe - ʻike ʻia nā hihia like ʻole. Eia naʻe, ua kamaʻilio wau i ia mau mea luhi ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana ...
ʻO ka helehelena o nā kiʻi ma ka ʻano moʻomeheu kahiko
I ka wā kahiko, ua hana nā naheka i hōʻailona e like me ke kuʻikahi. Kūkū ʻia ka Duality ma muli o ka nāwawa o nā reptile i lawe i ka make a me ka hiki ke hoʻonoho hou a hoʻoponopono hou i ka ʻili. E hana ka holoholona i hōʻailona no ka ho'ōla a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau.
ʻ saylelo nā moʻolelo ʻo ka naʻauao o kēia mau reptile, ka poʻe e ʻike i ka ʻike huna o ke ola mau loa a me nā mea huna o nā ʻano hōʻola maʻi. ʻO ke kiʻi o ke akua kahiko e hoʻāla ana iā Asclepius mai ka make mai he kiʻi ma ke ʻano o ke koʻokoʻo i lawe ʻia me kahi nahesa.
I waena o nā ʻano nunui nui o nā reptile, he mau nahesa i hōʻailona no ka hoʻōla. Ua kapa ʻia ka nahesa ka nahesa o Aesculapius a hoʻohanohano ʻia ma Roma a me Helene. Hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻailona o ka lāʻau lapaʻau hou i ke ʻano o ke kīʻaha me ka lāʻau lapaʻau i hoʻopili ʻia me ka nahesa.
I ka ʻAikekikeka, ʻo ka reptile ka holoholona kapu o ka akua ʻo Athena. I ko ʻAigupita, ua hōʻike ʻia ka hiʻohiʻona o ke akua ʻo Isis i ke kiʻi o ka wahine hapalua, hapalua nahesa. E pili ana i ka ʻatikala a ʻAigupita i ke kiʻi o ka nahesa me ka Lā, he ʻano ʻano o ke akua Osiris. Hoʻohui ka nahesa i ka hoʻopunipuni a me ka hoʻopunipuni, nā mea ʻeleʻele a me ka hewa.ʻO nā manaʻo kahiko i hāʻawi ʻia i nā reptile me nā ʻano o ka mea hoʻopuka ma waena o ka honua a me nā honua ʻē aʻe.
ʻO kahi hōʻailona o kahi reptile ma ka moʻomeheu o nā ʻāina hikina
Ua piha ka moʻomeheu o Kina i nā moʻomeheu kahiko a me nā kuʻuna e pili ana i nā nahesa. I ka nui o nā moʻolelo, hoʻopili nā reptiles i nā hōʻailona maikaʻi ʻole a me ka hewa. ʻAʻole hoʻokaʻawale nā moʻomeheu o ka Far East i waena o nā kiʻi o nā ʻīlio a me nā nahesa.
Ua hana ʻo Dragons he mea kiaʻi o nā heiau, e mālama ana i ka ʻike esoteric a me ka waiwai. Aia kekahi manaʻo e hōʻike ana i kahi naheka i hoʻopuni ʻia i loko o ka pōʻai, i mea e noʻonoʻo ai ka manaʻo o ka yin-yang, e hōʻike ana i ka hui a me ka wā mau loa.
Ua noʻonoʻo ʻia ka holoholona, he kanaka bisexual, hōʻike i ka ulu ʻana. ʻO ke ʻano chthonic o ka reptile i hoʻomālamalama i ka mana o ka ʻaleaʻeleʻele a me ka ʻoluʻolu. Ma muli o ke hiki ke kīlei ʻole me ke kōkua o nā wāwae, ua manaʻo ʻia nā mea reptile he mea holo a pau, hiki iā ia ke lanakila i kekahi mau pilikia.
Ua mālama ka lā ʻeleʻele i ke kiʻi o nā mea ʻuhane a me nā mea kūwaho, e hōʻike ana i ka hewa a me nā ʻeleʻele o ka honua. ʻO ka ʻolua Langit, a i ʻole Azure Dragon, he hōʻailona no ka anuenue, e kau ana i ka hoʻololi ma waena o nā ao. Ma Iapana, ʻo kēia holoholona he ʻano nui i inoa o nā akua a me nā hekili.
Hōʻike wehewehe
Manaʻo ʻia nā kūpuna o nā nahesa he mau nika, nā hua e hoʻohālikelike ʻia e nā iguanoid a me nā pua me nā manu ʻenehana i loaʻa ʻole. Ma ke kaʻina o ka make ʻana o nā nahe, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā loli nui loa e hōʻike ana i nā hiʻohiʻona o waho a me nā ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻelele like o ka suborder mai ka papa Reptile.
Hōʻike, kala
He kino elongated ko ka ʻōpū, ʻaʻohe limu, me ka lōʻihi o 100 mm a 100700 cm, a ʻo ka mea nui nui mai nā iwi kīnā ʻole o ka lizards he mau wahi kīʻaha e hoʻoneʻe ʻia, kahi e hiki ai i ka reptile ke ale i ka mea i hoʻopiha ʻia. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole i nā nāhelehele i ka hule ʻana, kahi eardrum a kahi kāʻei poʻohiwi i haʻi ʻia.
Hoʻopili ʻia ke kino o nā nahele i ka ʻili a me ka ʻili. Nui nā ʻano o nā reptile like me ka adaptability o ka ʻili i loko o ka ʻōpū e hilinaʻi ʻia ana i ka maka o ka honua, ka mea e hoʻomaʻamaʻa nui i ka neʻe. ʻO ka loli o ka ʻili i ke kaʻina o peeling a molting paha e loaʻa i hoʻokahi layer a kū hoʻokahi mau, e like me ke ʻano o ke hoʻololi ʻana i ke kaʻo ʻana i ka ʻaoʻao hewa.
He hoihoi kēia! Ua uhi ʻia nā maka me nā unahi ʻona kūikawā a i ʻole ka mea i kapa ʻia i ka eyelids e paʻa, no laila, hoʻomaʻamaʻa mau lākou, ʻoiai e hiamoe ana ka nahe, a ma ka manawa ma mua o ka molle nā maka i ka uliuli a lilo i ao.
Nui nā ʻano like ʻole o ka nui a me nā nui o nā unahi i loko o ke poʻo, ke kua a me ka ʻōpū, e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ai ka reptile me nā kumu taxonomic. ʻO nā ʻona nui i hoʻomohala ʻia i nā ʻāpana palaloka o nā dorsal e pili ana i ka vertebrae, no ka mea hiki ke helu ʻia nā helu vertebrae a pau me ka wehe ʻole.
Hoʻololi wale nā pākeke i ka hoʻololi i ka ʻili o hoʻokahi wale nō a ʻelua paha mau manawa i hoʻokahi makahiki. Eia naʻe, no nā poʻe ʻōpio, e hoʻomau nei ka ulu ikaika ʻana, he loli ka ʻehā ʻehā mau makahiki i kahi ʻano. ʻO ka ʻili i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka wā o ke kao a ka nahesa he hōʻailona maikaʻi ia o ka ʻili o waho o ka reptile. Ma ka pau ʻana o ka ʻili, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, he hiki ke maʻalahi e koho e pili paha i ka nahesa i kekahi ʻano.
ʻActerlelo ola a me ke ʻano
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona a me ke ʻano hana ola i ke ʻano o ka reptile cold-blooded . ^ E Ha yM. No ka hoʻohālikelike, ʻokoʻa nā kahe o ka wīwī i ka hapalua hapalua o ke ola, hana i ka neʻe i ka lepo palupalu, e nānā i nā lua o nā kānaka, e piʻi ma lalo o nā aʻa o nā mea kanu a i ʻole ka puʻupuʻu.
Ka alakaʻi ka honua i kahi mea huna a i ʻole he nūhou, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ke ʻano o ka eli ʻana, no laila ua hoʻohana lākou i ka manawa nui o ko lākou manawa i lalo o ka lalo a i ʻole ka hū ʻana i ka ʻōpala. ʻO nā ʻano nui i hele mai i ka maka i ka pō a i ka ua paha.Hiki i kekahi mau ʻano manuahi ʻo nā manu e hiki ke maʻalahi a holo wikiwiki a hiki i nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe a i nā mea kanu lāʻau paha.
Noho ka Pythons ma nā wahi kaiāulu, nā ʻalā kai ulu a me nā wahi lau nahele, akā noho kekahi mau ʻano ma nā wahi wao. Loaʻa pinepine nā pali o ke kokoke i ka wai, hiki iā lākou ke aau maikaʻi a ke pāʻauʻau ʻia. Hōʻailona nui nā ʻano he nui i luna o nā lāʻau lāʻau, no laila, mau ʻano lāʻau ʻēheu e hana ikaika ana i ke kuahiwi a i ka pō maoli ʻike kaulana a ʻike ʻia holoʻokoʻa loa.
ʻO nā alakilani manuahi he alakaʻi i ka lua ma lalo o ka hale, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ola burrowing, no laila, i ke ao ke makemake lākou e hūnā ma lalo o nā pōhaku a i loko o nā pūhaka hohonu. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā reptile pīpī hāwele a kanu ʻia ma lalo o ka ululā o ka nahele a i ʻole ka haki ʻana i nā kahe i ka lepo palupalu, mai kahi a lākou i hele ai i ka pō. ʻO nā lālā o ka ʻohana he mau kānaka maʻamau nā māla ʻeleʻele, nā māla maʻamau a i ʻole nā laiki i ʻole.
He hoihoi kēia! He mau mea palekana e mālama ai i kekahi mau ʻano, no laila, inā he pōpilikia, e lūlū ʻia lākou i loko o kahi glomerulus koʻikoʻi a hoʻohana i ka "volletary bloodletting", kahi e hoʻoheheʻe ai a i ʻole nā mana o ke koko mai ka maka a me ka waha.
Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻōlio ʻōlika ʻAmelika ma o ka noho ʻana ma lalo o ka ululāʻau a i ʻole ka mea i hāʻule ai ka lāʻau, a ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia ka noho huna ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona ola a me ka huina o ia mau ʻano.
Ehia nā nahele nui e ola
Hōʻike ʻia ka mea i hiki i kekahi mau ʻano o nā nahesa i hiki ke ola a hiki i ka hapalua o nā kenekulia, ʻoiai nā mea anuanu wale nō i mālama ʻia i loko o ka noho pio ʻana e lilo i lōʻihi. Wahi a ka nānā ʻana he nui, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka ola o nā pythons ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki, a me nā mea ʻona ʻehā ʻē aʻe - he 30-40 mau makahiki.
Snom venom
Ma ka ʻāpana o kā mākou ʻāina i kēia manawa, aia wale he ʻumikumamāhā mau nāhelehele o ka nahelehele i pili i ka māhele o nā holoholona makehewa maloʻo. ʻO ka hapa pinepine, ua pilikia ke kanaka i kahi ʻuʻina o kahi viper a i ʻole nā māka o ka ʻohana Aspida. ʻO ka pūnaehana o nā honu ula e loaʻa i nā protein a me nā peptides me nā pae like o ka paʻakikī, ʻo ia hoʻi me ka waikawa amino, nā lipids a me nā mea like ʻē aʻe. Eia pū kekahi, nā hiona ʻona e loaʻa i nā kinina e hiki ke maʻalahi i ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā kiko o ke kanaka, ma muli o ko lākou hopena iʻa.
Hāpai ka enzyal hyaluronidase i ka wāwahi o ka huakaʻi huakaʻi a me ka luku ʻana i nā capillaries i nā ʻano nui. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka phospholipase ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā lipid lipid o nā ʻāpana koko ʻulaʻula me ko lākou luku hope ʻana. No ka laʻana, aia ka viper venom i nā enzyme ʻelua, no laila he hopena ʻino loa i ka ʻōnaehana neʻe me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā kīʻaha koko a me ka hāʻule ʻole ʻana o ka mana. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā neurotoxins i loko o ka palaho e hoʻohuli ai i ka maʻi o nā ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, ka mea i hoʻonāukiuki i ka make ʻana o kekahi kanaka ma muli o ka hōʻeha.
Eia nō naʻe, he laʻala honu, i hōʻike ʻia e ka mea ʻulaʻula a me ka melemele ʻole ʻona wai, he mau mea hōʻola ʻia. No nā kumu olakino, hoʻohana ʻia nā mea poʻomanaʻo e huna ʻia e ka cobra, gyurza a me nā viper. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā inikineka i ka mālama ʻana i nā pathologies i pili me ka ʻōnaehana musculoskeletal, no ka mālama ʻana i nā pōpoki a me nā hōʻeha, rheumatism a me polyarthritis, a me ka radiculitis a me osteochondrosis. ʻO nā vipers a me nā pōpilikia he hapa ia o nā lāʻau lapaʻo hemostatic, a ʻo ka ʻōnuʻu kime he wahi ia o nā mea hōʻeha a me nā poni.
Ke hana nei nā ʻepekema i kahi hoʻokolohua. Kūpono ʻia nā ʻano o ia ʻano waiwai i ke ala e pale a pale ai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana mai i ka puʻuwai naʻau. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o ka nahesa hakahaka no nā kumu lapaʻau, ʻo ia nō ka hana ʻana i ka sera e mālama ʻia me nā bites o nā reptile i loaʻa ʻole i ke ʻano o ka popo. Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka sera, hoʻohana ʻia ke koko o nā lio i hoʻoholo ʻia me nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o nā mea make.
Nā ʻāpana o nā nahesa
Wahi a The Rertile Database, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka makahiki i hala, ua ʻike ʻia he 3,000 mau ʻano o nā nahesa i hui pū ʻia, i hui pū ʻia ma nā ʻohana he iwakālua a ʻoi, a me ʻeono mau superfamilies. ʻO ka nui o nā mea i pau i nā nahesa ʻona e like me 25% o ka nui.
ʻO nā ʻano kaulana loa:
- ka ʻohana monotypic Aniliidae, a i nā nakahi Valcous, i ke kino cylindrical me kahi ʻupuʻu pokole loa a ʻuhilika, i uhi ʻia me nā unahi liʻiliʻi,
- ka ʻohana Boryeriidae, a i ʻole ʻo Mascarene constrictors i hoʻokaʻawale - e ka iwi maxillary, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i kekahi ʻaoʻao, e pili pū kekahi i kekahi,
- ʻohana Troridhorhiidae, a i ʻole Honua Boas - nā holoholona make-polu ka mea ʻole ke waiho lae ma ke alo o ka heʻi palaki,
- ʻO ka ʻohana monotypic Acroshoridae, a i nā ʻōlele Warty - he kino i uhi ʻia i nā ʻula a me nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi e uhi ʻole i kēlā me kēia, hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā i ke alo o nā ʻōpala o ka ʻili o ka ʻili,
- ka ʻohana monotypic o Sylindrophoridae, a i nā nakahi Cylindrical - ka hiʻohiʻona ʻia e ka nānā ʻana o nā niho ma ka iwi intermaxillary, me ka hiki ʻana o nā maka liʻiliʻi a me nā ulu maikaʻi i uhi ʻole ʻia e ka pale,
- ʻO ka ʻohana Uroreltidae, a i ʻole nā ʻōlani kila a i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo - he ʻano maikaʻi loa ia a me ke kala ʻulaʻala a me ke kino o ke aniani,
- ʻO ka ʻohana monotypic o Lochocemidae, a i ʻole ʻ Earthlelo Meksiko, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ke kino ʻū māno a me ke kino, he ʻāʻī a me ka ʻūhā ua poʻo, ʻeleʻele a i ʻole nā ʻulaʻula kuʻuna ʻia me ka poni papale.
- ʻO ka ʻohana o Pythonidae, a i ka Pythons hoʻi, ka hiʻohiʻona ʻia e ka ʻāpana, a me ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ke ʻano o nā ʻalā o nā limu a me ke kāʻei pelvic,
- ka ʻohana monotypic Xenoreltidae, a i ʻole nā lalau Radiant - loaʻa i ke kino cylindrical a me kahi ʻoi pōkoki, i uhi ʻia me nā pale nui o ke poʻo, a me nā ʻala lau a me ka ʻulaʻula ʻia me ka hoʻohuihui hiʻāo.
- ʻO ka ʻohana Waidai, a i ʻole nā nāhelehele hewa ʻole - i waena o nā nahesa maikaʻi loa ma ka honua, e hiki ana ma kahi o hoʻokahi haneri haneli kilokilo, me nā,
- ka ʻohana ʻokoʻa loa a Солbridаее, a i ʻole like-like - e ʻokoʻa i ka lōʻihi i ka lōʻihi, a me ke kino hoʻi i ke kino,
- ka ʻohana nui Elaridae, a i ʻole Aspidovye - i ko kino kino, ke kua ʻalulu a me ke kua, he lei ʻokoʻa a me nā pale pale symmetrical nui i ke poʻo,
- ʻO ka Virreidae ʻohana, a i ʻole Vipers - nā mea make paona i hōʻike ʻia i ke ʻano o nā ʻaina o nā ʻāʻā lōʻihi a me nā hua hakahaka, i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻona make i hoʻoili ʻia e nā kelepona kūikawā.
- ʻohana Anomalididae, nā ʻōlapa ʻōlapa ʻōpiopio o ʻAmelika - i liʻiliʻi ka nui a me nā holoholona hihiu-me ka maloʻo ʻole, ʻaʻole ka lōʻihi ma mua o 28-30 cm.
