Nā bakiʻa (Rana temporaria) - kahi mākaʻi o ka ʻohana o nā mau bako maoli (Ranidae). He amphibian nui kēia: a ʻike ka amphibian i ka 10 cm. He nui ka kino, ke poʻo nui kona poʻo. Hiki i ka kala Amphibian keʻokeʻo mai ka beige a iʻa. ʻO nā wahi pōkole o nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻāpana, a me nā tubercles hoʻi, e pālahalaha ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke kino. He māmā ka ʻōpū, me kahi hāmi melemele a iʻa paha. Pahu ʻia kahi wahi keʻokeʻo e pili ana i ka pihi o ka maka ma o ka eardrum a hiki i ke kumu o ka mua.
I nā kāne, ʻoi aku ka lohi ʻana o ka polu, nā kihi o nā resonator e pili ana i nā kihi o ka waha. I ka wā pana, ua ʻōlelo lākou i nā calluses kālele ma ka manamana lima mua, a ke hoʻololi iki nō hoʻi i ka kala - ʻo nā ʻaoʻao o luna e lilo ka mama.
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona, ua like ka piʻuluʻu nahele me nā mea ākea ʻē aʻe - ʻo ka huaʻa i koi ʻia. Akā, e nānā pono, maʻalahi lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo kā kāua kaona wahine nona ka moʻo moʻo a kahi o ka mea hānai, ʻo ka lua, ʻo ia ka nui o ke ʻano nui, a ʻo ke kolu kekahi, ma ka ʻōpū o kona poʻo i hoʻohālikelike ai i ka ʻulaʻulaʻeleʻele ʻulaʻula. Eia kekahi, ʻo kā mākou heroine he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa kūloko.
ʻO kahi mauʻa kaʻa Frog
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia kēia amphibian ma ʻEulopa, me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole o ka Iberian Peninsula. Loaʻa ʻia ma ka ʻāina ʻo Scandinavia a hele pololei ma ka ʻākau ma mua o nā amphibians āpau. Ma ka ʻāpana ʻĀina o Rūsia ma ka ʻĀkau i hōʻea ke kahakai o ke Kaiʻula. Aia ka palena hikina i ka palena i lalo o ka Pae o Irtysh, ma ke kūkulu hema - a i nā wahi o ka waena waena o Volga.
Noho ʻo Amphibian kokoke i nā biotypes āpau, akā makemake ʻo ia i nā pinepine coniferous, deciduous a me nā ʻano ulu like ʻole. Ma ka palena o kona ʻāpana, ua loaʻa a kū i loko o ka ʻōpala a me nā ʻanuʻu. Nohoʻo ia i ka mahiʻai - nā māla, nā māla, nā māla a me nā māla. Piʻi nā mauna e 3,000 mau kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ke kai.
E like me nā amphibians ʻē aʻe, hoʻāʻo ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpala e pale i nā wai wai paʻakai a ʻaʻole hiki ke ola i kahi lā i loko o ka wai, ka paʻakai o ka hōʻea ʻo 0.07%.
Kāleu ʻōpiopio i loko o ke ʻano
Hoʻopau loa kēia mau ampite i ka hapa nui o ko lākou ola ma ka ʻāina, akā hoʻāʻo lākou e pale i nā wahi maloʻo. Pono nā puna paʻakai wale nō i ka wā moe, ʻoiai ke ʻike pinepine ʻia lākou ma kahi o ka wai a i loko o ka wai a ma hope o ka wā hānau.
Pēlā ʻo Polaka i nā pale no nā māla loloa o nā mea kanu, nā lāʻau make, nā pōhaku, nā mea ʻole ʻole i ka lepo: ma lalo o lākou e hūnā mai i nā ʻenemi a me nā lā ʻino.
E like me ke kānāwai, noho kēlā me kēia kanaka i ka wahi hoʻokahi no kekahi mau makahiki: ma kāna pūnaewele ua ʻike ka ʻaka me nā wahi a pau i kūpono no ka lawaiʻa, hale a me ka hoʻoilo.
No ka hana o kahi mauʻu, he mea nui loa ka haʻalulu. ʻAʻole pinepine a hiki i ka hālāwai i ke kakahiaka a i ka lā mahana hoʻi. ʻO ka hana ikaika i ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ke ahiahi a me ka pō. I ke kauwela, inā ʻaʻohe ua no ka manawa lōʻihi, a maloʻo ka ʻāina, ʻaʻohe mea hiki ke loaʻa ma kahi o ke kanaka hoʻokahi i ka nahele. Akā e pono e ua a hāʻule paha i hāʻule i ka hau plentiful, he nui nā mea o lākou.
ʻAʻole e kaupalena ka wai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka hana o nā rīpī mauʻu: a hiki i ka 2-3 ° C ua ikaika lākou, ʻoiai ke ʻoluʻolu nā amphibians i kahi mahana o ke 17-20 ° C.
Hoʻoikaika ia kēia mau amphibians i hoʻomaka me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana maʻamau. Ke waiho nei ka poʻe'ōpio i ka hoʻoilo ma mua o ka wā pākeke, hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou ma Nowemapa, inā ʻaʻole i hoʻemi ʻia ka mahana ma loko o ke ao ma mua o 0 ° C.
Nā hiʻohiʻona Frog a me ka Habitat
Noho ʻia nā rō ma nā lau nahele i nā nahele nāhulu a me nā pulu, a me nā kaʻe o nā kahawai malū a me nā loko nani.ʻO kēia mau holoholona kūikawā he ʻelele kūlike o ke ʻano o nā amphibians tailless.
ʻO ka nui o nā hona e hilinaʻi ana i nā ʻano: ʻoi aku ka nui o nā baki Europa ma mua o hoʻokahi decimeter. Hiki i ʻelua pahua pōkaka ʻAmelika i ʻelua hapa o ka nui. A ʻo ka huaʻelima goliath o Aferika, he ʻano paʻa ia ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā ʻāpana nunui o ka hapalua mika i ka nui a me ka paona o kekahi mau kileman.
I ke kiʻi, ua ʻōpū goliath
Aia kekahi puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi ʻo nā baki (nā ʻohana hee heʻe, a i ʻole micro-frog), nona ka lōʻihi he hapa i ka centimeter.
I ke kiʻi, ʻo ka ʻaka ka micro-palaka
Nā hōʻailona waho nā pūʻulu o nā baki holoholona he: helu helu, protruding mau maka, pōkole, hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kāwele liku, forelimbs, niho kīwaha ʻole o ka pale, waha alima a me ka nele o ka huelo.
ʻO nā holoholona weliweli kekahi mau holoholona, ʻo ia hoʻi, he ʻano kino o lākou i ke ʻano o ka ʻona. He mea kupaianaha a hui pū ʻia ka hui i nā frog amphibian, ma kahi o ʻelima haneri ʻano. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia ko lākou wahi mua i noho ai ʻo ʻApelika.
Nā baki, nā wīwī a me nā ʻūhā ua pili pono ʻia o nā ʻohana aloha e kāua ʻia e nā ʻohana o kāua. Nā baki a holoholona holoholona he mau hoalauna mamao no lākou ʻo ke ʻano o Chordates.
Nā baki – he mau holoholona kēiaʻ. ke kala ʻokoʻa. ʻO lākou he nui i hūnā iā lākou iho me he mau lau, lau a me nā lālā, loaʻa nā ʻulaʻula, hina a hina-hina. A hana maikaʻi lākou iā ia i hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale loa iā lākou mai ka helehelena.
Eia kekahi, ʻo ka ʻaka, nā ʻano holoholona like ia i nā ʻāpana e hoʻololi i nā kala o ka ʻili, ʻoi aku ka mea e hāʻawi iā ia i ka manawa e hoʻohui i ke ʻano a me ka pakele mai kona poʻe ʻenemi.
ʻO ka nui o nā rana, ka ʻokoʻa, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā kala ʻulaʻula. ʻO ka maʻamau, hōʻike ka ʻano like ʻole o ka pale ʻana i ka huaʻala o nā baki, no ka mea, ma ka ʻili o nā holoholona, aia nā kelima kūikawā e hana ai i nā mea huna e hōʻino a hōʻino i ke olakino.
ʻO ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka ʻala e like me i ke kiʻi ke hōʻike nei i kona mau maʻi
Eia nō naʻe, kekahi wale nō ke hoʻokeʻaka, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā mea hoʻowalewale hoʻopunipuni, a laila e pakele ai i nā ʻenemi, no laila hiki ʻole ke hoʻomaopopo pololei e pili ana i nā huaʻa holoholona i nā mea ʻona. Eia naʻe, nui ʻano o nā rana aia ma ka lā hope o ka pau ʻana.
He aha kēia mea no ke awakea?
ʻO ka mālama ʻana o ka rana mauʻu e hilinaʻi nei i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻāina kahi i noho ai lākou. ʻAi lākou i ka invertebrates a me nā ʻāina. He nui nā manuʻe lele e lele nei i ka papa o kēia mau amphibians, ʻoiai ke ʻimi nei lākou i ka pōʻeleʻele, i ka wā he nui wale nā manu lele e lele nei. Ma ka palena ʻākau o ka awāwa, hoʻolaʻa lākou i kā lākou ʻaina me nā meaola aku.
ʻAʻole ka like o ka ikaika o ka meaʻai i nā manawa like ʻole o ka makahiki. No laila, i ka wā hoʻoulu, nānā lākou i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "mating season".
ʻActerlelo ola a me ke ʻano
Kūpono ka frebrebrates i nā aneane āpau a me nā ʻāina, e kū nei i nā ʻalā arctic. Akā ʻoi aku ka makemake o nā ululāʻau ʻōiwi, aia kahi ʻano nui o nā ʻano holoholona like ʻole a me nā subspecies.
Makemake lākou e ola i nā wai hou. Eia nō naʻe, holo mālie nā rana ma ka ʻāina, me ka mahi ʻana i nā puhaka nui, piʻi i nā lei kiʻekiʻe o nā kumulāʻau a ʻeli nā lalo o ka lepo. A hiki i kekahi mau ʻōiwi ke hele a holo, a pū me ka ʻauʻau, piʻi i nā lāʻau a hoʻolālā.
I loko o ke kiʻi ʻo ka pua leopona
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa o nā rana no ka hoʻohuihui lākou i ka oxygen ma o ka ʻili. A me ka pōmaikaʻi nui hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokō i kēia kaʻina hana i ka wai a i ka ʻāina, no ka mea i kapa ʻia lākou he poʻe amphibia. Eia naʻe, kaulana loa ʻo ʻEulopa ma Rusia mauʻu ʻōpala a hiki i nā ʻeke nā wai i ka wai wale nō e hoʻokō ai i ka hana.
Pono nā ʻūhā e like me nā ʻōpala i kahi ʻaka e hana i nā kani kani, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo croaks.Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia kēia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pono molone a me nā resonators.
Me ke kōkua o kēlā mau hiʻohiʻona ua lako ka ʻeneke i nā baki a me nā toaka, hiki iā lākou ke hana i nā leo o ka leo ākea. He kupanaha kupaianaha kēia, a ʻo ia mau ʻano kupaianaha kupaianaha i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e nā baki kāne, ʻāpono ʻia ʻana i nā hoahānau pili o ka wahine ʻē.
Ke nānā nei i nā baki, hiki iā ʻoe ke aʻo i ka ʻoi a me nā mea kupaianaha loa. I nā manawa o ke ola, ke ola mai nā ʻenemi a me nā kūlana ʻē aʻe ʻole e paʻa ana, he mau mea ʻokoʻa loa ka pīhoihoi amphibian. ʻO ia mau manawa ka lōlulu i ka ʻaka, ʻaʻole ia he mea pono e pono ai no ke ola, a ʻai mau ka mea ola a hiki i kahi ulu hou.
Nā baki kālaʻāina mālama pinepine ʻia i nā kīʻaha hale, e ʻimi ana e kokoke i ka kūlohelohe. Nui ʻano o nā rana bred i ka hana ʻepekema noiʻi no nā hoʻokolohua a me nā noiʻi kūlohelohe.
Nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻoilo
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka hānau ʻana o nā rīne mau maʻa he 180 mau lā: no nā amphibians e noho ana i ko mākou mau latitude, he manawa pōkole kēia.
Hiki i ka ʻepekopa ke hoʻomohala aku ʻaʻole ma ka ʻāina wale nō, akā ma ka puʻu o nā wahi hoʻopukapula, e makemake ana i nā waikahe kahe kahe, nā lewa a me nā pā kele. Maʻaleʻa ke ʻano o ka ʻōpū Amphibians i nā loko, nā loko, a me nā muliwai nui. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā wai wai i ka make o nā sah. Eia kekahi, i loko o nā kaila pohihihi ma lalo o ka hau, ua nui ka make - mai ka nele o ka oxygen, make nā mea ola a pau. Hiki pū i nā ʻōpio ke make no nā waipuna wai. Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻōpio ʻAmibia i ka ʻāina i nā pā o nā ʻūmona i hiki ke loaʻa i ka hopena pōʻino - ʻo ka manawa pinepine lākou ʻaʻole ia e ola i ka hau a me ka hau hau hau.
Ma lalo o ka wai, moe ke "amphibian" i kahi kūlana kūikawā: ua paʻa nā wāwae a me ka alo, i huli "i nā ʻūpihi" i waho, me he mea lā e uhi ana i kona poʻo. I ka manawa like, ʻoi nā "pāma" i ʻulaʻulaʻula mai ka hoʻomohala ʻana mai o kahi kelepa paʻa o nā kahe koko i ko lākou pa. Palapala i ka hoʻoilo ma lalo o ka wai i kekahi manawa ke neʻe a puni a loaʻa i kekahi mea e ʻai ai.
Hiki i kekahi mau huaʻōlelo ke hiamoe ma kahi hoʻokahi: i ka manawa hānau mua lākou, akā ʻo ka hoʻoilo, ke ʻano o 20-30 mau kanaka, he maʻamau a maʻamau i kekahi mau makahiki a hiki i nā helu he mau haneli.
Mea ʻai
Nā huaʻōlelo insectivorous nā poʻe makehewa, ka ʻoliʻoli i nā namu, nā pōpōpō a me nā paila liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka mālama nui ʻana aʻe i ka mea nui i ka manaʻo, ʻo kekahi mau holoholona ʻoi nō ka mea hānai wale i kā lākou mau hoahānau.
Holo i kā lākou mau mea make, hoʻohana nā frogs i kahi hua lāʻau a lōʻihi, kahi paʻa lākou i hopu ma ka lele, midges, dragonflies a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. I waena o nā huaʻohana, aia kekahi mau holoholona omnivorous e leʻaleʻa i ka ʻai i nā huaʻai.
Lawe mai ʻo Frog i nā pono kūpono no ke kanaka, luku a ʻai i ka nui o nā pōpoki maikaʻi, ʻaila a me nā mea hihiu. No laila, he nui nā mea nona nā kīhāpai a me nā papa hale e mālama i nā mea kōkua i ke ʻano nui e hana pū i nā mea āpau no ka hoʻoulu a me ke ola.
ʻAi ʻia nā baki, e hana ana iā lākou i nā kīʻaha maoli loa, a he mea maikaʻi ʻole a hoʻohana ʻia no nā papa nani.
Nā Moho
I ke ola o kēia mau baki, ua hōʻike ʻia ʻia nā ʻano ʻano hana like 3. ʻO ka mua, ʻo kēia kahi neʻe i kēia makahiki i nā wahi kanu a me ka wīwī, ka lua, hele aku ka lūlū o ka metamorphose hou i noho i ko lākou wahi noho, a i ke kolu, hele i nā kau hoʻoilo.
