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ʻO nā haneli he miliona o nā makahiki i hala, ʻo nā dinosaurs nā haku o ka honua. ʻAʻole i loaʻa i nāebrebrates kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻokūkū ʻana me nā māhu nunui - nā poʻe me ke kōkua o nā puʻaki, nā niho a me ka ulu palupalu i noho i kahi kūlana nui i loko o ka niche ecological. Akā he aha ke kumu i make ai ka dinosaurs? He aha ka mea i luku ai i kēia mau mea mana?

ʻO nā hale kūʻai o ka honua i loko o kāna mau papa he nui nā hōʻike i nā pōʻino honua. Ua ʻike nā ʻepekema ʻepekema i kēlā me kēia manawa aia nā kinohi o nā mea ola. No laila, i ka wā o ka hoʻoilo ʻana o Permian, kokoke ma kahi o 70% o nā mea i noho i ka honua ua luku ʻia. ʻAʻohe mea pili i nā mea ʻeleʻale iā Perm - ke hana hewa nei nā paleontologists i nā kaʻina ma ke kai aliʻi mua, ka hū ʻana o ka lua pele a me ka hāʻule o ka asteroid. ʻO ka mea hope loa, i hoʻopiʻi ʻia i ka make ʻana o nā dinosaurs. ʻO ka hālāwai o kahi mea kikowaena me ka ʻeleʻele o ka Honua ma ka wahi o Yucatan hou e alakaʻi nei, ʻaʻole i ka lua nui wale nō, akā e pili ana i ka hoʻoilo nukle. Ua hoʻolei ʻia nā polu o ka lepo i ka lewa, hoʻomaka ka lua pele e hana ma ka hana pono, hoʻomaka nā ahi ahi. Ua hiolo koke ka hanu o ka honua ma mua o ka honua, a ʻaʻole nā mea a pau i mālama i ke ola ʻana. Eia nō naʻe, ua noho mālie nā dinosaurs ma nā ʻāpana ʻākau o ka Honua - ua ʻike ʻia kēia e nā koena i ʻike ʻia ma Chukotka. ʻO nā hopena weliweli i ka hāʻule o ka asteroid ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia i ka honua āpau - aia nō nā kihi ʻokoʻa me kahi pōkā maikaʻi. ʻOiai i kēia, ʻaʻole i lilo ʻo ia i ke kiʻi "Jurassic Park". Aia kahi hypotesa kahi hamani o ka asteroid i ka kui hope i loko o ka pahu o ka pahu o ka dinosaurs ...

Aia ke kamaʻilio nei ka manaʻo o kahi loli hou i ke kūlana kūlohelohe. ʻAʻole hiki i ka lewa o ka Honua i ka manawa o ka Cretaceous ke hauʻoli i ka manawa: i loko o ka wai mahana i loko o ke kahe o nā kiʻi o nā kūpuna Arkhangelsk hou. Ma kahi o 70 miliona mau makahiki i hala ua hoʻomaka e ua anuanu. Ua neʻe pinepine ka mea ola i ka eku ʻulu: ma mua o, ua like nā ʻalā o nā ʻalā i ke Awāwa ʻina. Hoʻopili ʻia nā Dinosaurs i nā loli ʻōiwi lai me ka ʻole o kekahi pilikia, me nā pōmaikaʻi e kū pono ana i ka hau a me ka wao. Akā no ka hiki ʻana i nā hana lua pele i ke ʻano o ka hele ʻana o ke ʻano no ka mea, ua hoʻōki wale ka poʻe higante i ka manawa e hoʻoponopono ai. Eia nō naʻe, ua emi ʻole ka holoholona i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka loli ma ka honua - nā ʻōpala a me nā mea ʻē wale nō. ʻAʻole naʻe he mau mea palupalu a me nā mea moʻomeheu kahiko. No laila ʻaʻole i wehewehe iki ka manaʻo o kahi hoʻololi koʻikoʻi i ke aniani no ke aha ua lilo ʻole ʻo nā kauka.

Hakakā no ke ola ola ʻana

ʻO ka hoʻopau wale ʻana o kekahi ʻano lāʻau i maʻalahi ka wehewehe ʻia e kekahi mea ʻē aʻe i ola hou - ʻoi aku hoʻi i kūpono aʻe. He mea paʻakikī e noʻonoʻo i ka mea hoʻokūkū i kahi tyrannosaurus a i ʻole diplodocus, akā ua hoʻopili ka pterodactyls i ke koko he nui ... nā manu maʻamau. ʻAʻole naʻe paha ka ʻike ʻana o ka lele ʻana iho o ka dinosaur i ka mea i pau ai lākou i nā pali kahakai. Paipai ʻo ka ʻuʻulu i nā manu e ʻimi ai i nā meaʻai hou. Ua aʻo koke nā manu i nā wahi ʻole anu. Hiki i ka pterodactyls ke hele nui wale i ka lōʻihi ma luna o ka papakō - ʻaʻole lawa kēia akamai koʻikoʻi e ola. Ma muli o nā manu i haku i nā ʻāpana ākea o ka loko, make hoʻi nā plesiosaurs: aʻo ka kai i loko o ka wai launa e nānā ana i ka waiwai a huki ka ʻāʻī lōʻihi i ka iʻa, ua hānai nā manu ua kīlei i nā moa i hopu ʻia i ka iʻa. Akā he aha ke kumu i make ʻole ʻia ai nā kanaka nunui o ka ʻāina? ʻO ka make nui o ke pēpē ua mau ʻia ka hōʻino o nā dinosaurs - kā lākou mau pālua i ka hopa a ʻāpana ʻole. ʻOi loa ka poʻe keu o ka lizards ʻaʻole hiki ke mālama pono i ka hānai hua ʻai: ua lawa ka nui o lākou e pale i ka waiho ʻana o ka hua. ʻAʻohe waiū waiu, ulu nui nā mōʻaukala me ka hoʻomaka ʻana e hoʻoweliweli i nā poʻe e hoʻopuni ana iā ia ma hope o hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki. Ua like me ke ʻano o ka mauʻu i kahi ʻano hoʻowalewale: i ka wā Cretaceous, ua uhi ʻia ke aniani i nā ʻōpū a me nā ʻōpala. I ka wā i loaʻa ai ka Honua i kahi ʻolipeka ʻōlapa, ua hoʻohana pono ʻia nā hedgehog primitive a me nā mammals: i loko o ka ulu lāʻau ua maʻalahi ke huki i kahi hua manu a hopu pū me kahi dinosaur.