- ʻO ka ʻohana Tyrhloridae, a i ʻole nā nāhelehele Blind, nā ʻuʻu kiki liʻiliʻi e like me ka pōkole a me ka mānoanoa hoʻi, ka wili a ka puni ʻana.
He hoihoi kēia! Hoʻomaopopo ka hōʻailona simbiosis o nā nahele makapō me nā ʻaka hihiu, e lawe mai iā lākou i ka lua me nā moa. E luku ana nā nāhelehele i nā pūlū manu e noho nui ana i ka noho, nā mea e ulu ai nā manu ʻona a ikaika.
ʻO nā ʻohana mele piha a hiki i Madtsiidai, me Sanajeh indusus, i ola ma mua o kanaono miliona mau makahiki i hala.
ʻO Habitat, noho
Ma kahi kokoke i kēlā me kēia wahi e noho ai ka honua a puni e nā ʻōpala. Kūkulu nui ʻia nā ʻōleo koko i nā kihi o ʻAsia a me ʻApelika, ma ʻAmelika Hema a ma ʻAulopa:
- Nā ʻaha ʻolua Hema - ʻAmelika Hema,
- Bolerides - Wāhi Mokupuni a kokoke i ka mokupuni ʻo Mauritius,
- Honua Honua - Hema o ka Mexico, ʻo ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻAmelika Hema, Antilles a me Bahamas,
- ʻO nā nahe Warty - nā ʻaoʻao hema a me nā ʻaoʻao hema o Asia, New Guinea, Australia a me India,
- Holo Uila Holo Nani - Sri Lanka, Subcontinent and South Asia,
- Nā Papa Pōkena Honua - nā wana a me nā awāwa maloʻo,
- Nā nahesa ʻona - ka ʻaoʻao hema ma Asia, nā mokupuni ʻĀina a ʻo Pinilili,
- ʻO nā ʻeke a nā wāwae hema, he mau ʻōpū a he subtropical kekahi a me nā ʻona e hoʻonaninani i ka hemispheres ʻākau a me ke komohana
- Hele ʻole nā mea monotonous ma nā wahi polā o ko mākou honua,
- ʻO nā aspids nā wahi a me nā subtropical wahi ma nā wahi a pau o ka honua, me ka ʻokoʻa o ʻEulopa,
- ʻO nā nāhelehele ʻāleo ʻAmelika i wahi ma waena a me nā ʻaoʻao hema o ʻAmelika.
Makemake ʻo nā nāhelehele i nā panalāʻau me nā kūlana kime wela, kahi e noho ai lākou ma nā wao nahele, nā wao nahele a me nā ʻūhā, i nā wahi o nā wahi me nā kuahiwi.
Nā meaʻai ʻaila
ʻOkoʻa ʻokoʻa nā mea ʻawaʻawa. . ^ E Ha yM. No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā nāhelehele i ka iʻa a me nā ʻai, a me nā ʻōpio āpau, a me nā mōneki liʻiliʻi, a ʻoi aku ke kumu kūpono o ka ʻai ʻana i nā nahe. ʻO ka hoʻonaʻauao o nā ʻāleʻa Mekiko i hōʻike ʻia e nā rodents a me nā mea ʻai me ia, a me nā hua iguanas. ʻO nā momi maoli ka lilo ʻana i ka waiwai o nā palā. Hiki i nā pythons nui ke hahai i ka poʻe a me nā manu, a me nā manu nūpepa kekahi.
ʻO ka ʻōpio ʻōpio ʻōpio me ka ʻoliʻoli nui e ʻai i nā kiʻī liʻiliʻi a me nā kīpī, i kekahi manawa e ʻai ana i nā baki. Loaʻa nā ʻuʻu i ka niho me ka mau niho, a ma ka manawa like e paʻi pū lākou ia me nā apo o ke kino. ʻO nā ʻīlio hihiʻo he nui nā lawaiʻa maikaʻi, e luku ikaika i nā nāhesa liʻiliʻi, ka nui o nā rodents, nā baki a me nā manu, a me ka meaʻai o nā ʻelele o ka ʻohana Aspida mea ʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka nāu a mai ka ʻohana Elaridae hiki ke ʻai i nā mammals, nā manu a me nā mea aʻalā, nā lizards a me nā baki, me ka iʻa, akā nui nā ʻelele e hiki ai ke hānai aku i kēlā me kēia ʻano meaʻai. ʻO nā invertebrates liʻiliʻi e lilo i mea pio i nā naheka ʻāʻī ʻAmelika.
He hoihoi kēia! Pau ka luku ʻia e nā lewa ma muli o ke ʻano o nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻ jawpili o ka iwi, akā inā pono, hiki i nā reptile ke hana me ka ʻai ʻole no ka makahiki hoʻokahi a me ka hapa.
Pono ʻia ka ʻai ʻana i nā hua hona i ʻole nā mea a pau i ke ola, akā hiki ke hoʻomake i kā lākou pio ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana me ke kōkua o kā lākou ʻae a kī pū ʻia ai me ko lākou kino kino a pau i ka ʻōpū o ka honua. Pono nā Boas a me nā lepaona e hoʻopili i ka mea i hoʻopilikia i nā apo o ke kino. ʻO nā ʻano ʻona make nui i hoʻopōʻino ai i kā lākou mau mea me ka lawe ʻana i nā mea ʻona i loko o kona kino. Hoʻopā ka mea huna i ka mea i make ma o nā niho hāmama kūikawā o nā reptile i loaʻa ke anuanu.
ʻO nā nāhelehele he hui kūikawā maikaʻi loa o nā holoholona me nā aniani kūʻokoʻa, ka physiological a me nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi. Hoʻokumu nā Snakes i kahi papa i hoʻokaʻawale i loko o ka puʻukū. I ka ʻike mua, he mea maʻalahi ia e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou mai nā lepa - e ka hele a ʻole a kū ʻole nā wāwae. Akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka haʻalele ʻana o nā wāwae, ʻaʻole ia ka hōʻailona nui o ka nahesa, aia pū kekahi mau ʻano kīnā ʻole o nā lizard he paʻakikī i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai nā nahesa. Ua hōʻea kēia mau reptile i kahi ʻano nui - i ka honua aia he 2500 mau ʻano o nā nahesa!
Snaketer Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis).
Hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka inoa o ka nahesa i ʻelua mau ʻano: i ka ʻike nui ʻana o ka huaʻōlelo, nā ʻōpū āpau āpau i kapa ʻia nā ahe, akā i loko o ke kaiāulu ʻepekema he mau hui o nā hiona me nā inoa kikoʻī - nā pōpoki, nā cobras, nā nahe, nā ʻīlio, nā māla, nā meheʻe muzzle, nāhe, a me nā mea a pau. Hoʻokahi wale nō o nā ʻano holoholona i mālama i ka inoa ʻepekema ʻo "kahe". E kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i nā ʻano nahele ʻoliva ma ka mākeke paʻa o ka huaʻōlelo, a ʻo nā ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho lōkahi kahi ʻē e hōʻike ʻokoʻa.
ʻO ke kino o nā naheka he elongated, hiki i kona lōʻihi keʻoi aku i ka laulā a me ke kiʻekiʻe o 10-1o0 mau manawa. Hiki i nā dimensional ke ʻano mai 10 cm a 5 m. ʻAʻole loa i like ka nui o ka mana o ke kino e like me ka manaʻo e like me ka manaʻo. Ma kekahi mau ʻōiwi, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kino a wīwī, e like me ka piha ʻana, a ma kahi ʻē aʻe e lōʻihi a laulā paha, ma nā ʻano ʻē a he lahilahi loa, a ma nā ʻili moana e hoʻoheʻe ʻia mai nā ʻaoʻao e like me ka lipia. He kūlike kihi ke poʻo, a ʻo nā iwi ma ke ʻihi o ka nahe i pili nui loa.Kuʻi ʻo ia ka elastic ma waena o nā ʻalā o luna a me lalo a me ... nā ʻū a hema a me ka ʻākau o kēlā me kēia mahele (ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻopili ʻia ʻia i nā nahesa).
ʻO kēia pili, hiki i kēia mau reptile ke hāmama ka waha a make nui i nā mea nui i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka naheka, a me ka ʻōlelo ʻana i ka nahesa e hoʻoliu i ka ʻūhā hema a me ka hema o ka iwi ʻākau a ma laila e hoʻolei aku i ka mea i make i ka ʻāʻī.
Hikiwawe ʻia ke kino o ka nahesa, hoʻokele ʻia kēia ʻaʻole wale e ka nui o ke kino koʻikoʻi, akā aia nō hoʻi e ke ʻano o ke koʻeke: ʻo ka nui o ka vertebrae i hiki aku i 141-435, a pili nā iwi hao i ka ʻāla. ʻAe ʻae kēia i nā nahele e kūlou i ke kino i ke ʻano o ka nalu (pono hoʻi no ka neʻe), e hoʻopili iā ia i kahi pōpō (pale i ka pale aku), a kūwili pū me ia i loko o nā puʻupuʻu (pono i ka wā e hoʻouka ʻia ai). ʻO ka huelo ka manawale ponoʻole i ka wili i ke kino. Ma muli o ke ʻano elongated o ke kino, ua loli ikaika nā kino o loko: ua elongated loa, maikaʻi loa nā huapuni e pili ana, a ʻo ka ʻāʻī hoʻokahi he hoʻokahi wale nō - ʻo ka pololei. ʻOiaʻiʻo, loaʻa paha nā pūhaka ʻūlū mua me ka pūlū hema, akā he rudimentary (underdeveloped).
Haʻalele ka ʻūhā i kahi pale ʻole i ka neʻe ʻana wale nō, akā hoʻi ma ke ala e hānai ai i nā nahesa. ʻĀ, e ho'āʻo e hopu i ka waiwai me ka lima ʻole a ʻai i ka ʻai! No laila, ʻo ke ala wale nō e pepehi ai i ka mea ʻai no ka nahesa. ʻO ka maʻi o nā nāhelehe he nui ka maʻi o nā lawaiʻa e hoʻoili ʻia e nā lepa sima i ʻoliʻoli ʻia. ʻAʻole hāliʻi nā papa o kēia mau ʻōiwi i ka waha, akā i loko o ke kahawai o nā niho hanu kūikawā. ʻElua wale nā niho o ka naheka ʻia, hiki iā lākou ke kokoke loa i ka ʻaoʻao a i ʻole ka hohonu o ka waha (i ka hohonu o ka aʻalolo a me kekahi wahi nui o ke ʻano o ka hona o kēlā me kēia ʻano. He pau nā ʻano a pau o nā hiona i kēlā a me kēia, akā ma kekahi mau ʻano, ua hana ka mea make nui i nā holoholona wela ʻehā (nā manu, nā mammals, nā kānaka), a me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe - ma nā maʻi aloha (nā amphibians a me nā reptile). No laila, ʻo nā mea mua i kapa ʻia ka mea i make ai, a me ka lua - pili ʻole. Ma kāna hana, he hemolytic ka punohu (ke kumu o ka luku ʻia o nā ʻōpū koko ʻokoʻa, ke kipi ʻana i ka coagulation koko) a i ʻole ka neurotoxic (e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana o ka pīpī, e alakaʻi ana i ka maʻi pālūlū, makapō, hallucinations). Aia nā poʻi e hana ʻia ai.
ʻO ke kino ʻawaʻawa e like me ka ʻenehana huluhulu ʻākoakoa o Mexico (Oxybelis aeneus) i mea e ʻike ʻole ai ia mai nā lālā maloʻo.
I loko o kahi hihia o ka nahesa, pono e ʻokiʻoki i ka ʻāmi mai ka ʻeha (ma loko o hoʻokahi mau minuke ma hope o ka pōʻai), hiki iā ʻoe ke huki a hoʻokaʻawa i ka ʻālo, akā inā loaʻa ʻole ʻoe i kaʻino ma ke kuʻi waha. He mau minuke ma hope o ka palu, ʻaʻole pono nā hana i kēia mau hana. Ma kekahi kūlana, pono ka hoʻopili ʻia i ka māka i ka hale haukapila, ʻo ka mea nui ʻaʻole poina e poina i kahi wikiwiki a ke ʻano o ka nahesa. He mea nui loa ka pilina pili ʻana no kona koho ʻana i ka serum anti-snake. I ke ala, pono e hāʻawi ʻia ka mea ʻai me ka ʻoluʻolu o ka naʻau a me ke kao, pono e hāʻawi ʻia nā mea momona (meʻa). Akā, ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻaʻa i ka limu o ka pana, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopilikia i ka komo ʻana o ka ʻona, akā hiki iā ia ke alakaʻi maʻalahi i ka wahī. E hoʻomanaʻo, ua pōʻino ka makaʻu a me ka makaʻu, no ka mea e wikiwiki lākou i ka puʻuwai, a no laila e hāʻawi i ka wikiwiki o ka laha o nā pona i loko o ke koko. Ma ke ala, ʻaʻole hewa ka nui o nā nahesa i hoʻopā ʻia i kāna ʻona ponoʻī, inā ua hoʻopili ka nahesa ʻalani i ka ʻāhewa ponoʻī, e make nō ia e like me kāna mea e ʻānai ʻia.
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i kāna hoʻopunipuni a nahesa.
He ahonui a pilikino nā nahesa: ʻaʻohe pepeiao o waho, no laila mea hoʻowahāwahā ʻia lākou, akā ʻike maikaʻi nā nahesa i ka lū liʻiliʻi o ka ʻāina, i ʻike pinepine ʻia e nā mea nānā aku e like me ka hiki ke "lohe" i nā alapine, nāwaliwali ka ʻike, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā nahesa ke ʻike aku i ka mea pono ʻia, ʻono ʻia ʻaʻole lākou a pau - nāhelehele ʻaʻole hoʻokaʻawale i ka ʻono o ka meaʻai, a me ka ʻū iho holoʻokoʻa. Akā ua ulu maikaʻi ko lākou ʻano o ka honi, a ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā mea ʻono i kahi olfactory i loko o nā nostrils wale nō, akā nō hoʻi ma ka alelo.Hoʻolālā ʻia ka ʻōlelo ponoʻī: he wahi kūkē a me nā ʻalena i kū ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole e ʻike pono i nā molekui ʻokoʻa. ʻAe kēia i ka nahesa i maopopo i ke kūlana o ka mea i honi ʻia, no ka mea hoʻokahi, ke kupu mau nei nā lehelehe i kā lākou mau lehelehe, no laila ua ʻohi lākou.
ʻO ka ʻekena Decaya (Storeria dekayi) i ka lewa.
Eia kekahi, loaʻa i kekahi o nā ʻano o nā nahesa i nā lua kūikawā i ka hopena o ka muzzle, e hana ana me ka radars. ʻO ia, manaʻo ka ʻona i ka ʻokoʻa o ka wela o nā mea e hoʻopuni nei iā ia, a ua manaʻo maoli ʻia a ʻike maoli ʻia ʻo ia ke "ʻike" i ka honua a puni e like me ka mea noʻonoʻo kiʻi. Hoʻohui kēia ʻano ʻano kūʻokoʻa me ka hopu ʻana i nā holoholona mahana. Hiki iā ʻoe ke lohe pinepine i nā maka o nā lehelehe he aniani o ka maka, no laila ʻaʻole lākou e kīmū. Akā, eia wale nō kūpono. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he mau maka o nā mele, akā ua ulu pū lākou i kahi ʻāpana ʻili e uhi ana i ka maka, no laila ʻaʻole lele ka nahesa. Ma waho, ua uhi ʻia ke kino o nā nahesa i nā mea kaupaona, ka nui a me ka nui o nā ʻano like ma waena o nā ʻano like ʻole. I loko o nā pōneki, nā unahi i ka hope o ka huelo i kahi ʻano me ka "rattle" e hana ana i kahi mauʻaka i ka wā e luhi ai ka nahe i kona kuʻekuʻe me kona ʻoki. He pale kēia i ka manaʻo e pale aku ai i nā holoholona hihiu hiki ke hehi i ka nahesa. I ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā "ʻoi", hiki i nā nakahi ke kau, me ka leo ʻana i ka ea me ka ikaika. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻopunipuni ʻana wale nō ke kani e hana ʻia e nā nahesa, inā ʻole he leo ʻole lākou (maopopo i ka mea he kuli lākou).
Nāhelehele
(Nā kaheka) ,
suborder o ka reptile squamous squadous (Squamata). ʻO nā holoholona kīnā ʻole me ke kino ʻilihune, elongated loa, ʻaʻohe o nā neʻe hoʻoneʻe. ʻO nā nahesa i hele mai mai nā nīnika, no laila he nui ka mea maʻamau me lākou, akā ʻelua mau hōʻailona maopopo e ʻae loa iā mākou e hoʻokaʻawale i waena o kēia mau hui ʻelua. ʻO ka nui o nā lizards e loaʻa nā wāwae. ʻAʻohe o nā ʻawa i mua o ka wāwae, ʻoiai nā mea e nānā ai ka wāwae o ka wāwae hind i kekahi manawa i ka nānā ʻana i nā pua. ʻO nā kīlio ʻole kīpiha, waho loa e like me nā nahesa, he mau nalu ala. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā naheka e nā hiʻona pili o ke poʻo a me ke kino e pili ana me kā lākou ʻano hana ʻokoʻa. I ike ia akaka. 2400 nā ʻano alani i kēia mau lā. ʻOiai ka hapanui o lākou e noho ana ma nā ʻulipuna a me nā subtropics, ua kehele ʻia ka suborder a puni ka honua. ʻAʻohe nā manuahi e noho nei ma nā wahi me ka permafrost, no ka mea i ko ka wā hānau ʻana makemake lākou i kahi e noho ai i lalo o nā ʻāina e ola ai nā kau anuanu. He kakaikahi wale nō nā mea noho i ke kai. Ma kahi o 500 mau ʻano o nā nahesa he mea make, kahi o ka hapalua kahi pilikia koʻikoʻi nui i nā kānaka.
