Nā polyps ka papa Kolal i nā kahe a me ka pili ʻana i ka 6 tausani mau mea. ʻAʻohe ala huehue i ko lākou pōkō ola. ʻO nā polyps coral, ma muli o nā ʻano, hiki ke kū hoʻokahi a i ʻole koloni. Hiki i ka nui o nā puka hoʻokahi ke kiʻi i hoʻokahi mika a keu paha, a ʻo nā mea kikoʻī o nā kolana ka mea ma lalo o ka centimeter.
Noho ka nui o nā polyps i ka moana kai ma ka hohonu.
ʻO kahi ʻano hiʻohiʻona o nā polyps coral kolalali i ka hele ʻana o kahi aʻi o ka skuni a me ka nerareous a i ʻole horny. Hoʻokomo ka ʻōlelo poloka i nā ʻōkō pua. ʻAʻole kolo nā pōkō polu hoʻokahi, ke neʻe lākou ma lalo, ʻeli a i loko o ka benthos a me ka pīpī wale nō hoʻi.
Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Coral he kumu o nā ʻano kolana. Hoʻokumu nā corals kahiko i nā waiho kiaʻi nui loa, ka mea e hoʻohana nei i ka hana ʻana.
Kūkulu ʻia nā kihi o nā polyp coral i nā ʻāpana haʻalulu o ka ectoderm a i ʻole ka mesogley. A ke hopena, huli i kēlā me kēia kanaka o ka kolone e noho ana i ka recesses ma luna o ka pā hele. ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ka polyps ma muli o ke kahu o ke ola ola ma ka ʻili o ka ʻala.
I loko o ka ʻōpū o ka pūpū i hoʻopau ʻole ʻia ka ʻāpana radial (ʻewalu, a i ʻole kekahi mau ʻeono). He maʻa ka bilateral syilmetry, ʻaʻohe radial. Ua hoʻopuni ʻia ka puʻu waha e nā ʻalā he nui. ʻAno nā kolana i nā plankton (crustaceans a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe). ʻO nā polipona pōkahi lua, e like me nā anemones kai, e hānai i nā holoholona nui (iʻa, nā crustaceans).
ʻO nā polyps Coral i loaʻa nā pona uaua a me kahi ʻōnaehana muscular.
ʻO kahi kokoke i ka wehe o ka waha i laila ka nui o ka palaki o nā aʻa.
ʻO nā polyps Coral i hoʻohālikelike i ka wahine a me ka moepono. Hoʻopuka ʻia kahi moʻomeheu puaʻa e ka pua. Ma kekahi mau polyps hoʻokahi, i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke kālo pua, ka māhele lōʻihi loa o kahi kanaka i ʻelua ʻāpana. I ka wā o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ke ʻano, hana nā cell germ i ka endoderm, ma kahi o nā ʻāpana o ka pūpū o ka ʻōpū. Haʻalele ʻo Spermatozoa i ke kāne a kahakai a komo i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū o ka wahine, ma kahi e ulu ai ka hoʻoulu. Hoʻoulu ʻia kahi larva pae ʻana mai ka zygote, kahi e kahe ana a hoʻi ma hope o kekahi manawa i hoʻonoho ʻia i kahi wahi hou, e loaʻa ana i kahi polyp hou.
ʻO kahi anemones moana he neʻe i nā polyps coral, ka hapa nui. Hoʻokaʻawale lākou i nā ʻano like ʻole o ke kino, ka hala ʻana o kahi ʻōpala mineral, he mau hale lole nui, a me nā waihoʻoluʻu like ʻole. Hele mai kekahi mau anemones kai i loko o ka simbiosis me nā puʻu hermit e noho ana i nā ʻili i waiho ʻia mai nā mollusks. I loko o kēia simbiosis, hoʻohana ke kanesa i ka anemone o ke kai i mea e pale ai i nā poʻe wīwī (ke kumu o ke ana o ka pūpū o ka ʻōpū). E neʻe aku ʻo Actinia me ke kōkua o ke kanesa, ka mea e ʻae ʻia e ʻoi aku i ka meaʻai ʻoi aku.
Ua nānā ʻia nā polyps i ka ʻaʻai i ka ʻike wai. No laila ke emiʻana o ka oxygen i ka wai e alakaʻi i ko lākou make.