Hiki i nā raka ke hōʻuluʻulu i nā wahi hoʻoilo hoʻoilo, e uhi ana i ka mamao o 1.5 km i hoʻokahi lā. I kekahi manawa i ka wā lūlū hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā i kahi nui o ka amphibians i nā wahi kokoke i ko lākou hoʻoilo hoʻoilo, ma ke kapa o nā kahawai, ma nā ʻāina,
ʻO ka pilina a me ka lōʻihi
Nā huaʻōlelo Frogs, ka waiho ʻana i ka hua i loko o ka wai, a ʻo ka nui o kona nui maoli a he kupaianaha nō hoʻi, i kekahi manawa ke hōʻea nei i ka 20 tausani huaʻai i ka manawa. Hoʻokomo nā ʻala a me nā loko o nā baki ma nā haneli he nui, he mau ʻōpū nui. ʻO kekahi manawa hele pū kekahi wahine i kēia mau ʻāpana.
Hoʻomaʻa ʻo Tadpoles i nā hua.ʻO kēia mau mea ola, he mau lālani lākou, ʻūhā me nā mea kanu, hiki ke noho a neʻe wale nō i ka ʻona aquatic a loaʻa kahi huelo. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hua i loko o ka tadpoles e lawe ʻia mai 7 a 10 mau lā.
ʻO ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, hoʻomaka ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā tadpoles e hele, ma hele i ke ana o ka metamorphosis, kahi e hala ana ma kahi o 4 mau mahina. ʻO ka ulu mua, ulu nā wāwae o lākou, a laila no nā forelimbs, a laila pau ka huila o ke kuʻekuʻe, a lilo nā tadpoles i nā pākeke me nā hiʻohiʻona o kā lākou ʻano mau bakala, mākaukau no ke ola ma ka honua. I nā makahiki ʻekolu, lilo nā baki i ka moeʻuhane.
I ke kiʻi aia nā huaʻa bakala
He paʻakikī loa ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ke ola ʻana o nā rana. Akā e like me ka noiʻi ʻepekema, e hoʻohana ana i nā helu o ka ulu ʻana o ka phalanx o nā manamana lima e ke kai, ua loaʻa ka ʻike i hiki i ka poʻe makua ke ola a hiki i ka 10 mau makahiki, a e noʻonoʻo ana i ke ʻano o ka tadpole a hiki i 14 makahiki.
Hoʻomaka
Hele nā rana ʻōpala i nā wai wai no ka waiho ʻana i nā hua i ka manawa mua. I ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻomau i ko lākou lāhui, ua haʻalele lākou i ko lākou mau wahi maʻamau a lanakila i nā mamao nui a me nā mea like ʻole.
Pākuʻi ʻia nā loko wai no lākou e hiki i nā ʻano kūpaʻa kūpaʻa - ʻoiai nā poli alanui i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka wai a me nā puddles e kūpono no ka waiho ʻana i nā hua.
Ke waiho nei ka hua palaoa ma nā wahi wai o 55 a hiki i + 15 ° C, i kekahi manawa ke noho mau ka hau i nā wahi ma luna o kona alo.
Wahi a nā kūlana o kahi reservoir kūikawā, e hoʻolōʻihi ana ka hoʻouka hou mai 2 a 10. I nā wahi e ulu ana, ʻaʻole nui nā kani o nā kāne, mai hoʻonohonoho i ke mele lōʻihi a nui. Ua kāhea lākou i kā lākou mau hoaaloha me nā hōʻailona ʻokoʻa e pili ana i kahi kekona a like hoʻi me ke ʻano he aniani.
Hōʻike iki ʻia Males ma kahi kōkuhi ma mua o nā wahine. ʻO kekahi manawa pili ʻia nā kāne ma ka ʻāina, i ka manawa wale ke poʻo o ka wahine i ka wai. E like me nā kāne o ke kuahiwi maʻamau, i nānā ʻia me ka makemake e haʻalele i nā hua, nā kāne kāne o ka ʻōpala o ka mauʻu e hiki ai iā lākou ke "hoʻopuni" i nā amphibians o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, "ʻaʻole loiloi" i paʻa ma ka lima.
Haalele ka wahine i nā hua a haʻalele i ka wai a me ka wikiwiki e hoʻi i kona noho maʻamau, akā mau ke kāne. Inā loaʻa iā ia kēlā, a laila ia lā aʻe e waiho ʻo ia i nā keiki me kekahi wahine ʻē aʻe.
Kūpono ka wahine i nā tausani he 4 tausani. He like ke ʻano o ka mōlona, kahi i loaʻa ai i kahi mauʻu liʻiliʻi, akā ua koke koke nā manawa o ka hua o nā hua a me ka nui o ka popo he mau manawa, aʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o ke ʻano o kahi ʻano like jelly like. Hiki ke ʻike pinepine ʻia kēlā masonry ma ka wai pāpio. ʻO ka mahalo, hiki i nā hua huluhulu mauʻu ke kūmau i ka hypothermia i -6 ° C, me kaʻole o kā lākou hiki ke hoʻomohala. Eia naʻe, me ka hōʻeha ʻole iā lākou iho, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke kū i ke mahana a + 24 ° C no ka manawa lōʻihi.
Ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau, hoʻomohala ʻia ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka embryo mai 5 a 15 mau lā. E hānai ana nā lolo i nā mea kūlohelohe i ka wai a me nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi. ʻOiai i loko o nā pūnāwai ākea, hoʻopili ʻia nā tadpoles i nā ʻōpala mākeke - a hiki i 100 mau pākahi i hoʻokahi pāhau. ʻO kahi ʻelee kahi i loaʻa ai kēlā kolana kahi e like me ka nui ʻōmaʻomaʻo paʻa.
Kūlike i nā kūlana, hoʻomohala ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā aniani 1.5-3 mau mahina a hoʻopau me ka metamorphosis.
I nā makahiki maloʻo a nui hoʻi, ʻo ka malo o ka loko mua o ka wai, ua make i ka make nui o nā kihi e pili ana i nā kahe nui a me nā pua o nā ʻōpala, a pau ka wai e ʻoki ʻia mai nā pauku hohonu. I nā kūlana maikaʻi aʻe, ola ka nui o nā huaʻai i ka metamorphosis, a ma hope o ka pau ʻana, nui nā baki liʻiliʻi i ka manawa like. I kēia manawa, hele pinepine lākou mai ka hōʻalo ʻana, ma lalo o nā huila o ke kaʻa a lilo paha i waiwai pio o nā ʻano manawa like ʻole. ʻO nā mea i kūleʻa ke ola, ʻai i ke kūleʻa e ola i ka manawa anuanu lōʻihi.
Hiki i nā rana ʻōpala i ke wā ʻōpiopio i ka makahiki ʻekolu o ke ola. Ma nā kūlana kūlohelohe e noho ai lākou ma ka average 6-8 makahiki.
Kanikau
Nui a nui ka poʻe aloha e leʻaleʻa i nā baki, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā mea liʻiliʻi.ʻO kēia mau mea nā ʻalā, nā wīwī, nā ʻīlio, nā alopeke, nāhelehele, nā ʻūlū, nā holoholona, nā pelies, a pēlā aku.
ʻO nā hua a kēia mau amphibians i uhi ʻia me ka popo i ka mea ʻano like like ʻole i like me ka maikaʻi, akā, aia nō hoʻi nā mea ʻimi manu - ʻo nā mea planarians, nā pepeke, nā ʻona o nā amphibian, a me nā mea āpau.
No ka mālama i ka pīkī mauʻu ma ka home, pono ʻoe i ka terrarium 30-40 lita. I ka lumi lumi, ʻaʻole pono ka hoʻomehana a me ka hoʻomālamalama nui. ʻAʻole hiki i ka hale kai ke waiho ʻia ma kahi puʻu, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻimi i kahi wahi maikaʻi loa no ia (ʻaʻole ʻae kēia ʻano holoholona i nā mahana ma mua o 25 ° C).
No ka mea ua koi nui kēia ʻano lāʻau i ka ea, mai poina e hoʻopoina i ka wai ma luna o ka substrate i hoʻokahi lā. Eia kekahi, he nui, akā ʻaʻole hohonu, pono e kau i ka loko i ka terrarium.
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia e waiho i ka terrarium ma lalo o ka kihi o ka ulu lāʻau.
ʻAi lākou i ka holoholona me nā lele, nā ʻikena, ke koko, nā ʻōpala, a me nā mea.
ʻO ka wehewehe a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Nui nā ʻelele o kēia holoholona i ʻōmaʻomaʻo i nā kala me nā lālani pākahi liʻiliʻi. Nā pōkole aniani ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 3 cm ka lōʻihi, ʻoiai ua loaʻa nā ʻano nui ma ka nui.
I ka hapanui o lākou, ua kiko wale ka ʻōpū, ma o, inā makemake ʻia, hiki ke ʻimi ʻia nā ʻōpū āpau i loko, me nā hua o nā wahine hāpai. I ka nui o nā ʻano palaka, ʻoi pū nā iwi a me nā ʻili o ka iwi. Ma kahi aneane ʻaʻole kekahi o nā ʻelele o ka honua holoholona i hiki ke kaena i kēlā waiwai o ka ʻili.
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia wale ka ʻano o kēia mau baki. Kūpono hoʻi ko lākou mau maka. ʻAʻole i like me ka ʻaoʻao o nā kinka, nā maka o nā palahalaha ʻōmaʻomaʻo a he ʻulaʻula pololei, aʻo nā maka o nā palaka lāʻau ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o ko lākou ʻohana. Kūleʻa nā haumāna. I ke ao, aia lākou i ke ʻano o nā kaomi kuʻi, a i ka pō, hoʻonui nui nā haumāna, i lilo ka holo.
ʻOhala a ākea ke kino o ka baki, e like me ke poʻo. Hoʻopili ʻia nā wāwae, he ʻala. Ma nā wāwae aia kekahi mau kīʻaha inu, me ke kōkua o ia mea e hoʻopili palaka ʻia nā rana ma ka lau. Loaʻa nō hoʻi nā rana a me ka thermoregulation maikaʻi loa.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻōhumu mua o kēia mau amphibians i nā kenekulia 19. Ka loli mau ʻana o Centrolenidae i kēia manawa: i kēia ʻohana amphibian ʻelua he mau subfamilia a ʻoi aku ʻoi aku ka nui o nā huaʻōlelo likala. ʻIke ʻia a wehewehe mua ʻia e Marcos Espada, he Zoologist Spanish. I waena o lākou aia kahi mea hoihoi maikaʻi loa.
No ka laʻana, ʻo Hyalinobatrachium (kahi kīʻaha liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi) e hoʻohui i nā ʻano he 32 o nā poʻe me kahi ʻōpū ʻokoʻa piha a me nā ʻōpū keʻokeʻo. ʻO kā lākou ʻike i ka nānā maikaʻi i ka aneane āpau o nā ʻōpū āpau - ka ʻōpū, ka puʻuwai, nā pūpū, naʻau o ke kanaka. I kekahi mau holoholona, ua uhi ʻia kahi ʻāpana o ka kūwili me kahi kiʻi ʻoluʻolu. Hoʻokomo ʻia kā lākou puʻuwai ma ke ʻano, a i loko o nā rana o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe he ʻakolu ia.
I loko o genus Centrolene (gecko), ka mea e hui pū ai i nā ʻano he 27, ʻo kēlā me kēia kanaka me ke kākala o ke kala kīmaʻomaʻo. Ma ka poʻohiwi aia kahi oʻe nui ʻana i ke ʻano o ka mākeke, i hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia nā kāne i ka wā o ka moe ʻana, e hakakā nei no ka ʻāina. No nā mea hou a pau i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka nui loa.
I nā ʻelele o nā huaʻala Cochranella, he ʻōmaʻomaʻo ka ʻōpala i kahi kala a he kiʻi keʻokeʻo i ka peritoneum, e uhi ana i nā ʻāpana o nā kino o loko. Pahu ka lehelehe ʻōpū, ʻōpū poʻohiwi. Loaʻa iā lākou ko lākou inoa i ka hanohano o ka zoologist Doris Cochran, nāna i wehewehe mua i kēia moʻomeheu o nā baki aniani.
I waena o lākou, ʻo ka hiʻohiʻona hoihoi loa piha aniani frog (Cochanella Euknemos). Ua unuhi ʻia ka inoa mai ka ʻōlelo Helene "me nā wāwae nani." ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona he mauʻu ʻiʻo ma ka mua, pale lima a me nā lima.
ʻĀina kino
ʻO ke hoʻonohonoho ʻana o kahi baki aniani Kūpono no kona nohona ola a me ke ʻano ola. Aia i nā ʻili nā ʻili nā puʻu he nui nā kūmole e hūnā mau ana i nā moemoe lau.Hoʻomau pinepine ʻia nā pipi a mālama i nā mako i ko lākou mau papa.
Mālama ʻo ia i ka holoholona i nā microorganism pathogen. Lawe ka ʻili i ka ʻili i ke kaolepa. No ka mea, ke komo ka wai i ko lākou kino ma o ka ʻili, ka palupalu o ke kahua nui, nā wahi ʻuʻuku. Eia, ma ka ʻili, ka ʻeha a me nā ʻokoʻa hoʻoluʻu.
ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona punahele o ke kino o ke baki ka wahi kokoke loa o nā kuʻi a me nā maka ma luna o ka poʻo o ke poʻo. Hiki i ka amphibian ke lele ʻana i loko o ka wai, paʻa kona poʻo a me kona kino ma luna o kona alo, e hanu a ʻike i ke kaʻe.
ʻO ka kala o ke aniani a me ka bea ka mea nui e hilinaʻi nei i ka noho. Hiki i kekahi mau ʻōuli ke hoʻololi i ke kala ʻili ma muli o nā kūlana o ke kaiapuni. No ka hana i kēia, loaʻa lākou nā pūnaewele kūikawā.
ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o nā wāwae hind o kēia amphibian i nā ʻāpana mua. Ke kumu nei kēia no ka hōʻoia ʻana i nā mea i mua no ke kākoʻo a me ka pae, a me ke kōkua o ke kua ke neʻe lākou i ka wai a me ke kahakai.
ʻAʻohe o nā iwi hoka mai kēia ʻohana, a ua mahele ʻia ka ʻai ma ka ʻāpana 4: cervical, sacral, caudal, a me ka ʻoki. Hoʻopili ʻia ka paleʻe ʻana o ka pahū i ka ʻuʻuku me kahi vertebra hoʻokahi. Mahalo i kēia, hiki i ka lāʻau kue ke neʻe i kona poʻo. Hoʻopili ʻia nā limu ma ka spine e ka mua a me ke kāʻei o hope o nā wāwae. Hoʻokomo pū ia me nā ʻūhā poʻohiwi, sternum, a me nā iwi pelvic.
ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o nā rīkene ma mua o nā iʻa. Loaʻa ia i ka spinal cord a me ka lolo. Ua liʻiliʻi iki ka cerebellum, no ka mea ke alakaʻi nei kēia mau amphibians i kahi ola luhi a he monotonous ko lākou neʻe ʻana.
He mau hiʻohiʻona o ka digestive. E hoʻohana ana i kahi lelo lōʻihi i ka lehelehe waha, hopu ke poʻo i nā pepeke a paʻa iā lākou me nā niho i loaʻa ma luna o ka iwi poʻo. A laila ua komo ka ʻai i ka esophagus, ʻōpū, no ka hana hou aʻe, a laila neʻe i ka ʻāpana.
ʻO nā puʻuwai o kēia mau amphibians he ʻekolu-chambered, ʻelua o atria a me ventricle, kahi e hui ai nā koko a me ka vena. Aia kekahi mau pōleʻe koko. Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻōnaehana o ka bako e ka nostrils, māmā, akā pili pū ka ʻili amphibian i loko o ka hana hanu.