Kaomi a me ka physiology. ʻO nā mea nāhelehele, e like me nā reptile ʻē aʻe, no ka vertebrates. Hiki i kā lākou pōkole ke mau haneli o ka vertebrae. Ka helu nui o ka hope a, ma muli o ia mea, he ʻalae nui aʻe o ke kino e hoʻokaʻawale i nā nahesa mai nā reptile āpau. ʻO ka vertebrae o nā nahesa he paʻakikī a paʻa paʻa i kekahi. Aia aneane like me ka nui o nā ʻāpana o nā iwi āpau ma ke ʻano o ka vertebrae ʻole. ʻAʻohe o ka wāwae i ka huki ʻana o ka nahesa, no ka mea, ʻo kahi kino lōʻihi e hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻomohala i nā hana kūikawā a me ka hopu ʻana i nā mea hopu. ʻO ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka meakanu e hoʻopiʻi nei no ka lewa ʻole, a ʻo kēia mau reptile, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kā lākou mau ʻāʻī a me ke alapine, he mea hoʻohiwahiwa "hoʻopiʻi ʻia" a ʻo nā mea nui. ʻO nā unahi o nā ʻili i palalulu ʻia ka papale o waho o ka ʻili. Ulu nui kāna mauʻu ola, a ʻo nā mea e kū ʻia ma ka ʻili o ke kelepona he ikaika keratinized, lilo i kino a make. Ke noho nei nā pūnaewele o nā ʻili elastic anuanu ma waena o nā unahi, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻokalakupana ai nā uhi, a me nā nahesa e ale i nā mea o kahi ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o lākou iho. Ke ulu nei ka nahesa, hoʻooloke. E hoʻokuʻu i ke kaila o waho o ka ʻili, hoʻoheheʻe mua ʻo ia iā ia a puni ka waha, no ka mea, e hoʻomoʻi ʻo ia i kona poʻo ma ka ʻāina a i ʻole kekahi ʻāʻī paʻakikī. A laila e huki nā nahe i nā uhi kahiko, hoʻāla iā lākou a huli i waho. Kū pinepine ka ʻili i ke kino i kekahi ʻāpana e like me ke waiho lāʻau.ʻO ka manawa mua he moletile kahe i nā makahiki he nui, a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā holoholona ʻōpio i ko lākou mau pale ma mua o nā pākeke. ʻO ka maʻamau, hele ʻia nā molting ma mua o hoʻokahi i ka makahiki, akā ʻo ke alapine e kau ʻia i ke ʻano a me nā ʻano o ka noho ʻana. ʻIli ʻia ka ʻili ʻōwili (ʻaʻī i waho) a ʻaʻohe ʻulaʻula, a hewaliwali loa ka hiʻohiʻona ma luna. ʻO nā cell pigment e hoʻomoʻa ana i ka ʻili o ka nahesa e noho hohonu - i loko o ke ola ola. ʻOiai ke ʻano ʻokoʻa like ʻole nā hiʻohiʻona, ʻekolu mau ʻano nui hiki ke hōʻike ʻia: nā kāʻei ākea, nā kāʻei transverse ma ke kua, a hoʻopuni piha ʻana i ke kino i nā manawa maʻamau, nā wahi i hoʻoilo ʻia. Hoʻonui pinepine ke kumu i ka helehelena a ʻae i ka nahesa e hoʻohui me nā ʻula. ʻO ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka wahine a ka holoholona e ke kala, a me nā hōʻailona ʻē aʻe ma waho, he paʻakikī no kēlā me kēia loea. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāne o nā ʻōhua ma mua o nā kāne, a ʻoi aku ka pōkole. ʻO ka lōʻihi o nā nahesa liʻiliʻi he 12.5-15 cm ka lōʻihi he lōʻihi ʻole o ka 10-15 g. Akā, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā poʻe nunui i ka 9 m ka lōʻihi a me nā haneli haneli, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka mea lōʻihi loa ma waena o nā vertebrates hou loa, a ʻo nā palahalaha ʻelua mau manawa lōʻihi e like me nā wā o kēia manawa. ʻOkoʻa nā koho i ka nui o nā nahesa. Manaʻo kekahi mau herpetologist i ka lōʻihi loa o 11,4 m, e hōʻike ana i ke anaconda (Eunectes murinus), he kanaka pīkoi boa mai ʻAmelika Hema. ʻO ka naona nui loa ma ʻAmelika Huipū he maʻamau boa constrictor a hiki i 5.6 m loa ke lōʻihi, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole iki ʻoi loa iā ia. ʻEhiku mau lōʻihi ma mua o 5.4 m he ʻanaka paha a me nā pythons, me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o ka coby aliʻi cora (Naja hannah) a hiki i 5.5 m lōʻihi, he mea e loaʻa ma South South a South Asia. ʻO nā nāhelehele a me nā iʻa, nā amphibians a me nā reptile e pili ana i ke kai anu, a me ka ectothermic, nā holoholona. ʻO kēia ka mea, ʻaʻole e like me nā mammals a me nā manu, ʻaʻole e hoʻohiki i ka wela nui e mālama pono i ke ʻano kino. No laila, aloha nā mea i nā palaka i ka lā. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoluʻolu lākou e pale ʻia mai ka wela ʻana, e luku koke iā lākou. Ma nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o nā ʻuā, ʻaʻole hiki ke kapa ʻia ke koko anuanu maoli, ʻoiai ua hiki i ka wahine ke hoʻomehana iki i nā hua i waiho ʻia, ʻālunu a puni iā lākou i loko o ke apo.
Meaʻai. ʻAi ʻia nā mea nui eʻai a pau nui i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe, nā momi, nā manu, nā amphibians a me nā iʻa. ʻAi nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i ʻai i nā mea inikini a me nā invertebrates ʻē aʻe. ʻAe mau ke pio a ka mea pio, a inā he pōʻino a paʻakikī paha e make, like nō ke kanu ʻana. ʻO nā holoholona nui, ʻinoʻino a ʻano lapuwale paha, nā mea nui e hoʻowalewale me nā mea ʻala, kaʻiʻā a huki wale paha iā lākou iho a puni ʻo lākou mau kino. E hopu ana i kahi waiwai nui, ua paʻa paʻa i ka nahesa i kona waha me ke kōkua ʻana o nā niho he nui e kū pono ana. I ka wā neʻe ʻana, pālahalaha ʻo ia i nā lālā o ka ʻōpū haʻahaʻa a huki iā lākou mai kahi ʻōpala. Loaʻa ia i kēia mea ma ka ʻike ʻia o nā iwi pili e pili ana me nā elastic ligules, a ua paʻa pū ka iwi ʻo luna. ʻO kēlā me kēia hapalua o ka iʻa haʻahaʻa, kūʻokoʻa i ka ʻaoʻao, e neʻe ai i mua o ka mea i make, e hoʻolei ana i ka ʻāʻī. A laila, ua komo nā ʻili o ka pharynx a me nā neʻe kino i ke kaʻina hana, e kōkua ana i ka nahesa e huki i kahi ʻāpana o ka meaʻai. ʻAʻohe mākaʻi a kuhi paha i loaʻa. ʻO ke kaʻina o ka luku ʻana i kahi mea nui i hiki ke lawe ma mua o hoʻokahi hola. ʻOiai ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka pahu a me ka pharynx iā ia, ke hoʻoikaika ʻia ka trachea me nā apo cartilaginous e neʻe i lalo a hiki i ka ʻōpū. Ma kēia ala, hiki i ka holoholona ke ale i ka mea ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka mea, inā he kūpono wale nō ia. Loaʻa i ka hiki i nā holoholona nui ke hoʻolele i kekahi mau nahelehele e hānai i nā manawa liʻiliʻi wale nō i ka makahiki. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaina like nā ʻano like ʻole i ka mea liʻiliʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi, pono e hoʻonui ʻia i ka wā pinepine. ʻEkolu a ʻehā paha mau “pāʻina pōkole” i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻoiai ma ka lā o ka ʻahaʻaina lōʻihi, ua lawa ia e mālama i ke ʻano maikaʻi, a he nui nā hihia kahi e hana ai nā naheka ʻole i ʻai no ka makahiki hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha.
Lokomotiya. Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei ua lele wikiwiki nā nahesa, akā, ʻo ka nānā ʻana me ka mālama aka e hōʻike i ke kū'ē. ʻO ka wikiwiki ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nahesa nui e like me ka mea hele wāwae, a ʻoi paha ka nui o nā ʻano ʻano. ʻO ka wikiwiki loa no kēia mau reptile, a laila ma kahi pōkole loa, he lōʻihi iki ma mua o 10 km / h. Kahi nānū nui nāhelehele, S me ke ʻano kūwili o S me ka lele i ka mokulele, i ka wā e kī ʻia ai ko lākou kino i ka lepo. ʻO ka neʻe i ka unuhi i kau ʻia ma muli o ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka hope o kēlā me kēia kūloko. Ka nahesa e huki nei i ka pā palolo palalolo mauʻu ma hope o ka lōʻihi, e kū mai ana ma lalo o ke kahe o kona kino ma ka lepo. ʻIke ʻia kēia ala kuʻuna o ka locomotion ma ke ʻano hemo loiloi, a i ʻole he "snake". ʻAʻole hiki i kekahi holoholona ke neʻe i kēia ala ma ka pae wili. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻohana i ka wa ʻeleʻele, a maikaʻi nā pipi. Mālama ʻia ko lākou mau maka iā i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a me ka hiki ke paʻa i ko lākou hanu no ka manawa lōʻihi ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana i ka wai. Ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "crawler track" i kekahi manawa i nā nahe nui, kaumaha nui. Ma ka manawa like, neʻe lākou i loko o ka laina kūpono ma muli o nā kulu like e like me ka neʻe ʻana o ka iwi, ma lalo o ka ʻili o nā kuhi. Holo aku nā ʻūhā ma hope o kekahi i ka ʻāʻī o ke kua, a ua pale ʻia nā pale ma luna o ka ʻōpū o ka holoholona mai kahi ākea. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo "Sideway" i nā nakahi e pili ana i ke one. ʻO ka mua a i ʻole paha hope o ke kino, i ka huli ʻana, e hoʻolei ʻia kokoke i ka maka, e hālāwai me ka pale liʻiliʻi ʻana ma ke ala. ʻO ka nahesa, e like me ka manawa, e hele ana, a ʻole, "lele", e hoʻopaʻa ana i nā ʻaoʻao ma kahi o ke neʻe. ʻO ka nui o nā nakahi e piʻi maikaʻi. I nā ʻōnaehana lāʻau ākea, ua kulou nā kihi ka lōʻihi o ka ʻōpū, e kū ana i nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua, i hoʻokahi ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōpū.
Hoʻopili. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā hoʻoulu, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā nahele i ka wahine. Ma ka manawa like, hoʻohana ka kāne hoihoi i kahi loea loiloi, "huki" i ka lewa me kā lākou mau lehelehe a hoʻoneʻe i nā waiwai kūwaho ʻole i waiho ʻia i loko o ke kaona e ka wahine i ka papahanʻi ʻo Jamesson i ka lewa. Kōkua ka Courtship i ʻike i nā hoa maʻa: hoʻohana kēlā me kēia ʻano i kona mau ʻano kūikawā o ka neʻe. I kekahi mau holoholona, ua kupanaha ka mea like me ke ʻano leʻa, ʻoiai, i kekahi mau manawa, huluhulu wale nā kāne i ko lākou ʻolua ma hope o ka wahine. I ka hopena, ua hoʻopili ʻia nā hoahana me nā ʻili, a ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka hemipenis kāne kāne i loko o ka wahine kahu wahine. ʻO nā ʻōla pulupula o nā ahe nui e hui a kū i nā mea he ʻelua i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hemipenis, kahi mea hoihoi, ke kū nei ka lālani. Loaʻa i ka wahine ke mālama i nā sperm ola, no laila ma hope o ka hānai ʻana i hiki i ka hua ke hoʻohua i ka hua. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā kerub i nā ʻano he nui. E like me ke kānāwai, ʻae lākou mai nā hua manu, akā nui nā ʻano nui o nā nahesa i viviparous. Inā pōkole loa ka manawa kanu, hoʻomaloʻo i ka waiho ʻana i ka hua ʻōpiopio e hūnā i nā ʻōpio mai lākou i loko o ke kino o ka makuahine. Ua kapa ʻia kēia hana hana hua manu. Eia nō naʻe, ma kekahi mau ʻano, kahi maʻalahi o ka placenta maʻalahi, ma o ka oxygen, ka wai a me nā mea e hoʻoneʻe ʻia mai ka makuahine i ka ʻōpū. He maʻalahi loa ka hapanui o nā nahesa, akā, ʻaʻole i kau ʻia nā hua ma nā wahi a pau. Ke ʻimi nei ka wahine i kahi kūpono, e like me ka puʻu o nā mea ʻala manuahi, e pale iā lākou mai ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana, ka wai, ke anuanu o ka loli ʻana i ke anuanu a me nā mea kauwila. I ka mālama ʻia ʻana o ka hua e ko lākou mau mākua, ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻoweliweli wale aku i nā mea wānana, akā, ʻo ka noho ʻana i ka lā, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomehana i ko lākou mau māla. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia kekahi nui o ka wela i ka wā o ka pau ʻana o ka mea pili. ʻO ka nui o nā hua a i hoʻokahi bipi paha i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka wahine ma ka manawa hoʻokahi mai kahi liʻiliʻi a ma kahi o 100 (mau manu e waiho nei i ka hua ma mua o ka viviparous). Nui nā momona i nā pythons: i kekahi manawa ua kau lākou ma mua o 100 mau hua. ʻO kā lākou helu maʻamau ma ka lākona o nā nahehele paha ʻaʻoleʻoi aku ma mua o 10-12.ʻAʻole ia he mea maʻalahi e hoʻoholo i ka wā gestation i kēia mau reptile, ʻoiai hiki i ka wahine ke mālama i ka sperm ola no nā makahiki, a ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke kūkulu ʻana i ka embryo e hilinaʻi nei i ka mahana. ʻO nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole e hoʻopiha ana i ka hana. Eia nō naʻe, manaʻoʻiʻo ia ma kekahi mau hūnū, ʻo ka hapai hiki ke kokoke i ka kokoke. 5 mau mahina, a me kahi viper maʻamau (Vipera berus) - ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ʻelua mau mahina. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ka manawa incubation.
ʻĀnō ke ola. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā nahesa i hiki i ka ʻōpio i ka makahiki ʻelua, ʻekolu a i ʻole ʻehā o ke ola. E piʻi ka ulu ulu ʻana i ka manawa kūpono o ka wā piha, a laila e emi iki ana, ʻoiai na ka nāhelehele e ulu a pau ko lākou mau ola āpau. ʻO ka nui loa o ka nui o nā nakahi e kokoke paha. 20 mau makahiki, ʻoiai ua kū kekahi o kekahi i kahi kokoke i 30. I ke kūlohelohe, nā nakahi, e like me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole hiki i ka wā ʻelemakule. Ua nui ka poʻe i make i ka wā ʻōpio ma muli o ke kūlana kūlohelohe o ka wā e hiki ai ke neʻe i ka poʻe ʻōpala.
NA HUI MAUI
ʻO ka mahele ʻānela o kēia mau wā i mahele i 10 mau ʻohana. He ʻuʻuku kā lākou he ʻekolu no ka pili ʻana o nā ʻano ʻehā ma Asia. ʻO ka mea ʻehiku i ʻōlelo ʻia ma lalo nei.
ʻO Colubridae (kahiko mua). Aia kēia ʻohana ma kahi o ka 70% o nā nahesa ʻānō i kēia manawa, ʻo ka lua o ka hapakolu o nā ʻano ʻEulopa a me 80% e noho ana ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO ka māhele o ka hoʻoili ʻia o nā ʻāpana maʻamau e uhi i nā wahi mahana o nā koninika, koe wale nō ʻo Australia, kahi i loaʻa wale ai lākou ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau a me ka hikina. Ua ʻike nui ʻia lākou i nā mokupuni nui o ka Honua Mua. ʻO ka nui o nā ʻano nui i noho i nā wahi ʻala a me nā subtropics. Ua haku ka poʻe maoli i nā ʻano koina āpau: ma waena o lākou he mau terrestrial, aquatic, a me nā arboreal mau ʻano. Naʻe nui a piʻi aʻe i luna nani. ʻO kā lākou nui, mai ka liʻiliʻi a hiki i ke ʻano, a ʻokoʻa loa ke ʻano. Ua like kekahi me kahi māla manawaleʻa, ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me nā nahesa nui. Ma aneane o ka hapanui o nā mea mua, ʻaʻole pōʻino, ʻoiai he nui ka mea ʻona o ko ʻAmelika make i ka mea koʻikoʻi, inā ʻaʻole ka mea make, MaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia, hōʻike ʻia kēia ʻohana e nā nahesa (Natrix), nā ʻnakui garter (Thamnophis), nā ʻīlio puaʻa (Heterodon), nā mea aheʻe nāhelehele (Diadophis), nā nāhelehele ʻōpala (Opheodrys), nā ʻōpū (Coluber), nā ʻōpū a nā ʻōpala ʻAmelika (Masticophis), nā ʻōpū a nā alapine. ), nā lehelehe piʻi (Elaphe), nā ʻu a pine (Pituophis) a me nā naʻi aliʻi (Lampropeltis). ʻAʻole loaʻa kahi moʻomeheu koʻikoʻi i ka genera mua. ʻAi ʻai nā hua make i kekahi mau invertebrates pōʻino. Hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ke koena o nā holoholona kūpono ʻole, ʻoiai e luku ai lākou i nā rodents a me nā mamalia ʻē aʻe i mea e hōʻino ai i ka pōʻino.