Ka hana nui o ka ʻili
ʻO kēlā me kēia lālā coral kahi hōʻiliʻili o nā polyps liʻiliʻi i kapa ʻia he kolone. Hoʻokahi kēlā me kēia ʻano i kahi membrane a kalaki a puni iā ia, e lilo ana i mea e pale ai. Ke hānau ʻia kahi polyp hou, e hoʻokokoke ana i ka wai o ka mea i hala a hoʻomaka mua i kahi hana hou. ʻO kēia ka ulu nui o ka coral, ma lalo o nā kūlana makemake i kahi o 1 cm ma kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO nā kikowaena nui o ia mau ʻano moana i loko o nā ʻōpua.
ʻO ka papa o nā polyps coral i kēia mau mea ola aʻe:
1. Ke loaʻa nei i kahi huamaha kalima. Hoʻokomo lākou i ke kaʻina hana o ka reef form.
2. Ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi huamoka protein. ʻO kēia me nā corals black black a me gorgonians.
3. Huli i kekahi ʻōwau paʻa paʻa (moana anemone).
Hoʻohālikelike nā loea i nā 6000 mau ʻanoʻokoʻa o nā polyps coral. ʻO ka inoa ʻo Anthozoa ma ka ʻōlelo Latin ka mākaʻi "pua pua." He helehelena nani ke nānā aku i nā polyps Coral. Hoʻohui maopopo ʻia lākou e nā ʻano anana. ʻO ko lākou mau ʻekeku e neʻe nei e like me nā petals pua. ʻO ka nui o nā polyp ka nui ka ulu a 1 m i ke kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka pinepine o kā lākou lapalapa e pili ana iā 50-60 cm.
Hoʻaiho
Noho nui nā mākaʻu o nā polyp i nā wai a pau o nā kahawai. Akā i ka manawa like, ʻike ʻia ka hapanui o lākou i loko o ke kai mahana. Hoʻopuka maikaʻi lākou i kahi mahana ma lalo o 20 ° C. Noho nā polyps coral i ka hohonu a hiki i ka 20 m. Eia kēia no ka mea nona ka plankton a me nā holoholona liʻiliʻi e hānai ana i kēia mau mea ola i kēia kolamu wai.
Mana ikaika
ʻO nā polyps Coral, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ke ao, a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pouli e hāhaʻi lākou i ko lākou mau ʻahaʻaina, kahi e hopu ai lākou i ka waiwai i hala iā lākou. Mālama ka polyps liʻiliʻi i ka plankton, aʻo nā polyps nui i hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, ʻo ka polyp nui ka nui i hoʻopau i nā iʻa a me ka huki. Ma waena o kēia papa o nā mea olaola, aia kekahi mau ʻelele e noho ana ma muli o ka simbiosis me kahi algae unicellular (autotrophic protozoa).
Hale
ʻO nā polyps Coral, he ʻokoʻa ko lākou ʻano ma muli o ko lākou ʻano, he mau pona uaua. Kūkulu lākou i nā māhuahua transverse a lōʻihi loa o ke kino. Aia nā polyps i kahi ʻōnaehana polu, ʻo ia kahi plexus palapū ma kahi o ka pākuʻi waha o kēia mau mea ola. ʻO ko lākou lōlani i loko, i hoʻokumu ʻia i loko o ka mesoglya, a i ʻole ko waho, i ʻano ʻia e ka ectoderm. I ka hapanui pinepine, noho ka polyp i ka hana manawaleʻa kapu i ka ʻōpala, kahi mea e kū nei ka ʻaoʻao ma kona ihu. E like me ke kānāwai, ʻo ke ʻano o nā polyps i koloka. Ma luna, ua hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia kahi ʻikepili kūikawā, kahi mai nā mea noho o kēia ʻano. Hoʻonohonoho ʻole nā polyps i kahi ʻoka e maʻamau i ke kolone. Hoʻopili lākou nā mea āpau e kahi membrane ola e uhi ana i ka ʻōpū holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻōpala. I kekahi mau ʻano, pili nā polyps a pau e nā paila e komo ana i ka limu.
