Palapala Latin: | Phoenicurus ochruros |
Kaulana: | Nā ʻāpana |
Ohana: | ʻĀmaʻomaʻo |
Hoʻohui: | ʻO ka wehewehe ʻōiwi Europa |
ʻAno a me ke ʻano. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ke kino a me ke keʻena he like ia me kahi Redstart maʻamau. ʻO ka paona 11-20 g, ka lōʻihi o ke kino e pili ana i 15 cm.
ʻO keʻano. ^ E Ha yM. Ma ka'āina o ka Lūkia o Rūsia, hui nā manu o nā subspecies ʻelua a me ka pā. ʻEulena Blackstart Redstart (Ph. o. gibral-tariensis) Ka hoʻomāneʻe ʻia ke kāne i ka hina hina, aneane me ke ʻano ʻeleʻele, me ka ʻili “alo” a me ka umauma. ʻO nā pūnaewele o nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo o nā hulu a i ke kūlohelohe e kū ai i kahi keʻokeʻo ma ka ʻaoʻao i hoʻopuni ʻia, akā hiki ke hōʻike ʻia i kēia wahi ma nā ʻano like ʻole, a hiki i ka nalowale ʻana ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā palena o nā hulu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. ʻO ka wahine ʻeleʻele ka polele, brownish-hina, ʻokoʻa ka wahine o ka redstart maʻamau i ka hemo ʻole ʻana o nā ʻulaʻula ma ka umauma a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka liʻiliʻi o ke kua, hiki i ka ʻulaʻula mai i nā hulu huluhulu o nā hulu, i hana pū ʻia e nā palena māmā e maʻalahi i ka wā ʻia.
ʻO nā ʻōpio ʻōpio i nā hulu uluhau e like ia me ka wahine, akā me kahi ʻano scaly i haʻi ʻia i ka plumage contour, ʻokoʻa lākou i nā ʻulaʻula ʻōpiopio maʻamau i ka laulāʻeleʻele ākea a me ka waiho ʻole ʻana i nā speckles māmā ma luna. He ʻulaʻula ka huelo o nā manu a pau, e like me kahi redstart maʻamau. Kaukahi Blackstart Redstart (Ph. o. ochruros) Hoʻololi ka kala kala. ʻOkoʻa ka hapanui o nā kāne ma nā ʻāpana ʻehā chernushka ma ka nui a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ma luna o ka ʻōpū, akā ʻo ke kāne kekahi mau ʻaneʻane like like me nā kāne o nā subspecies ʻEulopa. Loaʻa i kekahi mau kāne keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ma luna o ka ʻēheu. Hoʻonohonoho like ʻia ka wahine wahine ʻōpio a me nā ʻōpio i nā subspecies ʻEulopa. I ka hoʻohena, ke ʻano like o ka waiho ʻana o nā manu o nā ʻāpana subspecies a hoʻokahi a kani wale ia i nā ʻulaʻula i nā hulu. ʻOkoʻa ke kāne kāne o ka chernushka i ke kāne o ka redstart maʻamau i ka hoʻomohala nui o kahi leo ʻeleʻele i ka umauma.
Manaʻo. ^ E Ha yM. Ka hīmeni ʻana a ke mele a me ke ʻano ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mele haehse, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kākau pōkole o nā hōʻailona hoʻomau. ʻO nā wili o ka hopohopo, ʻo ia kahi hui o ka pīʻī "fie"A kaomi"ʻenehana"." ʻIke lākou i ke kūmole o kahi redstart maʻamau, akā he wahi liʻiliʻi loa.
Ke Kūlana ʻokoʻa. ^ E Ha yM. Noho ka papa kia uliuli ʻāmaʻomaʻo i ka hema o ʻEulopa, a ma ka hikina ke kokoke i ka Urals, ʻike ʻia ka ʻike ma ka hikina o Tatarstan, ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka ʻaoʻao Perm, ke manaʻo ʻia i nā wahi ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka palena ʻākau o ka ʻāpana e neʻe lohi ana i ka ʻākau. Kūkulu loa ka papa ʻaina popo kiʻi ākea i loko o ke kuahiwi ʻo Kauʻausus a me nā ʻāina o ka Hikina Hikina; i loko o ʻEulopa Rūsia, ua huki ʻia i ka North Caucasus. ʻO Winters ma Europa hema a me ʻAmelika ʻākau
Ke noho maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā wahi noho pili i nā wahi pā punahele e noho ai me nā hale kūkulu pōhaku, ka mea pinepine i hoʻonoho ʻia ma nā wahi papa ma kahi kokoke i ke kaona. I ke "kūlohelohe" kūpaʻa lākou e noho ai i waena o nā pōhaku, ʻo ia ke ala nui e kahele ai i nā subspecies Caucasian. Aia ka ʻūhā ma kahi ākea a i ʻole hema-hapai paha - ma ke niche, ma ke kalaka, kahi pihi a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe. E like me ka mea e pili ana i ka waiwai, nāhelehele, ka moss, nā aʻa, nā hulu, ka huluhulu, a me ka pū, ke kua, nā pulu, ka pepa a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. I ka lālani 4-7, ʻehā mau kiko he 5, ʻo ke keʻokeʻo a keʻokeʻo. Hoʻokomo wale ka wahine i ka pipi no nā lā 12-13, e hānai nā manu ʻelua i nā ʻōpio. Haʻalele nā huaila i ka pili i ka makahiki 12-19 o nā lā. Ma waena o nā latitude waena o ʻEulopa, a he 2 mau mau melemona ka mea maʻamau i ka wā holo.