Ua wehe mau ka nīnau no ke kumu o ka hoʻopau piha o nā dinosaurs. ʻAʻole naʻe i hōʻike ʻo Paleontologists i kahi hopena e ʻaʻole ia e hoʻokūkū a me ka kānalua. Akā hāʻawi kēia i kahi nīnau i palena ʻole no nā fantasi moemoeā. Aia kekahi manaʻo i ka genocide o nā dinosaurs ka hana o nā lima pūnaewele o ka manuahi. E ʻōlelo, lele i loko, hoʻāʻo a lele iā, a ma hope o lākou ʻaʻole e ulu iki ka mauʻu. Ke kūʻiʻo nei kekahi poʻe i ka luku ʻia o ka poʻe primitive i ka dinosaurs - no ka barbecue. ʻO Arthur Conan Doyle, he mea hou i nā moʻolelo i pili i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Sherlock Holmes, i kākau "The Lost World", kahi e ʻike ʻia ai ka mana ʻo ka nui o nā kauka nunui a i ʻole e make me ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka wahi ma nā kihi mamao o ka honua. I ka paʻi melemele, hōʻike i nā manawa maʻamau e pili ana i nā papa dinosaur i loaʻa ma kekahi wao nahele - ka manaʻo ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka loʻo Loch Ness he ʻano ola o nā dinosaurs weliweli.

ETHNOMIR, Kaʻina Kaluga, Ka ʻāina Borovsky, Kaʻina Petrovo

Aia ma kahi ākea nui o nā heʻeneki 3 hetareka, e ala ana i nā alahele wili me ka lōʻihi o 870 mau mika, me kahi mākaʻikaʻi ʻana, ʻike ʻia a me nā pūnaewele pili. Ka piha ʻana o ka nahele māla i ka cicadas, birdong, mea ʻona pohihihi. ka leo o nā ola ʻoi i ka nui o ke ola. 16 ka nunui, ka dinosaur hanohano a hiki i 6 mika ke kiʻekiʻe a 14 mau mika ka loa! ʻO ka Dinosaurs maule maoli e ola ana. Mahalo i nā hana animatronic o nā lizards kaulana loa - mai pterodactyl a i tyrannosaurus - kahi hele wāwae ma ka dinopark e lawe i nā hiʻona o kahi ʻano hoihoi.

A me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pouli, hoʻomaka ka mākeke i nā kukui me nā kukui hoʻomālamalama i ke ahiahi. E nānā i ka nānā, nani a nani ia!

Ehia makahiki i hala aku nei i make nā dinosaurs?

Ua nalo aku ʻo Dinosaurs i 66 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ma ka palena ma waena o ka hopena o ka Cretaceous a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Paleogene (Cenozoic era). Wahi a nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe, ua hele ʻo ka hoʻopau ʻana o nā dinosaur i ka 65.5 miliona mau makahiki i hala.

I ka hoʻohuiʻana i nā dinosaurs, ammonites, belemnites, hapa o nā diatoms a me ka dinophytes, ʻeʻe nā mea huehue eono. ʻO kekahi o nā iʻa a me nā reptile moana (komo nā plesiosaurs, mosasaurs), make nā mea kanu a me nā mea hihiu.

Olaola ma hope o ka Pōuhiwa Cretaceous-Paleogenon:

ʻāina sauropsids (nā ʻoka o nā nahesa, nā mea palolo, nā lau, nā crocodilomorphs, me nā ʻano pūlima hou)
ʻāpana manu a me nā mommals,
nā ʻiʻo a me nā nautiluses.

ʻOiai ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o ka flora a me ka manuʻa ma ka Honua he ʻumi miliona miliona mau makahiki, ua hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka dinosaurs i ka holomua o ka mammals, me ka wikiwiki o ke ʻano o ke kanaka.

Ua hoʻomaka ka ulu ʻana o nā mea make e noho ana, e noho ana i nā nological ecological o nā dinosaur extinc.

Pauahi extraterrestrial

Nui kekahi mau mana o nā extraterrestrial kumu o ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka dinosaurs. Ka mea maʻamau:

Ua hōʻike ʻia e ka naʻau o Alvarez e hoʻopau ʻia ka nui o ka dinosaurs i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka asteroid ma ka Honua.
ka "hōʻailona hina" maʻamau, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻano ʻē a Alvers's hypothesis a ʻōlelo ʻoi he nui nā asteroids a me nā meteorite e kū nei i ka honua i ka pōmaikaʻi,
ʻO ka loli o ke aniani ma muli o kahi pahū supernova a i ʻole ka pahu pāʻani gamma (ka nui o ka emo pākuʻi nui o ka pūnāwai)
ka pānaʻi o ka hoʻokalakupua o ka Honua me ka comet a me ka hopena ma luna o ka lewa o nā meaʻeleʻele (nā mea i ʻole e hoʻokuʻu i ka radiation electromagnetic a ʻaʻole i pili pū me ia). Ua ʻōlelo ʻia kēia hana ʻōkuhi o kēia dinosaur ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻo Dinosaur Walks.

ʻO nā hypotheses Impact (ke kue me ka meteorite, asteroid, comet) i manaʻo ʻia he mau kiʻi e hilinaʻi nui loa ana o ka nalo ʻana o ka dinosaurs, ʻo ka hāʻule ʻana o kahi kino lani nui e alakaʻi i kahi pōʻino honua.

Ua hōʻoia ʻia ua hiki ke hoʻokuʻi ʻana o ka Honua me kahi lani selona ≥30 km ka mea hiki ke luku i ka moʻomeheu, hoʻonāukiuki i ka ʻike ʻana o:

nūha lele, e like me ka neʻe nukle.
tsunami
ōlaʻi
loli ʻĀina.

Hōʻaloʻo Asteroid

ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana no ka moʻomeheu Alvarez ʻo ia ka mea kūpono o ka manawa o ka Cretaceous-Paleogenous extinction o ka dinosaurs a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi lau Chiksulub (kahi lua ahi kahiko me ka diameter o 180 km, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma muli o ka hāʻule o kahi asteroid).