Boidae (Pseudopods). Ma kahi o 2,5% o nā ʻano kime o nā ʻuhane i kēia ʻohana, akā ma waena o nā mākaʻikaʻi ʻole i ka hakahaka o ka suborder ma hope o lākou i nā mea kaulana loa. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā Boas i ka noho nui o nā nahele ʻōiwi, akā, he nui ia me ka liʻiliʻi a heʻuʻuku ka nui, a ʻokoʻa nā hale noho ʻole - iho i ka wao nahele ʻAsia Huipū. Līlani puaʻa liʻiliʻi (Charina bottae) mai kēia pūʻulu he pālahalaha loa i ke komohana Komohana a ua ʻike ʻia ma Kanada. Hōʻino ka poʻe pseudopods a pau i ka ʻaihue ʻia me ko lākou mau kino, no laila ua kapa ʻia lākou he boas. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka ʻōlelo nui, ʻo ia wale nō ka mea o nā subfamili ʻelua, me ka hapa nui o kāna mau ʻelele e noho ana ma ʻAmelika. ʻO ka subfamili lua o nā pseudopods - nā pythons - e hui pū wale ʻana i nā nahesa o ka Old World. Ma ka aneane ʻo nā pseudopods āpau, ʻo nā ala o nā wāwae o ka hind iʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi a ʻike ʻole paha - ma ke ʻano o nā ʻili liʻiliʻi ʻelua i ke kumu o ka huelo. Hoʻokomo ʻia kēia ʻohana i nā ʻano nui o nā ʻīlio nui loa o ke ao nei, ke ola nei lākou a pau ma nā wao nahele. ʻO nā mau spriz nui wale nō e hoʻoweliweli i ka poʻe. Ma kahi o nā anacondas a me nā boas maʻamau (ʻo nā mea nui o kēia subfamila) ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i nā ʻano heʻina 4 o nā ʻuā.I loko o Aferika, ka hieroglyphic (Python sebae) mau loa a he 9.7 m loa, ma Hema a me ʻIkeʻakaʻaka - he mauʻu (P. reticulatus) a he 10 m loa, ma kahi o ia wahi ka tiger Indian (P. molurus) a ʻo ka 6 m lōʻihi ka lōʻihi. a mai a hona o Auseteria a hiki i ka hema o Parani a me na Mokuna Solomon amethyst python (P. amethystinus) ʻike ʻia a 7 m loa.
ʻO Typhlopidae (nā nāhelehele makapō, a i ʻole nā molika makapō) a me Leptotyphlopidae (nāhelehele liʻiliʻi. Hoʻokomo ʻia kēia mau ʻohana ma kahi aneane. 11% nā nahele ola. He makapo a me nā mea ʻole ʻole. ʻAnoʻa pinepine lākou i nā ʻōlima, akā ʻaʻole lākou i make ma nā wahi maloʻo. Hoʻokomo nā kapili, ʻo nā ʻoni a me ko lākou mau kino a pau. ʻO ke kūʻokoʻa, ua like nā ʻelele o nā ʻohana ʻelua i kekahi. Kālaha nui ʻia lāua ʻelua i nā ʻōpala a me nā subtropics, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻū o nā nahesa ʻekeʻohi i ka Old World ua palena ʻia i ʻAmelika a me South Asia Asia, a i ke Ao Hou hiki lākou i ka ʻaoʻao hema ma hope o ʻAmelika Hema. E noho ana nā makapō ma kahi nui o ka ʻāina ʻē aʻe a ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ma ʻAulalia. He 4-5 mau manawa hou aku i kēia mau ʻohana ma mua o ka ʻohana ma mua. ʻO ka lōʻihi o lāua ke ʻelua ka 15-20 cm, a he liʻiliʻi wale nō kekahi e nānā ʻia, no ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hua ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi ma 80 cm.
Viperidae (viper). Hoʻokomo ʻia kēia ʻohana ma ka aneane. 5% o nā nahesa mua. He mau mea ʻinoha a me ka laulā ma nā ʻāina āpau koe wale ʻo Australia, kahi i ʻike ʻole ʻia ai lākou. ʻO nā kolo a pau, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā pōpoki e hoʻopuka i nā mea make i ka mea i make. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o kā lākou mau niho honu ma mua o nā ʻano loea ʻē aʻe, ma ke kūlana "inoperative" i kau ʻia ma lalo o ka lewa, a i ka manawa e loaʻa ai ka huki e huki ʻia lākou mai ka waha e like me ka punē o ka pahi hoʻopeʻī. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻololi pinepineʻia lākou, no laila, ʻaʻole ko lākou neʻe i ka pale i ka nahe i lōʻihi. Hiki i kahi mea hoʻohui ke pepehi i kahi holoholona ma ka lōʻihi ka lōʻihi iki ma mua o ka lōʻihi o kona kino ponoʻī. I nā pōkole o ka Honua Hou a me nā ʻano o nā kahiko, ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo aia kahi fossa hohonu e like me ka wela wela, e kōkua ana i ka wā e huki ana i ka ʻai wela. ʻO nā ʻōlima me nā thermoreceptors i kapa ʻia he mau nahe lehu a i kū kekahi i waho o ka ʻohana kūikawā. Ua pālahalaha lākou, ʻoiai ʻaʻole e noho ma ʻApelika. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka lua i ka genera 5, ʻo kekahi o ia ʻano mea hoʻokahi - ʻo ka bushmeister, a i ʻole surukuku (Lachesis muta), mai nā ʻāua o ʻAmelika. Ma kahi o ʻelua hapakolu o nā ʻano koena i loaʻa i ka huaʻōlelo Trimeresurus, e hui pū ana i nā ʻaluna helikika (keffiyehs a me nā botrops), ka mea i pālahalaha nui ʻia i ka New and Old World. ʻO nā pitheads kekahi e hōʻike ʻia e nā kinikini (Crotalus), nā nāhelehe pygmy (Sistrurus) a me shchitomordniki (Agkistrodon). Ma ka hoʻohuiʻana i nā palanikona, ma United States mai kēia pūʻulu he nui ola i ka waiola (A. piscivorus) a me ke kupapau (A. contortrix) muzzles. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka manaʻo o ka mea mua e nā kai o uka o nā ʻāina kahiki o ka ʻāina, a ʻo ka lua ka mea i pālahalaha aku. Noho ʻo Rattlesnakes ma ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻAmelika Hema. Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻike lākou i kēia manawa i nā moku āpau koe wale nō ʻo Alaska, Delaware, Hawaii a me Maine, ʻoiai lākou i noho ai ma ke komohana o ka mea hope.
Elapidae (aspid). Ma kahi o 7.5% o nā ʻano o nā loina i kēia mau ʻohana. Noho paʻa ko lākou mau niho pōkole maʻa ma mua o ka iwi kuʻi. Hoʻopilikia ka pōpili o nā ʻano nui i kahi pōʻino o ke kanaka. Ma aneane nā keiki āpau o ʻAmelika pili i ka aspid, a ʻoi aku hoʻi ma mua o ka hapalua o ka moʻomeheu o ka ʻohana e hōʻike ʻia ma kēia kumulāʻau a ʻo ka hapa nui o nā nahesa hānai i kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā kumulāʻau ʻē aʻe. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hoʻoweliweli ka mea kaili o nā ʻano liʻiliʻi o ʻAmelika make. ʻO ka laulā nui o kēia ʻohana - nā pua cora (Micrurus) - hui pū i kahi kokoke. 50 ʻano. ʻO nā mea i kohoʻia, noho i ka pua coral aspid (M. fulvius) i ka United States hema. ʻO ka mea kaulana i waena o nā aspid, ʻo cobras (Naja a me nā genera ʻē aʻe) e noho nei ma ʻAsia a me ʻApelika. O ka ʻāʻī ʻāmaʻomaʻo, a i ʻole nahe ʻao e nānā aku (Naja naja), inā e pōʻino ana i ka ʻaoʻao mua o ke kino a kau i ka ʻāʻī, hohola ʻia nā iwi ʻāʻī, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, no laila ua hana ʻia kahi pālahalaha ākea me kahi ʻano hoʻohālike i ka pince-nez. I nā cobras ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kēia akamai. He hopena maikaʻi ka African mambas (Dendroaspis) no nā nahesa iʻoi loa aku. ʻOiai ʻaʻole hopohopo kekahi o lākou, he pōpilikia nā mambas a pau no ka mea hana lākou i ka ʻawa ikaika.ʻAʻole maikaʻi loa a kaulana iki ka nui o nā kraits maʻAmelika (Bungarus).
Hydrophiidae (nā nāhelehele kai). Hoʻokomo ʻia kēia ʻohana ma ka aneane. 2.8% o nā nahesa i kēia mau. Noho ʻo ia ma ka wai kahakai mai ʻAmelika Hema ma ka hikina a hiki i Samoa. ʻO kekahi ʻano, ʻo ka bicolor bonito (Pelamis platurus), e holo i ʻApelika a me ke kahakai komohana o ʻAmelika Hema. ʻO nā ʻili o ke kai e pili pono ana i nā puhikuhili a hoʻoulu i ka ʻono nāhe, akā ua lohi iki, no laila, ʻaʻole lākou i weliweli loa. ʻO ka hapanui o lākou ka mea hoʻonaninani ʻia i ka ola i loko o ke kaomi: ua hoʻopili ʻia nā nostrima e nā kīpaha, a ua kāʻī ʻia ke kaʻe i kahi mokulele. Loaʻa kekahi poʻe nui i ka lōʻihi o 0.9-1,5 m, a ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka nui o nā nahe a ke kai he 2.7 m.
Encyclopedia o Collier. - He hui ākea. 2000.
Loaʻa ʻia kēlā me kēia mau huapalapala i nā nīnika, mai kahi mai (nā kiki) kahi a nā kahe i hana ʻia ma ka Cretaceous (135–65 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei), akā, he mau ʻuhane a nā nahesa wale nō. I kēia manawa, ʻike ʻia ʻekolu tausani mau ʻano nahesa.
ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho.
Ua māhele ʻia ke kino o ka nahesa i ke poʻo, ka ʻōpala a me ka huelo. ʻO ka hapa nui, ʻo ka ʻupepili he kiko o ka ʻū a me nā kuʻi (mai 141 a 435 vertebrae i kekahi mau fossil pepa), kahi i hoʻopili ʻia ai nā iwi. Hoʻokahi wale nō mau ʻōheʻe i mālama i nā rudiments o nā wāwae hind.
Hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia nā nahesa e hoʻopili pono i ka waiwai nui, hōʻike ʻia i kēia i ke ʻano o ke kāʻei. ʻO ka hapa ʻākau a me ka hema o ka ʻōpū haʻahaʻa ua pili loa ʻia ka movably, ʻo ka pāloli he extensibility kūikawā. ʻAno i ka piko o nā niho ke hina i ka wā e ʻai ana i ka meaʻai, noho ka nahesa i luna. ʻAʻohe o nā ʻōpū i ka sternum, a hoʻopau wale nā ʻāpana ʻole. No laila, ʻo ka ʻāpana o ke kino ma kahi o ka mea i ʻeli ʻia e loaʻa ai ke kī nui.
He nui nā mea nakahi maikaʻi. Ma ko lākou ʻoi a luna he nui nā niho tubular a furrurred. ʻO nā mea i hū ʻia e nā kime salivary i hoʻololi ʻia i ke kumu o ka niho a kahe i lalo o ka puʻu a i ʻole a nāʻu i ke poʻo. I ka wā e paʻa ai ka waha o ka nahesa, ua kūleʻe nā niho oona i ka lewa. I ka huʻi ʻana, hāmama ka waha, a huli nā niho poʻomanaʻo i lalo a i kahi kihi iki paha i mua, a lele ka ʻili i ka ʻai.
Hoʻopili ʻia nā a pau o nā ʻōpū o nā nakahi. Loaʻa ka lōʻihi o ka esophagus a me ka ʻōpū me ka pōkole. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka pūlima hema a i ʻole atrophy, ke kua ke kua ʻākau o ke kaʻe ʻākau i kahakaha nā ipukukui nā pā hau. ʻO kekahi mauhelehele he mau ʻeke like-bag o ka hope o ka trachea - ka tracheal lung. Pau ka ʻule.
Ua uhi ʻia nā maka o nā nahe maka i kahi kornea kūlike i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā maka heʻe. I nā nāhe nui o ka lā, ua pōʻai ʻole ke haumana a i ʻole ma ke ʻano o kahi hiwahiwa ʻole, i nā nahe nui i ka pō - kū. ʻO ka hihiʻo, e like me ka hoʻolohe ʻana, ʻaʻole ia he organory nui o ka nahesa a ua hoʻomohala ʻia ma mua o nā lizards. Ke kū aku ka pōʻino i ka ʻai, a nalo ka ʻūlū, ka wā pinepine o ka molting, i ka wā e hoʻokaʻawale ka papahele o nā kihi me nā ʻili a me ke ao ka maka. Ma muli o ka hōʻemi o ka pepeiao waena a me ka eardrum, hiki i ka nāhelehele ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā leo kani wale i hele pū me ka neʻe o ka lewa a me ka lepo.
ʻO ke ʻano nui o ka ʻōpū o ka nahesa he lelo lōʻihi e hina ʻia i ka hope. Me ka waha paʻa, lōkahi ke alelo ma o kahi ʻaka semicircular o ka ʻāʻī luna, a i ka wā mālama ʻana i ka meaʻai ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia i loko o kahi kuʻuna muscular kūikawā. Ke hoʻohana nei i ka alelo, e manaʻo ai ka nahesa i nā mea e pili ana i ka manaʻo, nā molekala o nā mea ʻala e hāʻule ai i luna o ka alelo e hoʻoneʻe ʻia i ke kino paʻa o ka ʻala - ka ʻākoʻa Jacobson. Waʻa ʻia i ka ʻono, hiki i ka ʻōlapa ke neʻe a huli i ka mea i hōʻeha i loko o ka pouli. Eia kekahi, hiki i ka alelo ke lawelawe i ka sensor wela. Hoʻohana ʻia ka hana like e nā ʻāpana kūikawā i kū i ke poʻo o kekahi mau nakahi (python, African viper, pit viper).
Kakuʻu ʻia ka lolo o ka nui, akā hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia nā mākio, no laila, me ka ʻano o ke ʻano o nā hopena, ʻike ʻia nā alakōkia e ka koikoi maikaʻi o nā neʻe, ka wikiwiki a me ka pololei.
ʻO ka papale o ka papale o ka ʻili nā pale pale a me nā unahi i loko o ke ʻano o nā papa elongated e waiho ana i ka paila, a ʻike pinepine ʻia lākou i nā kiʻekiʻe longitudinal - iʻa. Hoʻokani lākou i ka hoʻowalewale i ka neʻe ʻana o ka nahesa e noho ana i waena o nā pōhaku a i ʻole nā lāʻau: no ka paʻakikī o ka integument, hiki ke hoʻopili i ka naheka i nā pali i ʻole a i ʻole ka ʻili. Ma ka ʻē aʻe, nā ʻano i noho i waena o nā māla o nā mauʻu a me nā nāhelehele i ʻole nā protrusions o nā unahi, a ma kēia hana e wīwī wale nō ka neʻe.
He maʻamau ʻole ka nānā ʻana o nā poʻo nui o ke poʻo i ka laulā, a ʻo nā mea ventral he heagonagonal. Aia lākou ma ka lālani hoʻokahi, ʻo ka hope - anal - ua māhele ʻia ka pale pale i ka ʻōpū. ʻĀnō, ka nahesa me ke kōkua o nā pale pale umauma i hoʻoneʻe ʻia mai ka papa aku e lele ai a neʻe i mua. Eia kekahi, pale lākou i nā kino o loko. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā nahele ʻōlima i ke ʻano o ia mau pilikia, a ua pale ʻia lākou i nā pale o ka ʻōpū. Hiki i nā pale o ka huelo ke kau pū ma kahi (kahi lawaiʻa ʻāʻī, he nahe ʻoki) a i ʻole ʻelua mau lālani (he viper maʻamau, he nahe Amur).
I ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai, neʻe iki nā pale a me nā unahi, e hōʻike ana i nā ʻili o mua o ka ʻili. Hoʻohui paʻa nā unahi i kekahi i nā laina laulā lōʻihi, akā hiki i kēlā me kēia laina ke neʻe i nā ʻaoʻao pili i nā mea kokoke. Ka ʻōpū ʻana o ka ʻōpū, i ka ʻokoʻa, hoʻowalewale i ka ʻaoʻao lōʻihi. Hoʻopili ia ke kino o ka nahesa.