ʻAi lākou a hānai i nā moa me nā mea inikini a me nā invertebrates liʻiliʻi, ʻai i nā hua waina.
Ali Haika (Phoenicurus ochruros)
Hōʻike ʻia o ka redstart redstart
Ua like ka redstart redstart e like me ka nui o ka home kōniha i ka nui. Paona kino 11 - 20 g, nā hali 23 - 26 cm, ka lōʻihi o ke kino 13 - 14.5 cm.
ʻEleʻele nā wāwae ʻākau. ʻO ka beak ākea i ke kumu kahiʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula. Paʻi ʻia ka huelo i ka ulaula ʻulaʻula me ke kāwele ʻeleʻele i waenakonu, a ʻo ka nadhvost he ʻulaʻula ulaula. Mahalo i kēia kala, ua loaʻa i ka manu i kona inoa "Redstart". ʻO ke koena o ke kino o ke kino i nā kāne a me nā wahine, ua hōʻailona like ia. ʻO nā kala ʻeleʻele e hoʻonani i ka kala o ka umauma a me ke kino o ke kāne. He ʻeleʻele hina ko lākou kua, a he hina hina ke poʻo o ko lākou poʻo. He ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū o nā ʻōmaʻina ʻAmelika, a he hina ʻulaʻula māmā i nā manu e noho ana ma ʻEulopa.
Pēlā hoʻi, loaʻa i nā male keʻokeʻo kahi keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ma luna o ka lele. ʻO nā ʻili o nā nigella i like like me nā wahine o ka redstart maʻamau, akā naʻe, ʻaʻohe o nā palu ʻulaʻula ma nā ʻaoʻao a me ka umauma. Ke kino brownish-hina a me ka hoʻonaninani ʻia ke kino o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne. ʻO nā ʻōpiopio i ka helehelena ua like like ia me kahi wahine. I nā kāne, e like me nā kāne, ʻokoʻa ka iris o ka maka i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻoʻeleʻele.
Blackstart Redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros).
ʻO mau Habitat mau ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi
ʻO ke kūlohelohe, aia ka nests o nigella i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ʻAmelika Komohana a me Eurasia.
ʻO ka palena hikina ma ka lehele he 111 ° C. e. Ma Central Kina ma ka aoao akau o ka papu plateau Ordos. ʻO nā nū e pili ana i ke komohana a me ke kūkulu ʻākau o kēia ʻāina i hoʻopaʻa pinepine ʻia i nā ʻōnaehana mauna o Siberia Hema, Kazakhstan Hikina a me Mongolia. ʻO kēia nā kuahiwi e like me Khangai, Altai, Tien Shan, Western Sayan, Ulytau a me Dzhungarsky Alatau.
Ma ke awāwa Irtysh, ʻā like loa ka papa ʻaina manuʻulaʻula a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe o 51 ° C. sh., ma ka Yenisei i ke pae o 52 ° c. w lu. Hoʻomā ka palena hema ma ka hema ʻo Hindu Kush, nā ʻaoʻao hema o ka Himalaya, ka ʻaoʻao hema a me nā mauna Sino-Tibet. Ma nā ʻāpana, ka ʻāina manawaleʻa a me nā wao no Turkmenistan a me Uzbekistan, ʻaʻole i noho ka chernushka, akā ke ʻike hou ia ma ke komohana o kēia mau ʻāina i nā kahe o Elbrus, Kopetdag a ma nā kuahiwi o ka Greater Caucasus. I ke kūkulu hema o Iran, kahi pānaʻi liʻiliʻi o kēia mau manu i kākau ʻia ma nā mauna Zagros.
Hiki i ka redstart redstart ke kau i ka ea no ka manawa koke, e like me ka hummingbird.
I ʻEulopa, ua pālahalaha ka redstart redstart i kahi mamao o nā kuahiwi. Noho kēia ma ke kua hema o Suetena, ma Latvia, ma ke hema hema o ʻEnelani, ma ke hema-komohana o Finlandia. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā manu sana i loko o ka ʻāina Poltava ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka muliwai ʻo Dnieper. ʻOiai kēia hoʻoili ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻōhua o nā kuahiwi ma mua o nā papu.
Nā Nests o ka Blackstart Redstart
ʻOkoʻa loa ka ʻano o kēia ʻano manu. I loko o nā Palaearct Western, ʻo ka blackstart wale nō nā mea noho wale i nā wahi āpau, mai ka alpine meadows a i ke kai pae moana. ʻAʻole noho kēia manu ma luna o ka laina o ka hoʻoilo. Manaʻo nui ʻo Chernushka i nā wahi noho a ma nā wahi mauna i kahi ʻū mālū a maloʻo.