Ke uhi ʻia nei ke kihi o kahi polyp coral, i peʻa ʻia e ka epithelium o waho. ʻO ka hapa nui loa ʻo ia ke kū nei i ka pae (kumu hoʻokahi) o kēia "ʻano" moana. Mahalo i kēia kaʻina hana, ulu ka poʻe ola i luna o ka ʻōpala, a ulu mau ia. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā polipeka he ʻewalu kāwalu ka nui o ka ʻōpū. Hoʻololi ia e ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo hydroskeleton, kahi e waiho ai ma muli o ka hoʻopiha ʻana o ka lua ʻeha i ka wai.
ʻO ka paia o ke kino o ka polyp ka mea he ectoderm (kahi papaha ʻokoʻa) a me kahi endoderm (pae loko). Ma waena o lākou aia kahi layer o ka mesogley structureless. I nā ectoderm e pili ana i nā selika i kapa ʻia ʻo cnidoblasts. ʻOkoʻa paha ke ʻano o nā ʻano ʻano coral polyps. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike, he cylindrical caphindrical moana. ʻO 4-5 kona kiʻekiʻe, a ʻo kona mānoanoa he 2-3 cm. Aia kēia cylinder i kahi pahu (kolamu), lalo (wāwae) a ma luna. E pāpale ʻia ka anemone o ke kai e ka disk ma kahi o ka waha (peristome) kahi i kū ai, a i kona kikowaena he paʻalā elongated.
Aia a puni kahi mau ʻekena e kū ana i nā hui. Kuhi lākou i kekahi mau pōʻai. ʻO ka mua a me ka lua he 6, ʻo ke kolu he 12, ʻo ka ʻehā he 24, ʻo ka ʻalima he 48 mau ʻeka. Ma hope o ka 1 a me 2, ua loaʻa iā lākou kēlā me kēia manawa 2 ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka mea i hala. Hiki i nā anemones moana ke lawe i kahi ʻano o ke ʻano (pua, ka ʻoma, ka fern). Hoʻokomo ka pharynx i loko o kahi lua ʻeha, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka septa radial i kapa ʻia ʻo septa. Hōʻike lākou i nā luli hope o ka endoderm, kahi ʻelua o nā ʻāpana. Ma waena o lākou he mesogley me nā ʻili pūpū.
Septa i ka ʻōpū o ka polyp. Mai luna, ulu lākou me kahi kihi manuahi i kona ʻāʻī. Hoʻopili ʻia nā kihi o ka septa, ua mānoʻoniʻoni ʻia a noho nei hoʻi me nā ʻili a me nā paʻi. Ua kapa ʻia lākou he filamen mesenteric, a ʻo kā lākou mau hopena manuʻa ka mea i kapa ʻia he accentuations. Lawe ʻia ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o ka meaʻai ma kahi polyp me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kinona i huna ʻia e ia.
ʻAno hānau
Hoʻopili ʻia ka hana hou ʻana o nā polyp coral ma ke ala kūikawā. Ke hoʻonui pinepine nei kā lākou helu ma muli o ka hoʻopili asexual, i kapa ʻia ʻo budding. Hoʻonui hou i kekahi mau ʻano polyps i ka moe kolohe. Noho nui nā ʻano o kēia mau mea i kuʻuna. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka pua o nā kāne i nā haki o nā paia o nā gonads i loko o ka lua o ka gastric a puka i waho. A laila komo lākou i ka puʻu waha o ka wahine. A laila hoʻomohala ʻia nā hua a hoʻomohala lākou no kekahi manawa i ka mesoglysis o ka septum.
Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻomau ʻana a loaʻa i nā ʻōkiki liʻiliʻi na ka ʻaʻe manu i ka wai. ʻO ka hele ʻana o ka manawa, e noho lākou ma lalo a lilo i nā mea hoʻokumu o nā koloni hou a i ʻole kū hoʻokahi kanaka o nā polyps.
ʻO nā ʻala ma ka mea hana reef
ʻO kahi lehulehu o nā polyps kai e lilo i ka hana i loko o ka uha. ʻ oftenlelo ʻia ʻo Coral ke waiho i nā koena o nā ʻōpala o nā polyps i koe ma hope o ka make o kekahi mau mea liʻiliʻi. Hoʻonui pinepine ʻia ko lākou make me ka hoʻonui o ka ʻike o nā mea kūlohelohe i ka wai a me ka wai lalo. ʻO ka mea kuhi no kēia kaʻina mea he microbes. ʻO kahi wahi momona i nā mea kūlohelohe he wahi maikaʻi loa ia no ka hoʻomohala hoʻomohala ʻana i nā microorganisms pathogenic, ma muli o ke ʻano hana nui e pili ana i ka wai o ka wai a me ka hoʻemi ʻana o nā haʻahaʻa oxygen. ʻO kēlā "huaʻī" kahi pōʻino i ka polyps a me ka koloni polio coral.