ʻO ka ʻike i ka ʻūhā o kēlā manawa he nui o ka soot e hōʻike ana i ka hāʻule o ka asteroid ua hoʻonāukiuki i ka pahū ʻana o kahi waihona kai ma lalo o ke aila a me nā ʻūlio paha.

Wahi a ke kumuhana a Alvarez, ʻo ka hāʻule ʻana o ka asteroid ua hoʻonāukiuki i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi ao paʻa o ka soot, lehu a me ka lepo. ʻO kēia no kahi manawa lōʻihi e hoʻemi i ka nui o ka lā i hiki i ka honua, me ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka hiki o nā mea kanu ke photosynthesis. A hopena, ua lilo nā mea kanu he nui a ua emi ka nui o ke oxygen ma luna o ka lewa.

ʻO kekahi hapa o ka flora a me nā manu ola i make i ka wā hāʻule o ke kino selona, a ua nui nā ʻano he nui i loaʻa i loko o nā tsunami a me ke ahi. Akā e pili ana i ka loli honua honua (i ka palena o ka ʻāina ma kahi o 28 mau kiʻekiʻe, a ma ke kai - e 11) a me nā nānā o ka oxygen ua alakaʻi i ka hoʻopau piha o nā dinosaurs.

Hoʻokomo ʻia kekahi poʻe ʻepekema i ka hapanui o ka "hina hāʻule", e like me ia, ka asteroid i hoʻokumu i ka lua Chiksulub he ʻāpana o ke kino lani nui. ʻO ka ʻāpana lua o kēia asteroid i hāʻule i loko o ka moana Iniana, ka hoʻohālikelike nei i ka moku Shiva, hoʻonāukiuki i ka ʻike ʻana o nā tsunami.

ʻO ka hoʻokahū ʻana o Supernova

Hiki ke hoʻopiʻi ka lōʻihi mai ke hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka ikaika o ka cosmic ma muli o kahi puʻu supernova. Hiki i ka hoʻokuʻu ke hoʻololi i nā polu pila o ka Honua, me ke alakaʻi ʻana i ka loli honua.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻelua mau drawback.

E ʻike nā kelepona o kēia mau wā i ke koena o nā pā uila like ʻole.
ʻAʻole i loaʻa nā koena supernova ma ka Honua.

Nā ʻ versionspili hana e pili ana i nā kaʻina ma ka Honua

Hoʻopili i nā meaʻike iʻike, ua hōʻike ʻia nā nui o nā hypotheses terrestrial o ka hoʻopau piha ʻana o nā dinosaurs.

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā honua honua e hoʻopili ʻia.

Hiki i ke hana volcanic ke kumu:

ka hoʻololi o ka neʻe o ka oxygen i ka ea,
hoʻololi honua (hoʻonāukiuki i ka hoʻomehana honua),
alakaʻi i ka luku piha ʻana o nā mea kanu (kahi e hoʻonui hou ai i ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka nui o ke oxygen ma ka lewa).

ʻO ka mahana wela o ka honua, hiki i ke kaohi ʻana i ke kai kūlike a me ke hoʻololi ʻana i nā poli kūloko o ka Honua.

He nui nā kānaka ʻepekema i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka hui pū, e like me ia ka nui o ka extinction i hoʻonāukiuki i ka hui ʻana o nā mea 2-3 (no ka laʻana, ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kuʻina i hui pū me kahi hoʻemi o ka nui o ka oxygen).

Ho‘olaha pele

Kuhi ka hapa nui o nā geologists i ka ʻatikala ma waena o 68- 60 miliona mau makahiki nui kohu nui o ka lua pele i ka pae o ua Penikala Hindustan. ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu i ka lehu pele, ʻo ka mea hana o ke kaona a me nā mea ʻala i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka loli honua.

Hiki i ke ao lepo ke kaupalena i ka kahe o ka lā i kahi manawa lōʻihi, a laila e hoʻoneʻe i ka nui o nā mea kanu.

I ka manawa hea i hoʻopau ʻia ai nā dinosaurs?

He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo, ʻaʻole i hala koke kekahi, ʻoiai kekahi o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a me nā polokalamu kīwī e kū pinepine ana iā mākou. ʻOiai inā e hoʻomau mākou mai ka kumumanaʻo o ka hoʻokaumaha o ka Honua me kahi asteroid, a laila ma hope o ka make ʻole o nā dinosaur a pau, akā ua hoʻomaka mua ke hana ...

Hoʻomaka ke hoʻopau wale i ka hope o nā mea i kapa ʻia "Iā wa" ((250 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei) a lōʻihi paha ma kahi o 5 miliona mau makahiki (!). I loko o kēia manawa, nalowale nā ʻano o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu.

Eia nō naʻe, ua lōʻihi nā dinosaurs i nā ʻano kahe nui loa ma ka Honua - ma kahi o 160 miliona mau makahiki. I loko o kēia manawa, nalowale nā ʻano o nā mea hou a ua puka, ua loli nā huaʻāina, ua hoʻohuli ʻia i ka loli ʻana o ke ʻano a hiki i ke ola i nā kīʻaha nui a hiki i kekahi mea i alakaʻi i ko lākou hala lohi a hope loa.

No ka ʻōlelo: "Homo sapiens" ola i ka honua no 40 mau makahiki wale nō.

Nā koho kūlohelohe, pili i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lālā mammalian

I hiki paha i nā hui me ka hoʻopono i ka nui o ka papa ʻaina dinosaurs. Ua wikiwiki koke lākou i nā loli o ke kaiapuni, hoʻonui a ulu wikiwiki, a ma muli o kā lākou liʻiliʻi, ua maʻalahi iā ia ke kiʻi i ka meaʻai.

Hiki i nā momi nui ke hānai i nā hua ʻai dinosaur, e hōʻemi ana i ko lākou heluna.

ʻO ka pau ʻana o ke ola kai i pili pū me ke ʻano o nā ʻaka. Eia nō naʻe, nui ka poʻe noiʻi i kūʻē i kēia ʻatikala, ʻoiai ua puka mai nā hiwa ma ka Deviano a no ka manawa lōʻihi i hui pū ʻia me nā plesiosaurs a me nā mosasaur.

ʻO wai i pakele a hiki i ka hoʻopau?

ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka honua i ka Honua ma ka manawa o ka Cretaceous ua hōʻemi i ka like ʻole o ke ola, akā ʻo nā hua o nā ʻano nui o kēia mau lā ʻoliʻoli iā mākou me ko lākou alo. Pākuʻi kēia nā kūpuna, nāʻauʻau, nā ʻalā a me nā lau.

ʻAʻole naʻe i pilikia ka mamala a ma hope o ka nalowale piha ʻana o ka dinosaurs i hiki iā lākou ke noho i kahi kūlana nui ma ka lewa.

He mea like paha i ka make ʻana o nā mea ola ma ka Honua, a ua maopopo mua i kēlā mau kūlana i hiki ʻole ke ola i nā dinosaurs. I ka manawa like, ʻo nā koena i koe, ʻoiai ua hoʻopilikia nui ʻia, hiki ke hoʻomau i ka noho. ʻO kēia mau manaʻo ka mea e hoʻowalewale i ka noʻonoʻo o nā mea mahalo i nā ʻekahi kūʻē like ʻole.

Ma ke ala, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "dinosaur" mai ka ʻōlelo Helene ua unuhi maoli ʻo ia ʻo "pangolin weliweli."

ʻO ka hoʻemi hoʻoneʻeʻana i ke oxygen

ʻO kahi hypothesis popone maʻamau ākea ke hoʻololi i ka nui o ka oxygen i loko o ka lewa.

Ua pili ʻia ka emi ʻana o nā pae o ka oxygen:

hoʻomehana o ka honua
ka hoʻohemo ʻana i ka nui o nā algae a me nā mea kanu hiki i ka photosynthesis,
ka hāʻule o ka honua o kahi asteroid a meteorite paha,
hoonui i ka hana a ka lua pele.

ʻO ka hemahema o kēia ʻatikala ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka anoxia ma ka Honua, ʻaʻole i ka honua, i nā papa kiʻekiʻe o ke kai a me nā lewa, ua mau nā ʻāpana me nā pae o ka oxygen hākeʻe ʻia.

Hoʻonui pinepine ʻia kēia hypothesis e ka manaʻo o ka make ʻana o ka hydrogen sulfide, e like me ia, ua ulu ka haole o ka oxygen ma muli o ka hana nui o ka baki-hoʻemi hōʻemi. ʻO ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka hoʻonaninuiʻana o ka hydrogen sulfide i alakaʻi i ka hoʻopailua ʻana i nā dinosaurs.

Eia kekahi, ʻo ka nui o ka hydrogen sulfide hoʻonāukiuki i ka nui o ka pākuʻi o ka moka i ka troposphere, ka luku ʻana i ka pae ozone a me ka hoʻololi i nā kūlana kime.

Asteroid

Ma Mekiko, aia ʻo ka Crxxulub Crater. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ia ua hana maoli ʻia ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o kēlā asteroid hewa e hoʻonāukiuki i ka luku nui ʻana o nā dinosaur.

He aha ka hoʻokūkū o ka asteroid me ka Honua?

Hoʻokumu ka asteroid i ka luku nui i ka wahi o kona hāʻule. Aneane pau nā mea ola a pau i luku ʻia ma kēia wahi. Akā ʻo ke koena o ka Honua ua pilikia mai ka haule ana o keia kino make. ^ E Ha yM. Ua lele mai ka puʻu pōkole ma luna o ka honua, ua puʻu ke ao o ka lepo i ka lewa, e ala ana nā lua pele e moe ana, ua hoʻopuni ʻia nā ao e hoʻopuni i ka honua, ʻaʻole i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka pō. Me ka mea, ua nui ka nui o nā mea kanu i miki ai i ka meaʻai no nā dinosaurivivivity i mau manawa, a ʻo lākou hoʻi, ʻae lākou i ka poʻe hoʻihoʻi i nā dinosaur.

Ma ke ala, aia kahi manaʻo i kēlā manawa ua hāʻule ʻelua kino lani i kā mākou honua. Ma ka haʻahaʻa o ka Moana Inikua, ua loaʻa kekahi lua pele i ka wā like i ʻike ʻia i ka manawa like.

ʻO nā mea aloha e hōʻole i nā mea āpau e waiho i nā kānalua i kēia hypothesis.I ko lākou manaʻo, ʻaʻole ka nui o ka asteroid e hoʻolauna i kahi ʻano o ka cataclysms. Eia kekahi, ma mua o kēia hanana, a ma hope - ua hoʻoulu ʻia nā kino cosmic like me ka honua, akā ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻonāukiuki i ka pau ʻana o nā hana.

ʻO ka pepa i lawe mai ai kēia asteroid i nā microorganisms i ka honua i mālama i ka dinosaurs i hana ʻia, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole maoli ia.

ʻO ke ʻano hāmika

Ke hoʻomau nei i ka kumumanao ʻo ia ka cosmos i luku ai i nā dinosaurs a pau, pono ia e noʻonoʻo pono i ka manaʻo o ke alakaʻi ʻana i kēia kumu hamama hihi lā ʻaʻole mamao loa mai ka lā hoʻonohonoho. Hana ʻia kēia ma muli o kahi haki ʻana o nā hōkū a he pelu paha o supernova. ʻO ka kahe o ka radiation gamma ua hōʻino i ka ʻāpana ozone o kā mākou honua, kahi i hoʻohuli ai i ke kuʻina a me nā mutation.

ʻO kahi hāʻule nui i loaʻa i ke kai

Pili pū ʻia kēia hypothesis me ka "Maastricht regression." I ka pau ʻana o ka Maastrich, ua hāʻule ka wai o ke kai, ua hele ka wai mai ke kahakai. I ka hoʻoiho ʻana o ka moana Maastricht, hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka ʻāina e ka 29-30 mau kilomita square, e alakaʻi ana i:

O ka nalo ana o na aina maluhia i kahakai,
ka luku ʻana o ka nohona no ka nui o nā ʻano,
ke ʻano o nā alahaka ʻāina.
hōʻemi iki o ka honua.

ʻO ka hoʻololi o nā polani kūloko

ʻO kekahi o nā hopena liʻiliʻi loa i manaʻo ʻia he loli wikiwiki ia i nā pou o ka Honua, i hana ʻia ma 65 miliona mau makahiki i hala. I ka moʻomeheu, hiki ke hoʻololi i kahi poʻi i nāwaliwali o ka Honua.

Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka radiation cosmic, kahi hopena maikaʻi loa i ka flora a me nā manu.

ʻO ka pohō ʻole o kēia hypothesis ka mea nāna e wehewehe i ke kumu no ka nalowale ʻana o nā poʻe moana kai pale i pale ʻia mai ka radiation e ka punawai wai. A ʻo ka like me ka hoʻohui o ke kolona o ka Honua o ka Honua, ua hoʻohemo ka lewa i ka lewa, no laila ke hiki ʻole i ka piʻi o ka radiation cosmic ke hōʻea i nā pae koʻikoʻi a hoʻonāukiuki i ka hoʻopuehu.

ʻĀpilikia

Ke aʻo ʻia nei i nā iniseti ua piʻo ʻia i ka amber mai ka manawa o ka Cretaceous, ʻike ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka nui o nā maʻi ākea e ʻike koke ʻia i ka wā o ka Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction.

Wahi a ka maʻi hypothesis, ʻaʻole i hiki i ka nui o nā dinosaur ke hoʻohālikelike i ka lawe hopuna, ka mea i hala i ko lākou nalo ʻana. He mea hiki nō hoʻi i nāwaliwali o ka dinosaur i hoʻomalu ʻia e ka hoʻohālikelike klima a me ka loli i loko o kā lākou palaualelo mua.

Ke hoʻololi ʻana o ke aniani

Hoʻohui pinepine ʻia ka honua a me ka ʻoluʻolu ʻana i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka flora a me ka manuʻa.

Loaʻa paha ma ka hopena o ka Cretaceous, nā loli kūlia o ke anuanu no ka dinosaurs i hele mai, a laila i kūpono ʻole ko lākou ola maʻamau no ka ola.

ʻOi aku ka wahine

I ka makahiki 2004, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hui o nā mea noiʻi mai ke University of Leeds e hōʻike ana nā dinosaurs, e like me nā reptile hou, e hōʻike ana i ka hilinaʻi o ke ʻano o ka huaʻōlelo ma luna o ke pākahi kahi i mālama ʻia ai ka hua moa.

Wahi a kēia kumuhana, ʻo ka loli hoʻololi ʻana o ke aniani (1-2 degere), hiki i ke ʻano o ke kāne wale nō. ʻO ka hopena, ua lilo ka hana hou i ka hiki ʻole.

Akā he aha inā ʻaʻole ka make o ka dinosaurs? E nānā i kēia wikiō

Kūleʻa ʻo Meteor?

ʻO ka moʻo kahiko a me ka maʻi maʻamau e pili ana i ka hoʻopuka ʻana o ka dinosaurs me ka hāʻule o kahi asteroid. I ka hoʻomaka, ua hoʻonui ʻia nā ʻike o nā mea kūlohelohe ʻole o ka honua i loko o nā waiho ʻana o nā wā heʻumi o 65 miliona mau makahiki i alakaʻi i kēia manaʻo o ka poʻe noiʻi - a laila i manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia nā dinosaurs ua make. Ma hope mai, hoʻomaka ke loaʻa kahi pōʻino me kahi hanana hopena - ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka lauwa ʻo Chicxulub ma ka Yucatan Peninsula (Mekiko hou).

ʻO nā mea kikoʻī i loaʻa i loko o ka ʻōpū o 65 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei e hōʻike ʻo ia i ka hāʻule o ka asteroid i hōʻā ai i ka ʻuʻū a me ke kīpē ʻana o kahi wai hoʻoneʻe i lalo o ka wai (art. Donald E. Davis)

ʻO ka hiki i kahi kino he ʻumi kilomita no ka hōʻino nui ʻana i ka panana honua i hāpai i nā kānalua kūpono ʻole. Akā ua pau ka leʻaleʻa o kēia mau nīnau ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi lua nui i lalo o ke Kaiʻula o India, ka mea i kūkulu ʻia e ka asteroid 40 kilomita ma waena. ʻO ka asteroid, e like me ka lua, i kapa ʻia ʻo Shiva. A laila ua loaʻa kekahi mau makika nui, kahi i waiho iki ʻia ma mua o Chiksulub e nā ʻāpana o Shiva.

Ma muli o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o ka pōʻino i ka manawa ma mua o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana. Ke kālai nei i ka ʻāwili i uhi ʻia e ke kiʻi o ke kai, kāʻili ʻo Shiva, i kā kikāʻau i kahi luaʻeke 80 mau wahi hohonu. E noʻonoʻo e noʻonoʻo i kahi kolu wai ʻekolu mau kilomita e lele ana i ka wai ma lalo o nā awāwa o ka lua e hālāwai ai i kahi pōhaku i hoʻolapalapa ai a lilo i ka kahe. Kahi ʻia ke kai me ka nui o nā wahi kiʻekiʻe o ʻekolu mau mile i ka wehe ʻana he mau miliona o ka kilomika mau ʻāina. He haʻahaʻa ka lani, ʻeleʻele, pale ʻole, ʻano like, he wale wale nō ka lehu a me ka mahu. ʻO ka pōʻino nui i hū ʻia ma o ka pahuhū nā kumu o ka haʻalulu ʻana o ka ʻōpū o ka honua, a ʻo ka ua o ka ua ʻaʻā make i ka lepo. Ma hope o ka hāʻule o Shiva, ʻaʻole i hiki i ka honua ke mālie i kahi miliona mau makahiki!

Ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o Shiva, ua kahe ka pele mai nā puʻu i hana ʻia nā ʻāpana Deccan i India - kīkahi mau pālua ʻelua mau mākeke a me kekahi wahi o Farani (Zina Deretsky)

ʻO ka cataclysm i hiki ke hoʻopau i ke ola a pau, i ka manawa mua, e hoʻākāka nui i ka hoʻopau ʻia o nā dinosaurs. Akā ʻo ka hypothesis, eia naʻe, ʻelua mau nawaliwali i hoʻokahi manawa. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻike maopopo ʻole e pili ana i nā mea weliweli i luna. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Dinosaurs e make i ka wā ma mua o ka hāʻule ʻana o Shiva, a ma hope iho ua hoʻomau ʻia ko lākou hakakā ʻana no ke ola no nā miliona miliona mau makahiki.