Ke kūlohelohe nei, makemake ka manu i nā wahi ākea me nā mea kanu popo. Ma ka ʻāina, aia nā wahi e ʻike ʻia ai nā wahi nui, a i ʻole nā hale kila a i ʻole nā hale pōhaku e kahakaha iā lākou.
ʻAi ʻai ʻo Redstart i nā invertebrates liʻiliʻi e hopu ai i ka lepo a ma luna o ka lele, a me ko lākou huaka a me nā hua.
I nā pōhaku a me nā hale, hoʻonohonoho ke manu i nā ʻuʻuku a me nā perches. Kūkulu nā manu i kēlā mau kikowaena ākea no ka hapa nui o ka makahiki. I ka hapalua ʻelua o ka makahiki, hoʻomaka nā manu e noho ana i ka hui o ke kaona i kipa i ka ʻāina mahiai e kokoke ana. Lalo loa lākou makemake i ka māla palaoa a me ka ʻāina "ma lalo o ka mokuahi." Hōʻalo ʻia nā ʻoi ʻeleʻele i chernushki, ʻoiai ka nui o nā pepeke a me nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe ma kēia mau wahi.
Ka ʻai ʻana i kahi Redstart
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka meaʻai i nā mea inikua a me nā invertebrates ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe. I ka hoʻoilo a me ke kauwela, nā mea kanu mea kanu, keu nā hua, e hoʻohui ʻia i kēia papa. O nā inikua mai kahi o 50 mau ʻohana e lilo i mea waiwai no nigella. ʻO kēia mau ʻano momona kaʻai, nā snails, nā arachnids a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe e noho ana ma ka honua o ka honua. ʻO ka maka nui o Redstart i ka nui o ke kino o 2 a 8 milimita. Eia nō naʻe, ʻai kekahi manu i nā ʻōpala a me nā pala, hiki i ka lōʻihi o ke kino ke hiki i 7 cm. Ma mua o kaʻai ʻana i kēlā ʻai nui, chernushka i waʻu ʻia i loko o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi.
ʻO ka hōʻailona koʻikoʻi ka hōʻailona, no ka mea nona kēia inoa inoa - he ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula a me kahi huelo e kū pinepine ana.
Ke holo nei ʻo ia ma ka ʻona o ka honua, ke kali nei ka redstart i ka mea ʻūhā ma kekahi puʻu o ke kaha: he pōhaku, kahi pali hale, kahi pōhaku, he lālā. A loaa ka mea i oleloia, ua lele koke kahi manu a ua hopu i ka mea i pahu me kana beak, a lawe wikiwiki me ka uila. Eia kekahi ma kēia ʻano, hele pinepine nā chernushka i ka lawaiʻa ma luna o ka lele. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo nā ala o ke kuʻi, a me ka meaʻai o ka Redstart, ʻo ia ka ʻokoʻa like. I kēia pilikia, manu nui ka manu a hiki ke hoʻoponopono pono ʻia i nā loli ikaika loa i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā meaʻai.
Ka Haʻi ʻana o Redstart Redstart
ʻO ka uluʻana i ka moekolohe a nā manu me ka pau o ka makahiki mua o ka noho ʻana. E like me ke kānāwai, he monogamous ʻo nigella, akā i kekahi manawa ua hiki i hoʻokahi kāne ke loaʻa ʻelua wahine. Hiki mua nā Males i nā kahua i kūkulu ʻia, a hōʻea nā wahine i loko o ka manawa mai kekahi mau lā a ʻelua mau pule ma hope o lākou. I ka hiki ʻana mai o ka wahine, ua loaʻa iā kēlā me kēia kāne nā wahi paʻa i mālama ʻia e lākou.
Hōʻike ke kāne kāne i ke ʻano o ka moʻo e hiki mai ana, e noho ana ma luna o kahi dais a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke mele. Hiki i ka nui o ke kahua papahele mai 0.35 a 7 ha. Ke puka maila kekahi kāne kāne i ka wahi pili, hoʻopuʻi ka manu i ka ʻūlū e kuʻi ana, lele nui kokoke i ka ʻenemi, a i kekahi manawa heʻe pū kekahi.
I nā lā he mua, e hoʻonui ka pipi i ke kaumaha ma mua o 10 mau manawa, a me 11 mau lā ma hope o ka hānau ʻana ua loaʻa lākou i ka plumage.
ʻO ka ʻanuʻu maʻa he hapa a hūnā ʻia paha. I loko o nā hale noho, ua kūkulu ʻia ka pūnana ma luna o nā hale ʻokoʻa. Aia i ke kuahiwi, aia ka nīnū ma nā puʻu, kahi o ka mea waiho maʻa, i kahi mākaʻi i ʻole a i ʻole ka pōkō. ʻO ka ʻēheu o ka cstushka redstart he hoʻolālā laulima nui. ʻO ka mea kūkulu hale nona ke kumu nui mau o nā mauʻu o ka makahiki i hala.