Nā kikowaena o nā Polyps
Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana nā mea loea i nā kolikua 2 i nā polyps, ka mea e loaʻa ai nā kauoha like ʻole o kēia mau ʻano moana
1. ʻEwalu-wili (Octocorallia), kahi me nā corua palalulu (Alcyonaria) a me ka pūlima (Gorgonaria). Ka helu pū kekahi lākou i ka hulu kai (Pennatularia), stolonifera (Stolonifera), polū Helioporacea polū. ʻEwalu mau pūkaukau he ʻona, he kākā kikowaena kūloko, a me nā hale lole cirrus.
2. ʻEono-hae (Hexacorallia), ma waena o Corallimorpharia, kahi anemones moana (Actiniaria), ceriantharius (Ceriantharia), zoantharias (Zoanthidea), madreporic (Scleractinia) a me nā corals ʻeleʻele (Antipatharia) e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia.
Hoʻohana hale
Hoʻomaka maikaʻi ʻia kekahi o nā polyps coral i nā mea aquarist i nā kūlana kūlohelohe. Hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻūhā kūlohelohe o kekahi mau ʻano mea i hiki i ke ʻano o nā mea hoʻonaninani. ʻO kekahi mau'āina kahi i pāpā ʻole ʻia ai nā polyp coral, ua hoʻohana ʻia ko lākou koena e kūkulu i nā hale a me nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e like me ka hoʻonani me nā hale a me nā māla.
He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā polyp a me nā coral coral?
Nā polyps coral - nā mea ola ola. ʻO kēia nā koloni moana koloneo a i ʻole kūwaho i noho ai i lalo o nā wai mahana. He ʻano ʻano Kaikuono, ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ka hele ʻana o nā pili sting i hoʻohana ʻia no ka mahiʻai. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka polyp i nā ʻihi mākaʻi. ʻO kēia ʻālaʻi e waiho nei ma hope o ka make ʻana o kahi kolone o nā polyps coral, kāhea ʻia wale coral. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kēlā kaʻokoʻa. Akā ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "coral" ka mea i hoʻomaopopo ʻia e like me nā invertebrates e ola ana, a me ko lākou ʻūhā, a i kekahi manawa ʻano hana ʻoluʻolu a i hana ʻia nā corals o ka ʻulaʻula nani.
ʻIke wale ʻia nā lākela i loko o ka wai kai. Hoʻoweliweli ka wai wai no lākou. Ua make koke lākou i ka lewa, akā aia kekahi ʻano lula e noho ana me kekahi ʻano o ka "shell" like me kahi ʻalā o nā pupu. Ma ka wai haʻahaʻa, ke noho nei ka wai i loko, kahi e mālama ai i ke ola o ka polyp a hoʻi i ka hoʻi mai o ka hā.
Ka hale hale - ka subtropical mahana a me nā wai kai me ka hoʻohuihui maikaʻi a me ke ea wai + 20 ° C. Noho ka hapa nui o nā ʻano a pau i kahi hohonu o 50 m.ʻehā wale nō nā holoholona i hiki ke noho i kahi hohonu i kahi e kū ʻole ai ka lā.
Kahuli pā. Nā Korale a me nā polio polū.
Nā ʻano a me nā helu
Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā polyps coral i 2 mau pākaha nui: ʻeono ʻeono a ʻewalu awāwalu-ʻewalu.
Eono i nā poli puaʻa ʻeono (Hexacorallia) - nā mea ʻalani a i ʻole nā mea make nui me ka nui o nā tent Tentima o nā 6. Pīwī i nā polyps me ka nui o nā tent tent (5, 8 a 10 paha). Ma ka huina, aia he 4,300 mau oina o nā poli a me nā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. ʻO nā mea kaulana kaulana o kēia subclass he moana anemones. ʻAʻole lākou i kahi kāhuʻe paʻa a ʻaʻole komo i ka hoʻokumu kuhi. Hoʻopili ʻia nā anemones i ke ola ma kahi nū i komo i loko o ka simbiosis me nā holoholona moana.