E like me ke kaʻina ʻana o ka hanu: penei ka hāmama ʻana o nā nika o ka frog, ma ka manawa like o ka lalo o kāna oropharynx haʻahaʻa a komo ka lewa i loko. I ka uhi ʻia o nā nostrils e piʻi liʻiliʻi ka lalo a komo i ka ea i loko o nā māmā. I ka manawa hoʻomaha o ka peritoneum, lawe ʻia kahi hoihoi.
Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻōnaehana excretory e nā keiki, kahi i hoʻoili ʻia ai ke koko. Hoʻomoʻa ʻia nā mea kūpono e ko nā tubal renal. Eia kekahi, hele nā urine a komo i ka ʻāpana.
ʻO nā baki aniani, e like me nā amphibians a pau, he hanela ka lōʻihi o ka ʻaina. Ke kūpaʻa nei ke ʻano o ke kino o ka hona i ka mahana hanu. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke anuanu, hele lākou i ka passive, ʻimi no nā wahi hoʻoneʻe, hoʻoluʻolu, a laila hibernate.
Hoʻopili pololei nā ʻōpū naʻau, no ka mea hiki i nā rana ke noho ma ka ʻāina a me ka wai. Ua hoʻonohonoho lākou ma ia ala i hiki i nā amphibians ke hoʻoponopono i kekahi kūlana ola. ʻO nā mea ola i ka laina o ke poʻo i kōkua iā lākou e holo maʻalahi i kahi ākea. ʻO ka nānā ke like me nā kāwili he ʻelua.
ʻO ka nani o ke aniani kīʻaha e hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike pono i nā mea i neʻe maikaʻi, a ʻaʻole hoʻi e ʻike i nā mea hoʻokū. Ma ke ʻano o ka ʻono, a ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻili, e ʻae i ka poroka ke holo maikaʻi ma ka honi.
ʻO nā pepeiao pepeiao nā pepeiao o loko a me ka waena. He waenakonu kekahi ma waena, ma ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi kahi puka i loko o ka oropharynx, a ʻo ka ʻaoʻao kahi e kuhikuhi kokoke i ke poʻo. Aia kekahi kahi eardrum, kahi i hoʻopili ʻia i ka pepeiao loko e hoʻohana ana i kahi stakes. Ma o ia lā ua hoʻopuka ʻia nā kani i ka pepeiao o loko.
Ke noho maʻamau
ʻO nā hānana nā kaona he nocturnal, a i ka manawa o ka hoʻomaha o ka lā ma kahi o ka mauʻu ua. E pio ana lākou i nā mea inika i ke ahiahi, ma ka ʻāina.Ma laila, ma ka ʻāina, koho nā rula i ka hoa pili, ka hoahele a waiho i nā lau a me ka mauʻu.
Eia nō naʻe, kā lāua huaola - nā ʻōpala, e hoʻomohala wale i ka wai a ma hope wale nō o ka hoʻololi ʻana i kahi ʻōpala hoʻi i hele i ka ʻāina no ka holomua. He mea kupaianaha nō ke ʻano o nā kāne, a ma hope o ua wahi wahine nei i waiho i ka hua, e waiho ma hope o ka hua a pale iā ia mai nā pepeke. Akā ʻaʻole ka mea a ka wahine e hana ai ma hope o ka masonry.
Hoʻaiho
ʻIke maikaʻi ka poʻe ʻAmibia i nā wahi kūpono ma nā kahe o nā muliwai wikiwiki, ma waena o nā kahawai, ma nā ulu lāʻau ulu o nā ʻōpala a me nā kuahiwi. Noho ka wai frog i nā huaʻai o nā kumulāʻau, nā pulu ʻūʻele a me ka ʻalae ʻala. No kēia mau baki, ʻo ka mea nui ka maona o kahi kokoke.
ʻĀnō ke ola
ʻAʻole i aʻo ʻia i loko o ke ola o ka pōpoki aniani, akā ʻike ʻia ʻo ia i nā hana kūlohelohe he nui loa ka ola o ko lākou ola. ʻO kēia ma muli o kahi kūlana kūlohelohe maikaʻi ʻole: ka pale ʻole i ka pale ʻole, ka hoʻokaʻawale i nā wai i loko o nā kino wai o nā ʻano hana hoʻomehana. Ua manaʻo ʻia he ola ola i loko o kahi aniani i loko o ka hale maoli ma waena o 5-15 mau makahiki.
- Ma ka honua, aia ma mua o 60 mau ʻano o nā ʻaka aniani.
- Ma mua, ʻo nā rana ʻehā he wahi o ka ʻohana frog lāʻau.
- Ma hope o ka waiho ʻana, nalowale ka wahine a mālama ʻole paha i ka hua.
- ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka moe ʻana i nā pōkā, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo amplexus.
- ʻO ka mea nui o ka pōkā aniani i ka inoa ʻo Centrolene Gekkoideum. Loaʻa nā poʻe keu he 75 mm.
- Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻike ʻana i nā kāne ma ke ʻano o nā ʻano kani like ʻole - whistle, squeak a trills paha.
- ʻAʻole aʻo ʻia ke ola a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā tadpoles.
- Ua kāwili ʻia nā baki aniani me ke kōkua o nā paʻakai bile, aia ma nā iwi a hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea ʻala.
- Nā makana o kēia ʻohana ua ʻike maka i ka bula, i.e. hiki iā lākou ke ʻike pololei me nā maka ʻelua ʻelua ma ka manawa like.
- ʻO ka ʻāina ʻōiwi kuʻuna o nā pōʻai anuanu ma ke komohana ʻākau o ʻAmelika Hema.
ʻO ke aniani kīʻaha he wahi kūʻokoʻa a me nā mea ʻala i hana ʻia e ke ʻano, me nā hiʻohiʻona he nui o ka digestive tract, reproduction a me ke ʻano maʻamau.
Nā baki: wehewehe
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ʻohana o nā rana me ka ʻike ʻole ʻole ʻia lākou i ka ʻāʻī i hala, no laila e ʻike maoli ʻia ke poʻo hoʻokahi me ke kino ākea. ʻAʻole nele kēia mau holoholona i kahi kakala, i hōʻike ʻia ma ka inoa o ke kauoha a ʻo kona ʻano hiʻona. Loaʻa wale i nā pōkole, ʻoiai e hiki ke kāohi i ka nohona ola ma waena o 360 degere.
Kāleka
He ʻōhuli nui nā poʻo o nā palaka, he pāpaʻi ʻia i ka helehelena, me ka maka poʻohiwi i nā ʻaoʻao o ia mea. ʻO kēia mau holoholona, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kekahi o nā mea ʻelele o ke kauoha, loaʻa i ʻelua mau maka o ka maka - haʻahaʻa a ma luna. Ma lalo o ka nā eyelid haʻahaʻa he polipone manuahi, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo ia ka "ʻekolu o ke kenekulia." Ma ke kua o ka maka ka mea e kapa ʻia ʻo eardrum, kahi o kahi wahi i uhi ʻia e ka ʻili ʻili. Ma luna o ka waha hoʻohālikelike nui, ʻike ʻia nā lua o nā pūpū me nā pūpū kūikawā. Hoʻokū ʻia ka waha o ka baki me nā niho liʻiliʻi.
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā wāwae mua o ka frog me nā manamana lima ʻehā loa, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā wāwae hind, ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomohala ʻana a hoʻopau i nā manamana lima, ma waena o kahi membrane kūikawā i hana ʻia i ka pehu, e ʻae ʻia i ka poroka i ka manaʻo nui i ka element o ka wai. ʻAʻohe o nā manamana lima o nā rana, ʻike ʻia kekahi ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka ʻohana. Ma hope o ke kino kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo cesspool, ka mea e hōʻike nei i ka puka wale nō no nā māhele meaʻai i hoʻoulu ʻia. Hoʻopili ʻia ke kino o ka frog me ka ʻili puha, i uhi ʻia me ka papakū o nā mālamaka kūikawā, kahi i hūnā ʻia e ka nui o nā kelima subcutaneous o ka frog.
ʻO kekahi manawa hoihoi. ʻAʻole ulu ka pōʻino ʻEulopa i ka lōʻihi aʻe ma mua o 10 mau kenimika, ʻoiai ka pōkole ʻApelika goliath i manaʻo ʻia he poʻokela nui loa o ka ʻohana, e ulu ana he hapalua mika ka lōʻihi a loaʻa iā lākou kekahi mau kilogram.
Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻo ka nui o nā rana e hilinaʻi ana i kā lākou ʻano, ʻoiai ʻo ka nui o ko lākou nui ka i waena o waena mai 0.8 a 32 kenimika. Hoʻololi ka ʻano like o ke ʻano o nā rana, ka mea like ʻole i ka waihoʻoluʻu motley o ko lākou kino. Hoʻohui pinepine, ʻo ke kino kino o kēia mau holoholona i pili i ka nohona kūlohelohe, i hiki iā lākou ke maʻalahi me ka camouflage i waena o nā mea kanu, i waena o nā mea kanu, etc.
Hōʻike pinepine, ʻo ke kinilike o ke kala o ka holoholona i hōʻike ʻia o ko lākou huʻaʻewaʻi, aʻo nā mea hōʻona i hoʻoili ʻia e nā glandula kūikawā i kau ʻia ma ka ʻili o ka holoholona. Hiki i kēia mau mea ke pilikia me nā holoholona wale nō, akā no nā kānaka. Hiki i kekahi mau ʻano ke hoʻohalike i ka "kaua" kuʻuna o nā ʻōpala i mea hiki ke pale aku iā lākou iho i nā ʻenemi maoli.
Ka noho ʻana a me ke ʻano
Hiki i ka pōkole ke noʻonoʻo maluhia i kahi ʻohana kūʻokoʻa, no ka mea ua neʻe maʻalahi lākou ma ka ʻāina, ka hana ʻana i nā pihi nui, piʻi koke nā kumu lāʻau, ʻeli a lalo iho i lalo nā pū, a pū kekahi, holo, holoholo, e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā mai ke kiʻekiʻe, e pili ana i nā ʻano.
ʻO ka hoʻohanohano o nā rana ka mea i hiki iā lākou ke komo i ka oxygen ma o ka ʻili. ʻAe kēia i ka holoholona i ke ʻano he nui, ma ka wai a ma ka ʻāina. Eia kekahi, aia nā ʻano mea e hoʻouna ʻia i nā wai wai i ka wā hoʻolaʻa.
Hoihoi mai e ike! Hōʻike nā holoholona i kā lākou hana ma ke ʻano like ʻole. Makemake kekahi mau holoholona e ʻimi manuahi i ka pōʻeleʻele, aʻo kekahi mau e hōʻike i kā lākou hana no 24 mau hola.
Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he mea hoihoi nui ka mālama ʻana i nā pū palaka no ka hana ʻana i ka leo e like me ke croaking. ʻO ka heleʻana o nā pū kani kani a me nā resonator e hiki ai i ka holoholona ke hana i kahi laulā o nā leo. He kūpono kēia i ka wā hānau, ʻoiai ua pono ka holoholona i hoʻokaʻawale i ka kāne ʻē.
ʻO nā baki makua, mai kēlā manawa i kēia manawa, e hoʻopau i ko lākou ʻili a ʻai pono ma laila, a ma hope o lākou ke kū nei ke kali a hiki i ka ʻili hou ke hana pono. Ma aneane pau nā koho o kēia ʻohana e alakaʻi i kahi ʻano maʻalahi, ʻoiai lākou e hiki ke hele i ka lōʻihi o ka wā moe. Ua hoke ʻo nā rīpī e noho aniani i ka hoʻoilo.
ʻAe o ka huaʻōlelo
Ma nā ʻōlelo huaʻōlelo, ua kapa ʻia nā holoholona mai ke ʻano he amales me nā "palaka" a "ʻanaka" (hiki ke ʻae i ka pili me nā ʻōlelo Latin e hoʻohana ana i ka Lat. Rana no ka huaʻōlelo "frog" a me Lat. Bufo no ka huaʻōlelo "toad"). ʻO ka ʻike ʻē ʻana o kekahi mai kekahi, ʻo ka ʻili o nā ʻili kuahi Ke hoʻāʻo nei e kau i ka huaʻōlelo kolokolo "frog" a me "toad" i ka papa ʻae ʻia ʻana o ka ʻāpana kūilless, ka mea i ʻike ʻia a kokoke i nā ʻohana āpau. Hoʻopili ka ʻano kumu like ʻole o nā huaʻōlelo "frog" e pili i nā ʻelele o nā ʻohana āpau o ke kauoha Tailless, a i ʻole mau mākaʻi wale nō i nā ʻohana Real Frog (Ranidae) a i ʻole i nā ʻānō i nā luna o nā genus Real poraka (Rana) .
Mālama
Kahi like nō ka Pāka ma ka ʻāina a pau. ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe nā wao nahele nui o ka Sahara a me Rub al-Khali, nā wahi anu loa ka ʻona, Greenland, Taimyr a me nā wahi kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻāina ʻo ʻAropa, Antarctica, a me kekahi mau mokupuni kahi mamao aku mai nā konitineta. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole i komo nā ʻano o nā rana ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Kahiki, akā ma hope o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka hoʻopuka loiloi, a ʻelua o nā ʻano ʻelua (Litoria raniformis a me Litoria ewingii) i hoʻokumu i nā kānaka paʻa i laila. He nui nā ʻano o ka hōʻiliʻili nā kānaka ma muli o kahi pā palima, a ma ke ʻano he laʻana, ka pākiki, ka puʻu ʻana o nā kuahiwi, nā wao nahele, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā lehulehu ma muli o nā ala i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā kānaka - nā alahele, nā nāhelehele a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.Ma nā wahi kahalulu, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻano lahilahi ma mua o nā wahi anu. Hoʻopili ʻia kekahi mau ʻano o nā rana no ke ola ʻana i nā kūlana inhospitable, no ka laʻana, i ka wao nahele a i loko o nā hau anu. No laila, ua kanu ʻo Rana sylvatica, nona nā wahi ma waho o ka ʻĀina Arctic, ua kanu ʻia i ka ʻāina no ka hoʻoilo. ʻOiai ka hohonu nui o ka lepo, kahi mālama kiʻekiʻe o ka glucose i loko o nā kiko e hiki ai i kēia frog ke ola i ka hoʻoilo ma kahi kūlana o ka hoʻokuʻuʻole i ka anim.
Ma muli o ka ʻili maʻalahi, hiki i ka hapa nui o ka baki ke noho i loko o nā wai wai paʻakai. ʻO ka mea wale nō ka crogater frog (Fejervarya cancrivora), kahi e ola nei i nā mākaʻu o ʻAmelika Hema. Ma muli o ke kaona urea kiʻekiʻe i loko o ke koko, hiki i kēia ʻaka a me nā huaʻuku ke hoʻomanawanui i ka paʻakai moana (no ka manawa pōkole) a noho i ka wai aniani no ka lōʻihi.
Ua noho nā palaka ma nā kumu kūleʻa i ka Cretaceous.
Kahi helu
No nā ʻoi āpau e pili ana i nā amphibians tailless. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona morakolo o ka baki pākeke, i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, 9 a i ʻole o ka pre-pelvic vertebrae, kahi lōʻihi a alakaʻi ʻia i ka ilium, ka hiki ʻana o kahi urostyle a me ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi huelo, i nā mea pōkole i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā pale hind, i hoʻopili pū ʻia me ka ulnar a me ka radius o nā forelimbs, me ka tibia a me ka momona o nā ʻōpū o nā ʻanā, kahi ʻuʻī elongated, ʻoka lalo ʻole o ka iwi a me ka pae o nā lymph subcutaneous ma waena o ka ʻili a me ka ʻakano. ʻO ka ʻōpū polog (tadpoles) i hoʻokahi wehe hanu waena (pīpī) a me nā leʻaleʻa waha e hoʻouluulu ʻia me nā keratin denticles.