Ka loko o loko o ka nano i loaʻa i nā aʻa, mosa, lichen, kapa, pepa a me ke kāwili. ʻO ka lalo ka palena o nā hulu a me ka huluhulu. I ke kūkulu ʻana o ka kāne a me ka wahine, ʻo ia kahi e hana like me nā wāwae like. ʻO kekahi manawa, hoʻohana ʻia kahi pūlea mākaukau mua no ka hale.
E hoʻolohe i ka leo o nā redstart redstart
Ma waena o ʻEulopa, hana nā manu mai ka 2 a 3 mau kalapu i kēlā me kēia kau. ʻO ka ciki mua ka mea maʻamau a loaʻa i 4 ka 7 mau hua (he awelika o 5). Ma ka kau hou ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hua, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o ka 4. ʻōpala o ka hua manu i paʻi pinepine ʻia i ke kala hau-keʻokeʻo. Hoʻomaka ka wahine ma ka haki ʻana ma hope o ka waiho ʻana i ka hua mua. Makahiki ka manawa incubation ma kahi o 12 a 17 mau lā. I kēia manawa, lele ke kāne ma waho o ka pūnana a ʻaʻole i ʻike i loko.
Hoʻopau nā kikoo mai nā hua ma nā wahi he mau hola wale nō. Ma ke kaʻina hana hoʻōla a me ka hānai ʻana i nā moa, lawe nā mākua ʻelua. I nā lā 10 mua o ke ola, ʻo ka nui o nā pipi e hoʻonui i 10 mau manawa. I ke 10 mau lā, hoʻomaka ka ʻulu hulu pua i waena o nā moa. Ma hope o 13 - 19 mau lā, ua ʻike ka moa i ka lele e holo malie ʻana, akā noho lākou i ka nūnū no kahi o 2 mau pule, ma hope o ko lākou lele ʻana i waho a ʻaʻole hoʻi e hoʻi, e hoʻomaka ana kahi ola kūʻokoʻa.
Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.
ʻO keʻano
ʻO ka loa kino 140 mm, nā ʻēheu 80-90 mm, huelo 60-65 mm, e kui ana i ka 13.5-15 mm. ʻĀnō ka ʻōniʻokeʻo ka ʻulaʻula ʻōpiopio ma luna, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kumu ʻulaʻula o nā hulu o ke kua, ʻeleʻele a me ka ʻulaʻula, he ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, nā palahalaha waena me nā ʻulaʻula ulaula, ʻeleʻeleʻele ka palahalula, nā ʻaoʻao ʻulaʻula o ke ʻala hope ke nānā ʻia ke ʻano keokeo. , kahi pāliki olakino ma luna o ka beak, ʻūlele ka pepeiao, ka ʻili a me ka ʻūhā, ʻeleʻele, goiter a me ka umauma he mau ʻulaʻula hina, nā ʻāpana, ka ʻōpū a me nā lalo hoʻi he hina hina, ʻo ka undercoat he ʻōpū-ulaula, ke kīpī o ka ʻōpū, keʻokeʻo, ʻōpū nā hina o ka hulu o ka hulu. s nāū a me ka umauma ua nalowale. Beak, wāwae - ʻeleʻele, iris brown brown.
Hoʻomaka ʻia ka moʻomeheu wahine. ʻO nā wahine wahine ʻulaʻulaʻulaʻula ka ʻulaʻulaʻula ʻia i ka kala ma luna a ʻo lalo, ʻo ka ʻili a ma lalo o ka huelo e like like me nā kāne. ʻO nā ʻōpiopio me nā ʻili, ʻaʻole wale me nā kihi ʻeleʻele o nā hulu o ka pono, ma ka laulā like me nā wahine. ʻOi aku ka pōkole o ka lele lua ma mua o ka ʻeono a i like ʻole i ka hiku, a paʻa ke ʻanee waho ma ke kolu, ʻehā, ʻakolu a me ono ʻeono.
Kālehu Charnushka (ma mua - Carnivore Charnushka)
ʻO ka'āpana āpau o Belarus
Ka ʻohana Drozdovye - Turdidae.
Ma Belarus - Ph. o. gibraltariensis.
Kūleʻa maʻamau, migratory a transit manu manu lele. Kīwīwī kekahi ʻano o ke au no loko mai o ke kenekulia puni, puni ke aniani o Belarus i ka makahiki iwakālua. Ma Belarus, ua ʻike mua ʻia ʻo ia i ka makahiki 1956 ma ka moku ʻo Stolin, kahi i komo ai i ka wā o ka noho ʻana i ka ʻākau a ma ka ʻākau mai ke Carpathians, Zhytomyr a me Kiev mau wahi. I ka makahiki 1961, ua hiki i ka palena o Minsk, a ua ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa a puni ko kākou ʻāina.
ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka redstart maʻamau. ʻEleʻele ka ihu o ke kāne, ʻākau, ʻāʻī a me ka umauma, ke poʻo o ke poʻo, ke kua a me nā ʻēheu i ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula nā wahi, he keʻokeʻo nā hapa o nā manu lele. ʻO ka huelo, e like me nā redstart ʻē aʻe, he ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻulaʻula - ʻiliʻula ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ko lākou ʻōpiopio waena. ʻEleʻele nā wāwae, ʻonoʻula nā wāwae. ʻO ke kala ʻulaʻulaʻula ke kala o ka wahine ʻo ia ka ʻulaʻula. ʻO nā manu ʻōpio e like like me ka wahine, akā me nā wahi makamae ma ka ʻaoʻao dorsal a me ka umauma. I ke kūlohelohe, chernushka i kahi hina hina, he ʻeleʻele hoʻi i mua. ʻO ka paona o ke kāne he 14-21 g, ʻo ka wahine he 12-19 g. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino (ʻo nā kāne ʻelua) ka 15-17 cm, ʻo nā ʻēheu he 24-28 cm.
ʻO nā lele ma ka pūnāwai i ka hapa mua - waena o ʻApelila. Hōʻike ʻia ma ka hema o ka repubalika i ka hopena o Malaki. Hoʻomaka ke kōmike iigratsiya Chernushki i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ke ao mai ka 12 a 16 mau hola i ka nui o nā awelika awelika i ka pae o 2.3. + 10.3 ° C. Inā neʻe ka lōʻihi o ka ea wela hanalima mai ka lā ma mua o nā lā he ʻumi ma mua o 5 ° С a i ʻole a i lalo o ke ʻano maʻamau, ʻo ka manawa o ka hiki ʻana i kahi lā he 5-7 lā mau lā.
Hōʻoluʻolu ke mele a ke kāne, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā leo o nā manu ʻē aʻe a me kekahi ʻano noho mālie.
Noho ia i ka ʻāina kuʻuna. ʻO nā moʻomeheu i loko o nā kūlanakauhale (me nā poʻe ʻoihana nui), i nā kauhale kūlanakauhale, nā kauhale a me nā kauhale i waena o nā hale hou, ma nā wahi kūkulu, i nā wahi o nā ʻoihana. ʻO nā hale aloha i nā kūlanakauhale he nui nā hale ma lalo o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hale i hala a i ʻole ka noho ʻana i nā hale, i nā kauhale - nā hale kīhāpai. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ka corynus redstart e makemake i nā wahi i hoʻopili ʻia me ka lepo o nā lepo, nā paila o nā pōhaku, nā mea kūkulu hale, i.e., nā wahi i like like me kona helehelena aʻa - kahi kuahiwi kuahiwi.
Ma hope koke o ka hiki ʻana mai, noho ana nā manu i nā wahi pili me ka hoʻomaka ʻana e kūkulu i kahi pūnana. ʻO nā moʻokāki ma nā wāwae ʻelua. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā nests ma nā ʻano kīnā, nīniki, recesses a me nā pa i nā hale, i nā lotoa, ma lalo o nā ea, ma hope o nā pā, i loko o nā keʻena o loko, i kekahi manawa ma nā puʻu o nā pōhaku a i ʻole ka pohō. Hiki iā ia ke noho i nā nīnū (semi-open type) i loko o nā wahi i waiho ʻia ai, i kekahi manawa a noho ʻo ia i nā ʻuʻu lama.
ʻOi aku ka luhi a paʻa ʻole i ka luhi ma mua o kahi pākaʻi maʻamau, i kahi o nā nui o nā aʻa, nā kumu lāʻau o nā mea kanu lāʻau, a me ka mauʻu. Mālama ka lihi ʻo ia i ka lauoho, ka huluhulu, nā hulu. I nā nest i kūkulu ʻia i loko o nā kūlanakauhale, ua manaʻo ka manaʻo nui o ka hale kūkulu hale, ʻū, nā kaula hulu a me nā mea like. Hoʻokumu ka wahine i kahi pā. Nā ʻōpū nui: ʻo ka ʻāpana manawaleʻa 5.0-6.8 cm (6.0 awelika), ke kiʻekiʻe ākea 5.0-6.8 cm (6.0 awelika), he ala 5.1-7.2 cm ( awelika 6,6), ka hohonu o ke kaʻo 4.0-5.0 cm (ʻokoʻa 4.6).
I loko o nā kiko piha 5, emi pinepine 4 a 6 mau hua (ʻehā 4.9 hua maʻa). Kākahi iki ka pulupulu, keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo me kahi ʻōmole ʻulaʻula iki, ʻaʻole i hāmama me nā ʻulaʻulaʻula. ʻO ka paona hua 2.2 g, ka lōʻihi 18-20 mm, diameter 14-15 mm.
Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻelua mau kaʻeʻe ʻana o ka chernushka redst: ka mea mua i ʻike i ka hopena o ʻApelila - i ka Mei, ka lua o Iune - Iulai. Hoʻopili ʻia ka wahine no 12-14 mau lā.Ma ke komohana hema o Belarus, ʻo ka nui o nā moa ma loko o ka pūnana e piʻi ana mai 3 a 6, kahi awelika o 4.4, ka nui o ka ʻōpio i mau pipi mai 1 a 5, a he awelika o 3.2.