Noho ka iʻa clown i nā mākelē o nā hale kūloko o ka moana. Eia kekahi, noho nā iʻa me ke anemone i koho ʻia no ke ola. Hoʻopili ʻia nā iʻa lau me nā lemus kūikawā, kahi e hoʻōla ai lākou iā lākou me ka pau ʻole o ka anemones moana. ʻO nā mea ākea hou, ʻaʻole lawa ka piliona polyp i ka wā e hoʻopili ʻia ai me ka ʻōpala palupalu o kahi iʻa. Pēlā, e pale ai ka anemone i ka iʻa clown mai nā mea nāna e hopu, a ʻo ia hoʻi ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe pono i ka wā mai nā parasites.
Kahuli pā. Nā Korale a me nā polio polū.
ʻO kekahi kumu hou o ka cohabitation maikaʻi like ʻana, he mau ʻanā o nā kai me ka maʻi hermit. Noho ka polyp i ka kinipona o ke kanulau a hoʻomaikaʻi iā ia e hele ana ma ke kahakai. I ka hoʻololi no kēia, ua loaʻa i ka mania hermit ka pale ikaika me ka ʻenemi he nui.
ʻO nā pūʻulu nui loa eono-cypth coral coral kelawaʻi a he kila kila (Scleractinia) I kēia manawa, 3,600 mau hiʻohiʻona e wehewehe. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia lākou e ke kiʻi ʻana o kahi pāpaehae kalima. ʻO kēia mau corals ka mea hana reef. Hiki i nā kōhaka keʻa ke kū i ke ana a 50 cm ka lōʻihi a noho a hohonu ma kahi hohonu o 6 km. Akā ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻelele o kēia neʻoneʻe he liʻiliʻi (a hiki i 5 mm.) Polyps. Hoʻonohonoho lākou i kahi kolone nui, nona nā haneli haneli o nā polyps a hiki i ke kaupaona ʻana o kekahi mau tonona.
ʻYpwalu polipeka ʻewalu wīwī (Octocorallia) He kolu moku o nā polipika pōpau he corolla nona kahi ʻewalu mau hale lole. ʻO kēia ka ʻano kahiko, nā fossil nā mea i loaʻa i nā waihona hoʻopukapuka, ʻo kona makahiki ka manaʻo i 145 miliona mau makahiki. Me he mea lā ko lākou mau kūpuna mua. He mau poloka liʻiliʻi loa kēia - ʻo ka nui o lākou ka mea e ʻaʻole e oi aku i 1 cm.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā polipeka he ʻewalu kāwalu he mau kākala i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Hoʻokomo i ka hana reef.
Kahuli pā. Nā Korale a me nā polio polū.
ʻO ka hōʻailona o ka anemone o ke kai a me ka maʻi hāne hermit
Hoʻomaopopo mākou koʻikoʻi i ka laʻana maʻamau o ka simbiosis (Greek Symbiosis - ke noho pū nei) - ke kokoke o ka noho ʻana he ʻelua a i ʻole nā ʻano he nui, ʻo ia (ma ke ʻano he kānāwai) ua lilo i mea kūpono a pono no kēlā me kēia hoa.
Hōʻike ka hōʻailona maʻi ma waena o ke anemone kai a me ka maʻi maʻi hermit. ʻO ka puahi hermit kahi i loaʻa, loaʻa kahi anemone, hoʻomaka ʻo ia e haki. ʻOiaiʻo ia, i ka pane ʻana i kēia, ʻaʻole e pani ʻo anemone i ke kanesa - ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi ʻano hoʻomohala hou i mau makahiki he mau tausani. Ma kahi o, anemone neʻe mai ka pōhaku (substrate) a neʻe i ka maʻi kanesa ma kāna pūpū.
ʻAi ʻia ka Hermit i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi i hoʻopōmaikaʻi ʻia e nā ʻōpū o ke anemone kai. Ma ka manawa like, ke neʻe mau nei ka anemone, no ka mea ʻoi ka mea nui o ka mea maʻamau. He hana pale nō hoʻi iā ia e pili i ka maʻi maʻi.