Kekahi mau ʻano lāʻau i kahi mahele interspecific hybrids. No laila, no ka laʻana, he baki hāneʻa ka mea nānā nānā wai kūlohelohe (Pelophylax lessonae) a lake (P. ridibundus) pi.
Hiʻohiʻona maʻamau
Ua paʻū mau ʻelima mau wāwae i nā manamana lima ʻelima lima maʻamau o nā ʻano kuʻuna terrestrial. He ākea ke kino, pōkole a palupalu. ʻAʻole ʻoka ka huelo o ka pākeke (pau ka wā i ka wā o ka metamorphosis), ua hoʻololi ka ʻāpana o ka huelo i ka urostyle-like rod, a ʻaʻohe iwi ʻehā. ʻOi aku lākou i nā wāwae kūpono, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o nā wāwae o ke ʻalā ma mua o nā forelimbs, loaʻa i nā ʻā ikaika ikaika i ka wā e hoʻōho ai. ʻAno ka momona o ka mau bakule i nā lepa a nānā i ka wai a me nā wai.
Nā Limbs
He ʻokoʻa nā ʻano o nā ʻoiʻu o nā rana no nā ʻano he ʻokoʻa a he hilinaʻi ma ka noho ʻana - ka ʻāina, ka wai a i ka lāʻau paha. Ma ke kānāwai, hiki i nā rana ke hana i nā neʻe ākea, kahi e hiki ai iā lākou ke hopu i ka poʻe i hopu a me nā mea hoʻihoʻi maikaʻi ʻole. Hāʻawi ʻia nā hana kūpono o ke neʻe ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona pili o nā manamana:
- ʻO nā baki he nui e noho ana i loko o nā kaola ua loaʻa nā membames ma waena o ko lākou mau manamana. Aia kahi correlation ma waena o ka pili pili o nā membrane a me ka hapa o ka manawa i kā ka holoholona i ka wai. No laila, no ka laʻana, i loko o kahi frog ʻApelika o ka huaʻa Hymenochiruse alakaʻi ana i kahi ʻano hoʻonaninani aku, ʻo nā membranes ka uhi ʻana i ka hapa nui o ka kahe ma waena o nā manamana lima, aʻo ka frog Australia Litoria caeruleae hoʻolōʻihi ana i ka hapa nui o kona ola ma nā lāʻau, nā membran e uhi ana mai kahi hapaha a hapalua paha kahi o kēia mau puʻupuʻu.
- Hiki i nā baki ke alakaʻi ʻana i ke ʻano pākaukau e nānā i nā pale kūikawā ma ko lākou mau manamana lima, e ʻae iā lākou e noho i nā kahua ākea. E hōʻoia ʻia ka lihilahi maikaʻi ma nā pae paʻakikī i nā mikika polyogrowths o ka epithelium ma ka papa o kēia mau paila. Eia kekahi, he nui nā kūlohelohe ʻōwili e hūnā ana i nā lemus ma waena o nā sela o nā papa, e like ke ʻano o nā tubules manawaleʻa.Mālama ka maikaʻi ʻo Mucus i nā papa māla maikaʻi a hāʻawi i ka tailless e noho ma luna o lākou no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka capillary. He mau hiʻohiʻona nui o ka mau lāʻau ʻōiwi i ka ʻano o ke ʻano o ka hana kolohe o ka wahine, a hiki iā lākou ke neʻe iā lākou wale nō i loko o nā peke (like me nā bako), akā he mau ala hoʻi. I nā lāʻau ʻala e noho ana ma ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, hiki i kekahi ke loaʻa i nā membran interdigital. I kēia mau ʻano, ʻike ʻia nā membrane e lohi i ka hāʻule, a i kekahi mau ʻano like no ka hoʻolālā.
- I nā baki terestrial, kahi ʻē aʻe nā hoʻopili ʻana ma luna nei. ʻO kā lākou mau pale huluhulu, ma ke ʻano he lula, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻanā, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ko lākou wai a me nā lāʻau. Ma nā ʻano terestrial kahi i ʻeli ai i ka lepo, nāʻaila liʻiliʻi i hoʻoponopono ʻia no ka eli ʻana e loaʻa i nā manamana lima.
Hiki i ka uluʻana o Limb paʻakikī ke paʻakikī i kekahi mau kūlana:
- ʻO kekahi o nā limu o ka ʻōpū o ka tadpole hiki ke ʻai ʻia e ka poʻe predator. I ka hapanui o ka nui, ʻaʻole kēia i ka pale i ka hoʻouluulu ʻana o kahi ʻōpū piha, akā i kekahi manawa hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻole a hoʻomohala ʻole (ʻoiai, hiki i ka holoholona ke ola me nā manamana lima).
- ʻO ka parasitic flatworm o ka ulu Ribeiroia, e hoʻopuka ana i ka hope o ke kino o ka tadpole, hiki ke hoʻololi i ke kūlana o nā puna o nā limahana kūwili. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia manawa i ka hoʻolālāʻana o hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha mau wāwae hou.
ʻIli
I loko o nā ʻano nui o nā rana, ka ʻili i ka wai i ka wai (ʻo ka wahi nui loa ka mana o ka ʻili ka wahi pelvic). Hoʻopilikia kēia hiʻohiʻona i nā pōkole o ka nalowale o ka nalowale a maloʻo ana i waho. I loko o kekahi mau baki lāʻau, ʻike ʻia i ke ʻano o kahi ʻāpana wai piha ʻokoʻa o ka ʻili e hiki ke ʻike. ʻO ka baki mau haʻahaʻa e hōʻemi i ka wai ʻana ma o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ke ʻano: ke ola ʻana o ka nocturnal, e hana ana i nā postures e hōʻemi ana i ka pili o ka ʻili o ka ʻili me ka ea, no ka laʻana, hoʻomaha lākou i nā hui ākea paʻa i kēlā me kēia.
ʻO ka ʻili o nā rana e kōkua iā lākou e hoʻōho iā lākou iho. Hiki i nā lālā o kekahi mau ʻano ke hoʻololi i ke kani ʻili i mea e hui maikaʻi ʻia me nā ʻūlima a puni.
Hoʻololi kekahi mau ʻano o nā rana i ka ʻili o ko lākou ʻōuli me ka pae o ke kukui a me ke anuanu o ke kaiapuni. Hāʻawi ʻia kēia hana e nā pūpū kūikawā i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka pigment, ka nui o nā mea e loli ana ma lalo o ka mana o ke kukui a me ka haʻahaʻa. Ke hoʻololi nei i ka pena ʻili mai ka māmā i ka ʻeleʻele i loaʻa i ka thermoregulation o kēia mau ʻano.
ʻUla
Hoʻāla ka nui o nā rana i nā mea ʻona e mālama iā lākou no ka pale aku i nā mea kahakaha a no ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana. Ka mea kanu o ka frog venom e hilinaʻi i nā ʻano a hiki ke kau ʻia me ka nāhelehele o ka ʻili, hallucinogens, nā toxins nerve, vasoconstrictors, nā mea huʻala e hoʻoulu ai i nā hoʻokolohua, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka poʻe hoʻonaʻauao hoʻonaʻauao i kekahi mau baki, ma ke ʻano he lula, ua hoʻokaʻa ʻia i ke ʻano o nā mea make i loko o kēia mau ʻano, akā, ʻo nā holoholona ʻokoʻa ʻole, e like me nā kānaka, hiki ke hōʻeha nui ʻia mai ka pili ʻana me ka polaka, kahi i hiki ke make.
ʻAʻole like ʻole ke kumu o nā mea ʻona i nā baki. Hoʻokā kekahi mau baki i nā mea hoʻonā kino iā lākou iho, aʻo kekahi mau mea e lawe ʻia nā mea i loaʻa mai ka meaʻai (ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻāpana. E like me ke kānāwai, hōʻailona nā palaka i kā lākou mau ponana me kahi kala aniani, momona, ʻōlelo "ʻōpala". Aia pū kekahi mau ʻano lulu me nā baki e hoʻopalulu i nā mea ʻino me ko lākou kala, e hoʻonāukiuki i nā mea hoʻohana.
Pūnaehana me ka hoʻokahe koko
Loaʻa ka ʻili o nā rana i nā molekiko oxygen, carbon dioxide a me ka wai. ʻO nā kīʻaha koko ke kū pololei ma lalo o ka ʻili e ʻae iā lākou e hanu ana inā hoʻopuʻi piha ʻia i ka wai, ʻoiai ke kahe koko mai ka wai ma o ke kino i komo i ke koko. Ma ka ʻāina, hanu nā rana me kā lākou mauʻu.Nele lākou i kahi papa o nā mākala (ʻōpū, diaphragm a me intercostal), nāna i hāʻawi i ka hana hoʻokalakupua-hoʻopau i nā mammals. Ma ke kū, ua kulu ka ʻalā e lele, komo ka lewa i loko o nā pūlima, a me ka pīpī ʻana i nā ʻōpū o ka lua o ka waha e hoʻoheheʻe i ka ea i loko o ka ʻāla. Ma ʻAukake 2007, ua loaʻa ka ʻike o nā rana Barbourula kalimantanensise alakaʻi ana i kahi nohona piha. ʻO kēia ka heihei mua o ka rana make ʻole o ka ʻōpala.
Loaʻa i nā lālani kahi puʻuwai ʻekolu ʻekolu, a me nā reptile (me ka ʻole o nā crocodiles, kahi naʻau pākana i loko o kahi puʻuwai). ʻO ke koko momona o Oxygen mai ka palu ke komo i ka puʻuwai ma o ka atrium hema, a ʻo ke koko i hoʻouluhua ʻia ma ka carbon dioxide mai nā kiko, a me ke koko hoʻi he nui o ka oxygen mai ka veins ʻiliʻu, ma ka ʻākau. No laila, he mau pua kuʻina ke koko ma ka atrium hema, a hui pū ʻia i ke koko ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau. Hoʻoponopono ka pahu kīpē kūikawā i ke kahe o ke koko mai ka ventricle o ka puʻu i ka aorta a i ʻole pulmonary artery, i kau ʻia i ke ʻano o ke koko. Hāʻawi kēia hana i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ke koko me ka ʻike kiʻekiʻe o ka oxygen a me nā koko i kaomi me ka carbon dioxide, a no laila e hāʻawi hou i kahi metabolism ʻoi aku ka ikaika.
Hoʻopili ʻia kekahi ʻano o nā rana no ke ola ʻana i ka wai me kahi hoʻoliʻiliʻi haʻahaʻa. No laila, no ka laʻana, he baki Telmatobius culeus, e noho nei ma ka puʻu kiʻekiʻe ʻo Titicaca, i ʻāʻī i ka ʻili me kahi māhuahua papa kiʻekiʻe, i hāʻawi ʻia i ka loli ʻana o nā ʻalā. Ma ke kānāwai, ʻaʻole hoʻohana kēia frog i kāna mau māmā rudimentary. Hōʻike nā hōʻike i ko nā ʻelele o kēia ʻano ʻano, aia ma lalo o ka loko, i kēlā me kēia manawa e hoʻoneʻe i nā ʻano mele i lalo a i lalo, e hoʻonui ana i ka kahe a puni lākou.
ʻŌnaehana nenoaiu
ʻO nā niho o nā baki, kahi i kapa ʻia. nā niho huneʻo i kūlou i ka iwi āua, me kā lākou mau holoholona i kōkua i ka ʻai i mua o ka meʻa. ʻAʻole ikaika loa kēia mau niho i ka ʻāʻī a hopu i ka hoʻopiʻi. Hopu aku ʻo Palaka i kā lākou meaʻai (lele a me nā holoholona liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe) me kahi alapi ʻoni, kahaki. Ma kahi ʻāhewa e hele, kuʻi ʻia ka alelo ma ka waha. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia i mua o nā ʻāʻā, a hiki i ka huaʻōlelo ke "pana" iā lākou i ka wā e hoʻihoʻi iā ia i ke kaʻa kiʻekiʻe. ʻAʻohe o kahi mau bakoka he alelo, a e hoʻopili lākou i ka meaʻai i loko o kā lākou waha me kā lākou mau puʻuwai. I nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, hiki ke huki ʻia nā maka ma o ke kaʻaka o ka ʻūhā a ke kuʻi nei i ka meaʻai i loko o ka waha, e kaomi i loko o ke ʻāʻī. Holo ʻia ka meaʻai aʻai ʻana i ka esophagus i loko o ka ʻōpū, kahi i hoʻomoʻa ʻia e ka digestive enzymes. Ma hope o kēlā, e hoʻokomo i ka ʻōpala liʻiliʻi, kahi e hoʻomau ai ʻo ia i ka ʻili. ʻO ka mea huna o ka wai pancreatic a me ka hua bile i hana ʻia e ka ʻāʻī a hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻili pīpī e loaʻa i loko o kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi. Loaʻa ka ʻili ʻana i ka momona a me nā momona. Lawe ke kai i ka ʻai nui, mai kahi mai, ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai ʻokoʻa nui, komo lākou i ka cloaca.
ʻŌnaehana excretory
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana excretory ka mea like me nā molola. Aia ia i nā hua ʻelua (mesonephros), kānana i ka urea a me nā huahana koʻikoʻi mai ke koko. Kūpī ka piltrate hopena hopena i ka urine, a laila hele ma waena o ka ureter a hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻāpana. Mai ka pahi, komo nā huahana waiwai a ke kino i ka cloaca a mai waho.
ʻŌnaehana hoʻohālikelike
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻōnaehana o ka baki, me kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe, ma kahi o ka hoʻomakeke ʻana. I nā nui o nā rana, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine. He mau leo leo leo nā mele, a he nui nā ʻano ʻehā o ka ʻāʻī, me ke kōkua o kēia hoʻoiho i kahi croak nui i ka wā hana. Hoʻopili nā ʻelua hōʻike i ka palupalu, kuʻi ʻia ka ʻōpū ma luna o nā ʻōpū, ma hope o ke komo ʻana i ka ureter, a mai laila i loko o ka cesspool. I ka hala ʻole o kahi uʻi, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka sperm mai ka cloaca pololei i nā hua i waiho ʻia e ka wahine i ka wā o ka amplexus.
Ua hoʻohiki nā wahine i ka ovaries kokoke i nā keiki. Pau nā hua hua i loko o nā oviducts i hala.I ka wā o ka amplexus, ʻo ke kiʻi o ke kāne ka mea e hoʻoulu i ka waiho ʻana o ka hua e ka wahine. Hoʻohui pinepine ʻia nā hua me ka ʻano like o kahi ʻano lā.
ʻŌnaehana aloha
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana o nā raka ka hanana o ka lolo, ka spinal cord a me nā nerves, a me ke ganglia peripheral nerve. ʻO nā ʻāpana he nui o ka lolo frog e pili i nā ʻāpana o ka lolo o ke kanaka. ʻO ka lolo he ʻelua mau lau o ka lau olfactory, ʻelua hemispher cerebral, gland pineal, ʻelua lobic optic, cerebellum a me medulla oblongata. Mālama ka cerebellum i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me ka kaulike, a me ka medulla oblongata e kāohi ai i ka hanu ʻana, ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana, ka ʻoni ʻana, a me nā hana maʻalahi o ke kino. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka lolo o ka baki ma mua o ke kanaka. ʻO ka nui o lākou he 10 mau hīnaehana cranial a me nā 10 o nā iwi milo, a hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mammals, nā manu, a me nā reptile, he 12 mau hīnaʻi cranial. ʻAʻohe o Palaka i kahi pepeiao waho, a wehe ka eardrum i waho. E like me nā tetrapods ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka pepeiao o ka frog e hoʻopili i nā mea hana vestibular. ʻO ka ʻakaʻī pepeiao liʻiliʻi, hoʻohana nā rana i kahi mea uila (like ʻole me nā mammals mechanical) e ʻike ai i nā leo.