Mālama nā mākua i nā ʻoki. Haʻalele nā mea pēpē i ka noke i ka wā he 12-16 mau lā, ʻaʻole maopopo no ka lele ʻana, ma hope e kūkulu koke ka wahine i kahi pūnana hou, a hele aku ka kāne i ka lua o ka hānai ʻana. E hānai i nā mākua i nā keiki ʻōpio i loko o kahi pākeke no hoʻokahi pule.
Ke hānai ʻia nei ka nui o ka hānai ʻana i Redstart ma ka hema-komohana o Belarus. Lawe nā mākua i ka meaʻai i nā moa 6-30 mau manawa i ka hola. Aia he 2 hānai pīkī: kakahiaka - ma waena o 6: 00-9: 00 a me ke ahiahi - 18: 00-20: 00.
Hoʻopilikia ka kūlana i ke ʻano o ka wā e hānai ai: i ka makani ikaika a me ka ua, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka hoʻi o ka hānai. ʻO kahi o ka māhele ʻāpana o ka ʻāpana kūlike i ka wahi i aʻo ai ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻomaʻamaʻa Orkhovo ma (ʻo Brest district) i ka wā mālama he 6-3,000 m².
Hoʻokomo i nā bro bro, nā manu me nā manu makua, i ka wahi i kūkulu ʻia no ka wā lōʻihi.
ʻO ka nui o ka lehulehu o ke kauwela o ka wahi i ka wahi i ʻole e kū pono i nā ʻĀina e noiʻi ana i ka hema-komohana o Belarus ka mea mai 2.7 ac / km² i nā wahi kiʻekiʻe o Brest a i 30.5 ap./km² ma nā waena waena o ka moku Brest. I ka makahiki 1980 i ka noho ana o Belovezhskaya Pushcha, helu 8,5 os / km², mai ka helu 1 a hiki i 5 mau kime o nigella i pili i kēlā me kēia kauhale. Haaheo o ka Redstarted Redstart ma 1982-2014 varied in the desa of Tomashovka within 12-44 ind./km², on the territole of the kampung Village Lesnianka - i loko o 8-32 ind./km².
Keʻai - e like me kahi redstart maʻamau. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka hānai ma ka kumu o ka lāʻau a me nā kumulāʻau lāʻau, nā nui nā pepeke nui i ka lele. ʻO ke kumu o ka meaʻai he mau ʻuʻuku liʻiliʻi a me ka arachnids. I loko o nā pūhaka o nā manu ma Belovezhskaya Pushcha, ua loaʻa nā koena o nā pīpī lau, nā mea pīpī a me nā ʻili.
E haʻalele a me ke kiʻi - mai ʻAukake a hiki i ka hopena o Kepakemapa; aia kekahi mau kānaka i ʻike iā ʻOkakopa. Ke neʻe nei ka lele wā kime me ka neʻe o ka holomua i ka lōʻihi o nā hola ʻona mai ka 14 a 10 mau hola i kēlā me kēia wahi o ka awelika awelika o +16.7. + 7.6 ° C.
Hoʻololi ʻia ka nui o ka cstushka redstart ma Belarus i ka 20-38 mau pālua, ʻoi aku ka nui.
ʻO ka makahiki nui i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ʻEulopa he 10 mau makahiki 2 mau mahina.
1. Grichik V.V., Burko L. D. "holoholona aupuni o Belarus. Vertebrates: puke paʻi." Koik, 2013. -399 p.
2. Nikiforov M.E., Yaminsky B.V., Shklyarov L.P. "Nā manu o Belarus: He Puke Hana-Hana no nā Nests a me nā ʻUmi" Minsk, 1989. -479 p.
3. Gaiduk V. Ye., Abramova I. V. "Ekemu o na manu ma ka hema-komohana o Belarus. Passeriformes: a monograph." Brest, 2013.
4. Fedyushin A. V., Dolbik M. S. "Nā ʻ Birdlio o Belarus." Minsk, 1967. -521s.
5. Abramova IV, Gaiduk V. Ye. "ʻOlogylelo o ka blackstart Phoenicurus ochruros (Turdidae, Passeriformes) ma ke komohana hema o Belarus" / Baikal Zoological Journal. Helu 1 (18) 2016. Irkutsk, 2016. S.7-10
6. Fransson, T., Jansson, L., Kolehmainen, T., Kroon, C. & Wenninger, T. (2017) EURING papa inoa o nā moina lōʻihi no nā manu ʻEulopa.
Manaʻo
He mele mua a ka mele a ma ke ʻano he ʻekolu ʻāpana, mau loa mai ka 2.5 mau a 4 kekona. I ka mua, ua hoʻopuka ka manu i ka jingle pōkole o ka "jir tititi," i laila e hoʻonui pinepine ai ka nui. Ma hope o kahi paila kekona, aia kahi lōʻihi o ka trill lōʻihi, i ka hapalua lua e lilo ana i kahi ke ana o ke ana ʻekolu, kahi mea e like me "chier-cher-cher-cher-cherr". Hiki i ke mele ke hoʻohui i kekahi mau manawa i ka lālani, ʻo ke ʻano o ka ʻāpana e hoʻihoʻi pinepine ʻia. Hiki i ke kaʻina hope ke loaʻa nā koho ʻē aʻe, ma nā ʻāpana ʻāina a me nā kānaka pākahi. ʻO kēia, ma nā manu mai Central Asia, ua like nā mele o ke mele - nā ʻāpana a mua a ʻo i hope hoʻi nā ʻano like like.