Nā Hana Kūʻē a me nā Hana Kakau
Hoʻokomo nā Corals i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻoponopono reef. Kuhi kuhi - ke kaʻina hana o nā ʻōpala i kālai ʻia e pili ana i ke koena o ka poli me nā poli a nā kolora, a me kekahi mau algae e hiki ke kāohi i ka lime mai ka wai kai. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻulaʻula i loko o ka wai pāpō i ka hohonu o ka 50 m, ma ka wai maʻemaʻe a me ka mahana (+ 20 ° C).
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻōpala i kēia mau makahiki i ka makahiki 10 i hala ma hope o ka makahiki i hala. Ua piʻi ka wai i ka wai me ka piʻi ʻana o ka wai a me ka pohō ʻana o ka ʻāina kahakai o nā konenika a me nā mokupuni.I ka manawa like, he hoʻonui piʻi o ke anuanu o ka honua i hoʻokumu i nā kūlana maikaʻi loa no ka hoʻolalelale ʻana o nā polyps coral i hoʻopiha i ka papa o ka Continental a hoʻomaka e ulu i luna, e kiʻi ana i ka ʻili. Ua hoʻopiha lākou i nā wai a puni nā mokupuni a me nā mokupuni nunui, ʻo ka hapanui o ka lua pele.
ʻO ka mea hoʻohana kūlohelohe Pelekane kaulana a me ka mea hele huakaʻi Charles Darwin i kāna hana ʻepekema "ʻO ka hoʻolālā a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻōpala"I wehewehe i nā kaʻina hana o ka reef i ka hiʻohiʻona o ka mokupuni lua pele. Wahi a kāna mau kumuhana, penei:
- He lua pele ka lua pele. I kēia manawa, kahi mokupuni me nā ʻeke ākea "ulu" mai ka wai.
- "Settlement" of mokupuni. Ke ulu nei ka mokupuni, ua lulu ʻo ia i lalo a i lalo kona mau pono maoli. E lilo ka mokupuni ʻo ia iho, a ua liʻiliʻi a laila hoʻi kahi i lalo o lalo o ka wai - ua piha ʻia me nā pali. ʻO kahi ʻāpana moana kahakai ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo “ʻano ʻala a”. I kēia manawa, hiki i nā lago ke pae a puni ka mokupuni.
- Hoʻopuni ka ʻāpana ʻōhulu i ka polyps coral, kahi e hoʻohuli nei i ka ʻula i loko o kahi polyp coral - nona nā kalana he nui o nā koloni. Ua hiki i ka pua i ka wai o ka wai, a ʻo ka mokupuni nō hoʻi e hoʻomau i lalo.
- ʻIke ʻia ka moku i lalo o ka wai. Huli aku ka ʻōpū i kekahi mau mika ma luna o ka wai. Hiki ke uhi ʻia me ke one i waiho ʻia mai ke alualu ʻana i ka mokupuni. Hoʻololi pau ka ʻaoʻao waena, a waiho i kahi aniani pāpū. Kāhea ʻia kēlā ʻāpana pā me ke kahe puni mokiki.
Kahuli pā. Nā Korale a me nā polio polū.
Noho ka ʻōpua a me nā wahi liʻiliʻi o ka nui o ka nui o ka moana, akā he home ma kahi hapaha o nā ʻano holoholona like ʻole.
I kēia manawa, kokoke ʻoi paha hapalua (e pili ana i 45%) o nā kaila a pau i loko o ka Moana Pakipika i ka ʻāina ʻo ʻAsia. ʻO kēia nā wai ma ka ʻāina ʻo Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. I ke koena o ka moana Pakipika, ua loaʻa a 18% o nā ʻula. I loko o India - 17%. I Ke Kapakai - 14%. ʻO ke kai ʻāʻī loa momona puni i ke Kai Kai (kokoke ʻo 6% o ka nui).
ʻO ka ʻōpala nui loa - ʻO Seʻaleʻa Nui aia ma ka moana Coral i loko o ka Moana Pakipika mai ka kahakai komohana kahiki o Auseteria. No kona alo o 2,500 km. a uhi aku i kahi wahi o 400 km². ʻO kēia ka mea maoli kūlohelohe nui loa ma ka Honua, i hana ʻia e nā mea ola ola. ʻOi aku ka nui o kona mau ʻāpana a ʻike ʻia mai ka lewa.