ʻO ka lua, ʻoiai mākou e manaʻo nei i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka asteroid wikiwiki i ka make o nā dinosaur buta, ʻaʻole maopopo ke kumu no nā dinosaur wale nō i waena o nā mea i hōʻino ʻia, ʻo Shiva ʻaʻole i hana nui ka pōpoki, nā mea kīwaha, nā nahesa, nā manu a me nā mamalia.

Hānā kikino

Me nā moʻo ʻai manu ʻole, nā holropsids moana holomua, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mosasaurs a me plesiosaurs, lele dinosaurs (pterosaurs), nā mollusks nui, me ka ammonite a me ka belemnites, a me nā mea he nui ka algae i hoʻopau ʻia. ʻO 16% o nā ʻohana o nā holoholona a kai (47% o nā huaʻai o nā holoholona moana) a me 18% o nā ʻohana o ka heiau ʻāina, e komo ana me ka nui o nā mea nui a me nā ʻāpana nui. ʻO nā pūnaewele āpau e noho nei i ka Mesozoic i pau loa i ka luku ʻia, ka mea hope i hoʻoili hou i ka ulu ʻana o nā holoholona holoholona e like me nā manu a me nā mammals, nā mea i hāʻawi i nā ʻano ʻano nui i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Paleogene ma muli o ka hoʻokuʻu i ka hapanui.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā pūʻulu ʻauhau o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona i nā pae mai ke kauoha a i luna ke ola nei i kēia manawa. No laila, ʻaʻole ka make o nā saur5id lauʻai, e like me ka nāhe, nāu, nā ʻulāʻau a me nā manu, a me nā crocodilomorphs, me nā ʻano pū kekahi i hiki ke ola i kēia lā, ʻaʻole i make. Loaʻa nā hoahānau pili kokoke loa o ka ammonite - nautilus, mammals, nā corals a me nā mea kanu.

Aia he manaʻo manaʻo i kekahi mau dinosaur non-avian (hadrosaurs, theropods, etc.) i loko o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a me India i kekahi mau makahiki he mau makahiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Paleogene ma hope o kā lākou luku ʻana i nā wahi ʻē aʻe (Paleocene dinosaurs [en]). Eia kekahi, ʻano maikaʻi ʻole kēia ʻōlelo kuhi me kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hopena hoʻopau.

Nā kumu o ka pahuhopu

I ka hopena o 1990, ʻaʻohe nō o ka manaʻo o hoʻokahi a ʻike wale nō ke kumu o ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o kēia hānai.

Ma ka hapalua o ka makahiki 2010, ua loaʻa hou nā haʻawina o kēia pilikia i ka manaʻo nui i ka ʻepekema ʻepekema ʻo ke kumu nui o ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka Cretaceous-Paleogene i ka hina o ke kino lani, ka mea i hoʻohālikelike ai i ka moku Chiksulub ma ka Penikala Yucatan. hoʻopili ʻia. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole hoʻowahāwahā ʻia kēia wahi o ke ʻano, akā he nui nā mea ʻē aʻe, he koho hou a ʻano ʻē aʻe paha i manaʻo ʻia ka mea hiki ke loaʻa i kahi mea i ka papahola papaha.

ʻO nā pilikia kai

ʻElua mau koho: ma muli o ka loli ʻana o ke aniau, ʻaʻole hiki i ka poʻe dinosaur ke loaʻa i ka ʻai pono no lākou iho, a i ʻole nā mea kanu i pepehi i nā dinosaur. A manaʻoʻiʻo pālahalaha e pālahalaha ma ka honua pua mea kanunā mea i nā alkaloids, nā mea i pōʻino i ka dinosaur.