Ma kahi o ka mele teritori, hoʻolaha pinepine ia i nā whistles pōkole "fiat" a kaomi i ka "tech", hoʻohui pinepine iā lākou i nā ʻano like ʻole. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau leo i ka wā e kamaʻilio pū ai ma waena o nā manu, i ka wā hana, a i ʻole he alakaʻi paha. ʻO ke kaʻe nui a me ka ʻāʻī ʻana i nā ʻoihana loea e hōʻike pinepine nei i ke ala o kahi mea kūʻai ʻāina.
Ma ʻEulopa ʻEulopa, hiki ke lohe ʻia ka hīmeni manu hīmeni i ke kakahiaka nui i ka lā Malaki a Iune paha, ʻo ka manawa maʻamau ia e hoʻomaka i hoʻokahi hola, ma kekahi mau manawa ʻelua ma mua o ka piʻi ʻana o ka lā. No laila, ʻo ka blackstart redstart e ala i ka manawa like me nā blackbirds, a me nā Alps wale nō ke mele ʻana o kahi mea hoʻohana maʻamau hiki ke kani ma kahi o kahi hola ma mua. Me nā pōkole pōkole, e hoʻomau ana ke oli a hiki i ke ahiahi ahiahi, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā ulu. Ma ke ʻano maikaʻi o ka lā, e hoʻolele ka manu ma kahi o 6 mau hola i ka lā, e mele ana, me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka pauku like me nā ʻano me 5000. ʻO ka manawa manawa, lohe ʻia ke mele i ka pō.
ʻAno lawehala
ʻAʻole e hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻolālā kaiāulu o ka redstarted redstart e like me ka mea ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia, a ma waho o ka wā hoʻoulu i loaʻa iā lākou kā lākou ʻai a loaʻa wale nō. Aia wale nō ka hana i nā manawa liʻiliʻi a i ʻole ka wā o ka nui o nā mea inikini ma kahi hoʻokahi, e like me nā kaila o kahi kahawai, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā ʻōpala manu liʻiliʻi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai ʻo kēia kanaka, ʻaʻole i hui ʻole nā kānaka ʻē a noho aku i kahi mamao loa mai kekahi i kekahi.
I ke ao, pinepine ka chernushka i ka lā sunbathing, e noho ana ma kahi o ke kuapo, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka wā molting. Hana pinepine ʻo ia i nā kaʻina wai, a ma nā hihia kūikawā wale aku ʻoe e ʻike ai i kahi manu e hele ʻana i ka lepo.
Nā Moho
Ke neʻe nei ka hapanui manu mai ka ʻĀkau a ʻo ʻĀlū māmā no nā wahi lōʻihi a me ka hoʻoilo ma nā wahi i pili i ke Kaiʻula, ʻākau o Sahara a me Peninsula ʻo Sinai. ʻO ka palena ʻākau o ka hoʻoilo ma kahi e pili ana i ka laina o Ianuali isotherm + 7.5 ... + 10 ° C Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā manu manuahi insectivorous, waiho aku ʻo chernushka i kahi mau ʻino a huli hoʻi i ka wā mua: no ka laʻana, ma ke kikowaena o ʻEulopa, ua ʻike ʻia nā kāne mua i ka ʻekekahi mua o Malaki, a puka ka ʻōpala nui i ka hapa lua o ʻOkakopa, i ka Carpathians, hōʻea nā manu i ka hopena o Malaki a i ka hoʻomaka o ʻApelila a lele aku hoʻi i hoʻomaka o ʻOkakopa.
ʻO ka populate o Western and Southern Europe, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, e alakaʻi ana i kahi kūlana maʻalahi a i ʻole ka hana ʻana i ka neone ʻana, e iho ana mai ka ʻāina Alpine a hiki i nā awāwa e kokoke mai ana i nā ʻūlū anu. Ma Central Asia a ma nā ʻaoʻao komohana o ka Himalaya, ka nigella ka manu lele manuahiʻoniʻi; aia ko lākou mau kau ka hoʻoilo ma ka uka haʻahaʻa o India, Pakistan, hema Iran, nā Penia Arabia, a ma ka pāpū ma ʻAtalia a me Somalia. Mai ka ʻaoʻao hikina o Himalaya, Tibet a me ke Kina hope, ua neʻe ʻo redstart i ka ʻākau o Myanmar a me ka hema o India.