Hoʻopilikiaʻia ka Shedding i nā manawa pinepine i ka makahiki. Hoʻomaka ka ʻili kahiko i nā mea i loko o nā lehelehe, ʻili a nalowale a nalo. I ka "creep" ʻike maka i ka mais o nā maka.
Hiki ke loli ka kala o ka ʻili i ke ola i ka wā molting. Ke hilinaʻi nei ka kalaʻe i ka ʻokoʻa a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka nahesa a ma ka hapa nui ke hana i ka hana camouflage.
Ke noho maʻamau.
He poʻe nāhelehele a pau, he nui ka poʻe o lākou e hopu i ka waiwai, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui ma mua o ka nahesa ponoʻī. ʻO ka huaʻai liʻiliʻi a me nā ʻōpio ʻōpiopio e hānai i nā pōpoki, mollusks, nā pepeke, kekahi amphibians, reptiles, manu, nā iʻa, rodents a me nā mamalia nui. I waena o ʻelua mau papa ʻai, hala paha he mau mahina e hala.
ʻO ka hapanui o nā hihia, hoʻopunipuni nā nahesa, ke kali nei no ka mea make, a laila haunaele iā ia me ka wikiwiki e hoʻomaka i ka neʻe ʻana. ʻO nā ʻiʻawa makeʻe e ʻuʻake a kali i ka hana o nā mea make, a hoʻohālikelike ka poʻe puaʻa a puni lākou i ka mea i pepehi ʻia a kīwī.
Nui nā ʻano o nā nane e hoʻoneʻe aku. Kuhi pinepine ka nahe i ka zigzag a hoʻokuʻu ʻia e nā ʻāpana kino i pili i ka lepo. Ma ka wao nahele, hoʻohana nā mea kani i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "sideway": hoʻopili ke kino i ka maka i ʻelua mau kihi he ʻelua, ʻo ka mua o ke kino i neʻe aku ma nā ʻaoʻao (a ma ke ʻano o ka neʻe), a laila "ʻili" i ke kua, a laila. ʻOkoʻa ke ala o ka neʻe ʻana i ka "accordion" i ke ʻano o ke kino o ka nahesa i loko o nā kīhaha paʻa, a neʻe i mua ka mua o ke kino. Ua neʻe nā hiona nui i loko o kahi "papa lāʻau" kūpono, kīhai i ka ʻāina me ko lākou mau pale a hoʻopaʻa i nā ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū o ke kino.
Kūpono nā nāhelehele, koe wale nō ʻo Aotearoa a me nā mokupuni liʻiliʻi. Lanakila lākou i ke ola ma ka ulu lāʻau, piʻāina, ka wao, lalo i ke kai. Noho ka nui o nā mea nui i loko o nā ʻāina mahana o Asia Hikina a me ʻApika, ʻoi aku ka 50% o nā nahesa a Australia i ʻona ʻia.
Ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi loa, hiki i kekahi hua nahelē ke hoʻopua i ka hua a hiki i kekahi manawa i kēlā me kēia makahiki, aʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole e hānai i kēlā me kēia makahiki (no ka laʻana, ʻo ka Caucasian viper). ʻO ke keʻe Bamboo keffiyeh, aia i loko o India a me Pakistan, hiki ke ulu i ka makahiki a puni ka makahiki. E like me ka hapanui o nā holoholona, loaʻa i kā nā ʻīlī a me nā "kuʻuna o nā kapa" ʻanoʻokoʻa o nā ʻano paʻakikī. Ma hope o ka moe ʻana, hiki i ka wahine ke mālama i ka sperm o ka hoa i loko o kahi kūlana no ka manawa lōʻihi a ʻaʻole pono e hālāwai hou i ke kāne no ka hōʻiliʻili hou.
ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo nā honu cubs mai huaʻa, akā ʻo ka hānau hānau ke pālahalaha ʻia (nā maʻamau o nā naheka, ke kīkī, a me nā vipers). Hoʻokomo ka wahine i kahi plenta, ma kahi o nā embryos e loaʻa ai ka oxygen, ka wai a me nā mea kanu pono. ʻO kekahi manawa ʻaʻohe manawa o ka wahine e waiho i lalo o ke kuʻi, a me nā kuʻekuʻe pākuhi i loko o kāna ʻano kikoʻī. ʻO kēia hihia ka mea e kapa ʻia ka hua manuʻa (vipers, muzzle).
Ma kahi pākuhi i kahi o nā hua he 10. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka Embryonic i ke mahana, no laila e mālama nā mea hoʻohiki i ka mālama ʻana i ka mahana i loko o ka pūnana, a pale pū hoʻi i ka hua mai ka pau ʻana.
Noho ʻo nā nahesa i ka 5-10 mau makahiki, e ola kekahi mau kanaka a hiki i 30-40 mau makahiki.
ʻO nā manu he nui a me nā mommals (pipi, nā ʻalā, nā ʻalā, nā hedgehog, nā ʻelele o ke kauoha Predatory a me nā puaʻa) ʻoi pū kekahi i nā nahelehele, a me nā mea like ʻole.
Kahi helu.
Ua ʻoka ʻia nā nahesa ʻehā i nā ʻohana 8-16. Nā ʻohana nui:
AlohaTyphlopidae ) Nā nahesa liʻiliʻi me kahi kino ʻōleo. Hoʻopili ʻia i ka lalo o ke ola: kahi i uhi ʻia ke poʻo me nā pale nui, hoʻopili ʻia nā iwi o ka ʻūhā, a ʻo kahi ʻoi pōkiki e lawelawe i ke kino i ka wā e neʻe ai ka holoholona i ka mānoanoa o ka lepo. Ua emi loa nā maka. Loaʻa nā ʻula o nā iwi pelvic i nā kiole mol. Loaʻa i ka ʻohana he 170 mau ʻano ʻano, ka hapanui o lākou e noho nei i nā wahi kahalaha a me nā subtropical.
Pololei HewaBoidae ) loaʻa i kona inoa no ka neʻe ʻana o nā rudiments o nā wāwae hind, ua huli ʻia i mau ʻāpana i nā ʻaoʻao o ka kime. Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Pseudopods ka anaconda a me ka uluna hoʻi i ka python - nā nahesa hou loa (hiki i 10 m ka lōʻihi). ʻO nā subfamili ʻekolu (Boas, Pythons a me Sand Boas) e pili ana i 80 mau mea. Noho lākou i nā wahi kuʻuna a me nā subtropics, kekahi mau ʻano - ma nā wahi ʻino o ʻAsia Pūnaewele.
I Ke Kahu Aspid (Elapidae ) ka mea o ka sili o 170 mau ʻano, me ke cobras a me nā mambas. ʻO kahi hōʻailona ʻona o ka aspid ka hana o ka pale ʻole. Hoʻopili ke kino, pōkole ka huelo, ua uhi ʻia ke poʻo i nā pale nui o ke ʻano kūpono. Ke alakaʻi nei nā ʻelele o ka ʻohana i kahi ola terrestrial a ke kūʻai nui ʻia nei i ʻAmelika a me Australia.
ʻO ka ʻili o ka moana (Hydrophiidae ) ʻaʻole hele i ka ʻāina, ua hoʻohuehae ʻia lākou i ke ola ma ka wai: nāʻuʻaki volumetric, nā kīkē e pani ana i nā pūpū, nā mea hoʻohanohano a me ka hiʻu oila. Mea make nui. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻohana ma kahi o 50 mau ʻano ola e noho ana i loko o ke Kaina Inikua a me ka Pākīpika.
Nā Makana (Viperidae ) he kino pepi kahi poʻo poʻomanaʻo o ke ʻano kahi triangulo, kahi haumana kūpaʻa, nā hua momona i hoʻomohala ʻia a me kahi pūhā tracheal. ʻO nā subfamily Yamokolovy e kau i nā pōpoki a me nā wīwī, i nā poʻe vipers Real - nā pōpoki, gyurza a me nā kini ʻoi. Ma ka huina, e pili ana ka ʻohana ma kahi o nā isika he 120.
ʻAno (Colybridae ) - he ʻohana e pili ana i ka 70% o nā nahesa i kēia mau lā (ma kahi o 1,500 mau lāʻau). Hoʻomua nā alarms; a ua hoʻokaʻa ʻia lākou no ke ola ma nā ʻūhā ululāʻau, nā pōpā, ma nā lāʻau, ma nā semi-deses a i nā loko paha. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia lākou e nā ʻanoʻai like ʻole a me nā ʻano o ke kaʻa. ʻO ka ʻohana ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa ka hiʻona o ka pūhaka hema, palau ʻia o nā niho tubular a me nā ʻōpū o nā ʻōpū o nā ʻalā, a me nā kūlana i ka iwi o luna. E like me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻolālā o nā niho a me ka uhi scaly, ka nui o nā subfamilies.
Nāu na Lūkia.
Wahi a nā kumuwaiwai like, he 90 nā mea o nā nahesa, me nā ʻano he 10-16 pona i ola, noho ma ka ʻāina o Rūsia.
ʻAno maʻamau (Natrix kahi helu )) - he nahe nui a hiki i 140 cm lōʻihi, e noho ana i kahi ākea nui mai ʻApelika Hikina a Scandinavia, a ma ka hikina a hiki i Central Mongolia. I Lūkia, ua pālahalaha nui ʻia ma ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa. Ke kala helehelena ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele. Ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo ka mea e ʻike ʻia nā wahi ʻulaʻula i ke ʻano o kahi lua, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā laha ʻeleʻele. Makemake ʻo ia e noho i nā wahi haʻahaʻa. Hoʻohana pinepine ia i nā lā i nā pōkī a me nā ʻaka, i kekahi manawa no nā ʻalā liʻiliʻi a me nā manu. Loaʻa - kekahi nahe ʻōlohi ikaika, piʻi koke, piʻi i nā lāʻau a ʻeleʻele maikaʻi.Ma ke kauʻana, ua hoʻāʻo ia e peʻe, a inā hiki ʻole i kēia hana, hoʻomaha i ka ʻili a hāmama kona waha a wīwī, e hōʻike ana ua make. Piʻi nui nā kānaka nui i kahi pōpō a nānā ponoʻī iā lākou, akā hoʻokele iki ʻole lākou i kahi kanaka. Eia kekahi, ināʻoi aku ka pōʻino, loaʻa i nā kālele i hopu ʻia i kekahi manawa (ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wā) a hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i ka wai stinky mai ka cesspool.
Kapua (Coronella austriaca ) - ke nahesa a hiki i ka 65 cm ka lōʻihi, pālahalaha loa i ka ʻāpana ʻĀina o Rusia.ʻO ke kino o ke kino mai ka hina a ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula, ma ke kino - he mau lālani mau wahi hina. Ma kahi haumāna pōkole, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻōpio mai kahi viper liʻiliʻi e like me ia. I ka pōpilikia, hōʻiliʻili ka nahe i ke kino i loko o kahi pīpī a paʻa i kona poʻo. Hopu ʻia e ke kanaka, ke pale ikaika iā ia iho a hiki i ka māi ʻana ma ka ʻili i ke koko.
Ma ka puke O nā holoholona laha a me nā mea kanu o ka USSR Kahi ʻia nā nāhelehele venomous i kēia: nā viper maʻamau (Vipera berus ), ke kiʻekiʻe wāwae (V. Ursini ), Kauwauwa Kauka (V. Kaznakovi ), ʻĀina Huki Minor (V. xanthina ), ʻoi aku ka viper (V. pūkaʻi ), gyurza (V. lebetina ), nā muzzle maʻamau, aiʻole nā pallas (Nā halekele ʻo Agkistrodon ), mollusk hikina (A. blomhoffi ),) nā kinika ailua (Palaha Coluber ), ke koleleTigrina Rhabdophis ) nā mea hemahema (Coronella austriaca ), ʻO Ānuenue i loko o ʻAsia.Naja oxiana ), kau wāwae (Echis carinatus ) a me kekahi poʻe ʻē aʻe.
Ka Hoʻina Viper (Vipera berus ) - he iwi ākea nui a hiki i ka 75 cm lōʻihi, me ke kino māno a me ke poʻo pālua. Ke kala nei - mai hina a ʻulaʻula. Aia ma ke kino he waiho kaila zigzag pōkole, kahi hiʻohiʻona X-ʻula a me ʻekolu mau kiʻī nui - mua a me ka ʻelua parietal - ʻike ʻia ma ke poʻo. Kūleʻa ka haumāna, ke palena ma waena o ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī i ʻike maopopo ʻole.
Kālele nui ka viper maʻamau i nā ululāʻau a me nā ʻululā o nā wahi ʻo ʻEulopa ma Russia, a ma Siberia a me ka Far mamao. E makemake ia i nā nāhelehele me nā palahalulu, nā mākona wai, nā kahawai a me nā loko. Hoʻopili i nā lua, nā ʻōpū, nā lua, i waena o nā kumu lāʻau. Hoʻopili pinepine nā kaʻa ma nā pūʻulu i nā pōpoki, ma lalo o nā aʻa a lāʻau a me kahi mauʻu. ʻO ka wā hoʻoilo i ka lā Malaki -ʻApelila. I ke ahiahi makemake lākou i bask i ka lā, keʻimi pinepine lākou i ka pō no nā rodents liʻiliʻi, mau rana, nā pi. Hoʻoulu i ka waena o Mei, a ʻo ka hapalua ka lōʻihi o ʻekolu mahina. Lawe ka ʻōpala i 8-12 mau polia a he 17 cm lōʻihi.ʻI kekahi mau lā ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, ua puka mua ka molt. Eia kekahi - me kahi pinepine o 1-2 mau manawa i ka mahina. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne. Noho nā Vipers i nā makahiki 11-12 mau makahiki.
ʻO ka hālāwai pinepine ʻana o kahi ʻīwī a me kekahi kanaka. Pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia e makemake nā vipers e hoʻolimalima i nā lā mahana i nā wahi ākea, e pīkē ana i ka lā. I ka pō, hiki iā lākou ke holo i ke ahi, piʻi i loko o ka hale a a me ka ʻeke hiamoe. ʻAʻole kūpono loa ka hiʻona o ka hoʻopiha ʻana i nā vipers: ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hālāwai me ka ʻahi i hoʻokahi wahi nui, akā ma kahi kūpono e hoʻohālikelike ai lākou i ka "islam foci". ʻAʻole kūpaʻa nā Vipers a ʻaʻole e hoʻouka mua i nā kānaka. E hoʻohana mau lākou i ka manawa a nā mea e hūnā.
Steppe Viper (Vipera ursini ) ʻokoʻa mai ka mea maʻamau ma kahi o ke ʻili liʻiliʻi a me nā kihi o nā muzzle. ʻOi aku ka kua o ka kala, i ka kino, i ke kiʻi pū kekahi i ke ʻano zigzag ma ke kuihi, aia nā wahi pōʻeleʻele i nā ʻaoʻao. Noho ka noho ma ka papahele a me ka laiki-steppe ʻo ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o Rūsia, ma ka Crimea a me ka Caucasus. Noho loa 7-8 mau makahiki.
Lezzi aku (Nā halekele ʻo Agkistrodon ) noho i kahi ākea nui loa mai ka waha o ka Volga a hiki i nā kahakai o ka Moana Pakipika. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 70 cm, ʻahuʻula - hina a ʻulaʻula paha me nā wahi ākea ākea ma ka papahele.
Tiger mua - he nahesa ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni o ka Far East. ʻO ka ʻono ke kala ʻulaʻula maʻamau me nā ʻōpiopio ʻōpiopio. Ma mua o ke kino, ʻulaʻula nā unahi o waena o nā ʻāpana. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 110 cm. Aia ma ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻāʻī ka mea i kapa ʻia nā kohu nukho-dorsal. Hoʻoweliweli lākou i kā lākou mea huna. Makemake mua ʻo Tiger i nā wahi haʻahaʻa, ʻai i nā rana, ka ʻōpala a me nā iʻa.
ʻAlohelohe ʻAmelika (Naja oxiana ) - he pua nui (a i hiki i 160 cm ka lōʻihi) o ka kala a i ʻole ka lāʻau ʻoliva. Hoʻopau i kahi nahe nui hoʻonā i mua o ke kino a hoʻonui i ka "kaʻe" ma ka ʻāʻī. Ke huʻi ʻo ia, hoʻokuʻi aku i kekahi mau uila uila, ʻo ia kahi e pau me ka ʻea. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma nā kūkulu hema o ʻAmelika Weka.
Pane kahiko (ʻO ka carinatus Echis ) - kahi moa-ʻoka i ʻoki a i 80 cm lōʻihi.ʻO ke kukui hāliʻiliʻi e hele i ke kuamoʻo, nā kukui zigzag māmā i nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino. E hānai ana i nā limu liʻiliʻi a me nā manu, nā baki a me nā mea ʻai ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka efu e ka wikiwiki o nā mea he nui; i ka neʻe ʻana, e hoʻopio ana i kahi ʻōpala maloʻo. E māhele ʻia mai ka palena hikina o ke Kai Caspian a hiki i ka Moana Aral.