Nā Kiʻi Hōʻailona

He hopena hypothesis. ʻO ka hāʻule o ka asteroid kekahi o nā maʻamau maʻamau (i kapa ʻia ʻo "Alvarez hypothesis", kahi i loaʻa ai ka palena Cretaceous-Paleogene). Kuhi ʻia ia ma ka pili kokoke i ka manawa o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka lua cxculub (ʻo ka hopena kahi o ka meteorite e hāʻule ana ma kahi o 10 km ka nui e pili ana he 65 miliona mau makahiki i hala) ma ka Yucatan Peninsula ma Mekiko a me ka manawa o ka hune o ka hapanui o nā ʻanoʻano dinosaur piha. Eia kekahi, ʻike ka helu o nā lani-mechanical (e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana o nā asteroids) e pili ana i nā meteorites ma mua o 10 km mauleʻa me ka Honua ma kahi o kēlā me kēia 100 miliona mau makahiki, e pili ana i ka nui o ka nui, ma ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi, i ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai nā lua pele. i waiho ʻia e nā meteorite, a ma ia ʻaoʻao, nā manawa ākea ma waena o nā olona o nā punina o nā mea ola i ka Phanerozoic. Ua hōʻoia ʻia ke kumumanaʻo e ka hoʻonui hoʻonui ʻia o ka iridium a me nā platinoids i loko o kahi ʻāpana palupalu ma ka palena o ka waihona limestone o Cretaceous a me Paleogene, i ʻike ʻia i nā wahi he nui o ka honua. Kuhi pono kēia mau ʻenehana i loko o ka mantle a me ke kumu o ka Honua a ākea loa lākou i ka ʻili o ka papa. Ma waho aʻe, ʻike pono ka kikoʻī o nā asteroids a komapa ʻikepili mua i ke kūlana mua o ka ʻōnaehana o ka lā, kahi e noho ai ʻo iridium i kahi kūlana ʻoi aku ka nui. Ke hoʻohana nei i nā simulate kamepiula, ua hōʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema ma kahi o 15 trillion tons o ka lehu a me ka soot i hoʻolei ʻia i ka lewa, a he pouli hoʻi ma ka Honua e like me ka mahina mahina. Ma muli o ka nele o ka mālamalama, ua lohi nā mea kanu a i kāohi ʻia paha ka photosynthesis no 1-2 mau makahiki, hiki iā ia ke loaʻa i ka emi o ke kahe o ka oxygen i loko o ka lewa (no ka manawa i pani ʻia ka Honua mai ka la). Ua hāʻule ka mahana o nā makana ma o 28 ° C, ma nā kai moana - e 11 ° C. ʻO ka nalo ʻana o ka phytoplankton, kahi mea koʻikoʻi o ke kaulahao meaʻai i ke kai, ua alakaʻi ʻia i ka hoʻopau ʻana o zooplankton a me nā holoholona holoholona. Mamuli o ka manawa i hala i ke kuamoʻo o nā aineol sulfate, ua emi ka nui o ka nui o ka honua honua ma o 26 ° C, a hiki i 16 mau makahiki he ka lalo o ka mahana +3 ° C. Ke waiho nei ma waena o ka mānoanoa o ka suevite a i ʻole ka hopena breccia a me ka palena nui o Paleocene pelagic limestone, ʻo ka 76-cm mau ka helehelena i loko o ka moku Kahixiculub, me ka papa o luna me nā pā o ke kuʻi a ʻeli (en: Trace fossil), i hana ʻia ma lalo o 6 mau makahiki ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka asteroid. Ke kākoʻo nei kahi hoʻākāka e ka hāʻule ʻana o ke kino lani kahi e hoʻonui koke ʻia e ka nui o ka wai nui o ka wai o ka wai ma ka Cretaceous - nā palena Paleogene (hōʻemi pH he 0.2-0.3), i hōʻaia ʻia e ka noiʻi ʻana i ka koho isotopic i nā kinipoki me nā huaʻai o ka foraminifera. A hiki i kēia manawa, ua kū mau ka pae acidity i loko o nā makahiki he 100 mau makahiki o ka Cretaceous. ʻO ka hoʻonui hoʻonui nui i ka waikawa i ukali ʻia e ka manawa hoʻonui nui i ka alkalinity (hoʻonui i ka pH ma ka 0.5), ka mea i kū i 40 mau makahiki mai ka palena ʻo Cretaceous-Paleogene. ʻO ka hoʻi o ka waikawa i ka pae mua i lawe i kekahi 80 mau makahiki. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kēlā mau hiʻohiʻona e ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka alkali ma muli o ka pau ʻana o ka calcining plankton ma muli o ka wikiwiki o ka wai o ka wai o ka wai ma o ka ua o SO₂ a KE NO ^_xi hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ke ea ma muli o ka hopena o ke kaʻa nui.
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana o ka "hopena hopena" (eng. Hui hopena hanana), e pili ana i kekahi mau pākēmi e like pū me ia. Hoʻohana ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi, e wehewehe i ka hele ʻole ʻana o ka hope (ʻike i ka pauku Hypothesis Deficiencies). Ma ke kūlike ʻole iā ia ka mea ʻo ka meteorite nāna i hana i ka lua Chiksulub, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻāpana o kahi kino lani nui aʻe. Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei kekahi poʻe ʻepekema ʻo ka Shiva crater ma lalo o ke Kaiʻula, e hoʻomaka ana mai ka manawa like, ʻo ia nō ka hopena o ka hāʻule o ka meteorite lua, ʻoi aku ka nui, akā naʻe kēia ʻano ʻike kēia manaʻo. Aia kahi pāʻani ma waena o nā hypotheses o ka hopena o kekahi o hoʻokahi meteorite paha - he kue me ka pālua o ka meteorite pālua. He kūpono kēia o nā ʻāpana chiksulub no ka hopena inā he liʻiliʻi ka liʻiliʻi o ka meteorites, akā he like ko lāua like me ka nui a me ka nui me ka meteorite hypothesis o kekahi pahu.
He pahū supernova kahi i pana ʻole ʻia nā lālani gamma.
Ka hoʻokuʻi ʻana o ka Honua me kahi pāʻina. Hoʻomaopopo kēia koho i ka ʻaoʻao "Walking me nā Dinosaurs." ʻO ka mea hoʻokūkū kaulana kaulana ʻo Lisa Randall e hoʻopili i ke kuhi o kahi comet e hāʻule ana i ka Honua me ka mana o nā meaʻeleʻele.

Kālā cataclysm?

ʻO kahi kumu "kosmic" i hoʻopau ʻia e hiki ai ke kahaki supernova kokoke, ma muli o ke kahawai o nā maʻi o ka lā e hele ai ka honua i ka honua. Akā, ʻo kēia hypothesis me ka like me ka mea ma mua. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā ʻāpana o ke aniani e hiki ai ke hoʻopau i ke ola a pau i loko o kahi radius of 30 mau makahiki māmā, nā telesope o nā kaona o kēia wā mai kahi liʻiliʻi (e nā palena o ke aniani) e loaʻa paha ma hope o 65 miliona mau makahiki. Akā ma kahi kokoke loa o ka Honua, ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā koena supernova.

Akā, ʻaʻole hiki i ke kumu o ka radiation ke hōkū e hoʻoholo i ka hoʻopiha i kona ola me nā hopena kūikawā a me nā hōʻino kiʻekiʻe i ka poʻe ʻē aʻe. Aia ka hopena like paha, no ka laʻana "pani" i kahi pākēlo o ke panana pelapela, e pale ana i ka poʻomanaʻo mai nā kahawai o nā kahakaha. No nā kumu ʻike ʻole, nāwaliwali o ka mana o ka Honua mai kēlā manawa kēia manawa a nawaliwali a hoʻololi i ka polū, e nalo ana i ka manawa o ka "hoʻololi" i nā kia. Akā i loko o 5 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua iwakāluakū ka polū i iwakālua mau manawa ʻaʻole he hopena no ka poʻe noho o ka honua.

ʻOi aku ma mua o ka manawa, kani ke ʻano hypotesa maoli i hoʻopau ʻia nā haole e hoʻowalewale i ka dinosaurs i mea e wehe ai i ke ala no nā mammals a kokoke i nā hiʻohiʻona kanaka. Inā manaʻo, a laila maopopo ʻole nā mākaʻikaʻi o ka super-civilizations i ka biology. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i kū hoʻokahi dinosaur i kū i ke ala évolusioner mai kahi insectivore primitive i kahi kanaka hoʻomālamalama - ʻo ia hoʻi, mai kahi kumu a i ka honua, e hōʻiliʻili ana i nā pōhaku a me nā lāʻau.