He ʻauhau
Ua wehewehe mua ʻia ka ʻenekia ʻia i ka ʻenekia ʻatikala i 1774 e ka mea maoli Kelemania ʻo Samuel Gmelin i ka lawelawe ʻo Lūkia. Ka inoa inoa Phoenicurus mai loko mai o nā ʻōlelo Helene ʻelua: φοῖνιξ ("phoenix" - poni a kala ʻula hoʻi) a me ka οὐρά ("oura" - ʻili). No laila, uaʻike ka mea kākau i ka honu ʻokoʻa kaulana o ka manu - kahi hiʻohiʻona i ʻike ʻia i nā ʻōlelo ʻEulopa, me ka Lūkini. ʻIke inoa ochruros Hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ia no ka ʻōlelo Helene ὠχρός (ок okros '- pale), ka mea e hōʻike nui ai i ka ʻokoʻa me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ʻEulopa - ka redstart maʻamau, kahi mālamalama ʻoi aku.
A hiki i kēia manawa hou, nona nā ʻohana kuʻuna i ka redstart. Eia nō naʻe, ʻelua mau ʻōnaehana kūʻokoʻa kūloko i hana ʻia i nā makahiki i hala iho nei - ka nānā ʻana o DNA hybridization a me ka cytochrome mitochondrial DNA gene urutan na B - hele mai i ka hopena i ka eʻa Phoenicurus pili pili hou aku iā flytraps (Muscicapidae) ma mua o nā blackbirds. ʻO ka pili pili loa o chernushka i manaʻo ʻia he mākena papa e noho ana ma Tibet (Phoenicurus hodgsoni) ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe e pili ana i hoʻokomo pū ʻia me ka chernushka - Siberian (Phoenicurus auroreus)) kauhele ʻole ()Phoenicurus erythrogastrus) ai paha ʻo ʻAhanhan (Phoenicurus alaschanicus) ʻOka welu. ʻO ka redstart maʻamau, ʻoiai ke ʻano like o nā morphological like, ʻaʻole ia e like me ia e like me nā ʻano i luna aʻe. Ua ʻano like nā ʻano ʻelua i ka ʻolika a me ke ʻano. ʻOiai ke ʻike ʻia nā hihia hybridization, ʻike ʻia nā lua o nā ʻano ʻelua no ka infertile.
Wahi a nā hana a Ertan, ʻo ka māhele ʻana i ka redstart i loko o nā ʻano mea hou i loko o ka Late Pleistocene ma kahi o 3 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, a me ka hoʻonoho ʻana ma ka wahi āpau o Eurasia ma ka Makahiki Mua he 1.5 miliona mau makahiki i hala.
Aia kahi helu subspecies o ka blackstart, kahi ʻokoʻa kūlike i ka waihoʻoluʻu o ke kala o ke kino o nā kāne kāne. E like me nā hiʻohiʻona morphological, biogeography a me nā ʻikepili o ke ana o ka nucleotide o ka hua cytochrome na B Mitochondrial DNA hiki i nā ʻāpana āpau ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i 3 mau hui nui:
- Nā hui nā phoenicuroides Hoʻopili i nā ʻano kumu maʻamau mai Central a East Asia, ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale ai mai ke kūpuna a hoʻomaka i ka neʻe lōlō ʻana i ke komohana (3 - 1.5 miliona mau makahiki i hala). ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona wahine a me nā manu ʻōpio kekahi māmā i ka waihoʻoluʻu.
- P. o. nā phoenicuroides (F. Moore, 1854)
- P. o. murinus Fedorenko
- P. o. rufiventris (Vieillot, 1818)
- P. o. xerophilus (Stegmann, 1928)
- Nā hui ochruros ua hui i nā palapala mai West Asia a me ʻEulopa i hoʻokaʻawale mai ka hui gibraltariensis ma kahi o 1.5-0.5 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Kūpono ka ʻano o nā hiʻohiʻona wahine a me nā manu ʻōpio i kahi o nā hui subspecies nā phoenicuroides a 'gibraltariensis.
- P. o. ochruros (S. G. Gmelin, 1774)
- P. o. semirufus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833)
- Nā hui gibraltariensis Hoʻohui ʻokoʻa i ka lehulehu o ʻEulopa a me Aferika i hana i nā subspecies i ka wā o ka ʻōpio i hala. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā wahine ʻeleʻele a me nā manu ʻōpio.
- P. o. gibraltariensis (J. F. Gmelin, 1789)
- P. o. aterrimus (von Jordans, 1923)
Hoʻololi
Nā manu ʻōpio i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia mai kahi hulu manu i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ʻAukake - Kepakemapa, ʻāpana palaki - ka plumage o ke kino, nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a me nā ʻōpū, a me ka 3-4 o nā hulu manu kaila nui e loli ana. I nā manu pākeke, piha ka molt piha i ʻAkake - September.
Loaʻa ke kapa kauwela i ke kauwela ʻole me ka hoʻokahe ʻana, ma muli o ka hōʻike ʻana o ke aʻalohi hope o nā hulu. ʻO kekahi manawa mau ka poʻe ʻōpio i ke kauwela mua o ke ola e like me ka wahine (a pili i kēia lole), i nā hanana ʻē aʻe, ma hope o ka pipi mua, ʻano like lākou me nā kāne makua kāne, akā ʻokoʻa lākou ia mau mea e nā flywheels a me nā ʻōpala i mālama ʻia mai ka lole huna.