Nā Organs o ka hihiʻo
Aia nā maka o nā baki i ka piko o ke poʻo a alualu pinepine i mua. Hāʻawi kēia iā lākou me kahi pālahalaha ākea, hiki iā ia ke hoʻokaʻawale iā ia iho i ka wai, e waiho wale ana kona mau maka ma luna o ka ʻili. Mālama ʻia nā maka e ka neʻe ʻana o nā maka i ʻole a me kahi membrane paʻa paʻa e pale aku i nā maka ma ka wai. ʻAno ke kala o ka iris a me ke ʻano o ka haumāna i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa like.
ʻIke ʻia nā rana me nā mea mamao ma mua o nā mea kokoke. Noho koke nā poloka uhaʻi i ka ʻike o kahi hoʻoweliweli kūpono a ʻo kona aniani hoʻi, akā ke kiʻi kokoke loa i ka mea, ʻike ka ʻike iā lākou. Ke kuhi nei ka baki i kona alelo i ka mea i pio, e kuhi ana i kahi mea kiki liʻiliʻi e ʻike ʻole ʻia. Lawe ʻo ia i ka pahuhopu i mua, ʻoiai nā hiʻohiʻona o ka anatomy e pani iā ia i kona mau maka i ke kau ʻana i kona alelo. ʻAʻole i kū ʻia ka nīnau no ka ʻike ʻana i nā kala i loko o nā rana. Ua hōʻike aku nā hoʻokolohua i ka hopena maikaʻi o nā rana me ka mālamalama uliuli.
Loaʻa i nā lālani kahi kikoʻī kūlike ma waena o nā vertebrates. I loko o ka noiʻi noiʻi, ua ʻike ʻia ka aneane 95% o ka ʻike ka i ʻike ʻia i ka ʻāpana o ka pehu. Hela kēia i ka ʻike ʻole ʻole o ka rana ma hea ia. ʻO ka hopena hope loa ka ʻike ʻana o nā baki i nā mea i neʻe aku.
Nā Organs o ka hoʻolohe
Ua lohe nā rana ma ka ʻāina a ma lalo o ka wai. ʻAʻohe o lākou pepeiao waho, akā, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, aia ka eardrum ma hope o kēlā me kēia maka. Hoʻopilikia ka mea kani i ka hiʻi o nā membrane, e hoʻoiho iā ia i ka pepeiao waena a i loko. ʻO ka nui o ka eardrum a me ka mamao ma waena o lākou e hoʻoponopono i ke alapine o ka leo i kēia cog cogaks. I kekahi mau mea, no ka laʻana, he puʻupuʻu bipi, ka nui o nā membran e pili ana i ka nui o nā maka e hōʻike ana i ke kāne. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā maka o nā membrane kāne, a ʻo nā ʻolua kekahi like like. Me kēia rula, ʻaʻole hilinaʻi wale nā rana i ka lohe ʻana, a ʻaʻole hoʻi lākou e loli i kahi leo ʻino a hiki ke ʻike lākou i kona kumu.
Anabiosis
Ma nā kūlana o ke anuanu, lele kekahi mau ʻano o nā rana i loko o kahi kūlana i hoʻokuʻu wale ʻia a ʻaʻole paha e hōʻike i kekahi hana i mau mahina. I nā wahi anu, hiki i ka rana me ka hoʻoilo ma ka hoʻoilo. Hoʻokū ʻia kekahi mau ʻano lāʻau i loko o nā crevices a kanu ʻia paha i nā lau maloʻo. ʻO ka ʻano o nā mea akale (no ka laʻana ka puua bipi), ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, moe ma ka lalo o kahi poʻokela, ʻuʻuku ʻia i loko o ka silt, akā mālama mau hoʻi i ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai. Holo i kā lākou metabolism, a ola lākou ma ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā kaha kūloko o loko. Hiki i nā rana he nui i pakele ʻole. ʻOiai ke ʻano o ka crystals hau ma lalo o ko lākou ʻili a me nā ʻōpū o ke kino, pale ʻia nā ʻiʻo nui mai ka manuahi ma muli o ke kaila nui o ka glucose i loko o nā kiko.ʻIke ʻia he lālaki ola ole, hiki ke hoʻomaka e hanu a hoʻoulu hou i ka hana puʻuwai ke hoʻomehana ʻia ia.
Ma ka lima 'ē aʻe, Cyclorana alboguttata i loko o ka manawa maloʻo nui loa ma Ausetalia e hāʻule ai i kahi kūlana o ka kuhi (ua ke kauwela kauwela), ʻaʻohe o ka meaʻai a me ka wai no 9-10 mahina o ka makahiki. Kūlū ʻia kēia rana iā ia iho i ka ʻōpū a kālai ʻana i kahi kulu pale pale, ka mea e ʻāʻī i kona ʻili. Hōʻike nā haʻawina i ka wā o ka estivation, loli ka metabolism frog i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono mitochondrial, e ʻae ana i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o ka nui o nā kumuwaiwai o ka ikehu i loaʻa i ka baki i ka wā hānau. Ke hoʻāʻo nei e pane i ka nīnau no ke aha ka pālahalaha ʻole ʻana o kēia ʻano mea i loko o ke aupuni holoholona, ua hele mai nā mea noiʻi i ka hopena he mau pono ia no nā holoholona kūlohelohe wale nō i hoʻoluhi ʻia i animale no ka manawa lōʻihi, he haʻahaʻa loa ka uku o ke ikehu, no ka mea ʻaʻole pono lākou e hoʻomau mau i ka hoʻomau wela. Ua hōʻike kekahi haʻawina hou e hoʻokō ai i nā koi pono o ka ikehu, ka hika o ka frog i ka hapa nui o nā muso (me ka ʻike ʻole o nā pūpū o nā manamana lima).
Kamaʻilio ʻana
ʻO kona ʻano ʻano pākahi me kona ʻano iho. ʻO Croaking ke kani kani ʻana i ka larynx. He nui nā ʻano ʻē aʻe e hoʻonui ai i ke kani a lākou - nā ʻeke ʻāʻī, ʻo nā membrane kaili ʻili e kū ana ma lalo o ka ʻāʻī a i nā ʻaoʻao paha o ka waha. ʻO kekahi mau poʻokela o nā rana (ma ka laʻana ʻo Nornitsa a me Neobratrahus) ʻaʻohe o nā ʻeke kūhā, akā naʻe, hiki iā lākou ke hana i ka leo nui, no ka mea, ua like ka nui o ka waha a me ka nui e hana e like me ka hoʻonui ʻia. Ka lohe ʻia ʻana o kekahi o nā rana ma mua aʻe o kahi kilomita. ʻAʻole nui nā ʻano no nā rogona e noho ana ma ka wai kahe ʻana me ka hoʻōla ʻana i ka leo, ʻoiai he leo nui ʻole ka maikaʻi o ke kamaʻilio ʻana. Ma kahi naʻe, hoʻohana nā mea ʻano like i ke ala o ke kamaʻilio ("semaphore" kekahi i kekahi).
E like me ka hōʻike ʻana o nā mea nānā, ka hapa nui o ka kamaʻilio ʻana o ka bako e kau ai i nā wahine. Hiki i ke aniani ke kuolo wale, a hiki ke hana i kahi kāhi inā hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā kāne he nui i nā wahi kūpono no ka moe. ʻO nā wahine o nā ʻano palaka (e.g. Polypedates leucomystax) croak i kēlā me kēia pane i nā kāne, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka hana kūloko. Makemake nā wahine i nā kāne e hana nui a kani i nā kani, e hōʻike ana i ke kāne olakino a ikaika hoʻi i hiki ke hana i nā hua maikaʻi.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kekahi papa leo o nā kani a nā kāne ʻehā a e ʻeha ʻia e kekahi kāne. He hiʻohiʻona ʻano chirping maikaʻi kēia e hui pū me ka hiʻona o ke kino. ʻO nā kumulāʻau a me kekahi mau ʻano o ka bako terestrial i loko o kā lākou hui ʻana i ke kani ʻana o kahi ua e hiki mai ana, a lākou e hoʻoiho ʻia i ka wā e hui pū ʻia ai nā ʻano kime, a me kekahi leo kikoʻī e hoʻokuke aku ana i nā kāne o nā ʻāina ʻē i ka ʻāina e paʻa ana. Ke hoʻohana nei kēia mau leo āpau me ka waha i pani ʻia.
ʻO kekahi mau baki i kahi kūlana o ka pōpilikia e hoʻopuka i kahi hōʻailona hōʻeha me kahi waha e hamama ana, e loaʻa ana i kahi kani nui. Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, i paʻi ʻia e ka lālani i hopu ʻia e ka mea wānana. ʻO kekahi manawa i ka predator e ʻokiʻoki i kēia uē e hoʻokuʻu i ka baku, a hele mai kekahi mau mea wānana e holo pū ana me ia, e ʻae nei i ka mea i hopu ʻia, e ʻae ana i ka pakele.
Lele
ʻO nā palaka he manaʻo maikaʻi loa nā poʻe lele a pau o ka vertebrates (ma ka lōʻihi o ka hiolo e pili ana i ka nui o ke kino). Nā lālani Australia Litoria nasuta hiki ke lele i kahi mamao ma kahi lōʻihi o kona kino (5.5 cm) ma mua o 50 mau manawa. Hiki i ka wikiwiki ke piʻi i 20 m / s 2. He ʻokoʻa nā ʻano o nā rana no kēlā me kēia i ko lākou hiki ke lele.I loko o nā ʻano ʻano ʻano, aia kekahi mau loiloi maikaʻi ma waena o ka nui o ka pākahi a me ka lōʻihi o ka lele, akā e emi ana ka lōʻihi o ka peke (ka lōʻihi o ka lele i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka lōʻihi o ke kino). Ka baki India Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis Loaʻa iā ia ke ʻano kūʻokoʻa a puka i waho o ka wai mai kahi kūlana e kau ana ma ka pā. Nā huaʻala liʻiliʻi Nā lipia Acris hiki ke "holo a wele" ma luna o ka wai i nā peke pōkole pōkole.
ʻO ka hiki i ka pīkī ke puʻupuʻu ma muli o ka hapanui o kā lākou musculoskeletal system ua hoʻololi ʻia no ka lele ʻana. ʻO ka tibia, ka fibula a me nā wāwae kekahi e hoʻopili ʻia i loko o kahi iwi hoʻokahi, a me ka radius a me ka ulna o nā forelimbs (lawe lākou i ka inertia i ka wā pae. Hoʻopili ʻia ka metatarsus, e hoʻonui ana i ka lōʻihi o ka wāwae, kahi e ʻae ai ka poraka i ka pana i ka ʻāina no kahi manawa lōʻihi, e hoʻonui ana i ka wikiwiki. ʻO ka ilium he elongated a hana i kahi pilina paʻa me ka sacrum, ʻo ia ka mea kupanaha i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia e like me Ranidae a Hylidae, hana e like me ka hoʻohui kino līkahi, e hoʻonui ana i ka ikaika o ka leapihi. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka caudal vertebrae i ka urostyle, aia i loko o ke ʻōiwi. Hāʻawi ia iā ʻoe i ka hoʻoulu hou ʻana i ka rehule lele mai nā wāwae a i ke kino.
I ka like like, e loli ai nā ʻōpū o nā baki. E like me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe me nā manamana lima, ma nā mau baki kahiko i hoʻoponopono ʻia e ko lākou neʻe ʻana i nā ʻāpana o nā pūpū - nā flexors a me nā mea hoʻolale. I nā lāʻī i kēia mau lā, ʻo nā ʻōpū e hoʻolaha ai i ka lele e pau i nā hanana (ʻo nā ʻōpū nui i kūkulu ʻia ma mua o 17% o ka huina o ka baki, a ʻo nā ʻaliho e hoʻihoʻi i nā limu i ko lākou kūlana mua i ka hiki ʻana i ka atrophied. Hōʻalo i ka neʻe ʻana o ka peke ka hiki i nā wāwae wāwae ke holo pololei. I ka wā mua, neʻe lākou (ʻoiai ʻo ka rog e hoʻomau ana e noho), a laila hui a lele hou iā lākou, e hoʻouna ana i ka baki i ka lewa. I ka wā o ka lele ʻana, ua kīpoki ʻia nā mua i ka umauma, a hoʻonui ʻia nā limu lik i ka lōʻihi. I kekahi mau ʻano baki (e.g. Osteopilus septentrionalis a Rana pipiens), ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka ikaika e nā ʻōpio i ka wā o ka lele ʻana i hiki ke hoʻonui i ko lākou mana theoretical. Loaʻa kēia ma muli o ka pīpī ʻana a kāʻili i ka mākeke no ka manawa mua loa, loaʻa ka ikaika i ke tendon ākea e ʻeke nei a puni ka iwi kuʻekuʻe. I ka lua o ka hoʻoulu ʻana o nā muscular, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia kēia tendon e like me ka catapult, e hāʻawi ana i ka baki i kahi wikiwiki e hiki ke hoʻokō e loaʻa wale ana me ka ʻoihana muscular. Loaʻa kekahi ʻano hana like i loko o kekahi mau poʻe mauʻu, me nā ʻūhini.
Ke holo a hele ana hoʻi
ʻO kekahi mau ʻano o nā rana he mau pōkole pōkole loa a neʻe i nā wāwae i mua o ka peke ʻana. Hāʻawi ʻia ka wikiwiki o nā ʻelele o kēia mau ʻano i ka neʻe wikiwiki ʻana i nā wāwae (brisk walk), a i ʻole ka peke wikiwiki. Pēlā Kassina maculata he pokole a me nā wāwae wīwī, ʻaʻole i kūpono ʻia no ka lele ʻana. Hiki i ka poraka ke holo wikiwiki, me ka neʻe ʻana i kona mau wāwae hind. Hōʻike ka neʻe lohi ka loli ʻole o ka frog ma ka holo wikiwiki (ma ka ʻano like, me ka hoʻohālike ʻana, mai kahi lio e holo ana i ka wikiwiki a hele i kahi alaloa i nā wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe). Hoʻomaopopo kēia ʻano holoholona pehea e piʻi ai i nā kumulāʻau a me nā mea kanu lāʻau, i hoʻohana ʻia i ka pō no ka hopu ʻana i nā pepeke. Ka baki India Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis he mau wāwae ākea a hiki ke holo i kekahi mau mika i hoʻokahi manawa ma luna o ka ʻili o ka wai.
Kauʻeleʻele
ʻO nā palaka e noho ana i ka wai me ka lawaiʻa e ʻauʻau, ko lākou mau wāwae huliwa a me ke kūkaʻi ʻana o nā membd interdigital swimming he ʻano no ke ʻano o ko lākou kino. Hoʻonui ka membranes i ka papahele o ka wāwae (e like me ka mea palaka) a hoʻoikaika i ka neʻe wikiwiki o nā rana ma ka wai. Nā lālā o ka ʻohana Pipidae alakaʻi i kahi ola aquatic piha a no laila kūpono i kēia hale.Paki lākou i ka pōkole inflexible, papalū ʻia ke kino a elongated, paʻa nā wāwae lima ikaika i nā membranes nui, a no ka pae maikaʻi ʻana i ka wai aia kekahi mea o nā laina lateral. ʻO Tadpoles, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, he mau apo caudal nui, e hāʻawi ana i ka wikiwiki e neʻe i mua, ke neʻe nei ka huʻu mai kēlā ʻaoʻao a i kēia ʻaoʻao. I ka wai, ʻaʻole palaka ka pīhoihoi i ka wā ma ka metamorphosis, ke hele hewa ka hiapo a ʻaʻole maopopo nā wāwae.