Wahi a nā makuhiila hou, ʻo 284 tausani km² ka palena o nā ʻāpana kai. I ka makahiki 1980, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o kēia helu - e pili ana iā 600 tausani km². Inā ʻaʻole e loli kēia ʻano, a laila ma hope o 15-20 mau makahiki, e nalowale loa kekahi mau loko.
Ke noho maʻamau
Noho ka hapanui o nā polio kaʻa anu i nā kai wela, kahi i emi ʻole ai ka wai i lalo o +20 ° C, a ma nā hohonu he 20 mau mika, ma nā kūlana o ka plankton nui, kahi e hānai ai lākou. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻalo nā polyps i ka lā, a me ka pō ke huki ʻia nā pahu a me ka pololei, me ke kōkua o ia i hopu ai i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi. Hiki i nā polyps nui ke hopu i nā holoholona nui: iʻa, keʻa. Noho kekahi mau ʻano o ka polyp coral ma muli o ka simbiosis me nā algae unicellular, kahi e noho nei i kā lākou mesoglye.
ʻ Corlelo Elikina Mea ʻauhau (Beʻekahi)
Ewalu mau kēpau awalu, ʻewalu mau ʻāpana, ʻewalu mau ʻāpana i ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, a me ka iwi. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia subclass i nā kauoha: 1) Alcyonaria (Alcyonaria), 2) ʻO nā corny Horny (Gorgonacea), a laila.
ʻO ka hapa nui o ka alcyonaria i nā corale palupalu i loaʻa ʻole i kahi ʻāla. Loaʻa wale kekahi mau tubipore i ke kākala i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. I ka mesoglayer o kēia mau corals, ua hana ʻia nā ʻōpala i kūʻai ʻia kekahi i kekahi me nā papa transverse. ʻO ka pālākiō i ke ʻano he mea hoʻomanaʻo ʻole ʻana o kekahi mea, no laila he inoa ʻē kekahi o nā tubipores - organica. Hoʻokomo nā kino o nā mea i kahi e hana ai i ka reef form.
ʻO nā corals Horn, a i ʻole gorgonians, he lei kuahiwi o loko. Kēia kauoha i ka ʻulaʻula, a i ʻole ka ʻala maikaʻi (Corallium rubrum), ʻo ia ke kumu o ka lawaiʻa. Hana ʻia nā mea nani mai nā ʻōpū o kaʻulaʻula.
ʻAno Kauika-Heula (Hexacorallia)
He ʻeono kahalaha nā corals 6 iʻa, ʻo ia ka helu o ka lehulehu he ʻeono. Ua kahele ʻia ka lua o ka gastric e kahi ʻōnaehana paʻakikī o ka ʻōpala, ʻo ia hoʻi ka helu ʻana o ka lehulehu. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻelele he ʻāpana kūahi o waho, aia he mau pūʻulu hemahema o ka huakaʻi.
Nā māhelehele i kēia ʻāpana no ka subclass ʻeono-Beam Coral: 1) moana anemones, 2) nā kalepa nui Madreporic, etc.
ʻO nā anemones kai nui he polyps nui me kahi hu ʻole. Loaʻa iā lākou nā kala like ʻokoʻa, pinepine hoʻi i kaila, no lākou kahi i kapa ʻia ai he anemones moana (Fig. 3, 4). Hiki iā lākou ke neʻe mālie i nā ʻanā muscular. Hele mai kekahi mau ʻano anemones moana i loko o ka simbiosis me nā puʻu hermit. Mālama ʻia ka ʻaole Hermit i lilo i ʻāpana o ke kai anemone, a me kahi anemone o ke kai me nā hale ʻolima me nā aʻa e hoʻokuʻi ana i nā pōʻino mai nā ʻenemi.
ʻO nā kalepa a Madrepore ʻelua mau polana a me nā kolone poliponi, ka hōʻailona ʻia e ka neʻe ʻana o kahi huakaʻi calcareous ikaika. Ma nā hohonu nui (a hiki i 6000 m) ka nui o nā hoʻopuni liʻiliʻi he nui, loaʻa nā polyps nui ma ke kahakai, a me nā koloni branched (a hiki i 1 m kiʻekiʻe), nā mea e hoʻopuka ai - nā ʻōpala coral. ʻO nā mākaʻi o kēia neʻeneʻe ka mea hana ʻano hana hou. Hoʻopili kēia me nāoleʻa, nā ʻōpala laukela ulaula, etc.