ʻO nā nāhelehele kekahi o nā mea noho huna loa o kā mākou honua. Ke hele wikiwiki nei ka poʻe hahai manu i kekahi hālāwai me nā nakahi e holo a mai laila, me ka maopopo ʻana o ka noke wale wale nō e hiki ai i ka make. Ua kōkua ka makaʻu i ka pale ʻana aku i ka pīpī, akā pale mai iaʻu mai ke aʻo hou aku no kēia mau mea pohihihi. A ma kahi nui ʻole ka ʻike maoli, ua piha nā pōpoki i nā moemoeā a me nā hoʻopiʻi ʻana, ma ia mau makahiki he ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī.
Aʻoiai ka ʻike pono nui o kēia mau reptile, nā loiloi kahiko a me nā moʻomeheu e pili ana i nā nahesa i hoʻohele ʻia mai kēlā hanauna i kēia hanauna a i loaʻa nō hoʻi i ka noʻonoʻo o nā kānaka. I mea e wāwahi ai i kēia pōpoki ʻino, ua hōʻiliʻili mākou i ka 10 mau mana maʻamau e pili ana i nā nahesa a hoʻohālikelike iā lākou.
1. ʻO ka nahesa i inu i ka waiū
Ua ʻike ʻia kēia ʻano ʻikeʻike he nui i nā mahalo o Conan Doyle e like me ka Ribebated Ribbon. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka hoʻāʻo e hoʻomo i ka nahesa me ka waiū e hiki ke momona: ʻaʻole kao lākou i ka lactose ma ke kānāwai.
2. I ka huʻi ʻana, pili nāhele
No nā kumu ʻike ʻole, nui ka poʻe e manaʻo e kani ana nā nahe e pili ana i ka huaʻōlelo ʻoi loa. Hoʻokū nā ʻoki i ko lākou mau niho, e like me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. Mālama ka ʻōlelo iā lākou no nā kumu ʻē aʻe.
3. na nāuhele i mua o ka hoʻolei ʻana, hoʻoweliweli, hoʻopili ʻia ko lākou alelo
E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, ʻaʻole ʻōlelo ʻia ka ʻōlelo a ka nahesa e lele. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā ʻīlio e nele i ka ihu, a ʻo nā mea āpau pono e pono ai no lākou e pili ana i ka alelo. No laila, i mea e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mea pio a hoʻoholo i kona wahi, pono e hoʻopili nā nahe i ko lākou alelo.
4. ʻO ka nui o nā nahesa huawaina
I nā ʻāpana a me ʻelua hapa kaukō o nā nahesa i ʻike ʻia e nā ʻokiʻoki, 400 wale nō o nā niho niho. ʻO kēia mau wale, he 9 wale nō i loaʻa ma ʻEulopa. ʻO ka nui o nā nahesa maikaʻi i ʻAmelika Hema - 72 mau ʻano. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke koena ma waena o Australia, Central Africa, Southeast Asia, Central and North America.
5. Hiki iā ʻoe ke "pale" i ka naheka e ka hōʻolo ʻana i kona mau niho
No kekahi manawa, hiki ke hana maoli kēia. Akā e ulu hou nā niho, a me ka nahe i ka wā e ulu ai lākou, ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻike i ka ʻona, hiki i ka maʻi nui loa. A ma ke ala, ʻaʻole hiki ke aʻo ʻia nā nāhelehele - no lākou, ʻaʻole kahi mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o kahi lāʻau mahana.
6. Hoʻokū pinepine nā kahe i nā maka o nā kānaka.
Wahi a nā helu helu, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nahesa i ka poʻe no ka pale ʻana iā lākou iho. Inā ʻike ka nahesa i ka ʻike iā ʻoe a e hoʻoweliweli i ka hoʻoweliweli, a laila makemake wale ʻo ia ia e waiho wale. Ke hoʻi hou ʻoe i kahi liʻiliʻi iki, e nalo koke aku nei ka nahe aku mai ka ʻike ʻana, me ka wikiwiki no ka hoʻopakele ʻana i kona ola.
7. Hiki i nā ʻōlapa ke hānai i nā ʻai
ʻO ka hapanui o nā nāhelehele i hānai ʻia ma nā rodents, aia nā ʻano i ʻai i nā baki a me nā iʻa, a me nā mea i hihiʻo insectivorous wale nō. A ʻo nā cobras aliʻi, no ka laʻana, makemake wale i nā nāhelehele ʻē aʻe e ʻai ʻia. No laila ka mea kūpono e hānai ai i ka naheka i hilinaʻi wale ʻia ma ka naheka iho.
8. ʻeleʻele nā ʻōlapa e hoʻopā
ʻO nā nāhelehele he ʻelele maʻamau o nā holoholona maloʻo. A ʻae, e like ke kū ʻana o ke kino o ke kino me ka wela o ke kaiapuni. No laila, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke mālama i ka wela ʻana o ke kino kino (ma luna o 30 ° C), aloha ke aloha i ka palaka i ka lā.
9. Ua uhi ʻia nā leheleʻe e nā lehelehe
ʻO kahi keke ʻē aʻe ʻaʻohe mea e pili ai i nā nahesa. Hoʻohana ʻē aʻe ka ʻili o kēia mau reptile a uhi ʻia i nā unahi momona maikaʻi. Mai kēia mea leʻaleʻa i ka ʻili o ka nahe ʻoki e paʻa ai nā kāmaʻa, nā paʻa lima a me nā lole paha.
10. E hoʻopuni ana nā alahi i nā kumulāʻau lāʻau a me nā wahi he nui
Hiki pinepine ke ʻike i ke kiʻi o ka nahe nui ʻōwili e ʻōwili nei i kahi o ka lāʻau o ka ʻike. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻohe mea e pili ai i ke ʻano maoli o nā alia.Pii aku lākou i nā lālā o nā lāʻau a moe ma luna o lākou, ʻoiai ke ʻoki nei nā nāhelehele iā lākou me ko lākou mau kino.
ʻAuhea e noho ai nā nahesa?
ʻO ka ʻawa e hānai nei i nā nahelehele, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe a pau nā mea i loaʻa e ka poʻe ma kahi kokoke i nā ʻāpana āpau, me ke ʻano ʻole o Antarctica, kekahi nui (New Zealand, Ireland) a me nā mokupuni liʻiliʻi o ka moana Atlantika a me ka waena o ka Moana Pakipika. I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā 3000 mau ʻano o nā nahesa e noho ma kā mākou honua. Ma kahi o kahi hapaha o lākou he paona. Ma ke ala, ʻākoakoa lākou a pau i nā ʻohana 14.
No ke aha e pono ai lākou i ka ʻawa?
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna, ua hōʻike ʻia lākou e kekahi mau ʻano nui o nā ʻano manuahi ma mua o nā mea ʻino. Eia naʻe, mai kākau ʻoe i nā nahesa weliweli no ke kanaka. E like me ka inoa e hōʻike ai, hoʻohana ka reptile i nā mea ʻino a pau. Pono lākou iā ia no ka hopu ʻana i kahi mea i make, ʻaʻole no ka pale ʻana iā ia iho, e like me ka mea maʻamau. ʻO ka huʻakai o kekahi o lākou he mea make ʻole ia no ka loaʻa ʻole o ka pilikia e pepehi ai i kekahi kanaka. ʻO ia ka mea i nā nahesa i ke kūlohelohe maoli maoli nō nā mea make make!
Mālama ʻāla
Ma ke kānāwai, ke uhi ʻia ke kino holoʻokoʻa a ka ʻili, a i ʻole nā mea kaulike. He wahi nui e hana ma aneʻi. Kūlike ʻole i ka manaʻo manaʻo kaulana, he maloʻo maoli ka ʻili o kēia mau mea, ʻaʻole hina a palupalu, e like me ka mea maʻamau. Ua hiki mai paha kēia hilahila ma muli o ka like me ke ʻano o nā nahesa me nā ʻōpala palū.
ʻO ka nui o nā nakahi i loaʻa ka ʻōnaehana ʻili kūikawā ma ko lākou ʻōpū. Pono kēia no lākou e ʻoi aku ka māla maikaʻi i ka mea a lākou e lele ai. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe he ʻaʻohe eyelids kēia mau reptile. ʻAʻole pēlā kēia. ʻAe lākou, ʻaʻole like me nā holoholona he nui. Kohu ʻia nā maka o nā ʻīlio e nā unahi ʻona a paʻa mau.
Aia nā ʻalā keʻokeʻo?
Ke ola nei lākou. Akā ʻaʻole ia he ʻano kūʻokoʻa, akā he ʻano kūʻokoʻa genetically. I nā huaʻōlelo, ʻo ka ʻōpū keʻokeʻo ka maʻamau nui o ka albino. ʻO nā albinos kaulana kaulana o California. Ua ʻōlelo nā ʻepekema ʻepekema hiki iā lākou ke noho ma kahi o 70% o ka ʻāina āpau i noho ʻia ma ka Canary Islands.
ʻO ka palu keʻokeʻo kahi kikoʻī maʻamau i loko o ke kino. Hiki ke loaʻa i loko o kekahi o nā ʻohana o kēia mau reptile - mai nā nāhelehele maikaʻi ʻole a i ʻole cobra aliʻi. Mai hoʻopiʻi paha i kēia mau albinos me ka mea ʻokoʻa o ka ʻāpana ʻē ʻokoʻa.
Nāu nui e ʻai ai i nā nahele
ʻO ka cannibal kaulana kaulana loa ka weliweli i nā nahele a pau - ke aliʻi cobra. ʻO kaʻai o kona meaʻai, i ka ʻoi aku i nā momona a me nā amphibians, i nā hoahānau ponoʻī. ʻAe ke ʻoliʻoli a ke aliʻi i nā nahesa liʻiliʻi. Ua pepehi mua ʻo ia i ka mea ʻai me ka meaʻala a i ʻole kuhihewa, a laila hoʻokō ʻia.
ʻAʻole i lōʻihi ka lōʻihi, ua ʻike nā kānakaʻepekema i kekahi mea ʻē aʻe o ka cannibalism ma waena o nā nahe, a me nā mau o nā kiʻīnaka. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo kēia mau meaola e ʻai i kā lākou huaʻī. Manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻaʻole hiki i kēia mau kumu ke ʻike i ka pathology a ʻaʻole pono e manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia he infantide, no ka mea ʻai wale lākou i nā ʻāpana make. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole nā cannibals wale nō kekahi o nā mau pōnekiini, akā he mau ʻuʻuku hoʻi kekahi.
ʻAʻole ka poʻe nui i manaʻoʻiʻo ua pili nā ʻīlena cannibal i ke kūlohelohe. Eia naʻe, ma ke ʻano, he mea ʻole e noho ai! ʻO nā nāhelehele e hānai nei i nā nahelehele he hanana ʻole ia, ʻaʻole he mea ʻē aʻe. Ma kēiaʻano. Inā inā he laʻana, hiki i ka lizards ke ʻai i kā lākou mau lālā, no laila ke aha i hiki ʻole ai i nā nahesa ke hoʻāʻo i ko lākou ʻano iho? ʻO ka mea ʻike kaulana loa iā kākou a hiki i ka manawa. kahi mea hoʻohui! Eia kahi koho kūlohelohe.
He mau nāhelehele nui. ʻAʻohe lākou ʻai ʻai i nā mea kanu. Aia nā ʻōleʻa ma nā koninika āpau. ʻAʻohe mea ma ka Antarctic. Noho ka hapanui o nā pahele i nā subtropics, a me nā ʻōpala. Aia nā ʻōpio ʻelua a me nā meaʻino ʻole. ʻO nā nāhele nui he wai loko o ka boa constrictor, anaconda a me ka palthth net.Ua ale lākou i ka nui o kā lākou mea pio, no ka mea, hoʻōla i ka nui o ka wai i loko o ka ʻōpū. Na nā ʻīlio i nele i nā niho ikaika. ʻO ia, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokeo i ka meaʻai. He mau niho niho wale nō lākou e like me ka huina keʻokeʻo. Kokua kēia mau niho nika i nā nahelehele e loaʻa i ka meaʻai. No ka mea, kahi leakona, he hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano o kona mau niho, hiki ke ʻai i nā holoholona e like me ka leopadi a me ka deer.
Kaʻo ʻoki ana
He aha kāu e ʻike ai no nā nahesa, koe wale nō, ʻaʻole i ka nui o nā holoholona, ʻaʻohe wāwae o lākou? E nānā pono pehea e hoʻonohonoho ai kēia mau mea ola a ʻike i kekahi mau mea hoihoi.
- He nui nā iwi o nā ʻīlio - a i luna o 250 mau pālua. Ua hala ʻole ke kāʻei o nā ʻaoʻao o luna, akā i mālama ʻia nā koena o ka pelvis i kekahi mau ʻano, ʻoiai ʻaʻole pono ka hana. Loaʻa nā koena pūlulu liʻiliʻi i nā Pythons. ʻO nā lehelehe me ka wāwae mua a i ʻole wāwae paha.
- Ulu nā niho o nā nahesa i ko lākou ola a pau.
- Hoʻopilikia ʻia hoʻi ka Shedding i ke ao holoʻokoʻa.
- ʻAʻole paʻa nā mea kūwawa i ke kūlohelohe, e like me ka poʻe, akā ma ka lālani ma hope o kekahi. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā pūhaka hema a pau, a ma nā ʻano he nui aia ka hema.
- Ināelekena, hiki i ka naʻau ke loli nui.
- Kūpī nā makahele āpau i pani mau ʻia. He mau kiʻiʻoniʻoni lākou e pale ʻole i ka ʻike. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole maikaʻi loa ka hihiʻo o nā nakahi. Akā laila hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā mea mahana, e like me ka mea nānā kiʻi wela.
Hoʻohui mākou he mea ʻokoʻa loa ka manaʻo o nā ʻepekema e pili ana i ka lohe ʻana o nā reptile. Hōʻike ʻia ka maʻamau o nā mea naʻaupō he mau pepeiao, akā ke hoʻomau nei kekahi mau haʻawina i kēia mana.
Nā ʻōlapa a me nā pēpē
ʻO ka nahe nui ola e manaʻo ʻia ana he python reticulated. ʻAʻole nui ka nui o ka anaconda i hope ona. He ʻelima keneka ka lōʻihi o nā ʻelele o kēia mau ʻano a me ʻumi mau mika.
ʻO ka nui a nā ʻona a pau e noho ana i loko o ke kaiapuni o mua USSR he gyurza. ʻO ka lōʻihi loa o nā luna o kēia ʻano he 2 m.
E noʻonoʻo i kekahi mau mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.
- Ana mau ʻīlūlū a ʻelua keu nā ʻōpū o nā lepa: nā ʻapo a me nā tiger kukui.
- ʻO kahi ʻīlio pōkole ʻeleʻele wahine i kapa ʻia ʻo Baby, hoʻonui ʻia i kekahi o nā US zoos, ʻo ia ke ola kiʻekiʻe loa. Ma kēia momona ʻo 183 kg (ma ka awelika, nā māka o nā mea kaupaona he 75 kg).
- Hiki i ka lepa tiger māmā ke lōʻihi he ʻeono mau kapeka, akā ʻaʻole naʻe he pōpilikia i kekahi holoholona ʻoi aku ka nui o kahi pōpoki.
- ʻO ka kao aliʻi i waena o ʻelima nui.
ʻO ka mea liʻiliʻi loa, ʻo ka maka-ʻili a Barbados. ʻAʻole ulu a hiki i ka ʻumi cm. Ma waena o nā māmona o nā mea make o ka papa, hiki ke ʻōlelo i ka viper dwarf, hiki ke ulu i kahi o kanakolu sentimita.
Nā mea pepehi nui
I ka pane ʻana i ka nīnau e pili ana i ka pīpī, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mamba ʻeleʻele, no ka mea, ʻo ia ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka ʻona nui loa. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi: ʻaʻole kala ke kala o kēia mea hana, akā ʻeleʻele a hina paha. Nui nā mea hoʻohālikelike i pili i kēia ʻuhane. ʻO nā poʻe e noho ana i nā wahi āna i noho ai, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i haʻi iki ʻia kona inoa, me ka hopohopo e lohe paha ka nahelepela paʻu e hele mai e kipa. ʻO ka mamba ʻeleʻele loa ka wikiwiki, no ka mea hiki ke neʻe ma ka wikiwiki o 20 km / h.
Akā ʻo ka mamba weliweli he mea hoʻokūkū hou aku ka paʻakikī - taipan. Noho ʻo ia ma Ausetalia, a he ʻano hoʻomāukiuki loa a he lōʻihi ʻē aʻe o kekahi mau mika. Hoʻopau ʻo Taipan venom i ka puʻuwai naʻau, hana koke. Ke hālāwai me ia, holo wale.
ʻO ka cobra o Philippine he mea hana manuahi hoʻomalu. Pepehi ia ʻo ia me ka hoʻokaʻā i nā ʻawaʻawa. ʻAʻole paʻa ka lōʻihi o 3 mika. Akā, e like me nā cobras ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole palaka pinepine ka ʻake a ka Pūnaewele. ʻO ka mea hele hele e pono e nānā pono ma lalo o kona mau wāwae, i ʻole e hele ai iā ia.
Noho ka kaīīnī ma India, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo ia he naʻakeʻake. ʻAʻole kūhū ʻo Kraits ke ʻole ko ʻoukou paʻi ʻana i kā lākou hua. Akā ʻo ka nona nui o ka ʻuahi hoʻokahi e lawa ai e hoʻouna i nā poʻe he nui i ka honua e hiki mai ana.