Ka eli ʻana i kahi lua
Hoʻopili kekahi mau baki i ke ola ma lalo o ke ola, a ma muli o ke eli ʻana i ka lua. Ma kēia mau ʻano o nā rana, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai nui lākou, he ʻokiʻoki a puni, ʻo nā wāwae pōkole, kahi poʻo liʻiliʻi me nā maka poʻohiwi, a hoʻohui ʻia nā wāwae hind i ka ʻeli. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o ke loiloi kiʻekiʻe i kēia kuhikuhi Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis, nānā i ka hema hema. Hoʻokele ʻo ia i ka termites a hoʻomalu ʻia ʻo ia i lalo o kona ola a pau. Holo ka puka i kahi manawa pōkole i ka wā o ka monsoon, i ka wā e hele ai nā paila a me ka hana i nā puddles. He wahi poʻomanaʻo nui kēia ʻano pōpoki me kahi muzzle elongated a me kahi kino ākea. Ma muli o kāna nohona hana lalo, ua wehewehe mua ʻia kēia ʻano ʻano ma 2003 wale nō, ʻoiai ua ʻike ʻia ia e ka poʻe kamaʻāina no ka manawa lōʻihi
ʻO kekahi ʻano ʻano puʻu ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka Australian Heleioporus albopunctatus, ke alakaʻi nei i kahi ala o ke ola ʻē. Kuhi ka ʻōkole i ka lua ma ka lewa a i lalo o lalo o ka muliwai a hoʻoulu mau pinepine ia no ka meaʻai. Kuhi a me ka waiho ʻana i nā hua manu i loko o ka pūnana i loko o ka lua. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua i kekahi ʻano, akā ʻaʻole i waiho nā ʻenekini iā lākou a piha ka umu i ka ua nui. Pau wale nō ka puka ʻana o nā tadpoles i nā wai ākea, kahi e hoʻopau koke ai i kā lākou hoʻomohala ʻana. ʻO ka baki o loko o genus Scaphiophryne kanu i nā lau maloʻo. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻelele o kēia ʻano ʻano, ʻo Scaphiophryne marmorata, he poʻo ululāʻau maikaʻi a ulu maikaʻi ke ulu ʻana me nā metatarsal ulu maikaʻi i kona mau wāwae hind, e kōkua ana i ke kālai ʻana. Ma nā wāwae mua o kēia baki i nui nā peka wāwae pālima e kōkua ana e hele a komo i nā lāʻau. ʻO kēia ʻano o nā rana i mau ʻāpana i kū ʻia ma hope o ka ua.
Piʻi a Dart
Noho ka baki lāʻau ma nā lei o nā kumulāʻau, kahi e piʻi ai lākou ma nā lālā, nā pono a me nā lau. ʻAʻohe o lākou e iho i ka honua. No nā ʻōpala lāʻau "Real" nā hua lāʻau ʻohana, a i ʻole mau piʻoloke lāʻau, akā aia kekahi mau ʻohana o nā rana i kūkulu ʻia i ka lāʻau lāʻau.
No laila, ma waena o nā baki lāʻau aia nā lālā o nā ʻohana kumulāʻau, nā springboks, nā aniani a me nā kope kīpē. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā baki lāʻau ʻaʻole iʻoi aku i 10 cm ka lōʻihi a loaʻa nā wāwae lōʻihi a me nā wāwae lōʻihi me nā kākiki paʻa i ko lākou mau manamana lima. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā poloka lāʻau i nā mea ʻona aʻo pono a hiki ke hopu i ka pepeke ma ke kau ʻana ma kahi lālā ma luna o kekahi manamana lima, a i ʻole e noho ana ma ka ʻohe ʻohe e lele ana ka makani. Kekahi mau luna o ka subfamili Phyllomedusinae he mau kūʻē kūʻē i nā wāwae. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo Phyllomedusa ayeaye he kuʻekuʻe lima ʻelua ma kēlā me kēia kuʻekuʻe liʻiliʻi a me nā manamana ʻelua e kūʻē ana i nā wāwae ʻō. ʻAe kēia iā ia e pipiʻi i nā kumu o nā mea kanu kapakai.
Hoʻolālā ka holo
Ma loko o kāna mōʻaukala ʻōwili, ua hoʻohaumia kekahi mau ʻano lāʻau frog i ka lele hoʻolālā ʻana. ʻO kekahi mau lāʻau ʻōiwi i loko o nā ululāʻau ʻōlau kūikawā no ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka lāʻau a i ʻole ka mea hiki ke lele mai ka lāʻau a i ka ʻāina ma kahi ʻano i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ("parachuting"). ʻO kahi ʻelele maʻamau ʻo Frog Rhacophorus nigropalmat, e noho ana i Malaysia a me Borneo. He mau wāwae nui kona, ua hoʻonui ʻia kona manamana lima a hoʻopili ʻia me nā kākelikoa, aia ka mau māka lele ma waena o nā manamana lima, a he mau ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka ʻili ma ka umauma a me ka lula. Ke hoʻomoe nei i nā manamana lima a me nā wāwae, hiki i kēia frog ke hoʻolālā i nā lōʻihi ākea (a hiki i 15 mau mika) ma waena o nā kumu lāʻau, e hoʻololi ana i ke ala o ka neʻe i ka pono
Ke pale ʻana
I ka manawa mua, ʻike nā frogs i ka pale ʻole i ka māmā o kā lākou liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ka neʻe lohi, nā ʻili poki a me ka loaʻa ʻole o nā mea pale (no ka mea, nā pūlima, nā niho a me nā ʻōpū.) Nui nā polana i nā kala kūlike ia e ʻike ʻole ai lākou e kū pono ʻole i ka wā o ke kaiāulu. Hiki i nā poʻe ʻē ke hana i nā lele nui mai ka ʻāina i ka wai, e ʻae iā lākou e pakele mai nā poʻe predator.
Hoʻōla ka nui o nā rana i nā mea ʻona (bufotoxins), e hana ai i nā poʻe no ka poʻe ʻike ʻole loea. He mau pololi parotid nui i loaʻa ma hope o nā maka e huna i ka lemus a me nā meaʻawaʻawa e hoʻolapalapa ai i nā baki a me ka meaʻala i ka manawa like. Inā ʻike koke ʻia ka hopena o ka lāʻau, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka ʻaka. Inā kānalua ka hana a ka mea make, ʻaʻole ʻo ia e hoʻopakele i ka pōkā i hopu ai ia, akā, e hoʻomau ka mea a ka mea nāna i kū mai.
ʻO nā baki poʻomanaʻo, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, hōʻailona lākou i kā lākou huakini me kahi kala ʻulaʻula (kahi hoʻolālā kūpono i kapa ʻia ʻo apohematism). ʻO kekahi mau mea ʻino ʻole i ke kūmole ma lalo o nā mea make. No laila, no ka laʻana, ʻo ka palaka Allobates zaparo he mea ʻole i ka pau ʻole, akā ka hana like i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa ʻelua e noho nei i kona pae ʻāina. Ke hui pū ʻia nā ʻano ʻelua, Allobates zaparo replicates less toxic
Caviar
E like me ke kānāwai, ua hoʻopili ʻia ka frog roe i kahi waihona gelatinous multilayer, e hoʻolako ai i nā hua me kekahi pale a ʻaʻole pale i ka hoʻoheheʻe o oxygen, carbon dioxide a me ammonia. Mālama kēia pale pale i ka umu a e pulu i ka wai. Ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, kahi o loko o nā wai o ka hua manu, kahi e hāʻawi ai i ke kūʻokoʻa o ka neʻe no ka embryo ulu. Ma kekahi mau ʻano (no ka laʻana, ka frog ahe ʻulaʻula a me Rana sylvatica), he algae kahe unicellular i loaʻa i loko o ka gelatinous. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua pili maikaʻi lākou i ka holo ʻana o ka embryo, me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka kao o ka oxygen i hana ma ka photosynthesis. 'Ole ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha paha ka nui o nā hua manu, a hiki iā lākou ke wela i lalo o ka lā ma mua o ke kaiāulu. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka mahana i loko o ke cluster o Rana sylvatica caviar he 6 ° C ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ke kūmole o ka wai, ua loaʻa i nā wikiwiki wikiwiki ka embryos
ʻO ka nui a me keʻano o ka caviar agglomerate kēlā me kēia ʻano. Nā rana ʻohana Ranidae pili i nā lupe spherical. Kuke iki ʻia kahi Kuban manu liʻiliʻi e kanu i nā hua i hoʻokahi manawa a kanu ia lākou i ka lepo lepo. Hoʻokumu ʻo Leptodactylus pentadactylus i kahi pūpū manuahi i loko o ka lua, e waiho ana ma kahi o hoʻokahi kaukani hua ma loko. Hana ʻia nā Tadpoles i ka wā e hoʻopiha ai ka wai i ka lua, a kū pinepine i ka hanana i loko o ka pūnana. Hoʻomoe nā hua ʻalaʻula i nā hua lāʻau ma luna o nā lau i loaʻa ma luna o ka ʻili o ke kō. Hoʻokomo, ka hāʻule ʻana o nā tadpole mai nā lau i loko o ka wai.
I kekahi mau lāʻau, ma kahi ʻano o ka hoʻolālā ʻana, hiki i nā hua kō i loko o nā hua ke hopu i ka leo a nā ʻōpala (wasps, nāhelehe) a me ka hatch e hele i mua o ka manawa e loaʻa ai ka holo a pale i ka make. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke ana o ka papa hoʻōla o nā embryo ma nā hua manu e hilinaʻi i nā ʻano o ka mea kūikawā a me nā kūlana o ke kaiapuni. E like me ke kānāwai, na ka tadpoles i holo i loko o hoʻokahi pule ma hope o ka haki ʻana o ka hua moa hua ʻia ma lalo o ka mana o ka hormone i hana ʻia e ka embryo.
Nā ʻōpili
ʻO nā hua pala Frog e puka mai ana mai nā hua ʻia i kapa ʻia ka tadpoles. Ke alakaʻi nei lākou i ka ola holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa, akā ʻo ka mea hoʻokahi i ʻike ʻia - nā ʻalopole o nā ʻano Nannophrys ceylonensis me nā semi-ʻāina a noho ma waena o nā ʻele lepo. ʻO ko lākou kino, e like me ke kānāwai, he ʻano oval, ʻo ka huelo, lōʻihi, ka ʻūlū laulima, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia no kaʻau ʻana. He ʻōkoki kūloko nā ʻōpole, aia nā maka i ka anilā, aia kahi mea o ke laina o nā laina, nā mea kuʻuna e lawelawe no ka hanu. I ka hoʻomaka, ua loaʻa i ka tadpoles nā mea waho mai nā kikowaena, a ma hope iho (ua uhi ka ʻeke sac i nā gills a me nā wāwae mua).Hoʻokumu ka ʻōpū i kahi māla hanu hou. Hoʻokomo kekahi mau ʻano i ka metamorphosis i ka ʻōpū, a me ka haka o ka bako mai nā hua. ʻAʻohe o nā niho maoli nā Tadpoles, akā nui nā ʻano āpau i uhi ʻia me nā lālani laina o ka keratin denticles (ʻelua mau lālani ma luna o ka iwi o luna, ʻekolu mau lākaha ma nā kuʻekuʻe lalo a me nā horny). ʻO ka nui o nā lālani a me nā morphology pololei o ka waha ke ʻano o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa a hiki ke lawelawe i ka hōʻailona diagnostic. ʻO nā ʻeneke ʻohana ʻehā (koe wale nō genus Hymenochirus) loaʻa i nā lua antennae i lilo iā lākou e like me ka iʻa liʻiliʻi
ʻO ka ʻenekele i nā mea kanu a hānai i nā algae i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai loko o ka wai ma o nā mea kanu. Aia kekahi mau holoholona i ka mea mua ma ka ʻāpana tadpole a hānai i nā mea ulaula (ʻo ka tadpoles o Osteopilus septentrionalis e hana kaola), a ʻai pū kekahi i nā iʻa liʻiliʻi. ʻO nā Tadpoles, i nā wāwae ulu mua, hiki ke lilo i mea hōʻeha no kā lākou mau hoa.
Hōʻele ʻia nā ʻili e nā iʻa, salamanders, karnivora a me nā manu manu (e.g. Kingfisher). He mea ʻona kekahi ʻano. I kēlā me kēia ʻano o ka baki, kahi ʻo ka tadpole e hoʻomaka ana mai ka hebedoma a hiki i kekahi mau mahina a hilinaʻi ia i ka hoʻolālā pua.
ʻO ka metamorphosis
Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka laʻana o ka tadpole, hele nō nā rana i kahi hana o ka metamorphosis, ma ka hana o ke kino kino i hoʻohuli hou ʻia i ke ʻano makua. Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, e pili ana ka metamorphosis i kahi lā. Hoʻomaka ia me ka hana o ka hormone thyroxine, e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka mū. No laila, he hoʻololi i ka ʻōnaehana o ka hānai ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ka māmā i kahakaha me ka nalo o nā pulu a me nā gill sac. Kahi ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole. Loaʻa ka ʻaha haʻahaʻa i kahi ʻano predator i kahi hiʻohiʻona, pōkole ke mauʻu. Hoʻopili ka ʻōnaehana pahuhopu i ka ʻike stereoscopic a me ka hoʻolohe, a me nā ala hou o ka neʻe ʻana a me ka pono. Ke piʻi nei nā maka, eyelids a me nā hoʻopili pili. Hoʻololi ʻia nā kino pepeiao (ʻike i ka membrane auditory a me ka pepeiao waena. E hele a ikaika a paʻa ka ʻili, paʻa nā kino o ke sideline (ma ka hapanui) I ke ala hope loa o ka metamorphosis, nalowale ka huelo, nā ʻili kika e hele ai i ke kūkulu ʻana o nā wāwae.
Rana temporaria frog larva i ka lā ma mua o ka metamorphosis
Ma ka waena o ka metamorphosis - ua hoʻohuli ʻia nā ʻōpū, hoʻonui ʻia nā maka, ʻike ʻia nā koena o ka gill sac
Hōʻailona ʻoi, metamorphosis kokoke pau
Nā pākeke
ʻO nā baki e hana ana i ka metamorphosis e noho i kahi kūlana no ko lākou ʻano. ʻO kahi aneane āpau o nā baki a nā pākeke. Uʻi lākou i ka invertebrates, e like me nā arthropod, nā ʻalopona a me nā ʻōpū. Aia ka cannibalism, ʻelua interspecific a me intraspecific. Nui nā ʻano nui e ʻai ana i nā amphibians, nā momi liʻiliʻi a me nā manu. Hoʻokomo kekahi mau mea ʻona i kā lākou ʻai wikiwiki me ka ʻōlelo palaka, aʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e ʻai i ka meaʻai i loko o ko lākou waha me nā ihu mua. ʻO ka frog Xenohyla truncata kahi meaʻokoʻa loa, no ka mea e pili ana i nā huaʻai i loko o kāna meaʻai. ʻO ka poʻe predator ka mea i hopu i nā rana, me ka herons, puʻa, nā iʻa, salamanders nui, nāhehele, nā raccoons, nā ʻōpala, nā ferrets a me nā mea'ē aʻe.
ʻO ka Frog ka mea i hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua, ʻo ia kahi mea nui o ke kaulahao meaʻai. Ke lilo nei i nā holoholona i ke anuanu, hoʻohana lākou i ka ʻai i hoʻopau ʻia, ke hoʻopau wale nei ka hapa liʻiliʻi o ko lākou ikehu i ka hana metabolic a e hoʻohuli ai i ke koena i ka biomass. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou e lilo i meaʻai no nā mea hoʻonaʻauao pae mua, a hānai lākou iā lākou iho ma ka lāʻau arthropod, ʻo ka nui o nā mea kanu. No laila, ʻo kaʻai ʻana i nā mea kanu mea kanu, hoʻonui ka baki i ka ulu ʻana o ka biomass mea kanu, ua hāʻawi i ka mea kaulike o ka kaola.