ʻO nā ʻāpana ʻāpana - i hoʻokumu ʻia ma muli o ka hana koʻikoʻi o nā polyps coral i loaʻa iā ia ka huakaʻi kaleka. ʻO ka ʻāpana he nui o nā ʻalā madreporic, ma kekahi ʻāpana o nā ʻāpana kūono a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe me kahi ʻoka (mollusks, sponges, bryozoans).
E noho wale nā honu ʻōpala i nā wahi kuahiwi o ka Honua o ka Honua, no ka mea makemake lākou i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka wai maʻamau, ʻike lākou i nā kūlana māmā, ka paʻakai o ka wai a me kāna hana me ka oxygen. ʻO ka hilinaʻi o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana ma muli o ka simbiosis o nā polyps coral me nā algae unicellular (zooxanthellae).
Hōʻulu nā kaila he ʻekolu ʻano: kahakai, pākaha a me nā pā mokiki. ʻO ka mokōkōlani he lei pua honu i loaʻa. E like me ka hypothesis o C. Darwin, ke ʻano kumu mua loa o ke kai kahakai. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻōpū a me nā aworika ma muli o ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka ʻāina.
► Ka wehewehe ʻana i nā papa ʻē aʻe o ke ʻano o Enterocarpal:
Kahuli pā
ʻO ka ʻoli c i kahi kaona geological calareous i kūkulu ʻia e ka kolony polyps cial a me kekahi mau ʻano algae e hana ana i ka lime - calcium carbonate. Ka lōʻihi o ka manawa, make nā poli coral ponoʻī, akā noho mau kā lākou mākala - ma muli o kēia, ulu a ua nui a hoʻonui ʻia.
ʻO nā ʻila coral he ʻano hana hoʻonaninani: no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lalo i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka moana, i mea e pale ai i nā poʻe kō.
Ua kākau ʻia kēia ʻatikala e Bellevich Yuri Sergeyevich a nona kāna waiwai ʻona. Kahi kope, hoʻohele ʻia (me ke kope ʻana i nā pūnaewele ʻē aʻe a me nā kumuwaiwai o ke Pūnaewele) a i ʻole kekahi hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻike a me nā ʻikepili me ka ʻole o ka ʻae mua ʻana o ka mea nāna e kuleana ka hoʻopaʻi ʻia. No nā mea ʻatikala a ʻae e hoʻohana iā lākou, e ʻoluʻolu Bellevich Yuri.
Paʻi ola a hoʻohuli
Hōʻailona ka poʻe kino a me ka moʻo ʻana a me ka moʻo ʻana. Hoʻololi ʻia ka polyps. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka spperm i nā hāhai i loko o nā paia o nā gonads i waho o ka ʻōpū o ka gastric, a laila e puka i waho a komo i ka waha i loko o ka lua o ka wahine. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua momona i kekahi mau manawa i ka mesoglysis o ka septum. ʻO ka maʻamau, i ka wā o ka hoʻolālā embryonic, ʻano hana ʻia nā alaka ʻole manuahi hoʻi - planula, a ma hope o kekahi manawa e hoʻonoho i lalo a hāʻawi i kahi mau kanaka hou a i ʻole nā koloni. He nui nā polyps coral, hoʻoulu ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻole me ka metamorphosis a ʻaʻole i ʻōmaʻomaʻo ka larva.
ʻO ka make ʻana o ka ʻili
I loko o kekahi mau hana hoʻokolohua i hana ʻia ma nā corals o ka Great Barrier Reef, ʻike ʻia kahi hana hoʻokūwili i mea i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka make ʻana o nā corals. Hoʻomaka ko lākou make me ka hoʻonui o ka ʻike o ka mea kūlohelohe i ka wai a me ka sediment, a me nā microbes ka mea hoʻomalu i kēia mau kaʻina. Mālama ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana momona maikaʻi e like me ke kumu maikaʻi no ka ulu wikiwiki o nā microbes, ma muli o ka hopena, ka ʻike o ka oxygen a me ka pH o ka haʻahaʻa. Hōʻalo kēia hui i ka ʻohi. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻokaʻawaʻu keleawe, ka mea e hoʻohana ai i ka iwi make ma ke kāpili, e hoʻolōʻihi wale i ka make o nā corals.