ʻO ka nui o nā mea i hoʻopau ʻia i loko o nā mokulele o ke aliʻi cobra e lawa ka nui o ka iwakāluakumamākolu mau pākeke. ʻAʻole iki paha hiki i ka wā no ka hoʻolauna ʻana o ka antiidote. ʻOi aku ka ʻōpū o ka cobra ʻoi loa no kahi elepani. ʻO ka pinepine he luku ʻana i ka ʻiʻo ma muli o ka pilikia i nā cubs. ʻAe, ʻo kekahi o nā reptile weliweli loa i ka lepa he makua hānai nui.
I waena o nā naikaha mea make, aia nō hoʻi nā kānaka maoli hānau. A hiki i kēia manawa, ua manaʻo ʻia ka pōʻino o nā kānaka i ka pōʻino, akā i nā makahiki i hala ua hala ʻia ka nui o nā neʻe ʻana o nā lepaua i nā kānaka ma Asia Hema. Manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻo kahi lei ka mea hiki ʻole ke ʻaʻamu a ʻulu ka meaʻai a pau ka paʻakikī i ke kanaka (ʻaʻole i kūpono nā iwi pelvic i ka waha o ka mea hoʻopihapiha). Akā ʻaʻole pono nā poʻe o ka hōʻiliʻili liʻiliʻi.
Nā ʻōpū puaʻa ʻana
E pili ana i ka hana hou ʻana i nā nahesa i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou e waiho ai i kā lākou hua, a hānau ʻia nā ʻano o ka lawaiʻa i nā ʻehā pā. I ka wā moe, "huli" nā ʻōlio i kahi pōpō, a ma hope koke o ka hoʻokō ʻana, e holo kekahi kanaka i hea. ʻO ka inkubation o nā kōmele i nā hua ahelani e hiki ke lōʻihi mai 1 a 2 mau mahina. ʻO ka manaʻolana i ke ola o nā naheka i loko o ke kanaka mai 5 a 15 makahiki.
Pālapa pseudo
E hoʻolohe kākou i hoʻokahi mea pāʻani, kahi like me ka nahesa, ʻaʻole naʻe. I kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ia kahi mea melemele melemele-lizard. Ma ke kaʻina hana o ke kaʻina, ua nalowale nā wāwae i ko mākou pono ʻole.
E hoʻolohe i ke ʻano o ke poʻo. ʻO nā maka melemele paha ke nānā ʻana i nā maka ʻili. Lawe ka poʻe paʻahana i kēia līlī no ka nahesa a mai paʻi.
Aia nō kekahi pūnao o ka yellowfang - ʻo ka ʻihi, kahi i kapa ʻia he nahe me nā wāwae. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole hana ka hopohopo, ʻaʻole lele ka skink, he mea maikaʻi hoʻi.
Aia ma ka papahele o ka nahesa?
E nānā kākou i kekahi mau ʻike maoli e pili ana i ka ʻai o nā naheka.
- ʻO nā mea āpau a pau nā mea wānana.
- ʻAʻole hiki i ka hapa nui o lākou ke moʻo a hoʻohana i ko lākou mau niho wale e hopu a huki i ka meaʻai i nā ʻāpana.
- Hiki i ke kaʻina hana ʻelua ke mau i nā hebedoma. Eia kekahi, e ʻai wale ana kahi python i ʻelua manawa i hoʻokahi mahina (pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia kēia e nā poʻe i hoʻoholo e loaʻa ka holoholona hihiu).
- ʻAʻole hiki i nā nāhelehele ke pau i ka piha, no laila e make lākou mai ka overeating.
I ka wao
Hoʻokomo ka mea kanu Reptile i ka makemake, ka home a me ka nui. He mea paʻakikī e papa inoa i nā pio i hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopau, no laila ke noho nei mākou ma kāna ʻano maʻamau.
ʻAno ʻai | Hoʻomaopopo |
Iniseti | Nā Lunamakahele o kēia papa i ka kumu o kaʻai ʻana o nā mea ʻā nui a i ʻole nā mea pau ʻole. Hoomaka pū kekahi lākou e ʻai i nā ʻili pipi. ʻO kekahi mau reptile, no ka laʻana, nā ʻīlio makapō, hiki ke ʻai i nā semale, termites |
Nā Pākuʻi | ʻO ka reptile, inā hānai ʻo ia i ka mammals, hiki iā ia ke hopu a ʻai i kekahi holoholona i liʻiliʻi i ka nui. Hoʻomaka ka mekala meaʻai me kahi kiʻi liʻiliʻi a hoʻopau i kahi antelope. ʻAʻole ʻai nā nāhelehele eʻai wale a palu paha, e like me nā hedgehog |
Nā manu a me kā lākou hua | ʻO kēlā mau ʻano o nā reptile kahi, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ua hoʻoponopono ʻia e piʻi i nā lāʻau a ʻimi i laila, ʻoluʻolu nā manu. ʻAi pū lākou i nā hua hulu manu. |
Nā iʻa | He mea ʻawaʻane nā mea kuʻu a nā mea reptile. ʻAi lākou i kēlā mau ʻano e noho a i ʻole kokoke i ka wai. |
ʻAfonia kāne | ʻAi nā reptile i ʻai i nā amphibians, ka nui i loko o kā lākou noho. Hiki iā ia me ka bako, salamanders, hous, nā ʻōpala |
Nā Koleki | ʻO ka naheka poʻo poʻo ākea, ka mea i loaʻa ma Asia a me ʻAmelika, e makemake loa i ka ʻahaʻaina i ka snails a me nā slugs. Ke hoʻohana nei i ka ʻeha a me nā niho i ke ʻano o ka māka, e kāʻei ana i ka mollusk mai ka pūpū a ʻai ia |
Nā huahele ʻē aʻe | ʻAno like ʻole kekahi mau ʻano o nā mea reptile i kā lākou ʻano like. No kekahi, ʻo nā hoahānau he "hoʻohui" i ka meaʻai, aʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe, e like me ka mussurana Brazil, ʻai wale nō. |
Aia kekahi manawa i loaʻa nā ʻike nui, e like me nā ʻehā a me nā boas, i loko o ka ʻōpū.Aia kekahi mau ʻike kiʻi o kēia mau hanana. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia he mana kēia o nā reptile i ke kanaka he waiwai pio: he ʻokoʻa kēia i ka lula.
Pehea e hānai ai i ka home
Pono ʻoe e hānai i nā reptile i ka home me ka mea a lākou e ʻai ai i ka wao. ʻO ka maʻamau, mālama nā hale i nā moʻo e ʻai ai i nā rodents, nā manu liʻiliʻi, a me kā lākou hua, nā amphibians a me nā pepeke. Aia kekahi mau hihia i ka wā e paʻa ai lākou i nā reptile nui, kahi, e hānai ai i nā mamalia nui.
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo e hāʻawi i nā meaʻai i nā inanimate a i ʻole ka weliweli: hiki iā ia ke hou a ʻōmaʻomaʻo Pono ka terrarium i ka wai.
Nui!ʻO kēia reptileʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hāʻawi i ka waiū: ʻaʻole hiki i ko lākou kino ke hoʻohuihui iā ia, a hiki paha ke ʻaki.
ʻAʻohe nā reptile i ka mea manilua, akā aia ka momi holoʻokoʻa. Hoʻokomo ʻia kahi mea paila ma mua o kēia hōʻeha ʻawaʻawa, ʻoiai, i ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā hana o ka pepehi kanaka, kōkua nō hoʻi i ka wai o ka gastric e ʻoki ʻia i ka mea hana. Ua hopu pū kekahi mau holoholona iā ia, a ʻai wale kekahi me ka make ʻole.
He mea hoihoi loa ka hana a nā mea ʻoki ʻole, no ka mea i nā nui he nui i ka ʻai ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lawehala. ʻAno pālani nui nā alaka i luna a me lalo, ʻoiai ua pili iki ʻia me nā iwi o ka iwi ʻula. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka mea hope loa i ʻelua mau ʻāpana a ua hoʻomā ʻia. Hoʻokomo ʻo ka reptile i lalo i ka mea i hopu ʻia.
Nui!Ke hānai nei i nā reptile mea make ma ka home, e makaʻala i ka nūnū me ka mālama ʻana i ka palekana, me ka hihia, he antidote ma ka lima.
Ke komo nei ka meaʻai ma ke ʻāʻī i ka esophagus, hoʻomaka ka hana ʻana i kāna hana, a laila hoʻokipa iā ia i loko o ka ʻōpū. Aia, ma ia hope loa, he nui ka momona kuloka, nā mea i hāʻawi ʻia i ke kaomi ʻana. Hiki i kēia kaʻina hana i nā lā he nui. Aia kekahi manawa hiki ʻole ke hoʻāʻo i ka ʻai, a laila ʻuʻuku wale.
Gehena a paradaiso no ka poe makau i na nahesa
ʻO Ausetalia a me New Zealand ... ʻO Dreamland ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka honua. Ke hoʻolālā nei i kahi huakaʻi hele ma kēlā mau wahi mamao aku, mai poina e pili ana i nā nahesa. ʻOiʻo Ausetalia i 21 o ka 25 o nā mea ʻona nui ʻona nui. Akā, mai ka ʻāina ʻē ʻo Aotearoa nei, ʻaʻohe ʻano nui o nā nakahi! ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe he ʻelua mau ʻano o nā loina wai e maikaʻi ʻole i ka wai.
A i ʻole ʻoe, ʻo ka mea ʻē aʻe paha i aloha i kēia mau reptile a makemake ʻoe e nānā iā lākou i ke ʻano kūlohelohe. A i ʻole makemake e haʻi i nā keiki i nā ʻike ʻoi ʻona hoihoi? ʻĀ, aia pū kekahi mea pili ʻole weliweli ma Ausetalia nei. Akā e hele ʻoe ma kahi huakaʻi hele a i alakaʻi ʻia me kahi alakaʻi alakaʻi.
No ke aha i ʻai ai nā ʻīlio iā lākou iho
Hāʻawi nā Herpetologists i nā kumu he nui e ʻai ai ka naheka i kā lākou iho. Hana nō kekahi mau mea, no ka mea, ʻai lākou i nā mea, a ua hele wale nā ʻohana liʻiliʻi i ke ala i ka wā o ka pāʻina. ʻAi kekahi i nā nāhelehele no ka mea ʻo ia ke kumu o kā lākou ʻai - ua waiho ʻia e ke ʻano.
Aia kahi kahi hypothesis i ka reptile i nīnau ʻia me ka maʻalahi o ka moni ʻia ma muli o ke ʻano o kona kino. He mea hiki nō hoʻi i ka cannibalism a nāhelehele ke hoʻonāukiuki i ka honi o ka mea i hopu, i noho i nā ʻohana.
Aia kekahi ʻoki manu e ʻai ana i nā cubs a me ke koena o kā lākou hua. Hana ʻia kēia e hoʻihoʻi hou i ka ikaika inā nāwaliwali ka reptile ma hope o ka hoʻoulu ʻana.
Maopopo iā ʻoeHe hūpeke nā maka o nā maka, a paʻa mau lākou. Akā ʻaʻole kēia e hoʻōki i ka ʻike like ʻole o ka ʻike, no ka mea ua aniani.
ʻO ka ʻai ʻana a me nā mea ʻona he maikaʻi i kā lākou ʻano. ʻAno ka papa ʻaina i kekahi manawa a ʻokoʻa ʻole. Inā e mālama ʻoe i kēia mau reptile i ka home, pono ʻoe e hānai iā lākou i ka meaʻai a kokoke i ka mea āu e ʻai ai i ka hihiu.
He mau nāhelehele nui. ʻAʻohe lākou ʻai ʻai i nā mea kanu. Aia nā ʻōleʻa ma nā koninika āpau. ʻAʻohe mea ma ka Antarctic. Noho ka hapanui o nā pahele i nā subtropics, a me nā ʻōpala. Aia nā ʻōpio ʻelua a me nā meaʻino ʻole. ʻO nā nāhele nui he wai loko o ka boa constrictor, anaconda a me ka palthth net. Ua ale lākou i ka nui o kā lākou mea pio, no ka mea, hoʻōla i ka nui o ka wai i loko o ka ʻōpū.Na nā ʻīlio i nele i nā niho ikaika. ʻO ia, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokeo i ka meaʻai. He mau niho niho wale nō lākou e like me ka huina keʻokeʻo. Kokua kēia mau niho nika i nā nahelehele e loaʻa i ka meaʻai. No ka mea, kahi leakona, he hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano o kona mau niho, hiki ke ʻai i nā holoholona e like me ka leopadi a me ka deer.
Ma ke ʻano he holoholona
ʻO nā mea a pau e hoʻolālā e hoʻolako i kahi terrarium ma ka home e pono e hoʻomaʻamaʻa iā lākou iho me nā mea e kū mua loa ana. He nui nā hiʻohiʻona na nāleka, he maʻalahi ko lākou mau kikoʻī, akā pono e aʻo i nā mea ʻōiwi hou.
E aʻo i nā ʻōmole e pili ana i ka mahana a me nā ʻano inu, heluhelu i nā lula o ka hānai. Mai mālama i nā lako hale ʻoki. E ʻike e ʻike pono ma mua inā aia kekahi mea dokter i kāu kaiāulu e hana pū me nā reptile. Me ka hoʻonohonoho pono o ka home a me ka nānā ʻana i nā koi āpau pono, hiki i ka nahesa ke noho i ka noho pio ʻana a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o ke ʻano. Hiki i kēia mea nani ke lilo i mea mālama wale no ka maka, akā he hoa aloha maoli nō. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, inā e mālama ana ka mea nona, he ʻoluʻolu a aloha hoʻi i nā nahesa.
Ma waho o nā kaʻawale ʻole, nā mea moile a pau e ʻāleʻa ana, ʻai lākou i nā mea āpau mai nā popo a i nā anele. Hiki i ka nahesa ke luku i kahi holoholona i nui mau manawa i ʻoi loa iā ia iho, a me kāna ʻōpū e maʻalahi e hoʻokaʻawale i nā holoholona nui, ʻo ia hoʻi nā iwi, nā pepeiaohao a me nā ʻūhā.
ʻO ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ke kiʻi ma ka Karistiano
Hōʻike ʻia ke kiʻi o kēia reptile ma ka Karistiano, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka naʻauao a me ka hōʻailona chthonic o ka diabolo. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hāʻule a me nā pōʻeleʻele āpau e pono e lanakila ai e ke kanaka. ʻO ka holoholona e hoʻopuni nei i ka Pala o ke Ola kahi hōʻailona maikaʻi, ʻo ka naheka ma ka lāʻau o ka ʻike ka mea aʻo lealea ʻole, ʻo Lucifer.
ʻO ka reptile i hōʻike ʻia me ke poʻo wahine i hōʻike ʻia i ka hoʻowalewale. I nā manaʻo a me nā moʻomeheu Karistiano, hōʻike ka holoholona i ke kiʻi maikaʻi ʻole o kahi mea ʻona me ka hiki ke puʻuw wale, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wahaheʻe a me ka maalea. ʻO nā manaʻo kaulana ua hāʻawi i nā poʻe pōʻino maikaʻi i ka "palalapi ʻōpio", e hoʻopiʻi ana i ka hōʻino a me ka hoʻopunipuni o nā kiʻi.
Hōʻike ka ʻolelo Helene i kahi nahesa e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻōla a me ka hoʻōla. I nā moʻolelo Iudaio, he hewa a hewa ʻole ka reptile. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ke kiʻi i nā ʻikepili a me nā moʻomeheu o ka honua. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka hōʻailona me ka hānai, ke kāne a ka wahine, ka home. Nui nā palapala moʻoʻōlelo i hoʻopiʻi ai i kēia mau holoholona e like me nā waena o waena o nā ao honua.
Aloha i ke ʻano, mahalo i nā nahelehele a kau i nā lono hou ma ka pūnaewele.
I ka mōʻaukala o nā reptile, a i ʻole nā mea reptile, nui nā hiʻohiʻona keʻokeʻo, akā ʻike mākou i ka mea nui. Ke manaʻoʻiʻo ia nei nā paionia o ka ʻāina - nā amphibians - ua puka mai ma ka hana o ka Devonian a me ka Carboniferous. Ke waiho nei i ka wai a loaʻa i kekahi mau hoʻololi no ke ola ma luna o ka ʻāina, ua ʻike maikaʻi ʻia nā amphibians mua loa: ua kūlohelohe ke kūlohelohe, kūwana ka ea, ua nui ka kino o ka wai. Akā ma ka hope o ka manawa Carboniferous, ua loli i ka loli nui ma ka Honua, ua loli ke ʻano kūlohelohe: i loko o kahi mau wahi ma ke ao ua lilo ia i wela a maloʻo, ma ka manawa like, me nā aniani makahiki ma nā kahi o nā lāʻau fossil e hōʻike ana, ua hoʻomaka a ua hoʻomā anuanu. Naturally, ua loli pū ka mea kanu. ʻO ka ola hauʻoli a me ka leʻaleʻa o nā amphibians mua i pau. Pono e hoʻoponopono i nā kūlana hou o ke ola. ʻAʻole hiki i nā hapa hapa o nā poʻe ʻaumua ke hoʻohālikelike a make ai. Ua kūpaʻa kekahi i nā ʻoi aku o ka ola semi-terrestrial, semi-aquatic o ke ola a me ka hoʻonui iki ʻana i nā amphibians i kēia manawa. Ua hana ʻē aʻe kekahi i kahi hoʻoholo i ka ʻāina a hoʻomau i ka noho ʻana i nā kūlana ola hou.