ʻO ka nohona o ke ola o nā rana ma vivo ka ʻike ʻike ʻole ʻia. Ke hoʻohana nei i nā kaʻina skeletochronological, ua palena ʻia ke ola ola o ka frana Rana muscosa e nā loli kūmole i ka ulu ʻana o nā phalanges o nā manamana.Hōʻike ka ʻikepili i loaʻa ka lōʻihi o ke ola o ka pākeke he 10 mau makahiki, a hāʻawi ʻia i ke ʻano o ka tadpole, aia ma kēia ʻano he 4 mau makahiki, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke ola o kēia mau baki.
ʻO ka mālama mālama
ʻAʻole maopopo loa nā ala o ka mālama ʻana i nā hua o nā rana. Ma kahi o 20% o nā ʻano amphibian i manaʻo ʻia e mālama pono i nā cubs i kekahi ʻaoʻao a i ʻole kekahi. Aia kahi pilina kūwaho ma waena o ka nui o ka reservoir i hoʻohanaʻia no ka hana hou a me ka pae o ka mālama makua i hōʻike ʻia e nā baki. ʻO nā mea ʻōiwi e ulu ana i loko o nā kino liʻiliʻi o ka wai e hōʻike i nā kiʻekiʻe paʻakikī o ka mālama makua. Ma nā hale noho nui, nui ka pākana o nā caviar a me nā tadpoles i ʻai ʻia e ka poʻe predator. I ka ʻike ʻana o kēia, ua ʻano like kekahi o nā rana e waiho i ka hua ma ka ʻāina. I ka pilikino, mālama lākou e mālama i ka caviar moist ma lalo o nā malo maloʻo. Hōʻike ʻia ka mālama o nā mākua ma ke kahe ʻana o ka tadpoles i hū ʻia i ka ʻāina e loko ai nā loko wai.
I loko o nā kino liʻiliʻi o ka wai he liʻiliʻi nā mea kikoʻī, a ʻo ke ola ʻana o ka tadpoles e hoʻoponopono ʻia e ka hoʻokūkū kūloko. Hōʻalo kekahi mau ʻano mau baki i kēia hoʻokūkū ma ka lawe ʻana i nā tadpoles hou i loko o nā kahe liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi (lat. Phytotelmata) hoʻopiha ʻia me ka wai. ʻOiai ka nele o ka hoʻokūkū, ʻilihune nā ʻano like ʻole i nā lako, no laila e hānai nā mākua i kā lākou punpola. Hoʻokaʻawale kekahi mau ʻano i nā ʻenpole me nā hua moa ka moa. No laila, he wahi lāʻau liʻiliʻi (Oophaga pumilio) e waiho pololei i nā hua ma ka ʻāina ma ka ulu lāʻau. Mālama ka kāne i ka caviar mai nā mea hoʻolaha a hōʻaila iā ia me ka wai cacaa i ʻole ka maloʻo ʻia. Ke hoʻoku nei ka tadpoles i ka lua i ka lua o kekahi ʻelele o ka ʻohana bromeliad, e waiho ana i hoʻokahi tulpole i kēlā me kēia mea kanu. Ma hope o kēia, kipa pinepine ka wahine i ka ʻenehana, e kau ana i kēlā me kēia a ʻelua paha o ka hua moa ʻole i ʻai, a hoʻomau mau iā lākou a hiki i ka hana metamorphosis i loko. Ma ka like like, nā mākaʻi o nā ʻano Oophaga granulifera e mālama pono i kā lākou keiki.
He ʻano ʻokoʻa loa nā ʻano o ka mālama makua ma waena o nā rana. ʻO ka male liʻiliʻi o Colostethus subpunctatus ka mea mālama i kāna mau hua hua i waiho ʻia ma lalo o kahi pōhaku a i ʻole ka lāʻau. Ke hlay aku nei nā tadpoles, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻo ia iā lākou ma ke kua (me nā kihi mucous glued) i kahi kōkōne waʻa, kahi, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o ka wai, e hoʻokuʻu ana i hoʻokahi mau momona hou, a laila hoʻomau i ka wai hou. Kūkulu ʻia ka pogulosa e ka South American Engystomops pustulosus i kahi pūnana mai ka umu kahi e waiho ai i ka hua manu. ʻO ka ʻūpī ka pahuhopu i nā protein a me nā haʻawina a loaʻa paha nā ʻano o nā antibacterial. Hiki i kekahi mau huaʻehā ke kūkulu i kahi pālua. I kēia kipi, ua kūkulu mua ʻia ka "rula", a laila hoʻomoe ka baki i nā hua ma waenakonu, e hoʻololi ana i ka waiho ʻana i nā hua manu a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka pahuhopu, hoʻopiha i ke kaʻina ma ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi palaki maʻa ma luna o nā hua.
Mālama kekahi ʻano o nā rana i ka hua ma loko o ko lākou mau kino. Na ka wahine o ka rheobatrachus (i hala i hala) ua mau ka hua o kā lākou maʻi i kanu ʻia, i ulu ʻia i loko o ko lākou ʻōpū. I kēia manawa, kū i ka baki e hānai ana a hūnā i ka wai momona, a ʻo ka tadpoles i hānai i nā hua hua. Ma hope o ʻeono a ʻehiku mau pule, ua hāmama nā wahine i ko lākou waha a hānai i nā ʻili. ʻO kahi wahine wahine Darwin rhinderm e noho ana ma Kile e waiho i ka papa a hiki i 40 mau huaʻai, e pale ʻia e ke kāne. Ke honu nei nā pala, ua ale ke kāne iā lākou a hoʻopaʻa iā lākou i loko o kāna ʻeke kāwili nui. Kuke ʻia nā Tadpoles i loko o kahi wai kīʻaha maʻa, i hoʻohui ʻia i ka hua me nā mea kanu. Ke waiho nei lākou i loko o ka pū i ka ʻehiku a ʻumi paha mau pule, ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka metamorphosis, neʻe i ka lua o ka waha o ke kāne a lele i waho.
I ka kuke ʻana
ʻAi ʻia nā wāwae Frog ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe.ʻO ke ala maʻamau e leʻaleʻa i ka mākeke kūloko ma ke kumukūʻai o nā pōʻai kūloko kūloko i lilo i hiki ʻole i nā makahiki i hala iho nei ma muli o ka emi ʻana o kēia mau nui. I kēia manawa, aia kahi kālepa o ka honua ākea i nā wāwae frog. ʻO nā mea lawe nui, ʻo Farani, Belgium, Luxembourg a me USA, a ʻo nā mea lawe nui hoʻi ʻo Indonesia a me China. ʻO ka huli ʻana i kēlā me kēia makahiki laha keu ka pōkō ʻAmelika (Rana catesbeiana), ka mea i ulu ma loko o Kina, ua loaʻa i ka 2,4 tausani tons. ʻO nā'āina ʻē aʻe, no ka laikini ʻo Belarus, ua makemake nui nei i ke kanu ʻana i nā pōʻa e hoʻopau ʻia.
I ka papa noiʻi
Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Frog i nā hoʻokolohua ʻepekema. I nā makahiki 18, ua loaʻa ka loea o Luigi Galvani, ma o nā hoʻokolohua me nā baki, ka pilina ma waena o ka uila a me ka ʻōnaehana. I ka makahiki 1852, ua hoʻohana ʻo G.F. Stannius i ka puʻuwai o ka ʻogala i kahi hoʻokolohua i kapa ʻia ma hope ona, i mea e hōʻike kūʻokoʻa ai i nā selemaker cell kūʻokoʻa i nā puʻupuʻu like ʻole o ka mahele o ka puʻuwai a me ka atria. Kahi ʻia ka spog spur i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hapa mua o ka kenekulia 20 i loko o kahi hoʻohālikelike ma hope o ka Pelekānia Zoologist Lancelot Hogben i ʻike i ka hapanui o ka hormone chorionic gonadotropin i loko o ka urine o kahi wahine hāpai, ka mea e hoʻihoʻi i ka neʻe ʻana i kēia frog. I ka makahiki 1952, ua kālai ʻo Robert Briggs lāua ʻo Joseph King i ka ʻaka ma ka hoʻāla hou ʻana i kekahi o nā cell celli (ʻo ka Dolly lambe i kāʻei ʻia ma ke ʻano like. ʻO kēia ka hoʻokolohua maikaʻi mua loa i ke hoʻopili ʻana o nā vertebrates e ka neʻe nuklea. Hoʻohana nui ka Frog i ka noiʻi ma ka hana o ka embryology. ʻO nā mau bako spur i waiho ʻia i loko o nā mea hana hoʻomohala biology ma hope o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hoʻokolohua hou o ka wā ʻōpiopio, ʻoiai ua maʻalahi ka mālama ʻana i nā kūlana o ke kikowaena, a nui ka nui o kā lākou mau huaʻai no ka hoʻopunipuni ʻana. I ka manawa like, e hoʻonaninani ʻia ka baki Spur e ka ʻohana pili liʻiliʻi, Xenopus tropicalis, ka mea hōʻea i ka wā maʻi ma ka 5 mau mahina (a ʻaʻole i hoʻokahi makahiki a ʻelua paha, e like me ka pīhoihoi Spur), e wikiwiki ai nā haʻawina e koi ai i nā hanauna he mauʻu. ʻO Genome X. tropicalis e like me ka makahiki 2012 ma ke kaʻina hana.
ʻO nā meaʻokoʻa wale nō o nā meaola i hoʻoiho ʻia e nā bako, ua hoʻokū i ka makemake o nā biochemists i kēia "lāʻau kūlohelohe." ʻO ka epibatidine alkaloid, kahi mea hōʻeha, 200 mau manawa e ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ka morphine, i loaʻa i kekahi mau ʻano o ka genus listolaz. Wehewehe ʻia kahi peptide mai ka ʻōpū frog a manaʻo ʻia e poloka ai ka hoʻopiʻi o ka maʻi HIV.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Palaka i nā māka ʻae ʻana i nā kula a me nā kula. Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ua mālama mua ʻia lākou me nā puaʻa e loaʻa ai kahi kūlike ma waena o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ke kino. Ma ka hoʻomakaʻana o ka neʻe o ka holoholona holoholona, ua hoʻololi hou ʻia kēia hana e kahi kolohe ʻia i nā pōkā "digitized" - nā polokalamu kamepiula e hoʻomohala ana i nā meaola o kahi frog ola.
Kālā Hana
Mai ka wā kahiko, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka pōkā palaka e hana i nā pua a me nā kakaka. Me ke kōkua o nā mea huna e hoʻopiha ai i nā lau nui weliweli, nā ʻĀpana ʻAmelika Hema i hana i nā pua. ʻO ka hāpaʻa i huluhulu ʻia ma ke kua o ka baki, nā pana i pana ʻia mai ka paena makani ma luna o ka hopu. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā meaola ʻelua i loaʻa i loko o kēia mau mea huna (batrachotoxin a me homobatrachotoxin) i ikaika loa a hiki i ka uahi o ka pōkole i manaʻo ʻia e make ai he 22,000 mau kiʻo. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano lua o nā rana, ʻelua lau nahele laurima a me nā ʻāpana ʻelua ʻelua, a i hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻano mea ʻuʻina, akā he liʻiliʻi iki ko lākou ʻuʻuku, a i mea e kū pono ai ka lāʻau i loko o ke ahi. Ke nānā nei kēia mau poʻi i ko lākou hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau.
Ke kūlana palekana
Ua hoʻomaka ʻia nā haʻawina i nā makahiki 1950 e nui ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o nā rana.Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hapakolu o nā ʻano i pau i ka pau i ka hoʻopau ʻia. Ma kahi mau wahi, ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa o ka nui o nā rana ma muli o ka luku ʻana i ka noho kino, nā mea kīwaha, ke hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniani a me ka hoʻopuka ʻana o nā mea hoʻoneʻeneʻe haole, nā parasites a me nā mea hoʻokūkū. ʻO nā maʻi maʻi o ka chitridiomycosis a me ka ranavirus i manaʻo ʻia e hōʻino ʻia no ka nui o nā frog.
Manaʻo nui nā mea noiʻi, ʻo ka nui o ka naʻau o ka amphibians i ka laulā a me nā bako i ka ʻike kūlohelohe o ka hoʻopili e pili ana i nā mea e like me kā lākou kikowaena kūlohelohe i ka mekala meaʻai, nā ʻili kūwili a me ke ola o ke ola, ka mea e komo ai ka wai wai (tadpole) a me ke ʻano o ka nohona terrestrial o kahi pākeke. . ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kēlā mau liʻiliʻi o nā baki kahi i hoʻemi ʻia ai ke ʻano o ka wai o ke ola a i ʻole a i ʻole ʻole e pale ʻia i ka poloka ma mua o nā rana maʻamau e ulu ana i ka wai mai ka wā o ka hua a hiki i ka hopena o ka metamorphosis.
ʻO ka nui o nā mutations a me nā poho genetic i nānā i loko o nā baki i hoʻonui ʻia i ka wā o ke nānā ʻana mai ka 1990s a 2003. Kekahi o nā hemahema ʻē aʻe ʻole a i ʻole nā wāwae ʻē aʻe. Nā ʻōnaehana like ʻole e pili ana i nā kumu o kēia mau hema, ka nui o ka radiation ultraviolet mai nā hua, ʻohi ʻia me nā pesticides ahuwale a me nā maʻi parasit, e like me ka maʻi me ka Ribeiroia ondatrae trematode. Hiki paha i kēia mau kumu ke hana pū (radiation a me ka hoʻonaninani a ka kemika i ka pale ʻana i nā kaohi o nā mea ola i nā parasites). Hōʻalo ʻo Limb i ka hana hōʻeuʻeu o ka hoʻoweliweli, a ma muli o ka manawa, ke ola nei ka holoholona i ke ola ʻana o ka pālahalaha.
Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi ma Kanada ma 2006 e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lawe ʻana i nā pōpoki ma mua o ka pōʻino ma mua o ka pōʻino o ke kaiapuni. I kekahi manawa, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā papahana hoʻopiʻi pio e hana, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ke ʻano he lula ʻana. I ka makahiki 2007, ua paʻi ʻia kahi noiʻi e hōʻike ana i kekahi mau baki probiotic e hoʻonui i ka pale ʻana i ka baki i nā maʻi maʻi lethal. Ua kūkulu ʻia kahi papahana i kapa ʻia ʻo The Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project e mālama i kekahi mau ʻano o nā baki ma ka hikina o Panama e make ana i kēia mau maʻi, me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano pākuʻu no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā probiotics. Ua hoʻolaha ka World Association of Zoos a me Aquariums i ka makahiki 2008 o ka bako e huki ai i ka lehulehu i ka pilikia o ka mālama ʻana i nā baki.
Ma nā moʻolelo ʻōiwi
I nā lehulehu o ka honua, ua hoʻopili ʻia nā rana me ka nui o nā mea leʻaleʻa. Ma ka moʻomeheu China, ua hōʻailona ka ʻaka i ka lun Yin. ʻO ka ʻuhane o ka fring Qing-wah Sheng i hoʻopili ʻia me ka hoʻōla ʻana a me ka laki ma kā ʻoihana. ʻO ka hōʻailona "palaka ma ka pūnāwai" e pili ana i kahi mea kokoke. I loko o ka moʻomeheu kahiko o Peru Moche, ʻo ke kāilless kekahi o nā holoholona i mahalo ʻia a ʻike pinepine ʻia i nā hana hana. Ua ʻōlelo ka moʻoolelo o Panakona me ka mea e ʻike i ka pulu gula Panamanian (Atelopus zeteki). Wahi a kekahi moʻolelo o kēia moʻomeheu i ka manawa e make ai lākou, e lilo kēia mau baki i kahi mele gula aue o ka waku.
I ka palapala
Ua hana pinepine ʻo Palaka i nā huaʻōlelo i nā moʻolelo. ʻO ka hana mua loa i ʻike ʻia iā mākou, ma ka inoa inoa i ʻike ai nā rana, ʻo Aristophanes's comedy "Frogs", i hana mua ʻia ma 405 BC. e. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe ka:
- ʻO Batrachomyomychia - kahi mele palika Helene kahiko i kākau ʻia e ka hexameter e pili ana i ke kaua o nā kiʻi a me nā baki.
- ʻO Frog Princess kahi ʻano pilikino o ka moʻolelo mōʻī Lūkini.
- I loko o ka "Alice in Wonderland" na Lewis Carroll ma waena o nā limahana o ka Duchess he hemahema-palaka.
- Sister Frog - ke ʻano o "Tales of Uncle Remus" na Joel Harris.
- He mōʻī Frog King i loko o ka moʻolelo dongeng kāne Grimm "The Tale of the Frog King, or of Iron Henry."
Huaʻai uʻa
E like me nā miliona o nā makahiki i hala aku nei, hoʻomaka ka baki i kona ola i ka wai.ʻO kēlā me kēia pūnāwai, hiki i kekahi ke nānā i ke kaʻina pōkole i ke kaʻina hana i alakaʻi ʻia i loko o nā holoholona i like me nā holoholona ʻāina.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka tadpole mai nā hua i kau ʻia i ka wai. Ma kēia manawa, ʻaʻole iʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe me ka iʻa iʻa. Akā ma aneʻi e hoʻomaka i kahi ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana, ka mea e pili ana i kanakolu mau loli. ʻO ka mea hope loa. Kepa pule - a me nā loli hou e kū i nā iwi āpau. Hōʻike wai - a huli ka tadpole mai kahi "iʻa" i loko o kahi holoholona ʻāina. Mai kēia manawa, e noho ka raka ma ka ʻāina, ʻoi aku ma mua o ka palena o ka ʻāina a me ka wai.
Frog: wehewehe, ʻano, ʻano hiʻohiʻona. He aha ke ʻano o ka lālani?
ʻO kahi pilina maʻamau me ka wai hoʻonaʻauao e kau i kahi nui o nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻona ma ka ʻoi o nā rana. Ua hanu ka ʻōpole me nā gills, a ua hanu ka pāloʻelemakule ma kona waha, pūʻili a me ka ʻili. ʻO kēia ʻano nui o nā ʻōpū hanu he ʻano wale nō ia o nā amphibians. ʻOiai ka baki i loko o ka wai, ʻā ʻo ia i ka ʻili, a aia i ka ʻāina - me ka waha a me ka ʻalā. ʻŌnaehana o ka honua a me ke kaila. ʻElua mau ʻāpana o ka puʻuwai e hana i ka wai, a hoʻoili ʻia ke koko hoʻokahe ma ke kino, e like me ka iʻa. Ma ka ʻāina, pili ka nui o ka atrium hema ma ka hana, a komo ka koko oxygenated arterial i loko o ka lolo. Pēlā, me kēlā me kēia kiʻina o ka baki, loli koke ka ʻōnaehana hanu.
Ke hoʻohau nei i ka hoʻoilo, ua pā ka palaka ma lalo. ʻOiai ka baki ma ka lepo, maʻalahi ia. A hoʻāʻo e ʻimi e pili ana iā ia ma kahi o ka wai. ʻAʻole paha he mea lanakila. ʻO ka pihi holookoa o ka pōkō ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia no ka lele. ʻO ka lōʻihi ka wāwae o ka huluhulu, i ʻōpū ʻia o nā levers pitted. He ʻumi ʻōpio e hana pinepine ʻia e nā ʻuhane ikaika. A ʻo ke kāʻei o nā forelimb ka mea maikaʻi loa "manaʻo noʻonoʻo" no kahi "mālie palupalu".
ʻOiai ka hapanui o ka nui o nā mauʻu a me nā moor i ka ʻāina, hele lākou e noho i loko o kahi aniani. Hoʻopili ʻia ko lākou kino a uhi ʻia i ka ʻākala, a no laila ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka hana o kahi hoka, ʻaʻole like me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe - i ka manawa o ka lā, akā ma ka ʻano o ka humuhina a me ka ea ʻana. Hiki i kahi rog ke kiʻi i kēlā me kēia manawa. A inā pinepine ka hana ʻana o kēia ma ka pō, ʻo ia wale nō no ka pō ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka maʻa. I ke ahiahi, ʻoi ka mea i makemake ai i ka ua me ka ʻoluʻolu o ka ua.
Nā maka makaka
ʻO ka mālamalama maʻamau, miniaturization a me ka hilinaʻi o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā lālā ʻōnaahana o ka frog e hoʻomaka ana e hoʻowai i nā ʻenehana. Ua kūkulu lākou i kahi "maka uila" - kahi a kahi i kau ai ke kumu o ka maka o ka frog.
E like me ʻoe e ʻike i, ka mea nui i ka maka o ka maka, ʻo ia hoʻi ka kaila o kahi o nā photoreceptors, he mau papa o nā pūpū bipolar a me hoʻokahi ʻāpana o nā kelua ganglion. Nā poʻe photoreceptors - nā koʻokoʻo a me ka cones - ʻike māmā, hoʻololi i ia i nā bipalima, hoʻoulu a hoʻoiho i nā pūnaewele bipolar. Hana ʻia e Bipolar ka ʻike i loaʻa ka ʻike a hoʻouna i kēia mea i ka ganglia. Ua hele aku nā lālā o nā nerve optic, kahi a nā mea alualu i hele ai i ka lolo, i hala aku nei i ka ganglia. Akā ua hoʻohuli ʻē ʻia i nā hui like ʻole o ka ganglia. Hoʻomaopopo kekahi o lākou i nā hoʻohālikelike wale nō, kahi ʻē - kahi neʻe e neʻe ana, kahi ʻē - kahi kihi ʻihiʻehā, ʻehā, nā mālamalama like ʻole.
Kahi ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻano o ka huhū ma o ka pau ʻana o ke kaona optic nerve i kahi kikoʻī o ka lolo. I ka lolo, ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka ʻike, a ʻike ʻia ka holoholona i ke kumuhana.
Wahi e noho ai nā rana?
Noho kokoke nā rana ma nā wahi āpau, hiki ke hālāwai ʻia ma nā ʻāina ākea āpau, me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole ka Antarctica. ʻAʻole makemake ka hane no ka anuanu, ʻaʻole pinepine lākou i ʻike ʻia i nā aniani nā ʻāina Arctic (ʻoiai he nui nā mea like e noho pū kekahi). Akā nui nā ʻano o nā rana e ʻae i kā mākou pumehana i ke ʻano. E like me ka mea i kākau ai ma luna, i ka hoʻoilo o ka hoʻoilo ma ka haʻahaʻa o nā waihona wai, ʻo ia hoʻi, komo lākou i loko o ka wai wai, no ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka puna wai lākou e lele hou i ka honua.
A nō pū kekahi o nā rana no ka nui o nā ʻalualua o ʻAmelika, ʻAsia a me ʻAmelika Hema.
Ehia mau rana e ola?
Kau ʻia ke ola o nā rana ma kā lākou ʻano.I ka awelika, noho lākou no 10-20 mau makahiki. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, i nā kūlana kūlohelohe, he nui nā ʻenemi, no laila, ʻaʻole ola lākou i ka wā kahiko. Akā inā ʻaʻohe mea hoʻoweliweli iā lākou, no laila, e laʻa, e ʻimi nā loko o nā ʻalā e noho nei i loko o nā wahi hoʻonaninani e noho a hiki i 20 mau makahiki, a i kekahi manawa i ola ʻia ke ola o 32 mau makahiki, e nā huaʻalā palaka ua lilo ia i pōpoki maoli.
He aha nā mea palaka e kai ai?
Hoʻokumu ka mōʻaukala lōʻihi i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻikepili i kahi ʻano maikaʻi maikaʻi nui e like me ka unpretentiousness a me ka pono ʻole i ka meaʻai. ʻAʻole lawa ka ʻai - e pōloli ka sahana no ka lā a me ka pule.
He nui - ʻai i nā mea a pau ma ka lālani, nā mea āpau i kahi i hāʻawi ʻia i kahi manawa. Kūleʻa ka papa hana. ʻO nā ʻōpū a me nā kumikupu, nā meli a me nā ʻalā, nā ʻalā a me nā pōpoki, nā ʻalopela a me nā mania, nā ʻōpala a me nā snails, nā spider a me nā millipedes, mau slugs a me nā ʻōpū a pēlā aku. Eia nō kekahi, ʻo ka ʻono no ka aneane o nā baki a pau, me ka ʻole o ka loko.
Hoʻomaʻa ka ʻili o kēia i nā mea i makemake ʻia - hoʻopau i ka iʻa iʻa a me kā lākou mau ʻōpala. Aia kekahi mau hihia i ʻai ai i kēia mau bako.
Akā pehea ehia mau meaʻino e hiki ai i nā baki ke luku maoli? Ua helu ʻia ka mea pili lima ʻo B. A. Krasavtsev ma kahi āpana o 24 tausani mau mika pākēneka a me ke kahua he awelika o 720 mau mauʻu mauʻu. Inā e pōloli ka pōloli ma kahi o ʻehiku mau inikini i kēlā me kēia lā, a laila ma ke ala ʻana (ʻeono mahina: mai ka hapalua o ʻApelila a i ka hapa o ʻOkakopa) e hoʻopau loa iā 7 X 180 = 1,260 mau kope. Ke hoʻonui nei i kēia helu ma ka helu o nā rana ma ka pākeke, loaʻa iā mākou kahi helu kupaianaha: 907,200 Ma kahi o hoʻokahi miliona mau pepeka!
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā baki
Akā ma kahi o nā makana o ka ʻonina, nui ka momona, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ka biology a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau. No nā makahiki he nui, hoʻohana nā ʻomaʻomaka i nā baki i kahi pālahalaha pālahalaha a makemake ʻia lākou i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻonani ʻia ka ʻaka me kēia hanohano ma muli o kona ahonui a me ke koʻikoʻi, loaʻa hou i ka hakakā nui no ka hakakā.
ʻO kēlā "aloha" e ka poʻe noiʻi e uku ʻia no nā rana. Ua loaʻa iā lākou e nā haneli he mau tausani. No kona pono waiwai, ua lawe ke kanaka i nā ʻāina ākea hou mai ke ʻano. A inā mālama ʻia ka nahele, nā ʻōpala a me nā muliwai hoʻi, a laila nā ʻāina wai ʻole a me nā kino wai hoʻonaninani - nā kumu maʻamau o nā rana - i manaʻo ʻia he ʻāina ʻole ʻole ʻole. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia lākou ma ka wahi mua. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hōʻemi wikiwiki ʻana i ka nui o nā rīka e hoʻopili i ka hoʻonaninani o kā lākou physiology: e ulu mālie lākou. Hiki i ka ʻaka ke pālahalaha wale nō ma ke kolu o ka makahiki, a hiki i kēia manawa hiki i kona nui ke lawa i ka hoʻokō hoʻokolohua. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ke kanaka i ka kūlohelohe, ua ʻeha nui ka palaka. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou e hakakā i nā ʻano ʻano kūlohelohe ʻē aʻe, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke pale aku i ka ʻano naʻau o ke kanaka.
Kēʻeli ʻia nā makana ma mua o ka ʻepekema olakino, nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā mahiʻai. ʻAʻohe mea kupanaha i loko o kekahi mau ʻāina ua kūkulu ʻia nā koho i kona hoʻohanohano.
Mea ʻala o ka ʻaka i Palisa.
No laila mākou i manaʻo ai e lilo ko mākou mau palapala a me ka wā e hiki mai ana i ka ʻōpala i mea e mahalo ʻia ai i kāna mau pono, ʻaʻole ia he noi no ka luku ʻia ʻana o kekahi ʻelele o ka honua honua ʻaʻole hiki ke kū i ka hoʻokūkū me ka piʻi o ka lahui.
ʻO nā kiʻiʻiʻo Frog
- ʻO ka bakal goliath e noho nei ma Cameroon ka nui loa o ka honua. ʻO kona paona i piʻi a ʻekolu a me ka hapa kilokika, a ʻo 32 ka lōʻihi o ke kino. ʻO ka kāleka mai ka Seychelles i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka ʻoki liʻiliʻi loa i ka honua. ʻAʻoleʻoi aku nā holoholona pākeke i ka 1.8 - 1.9 kenimika.
- Ke lohe ʻia nei ka uwē ʻana o kahi puahiwi, i ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻĀkau o ʻAmelika Hema, ma ka lōʻihi o kekahi mau kilomita a ua like hoʻi me ka uwō o ka bipi.
- Noho ka bako ma ka mokupuni ʻo Indonesia. ʻO ka membrane ma waena o nā manamana lima e lawelawe ai he parachute.Ma kahi lele lele e lele mai ana mai i ka mokupuni ʻo Borneo, hōʻea ka ʻāpana i ka 19 mau kenimika square.
- ʻO ka huehue o nā pōkā huapau e like me ka curare. Hoʻohana ʻo ʻAmelika Hema i kahi o ia mau ʻimi no ka jaguars a me ka deer, smearing arrow arrow.
- ʻO ke kolikola ʻekolu mau ʻaoʻao (Brazil, Peru, Guiana) i mālama mua i kāna mau keiki. A pau ka makeke, ua pili nā pili i ke kino o ka makua, a lawe ʻo ia iā lākou i loko o kahi wai hou.
- Ua hoʻolele kahi rhinoderm kāne e noho ana ma Kili i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hua a lawe iā lākou i loko o kāna ʻeke leo.
- ʻO kahi wahine pipa (Brazil, Guiana), e hoʻohana ana i kahi ʻōkuhi protruding (ovipositor), e waiho ana he 40 a me 114 mau hua ma kona kua. A laila e kulu ʻia nā pū me nā lids a puni nā hua. Loaʻa nā kūkulu āpau a me ka loli (82 mau lā) i loko o kēia mau loko, mai kahi i puka mau ʻia nei.
Ua heluhelu ʻia a me nā pilina pilina
- Maslova I.V. Hoʻopilikia ka hopena i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o ke ola amphibians a me nā reptiles (rus.): Collection / Comp. A.O. Kokorin. - Moscow: WWF Rusia, 2006. - P. 111. - ISBN 5895640370. - Bibcode: 26.23B58.
- Ananyeva N. B., Borkin L. Ya., Darevsky I.S., Orlov N. L. ʻO ka papa inoa o nā inoa o nā holoholona. ʻAphphians a me nā lau. Latin, Lūkia, ʻōlelo Pelekane, Kelemania, Palani. / hoʻoponopono ʻia e Acad.
- Ferrell, Vance. Ka Palapala Geographical. ʻVolutionlelo Encyclopedia, Volume 3. ʻvolutionlelo Hui Pūnaewele (Malaki 4, 2012). ʻO Dahl, Chris, Novotny, Vojtech, Moravec, Jiri, Richards, ʻo Stephen J. Beta ka like ʻana o nā baki ma ka ulu lāʻau ʻo New Guinea, ʻAmonia a me ʻEulopa: ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā kaiāulu a me ka wela (English) // Journal of Biogeography (English) Lukia : hale moolelo. - 2009. - Vol. 36, ʻaʻole nō. 5. - P. 896? 904. - DOI: 10.1111 / j.1365-2699.2008.02042.x.
- Shabanov D. A., Litvinchuk S. N. Ka baki: kahi ola me ke kānāwai ʻole a i ʻole ke ala kūikawā o ka hoʻomohala? (Lūkini) // Natur: Kumuhana. - ʻepekema, 2010. - No. 3. - P. 29—36.
- Kartashev N.N., Sokolov V.E., Shilov I.A. Hana ʻana ma luna o nā zoology vertebrate.