ʻO nā reptile kahiko, hoʻopau, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua ʻike ʻia i waenakonu o ka manawa Carboniferous. A i ka manawa Mesozoic, i hoʻomaka ai ma kahi o 230 miliona mau makahiki i hala a keu he mau manawa keu aku ʻo 160 miliona mau makahiki, ua loaʻa nā reptile kahiko i ka manawa ulu a hiki i kahi ʻano like ʻole. ʻO Mesozoic i loko o ka ʻōlelo Helene he "ola waena."Akā i ka manawa pinepine i kapa ʻia nā "makahiki o nā reptile", no ka mea i ia manawa ma ka mōʻaukala o ka reptile honua - ʻo ia ka poʻe noho ʻāina maoli a puni ka honua, ua lanakila loa ia, lilo ka poʻe nona ka ʻāina. ʻAʻole lākou i hilinaʻi nui loa i ke kūlana kime a me ke kūlana, ʻaʻole lāua i pili hou i kahi kikoʻī - kokoke i kahi puʻu - kahi noho, ua loaʻa lākou i nā mea pōmaikaʻi he nui ma luna o nā amphibia. A ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ka nui no ka mea ua hiki iā lākou ke waiho i nā hua i hala ma mua.
ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka hana mana hou o ke ʻano - ka hua reptile - ʻaʻole ia i ʻike koke aku, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua lilo i mau miliona mau makahiki e hana ai a hoʻomaikaʻi ia. Akā ma ka hopena, puka kahi hua manu i loko o kahi "pale" kāwili, i makaʻu ʻole e maloʻo, puka mai.
Ua ʻike mākou aia hiki i nā hua amphibian ke ulu wale i ka wai. I ka wahi palapu ua pale ʻia lākou mai ka luku ʻana. Mai kēia manawa mai, loaʻa nā embryos i nā mea i loaʻa i nā wahi e pono ai no ka hoʻolālā ʻana. Eia kekahi, aia i ka wai a i loko paha o ka lālū wai e hele ai ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā amphibians. Aloha, inā ka hua, he hua, he hua amphibian, mai ka wai mai, mai loko mai o ka wai mehana? ʻAʻole e ulu ka embryo amphibian i loko. Pehea e pili ai i nā mea reptile? Ua hewa nā mea āpau iā lākou. Hoʻokumu kahi hua reptile i nā mea pono āpau no ka hoʻomohala maoli a kūleʻa o kahi mea hou. Pono ka ʻōpū i loko o ka wahi wai i kekahi manawa no kekahi manawa. A hāʻawi ka hua iā ia i kēia manawa: ma lalo o ka kinipōpō he wahi liʻiliʻi "Lake". Pono ke hānai no ka germ. A hāʻawi ka hua iā ia i nā mea a pau āna e pono ai. I nā huaʻōlelo, ʻo ka hua hou - ka hua reptile - ua maikaʻi loa ia a ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā kūlana terrestrial o ke ola no nā lehulehu, mau miliona mau makahiki ʻaʻole ia i koi i nā loli nui. ʻOiai i nā manu o kēia mau lā, i puka mai i nā heiau nā puʻupuʻu kahiko, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa ia i ka hua o nā reptile. ʻO ka mea mua, e pili ana kēia i nā hua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā mea hoʻowalewale pīhoihoi maikaʻi, ʻoi e pale ai i ka embryo mai ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana, pale ʻana i ka hōʻino kino, a hiki i ka embryo e hanu a pēlā aku. I ke kaulike, pono wau e ʻōlelo ʻaʻole ʻaʻole nā reptile i nā hua like ʻole. Aia nā mea kūpono ʻole i uhi ʻole ʻia me ka lei, akā me ka mea ʻili.
ʻO nā hua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka 10 - 15% kūlou, nā hua reptile i ʻaʻahu ʻia me kahi ʻili kino - a hiki i 25%. No laila pono mau nā reptile e hūnā i kā lākou masonry mai ka lā maka, e ʻimi ana i kahi wahi ʻūhā.
ʻO ke kūʻokoʻa o nā reptile mai mua o nā wai wai i ʻae iā lākou e pālahalaha ākea a puni ka honua, e haku ai ʻaʻole wale i nā wahi ola maikaʻi ʻole, akā, i nā wahi ʻino. Ua aʻo nā holoholona pākahi i ka hoʻololi i nā kūlana paʻakikī. Eia naʻe, ʻo nā hua manu, ʻoiai inā e hoʻopili ʻia lākou i loko o ia ʻano "pōpono" like me ka ʻili, he pale ʻole ʻia i nā kūlana kime. No laila aia kekahi mau reptile "ʻike ala i kahi" i ka ʻoki loa o nā hua e lohi i nā oviducts o ka makuahine. (Laha ʻo Reptile ke hoʻonui a hoʻomaikaʻi i kēia ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i nā hua, kahi i ʻike ʻia e kekahi mau amphibians.) No kekahi mau reptile, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka lohi ʻana no ka hua piha ʻana i ka hua ʻōpiopio. kiʻiʻoniʻoni - ke koena o ka ʻōpū hua. Hoʻomaka koke ka "Newborn" iā ia a hoʻomaka koke ke ola kūʻokoʻa.
Hoʻomaopopo kēia ʻano ʻōlapa ʻo ka ovogenous hānau, ʻaʻole ia ka hānau hānau, ʻoiai i kapa ʻia kekahi manawa i kona iho. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, noho ka hua i loko o kēia hihia ke noho wale i ka oviduct, hoʻomohala hou ka ʻōpū i ka autonomously, e loaʻa ana i nā mea pono a pau mai ka makuahine, akā mai ka hua like. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma waena o nā reptile aia kekahi mau mea lawe maoli - e loaʻa iā lākou nā huaola nā mea kanu mai ke kino o ka makuahine i ka wā e hoʻomohala ai. Akā ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa kēia mau hihia.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā reptile e waiho i nā hua. Hoʻopili kēia i nā reptiles i kahi kokoke i nā amphibians.Akā i ka manawa like, ʻo ia ka hua moa - kona ʻokoʻa kumu - e hoʻokaʻawale ana i nā reptile a me nā amphibians. Eia nō naʻe, ua alakaʻi ʻia i nā loli hou, ʻoiai e hiki ai i nā reptile ke lilo i kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa o ka wai, e kaawale aku mai ia wahi aku. A ʻo kēia, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻopilikia i ke ʻano o ka ʻōnaehana hanu.
ʻO nā hua'ōlelo Amphibians, e like me kā mākou ʻike, he hapa nui o ka oxygen i loaʻa ma o ka ʻili. Akā i ka manawa like, ʻo ke kino ʻoki ʻole e pale ai i ka nui o ka makema. No nā reptile i kahi mahana wela, maloʻo, a hiki i ka wai, hiki paha ke make. A ua "hōʻole" lākou i ka hanu ʻana o ka ʻili. Ua nalo aku ka ili o ko lākou ʻili a me nā ʻili, nā pālima o nā ʻili a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka pohō ʻana o ka ʻeha o ka ʻili i pili pono i nā loli koʻikoʻi - hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kūpuna amphibian - o ka ʻōpū hanu. ʻAmelikia, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻaʻole i loko o ka iwi, a inā hana lākou, he pōkole loa a he hemahema loa. I kekahi hihia, ʻaʻole lākou e ʻāʻī i kūpono no ka hanu. No laila, i ka ea ʻana (ʻaʻole ka ʻili) ea, ʻimi mua lākou i ka waha, a laila, "hoʻopili" i ka ʻakaʻi ʻana o ka waha, "e ʻoki" i loko o ka ʻāʻī.
ʻO nā mea reptile ua hele mai nā iwi iwi, nā umauma. A hāʻawi kēia i ka pono iā lākou ʻaʻole e ale i ka lewa, akā e hoʻopā ai.
Ua loli ka ʻōnaehana holoʻokoʻa, ua loli ka naʻau. Ua loli ka ululāʻau a me nā ʻōpū. ʻO ka mea mua, no ka mea ua loli lākou - a nui loa! - wāwae o nā reptile.
ʻO ka iʻa Puffer ma kahi liʻiliʻi, amphibians - i kahi nui, akā hele nā mea mua a me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i ko lākou mau ala mua ma ka ʻāina. Ua paʻa me ka leʻaleʻa mau ʻōpiopio i ka honua. No kēia, pono i ke ala o ka hele ʻana. A loaʻa nā mea ola iā lākou. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma hope o kahi hapa o nā reptile i nalowale kēia lanakila nui. A ma muli o lākou, hoʻomaka ka papa holoʻokoʻa e kapa ʻia nā reptile, a i ʻole nā reptile.
ʻO nā poʻe holo mua e ʻike ana i nā ʻano ʻo nā lau ʻōpio he mea weliweli wale nō lākou me ko lākou nui, akā ma o kā lākou "lōʻihi-wāwae". ʻOiaʻiʻo, ke neʻe nei ka pīhoihoi pīhoihoi lūlū e neʻe nei i luna o nā pou nui. ʻO Arool Carr ka mea kaulana i ka haole ʻāina a ua haʻi ʻo ia i ka pīhoihoi i ka wā i ʻike mua ai ʻo ia i ka ʻāhu e waiho ana i ka wai. ʻO ka lua wale nō ke kipa hewa ʻaʻole ia iʻano ʻino loa, akā he puʻupuʻu pū kekahi. He nui nā lekiʻe holomua e haki loa i nā wāwae lōʻihi o kā lākou hāmeʻa, a aia kekahi poʻe e holo ana i ka pōʻino - a wikiwiki koke lākou - aia wale nō ma ko lākou mau wāwae hind.
Akā ʻo nā mea repostile ua nalowale i ko lākou mau wāwae, ʻaʻole i nalowale i hiki iā lākou ke neʻe ikaika. He mea nui ke hoʻomanaʻo i nā pōlima pōkole a me nā nahe, nā mea hou aku i hoʻopiʻi ʻia a me ka maʻamau ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke neʻe ma mua o nā amphibians.
Pēlā, paʻa paʻa nā wāwae i ka ʻāina. ʻO lākou, e like me nā amphibians, e kau i ka hua. Akā ʻo ka poʻe amphibians, inā lākou e noho nei ma ka ʻāina i nā manawa āpau, e waiho i kā lākou hua i ka nui ma ka wai a i loko o kahi pāʻai wai. A ʻo nā reptile, ʻoiai inā lākou e hoʻopau i ka hapa nui o ko lākou ola i ka wai a paʻa pū me ia, e waiho wale i kā lākou hua ma ka ʻāina.
ʻO ke kumumanaʻo, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou i ke ʻano mau loa o ke kino, ke emi iki ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ke kaiapuni: ua uhi ʻia ko lākou ʻili me nā lako pale, ʻaʻole haʻalulu ka nui o ka lepo no lākou, ʻaʻole lākou no ka makaʻu i ka wela, ka maloʻo, ka lā māmā. ʻAʻole wale ia, neʻe ʻana i ka pale, a laila i nā wahi i hoʻomāliʻi ʻia, ʻike lākou i kekahi kūlana maʻamau o ko lākou kino.
He nui nā "loiloi hou", ke kau nei iā lākou i waena o nā ʻelele o ka honua holoholona i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ke kūkulu ʻana i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā amphibians.
Eia nō naʻe, ma waena o nā reptile lākou iho he nui nāʻokoʻa. A i ke ʻano o waho, a i loko o ke ʻano o loko, a me ke ʻano, a me ke ala o ke ola. ʻO kēia mea kūlohelohe. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, hele lākou mai nā manawa like a mai nā kūpuna hoʻi. A i ke kaʻina o ka hoʻolālā ʻana, hoʻomau nā loli: ʻo ka nalowale o nā wāwae i kekahi, no ka laʻana, ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hanu o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe (ʻo ka hapanui o nā nāhelehele he hoʻokahi wale nō ulu ʻana, ʻoi aku kahi ʻē aʻe a i ʻole holo ʻole ʻia, ka like no kekahi mau nalo).
Hoʻomaka kekahi mau reptile e hoʻi i ka wai ma kahi o 300 miliona mau makahiki i hala. No ka mea, ua hoʻowahāwahā ʻia lākou e nā kumu like ʻole i ka manawa i koi ai lākou i ko lākou mau kūpuna e waiho i ka wai: ua ʻāina nui ʻia ka ʻāina, ke kūleʻa nei, ʻike ʻia nā ʻenemi. ʻO ke kai no kēlā "kamaʻilio" he ʻāina hou a kaulana ʻole hoʻi. 100 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua nui nā reptile ma ke kai. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻomaka lākou e ʻokoʻa i kahi mau terrestrial - loaʻa hou lākou i nā pua, nā ʻili, ua nalowale a ʻaʻole paha e nalowale i ko lākou ʻāʻī. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻohuli i ka iʻa. Noho ʻo kā lākou pūlea, e like me nā holoholona terrestri, ʻaʻole i lilo i ko lākou koko i ka “ʻano mākaʻikaʻi,” a pēlā aku.
ʻAe, ʻokoʻa nā reptile. Eia naʻe, he nui nā hōʻailona maʻamau o lākou. No laila, hui pūʻia lākou i hoʻokahi papa. A no ka mea ʻokoʻa loa nā reptile, ma kēia papa he ʻehā mau kauoha.
ʻO ka pīpī wale nō ke poʻo o ka pīpī (hoʻokahi).
ʻO ka kauoha o nā honu i kēia manawa aia ma kahi o 250 mau ʻano.
ʻO kahi wehe ʻana i nā crocodile nā mamo pololei o ka poʻe kamaʻāina Mesozoic. Ua ʻike ʻia nā Crocodiles i nā ʻano he 25.
A ma ka hope loa, he ʻāpana o ka scaly. ʻO ia ka nui o nā reptile ākea a me ka lehulehu. Aia ma kahi o 600 mau ʻehā. ʻO nā scaly kahi i nā nahele a pau, lizards, chameleons.
ʻO ia nā reptile e noho nei i kēia manawa ma kā mākou honua. ʻOi loa aku, ʻike ʻia iā mākou i kēia manawa. ʻOiaʻiʻo he nui nā mea ʻike ʻole i ka ʻepekema.
Na wai ka wai? Hiki paha i kēlā me kēia ke pane i kēia nīnau me ke kali ʻole: he reptile kēia e kolo ana ma ka lepo, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe ona wāwae e hele wāwae. Ma kahi ʻāpana, ka pane pololei. No ke aha ʻāpana? No ka mea e ʻai ʻana i ka reptile, ʻaʻole he nahesa, akā, ʻaʻole hoʻi ma nā wāwae - he mau lula manu ʻole kēia. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole ka mea e pili ana i ka kūkākūkā ma kā mākou moʻolelo, akā e pili ana i nā nahesa. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, hōʻiliʻili nui ka hui o kēia mau holoholona.
Ka helu ʻepekema ma kahi o 2500 mau nahesa i ke kino. Kūkulu kēia mau holoholona i ka papa o ka papa āpau i loko o ka moku o ka reptile. He mea maʻalahi ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā nahesa i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe i ke ʻano o ke kino: elongated, e like me kā mākou i ʻōlelo ai, ʻaʻohe nāhelehele manu. Hoʻololi ʻia ke kino o kēia mau reptile, ka neʻe lākou i ka hoʻoponopono i luna, e hana ana i nā neʻe like-like. ʻO ke ʻano kūikawā o ke kuʻekuʻe a me ka nui o ka vertebrae e hana i ka acrobats maoli i nā naheka, no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke kipi i loko o kahi pōpō a hiki i kā lākou iho i loko o kahi puʻupuʻu!
ʻO ka nui o nā nahesa e hoʻokuʻi nei i kā lākou kaulike: mai kekahi mau kenimika a ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 mau mika! ʻAe, ke noho nei ma luna o kā mākou honua, ua hoʻomākaukau mākou no ʻoe i kahi moʻolelo ʻokoʻa, ʻike nui.
ʻO wai e ʻai i nā nahesa mai nā holoholona?
ʻO nā mea nahesa he mau holoholona hihiu ikaika e hoʻoikaika i ka makaʻu i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. Akā he mau ʻōmaʻomaʻo nā mea e ʻai ai iā lākou. I kēia:
- manu naʻu
- mongoose
- nā pani
- puaa mohai
- nā ʻelele o ka ʻohana cat
- nānā lizards
- nā holoholona ʻē (e pili ana i ka kahi o kahi kanaka kūikawā).
Ua kaulana loa aia nā hedgehog i pale i ka ʻōlapa honu. Me ke hālāwai ʻana me ka ʻāpana, ua ʻoki ʻo ke kuʻekuʻe poʻo mai kona poʻo a i ka huʻu, ʻoiai ke ʻano o ka nahelolo iā ia. Hoʻāla wale ʻo ia i kāna mau ʻeha me kāna alelo. A laila hoʻopili ʻo ia i ka ʻīwī a hoʻomaka e ʻai iā ia. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia ke kino o ka hedgehog i nā nahesa hine, no laila ʻaʻole e hana ʻino kāna bites. ʻO nā holoholona ʻē aʻe e ʻai ana i nā nahesa he mau martens, nā ʻupena, nā milo a me nā ferrets. I nā ʻāina me kahi mahana ʻoluʻolu, ʻo ka mongoose ka ʻenemi o nā mea hoʻowalewale. Hoʻopaʻa lākou i kahi nahe hihiʻo.