ʻO ka lawehala terestrial

ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana o ka lua pele, kahi i pili ʻia me ka nui o nā hopena e hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka biosphere: kahi hoʻololi o ke ʻano hoʻomaka ʻōnaehana hau, kahi hale ʻōmaʻamau ma muli o nā hoʻoiho o ka carbon dioxide i ka wā o ka hū ʻana, kahi hoʻololi i ka hoʻomālamuhua o ka Honua ma muli o nā hoʻohemo ʻana o ka lehu lua pele (ka lua pele. Kākoʻa ʻia kēia hypotesa e nā hōʻike geological pili nui i ka nui o ka magma ma waena o 68 a 60 miliona mau makahiki i hala ma ka ʻāina ʻo Hindustan, ma muli o kēia i hana ʻia nā ʻōpala Deccan.
ʻO ka hāʻule nui o ka pae kai i hana ʻia i ka hopena hope loa (Maastrichtian) o ka manawa Cretaceous ("Maastricht regression").
Hoʻololi i nā mahana makahiki a me ke kauwela. Pono kūpono kēia inā kuhi ka maʻi homoyothermy o nā dinosaurs nui, e makemake ai i kahi mahana ʻoluʻolu. Akā, ʻaʻole i kūhoea ka manawa i ka manawa me ka loli o ke anuanu, a, ma muli o ka noiʻi o kēia wā, ʻo nā dinosaurs ua hōʻoluʻolu maoli i nā maʻi koko (ʻike i ke ʻano o nā dinosaurs).
Lele kahi koi kō i ka mākona pili Honua.
ʻO ka ʻōhū o ka oxygen i ka lewa o ka Honua.
ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka moana.
ʻO ka hoʻololi i ka ʻano hana o ka wai kai.

Honua honua

He mau maʻi hopohopo nui ʻo Epizooty.
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻo Dinosaurs i kahi loli i loko o nā ʻano o nā mea kanu a i pau nā huaʻala i nā mea e ulu ʻia ana nā mea kanu pua (me naʻe, ua haku pū me nā mau miliona o nā makahiki, a ʻo ka holomua e kūleʻa o kekahi mau hui o nā mau kīlū puaʻa i mālamalama hou i ka biome o nā ʻōpala grassy )
ʻO ka nui o nā dinosaur i hoʻomake a ikaika i nā mammary mua, e luku ana i nā ʻūʻī o nā hua a me nā ʻīlio.
He ʻano o ka mana o ka neʻe mua ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o nā dinosaur non-avian e nā mammals. Eia kekahi, liʻiliʻi nā holoholona manuahi āpau ʻo Cretaceous, ʻo ka nui o nā holoholona insectivorous. ʻAʻole i like ko zavropsids, ka mea, he mahalo i ka nui o nā hoʻomohala holomua, e like me ke ʻano o nā unahi a me nā ʻulaʻula, nā hua manu ma kahi pālahalaha a me ka hānau ʻana, ua hiki ke loaʻa kahi wahi kūlohelohe hou i ka manawa hoʻokahi - nā ʻāina maloʻo kahi mamao loa mai nā punahele, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā mea uluola hoʻomohala maoli i hoʻohālikelike ʻia. hale kiʻi hou. ʻO ka metabolism o ka liʻiliʻi ma kekahi mau dinosaur e like me ka nui o nā kūpuna, e like me ka mea e hōʻike ai i ka isotopic, ka hoʻohālikelike morphological, moʻolelo a me nā ʻike kikoʻī. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he paʻakikī paʻakikī ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā manu manawaleʻa ʻokoʻa ma nā manu primitima, he mau ʻokoʻa kēia mau pūʻulu i ka pae o nā ʻohana a me nā kauoha, ma kahi o nā papa, i nā cladistic ua manaʻo ʻia lākou he ʻano kauoha like ʻole o ka papa o ka koa kiʻi.
ʻO kekahi manawa i ka hypothesis e hiki ʻole i kekahi o nā reptile kai nui ke kū ʻole i ka hoʻokūkū me ke ʻano o nā kaola ʻānō i kū mai i kēlā manawa. Eia nō naʻe, i ka ʻōlelo ʻana mai o Devonian, ua hōʻoia like ʻole nā hiaka me ka mahalo nui i nā vertebrates e ulu pū ʻia, iʻa me ka iʻa ma ka bony. Hūke nui, nui loa a holomua i ka hope o kā lākou mau loea, ua ala i ka hopena o Cretaceous ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka plesiosaurs, akā ua loli koke lākou e nā Mosasaurs e hoʻomaka ana e noho i nā nīnaka i nā hana.

"Manaʻo" Biosphere "

Ma kahi paleontology o Lūkini, ua kaulana loa ka mana o ka biosphere o ka "extinction nui", me ka hoʻopau ʻana o nā dinosaurs non-avian. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka hapa nui o nā paleontologists nāna i hoʻomohala i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā dinosaurs, akā, nā holoholona ʻē aʻe: nā mammals, nā pepona, a pēlā aku. Wahi a ia, ʻo nā kumu nui e hoʻoholo i ka hoʻopau ʻana o nā dinosaur non-avian a me nā mea nui ʻē aʻe.

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea kanu pua.
Hoʻololi ka loli ʻōlohelohe i hoʻoiho ʻia e ka Continental drift.

ʻO ka ʻano o nā hanana i hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia e hōʻike ʻia penei:

ʻO nā mea kanu pua, aia kahi mea kūkulu hou aʻe o ka aʻa a hoʻohana i ka hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻana i ka mahi ʻāina, wikiwiki koke i nā wahi āpau e hoʻololi i nā ʻano lāʻau ʻē aʻe. I ka manawa like, ua puka aku nā loiloi loiloi i nā mea kanu ola, a ua “pio” nā mea hihiu i nā mea kanu mua ma mua o nā make.
Kūkulu nā mea kanu pua i kahi turf, ʻo ia ka suppressor kūlohelohe maoli. Ma muli o kā lākou pālahalaha ʻana, ka hiʻona o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻāina a, no laila, ua emi iho ka hāʻawi o nā mea kanu i nā wai ona. ʻO ka "hoʻopau 'ʻana o ka moana i ka meaʻai ka mea i make ai ka hapa nui o ke algae, ʻo ia ka mea nui i hana i ka biomass ma ke kai. Me ke kaulahao, ua hala kēia i ka haki hoʻopau ʻana o ka kaona moana āpau a waiho i nā luku nui i ke kai. Ua hoʻopiʻi pū kekahi ka pahuhopu like ʻole e pili ana i nā dinosaur lele lele, ka mea, e like me nā manaʻo i loaʻa, i pili pinepine ʻia me ke kai.
Ma ka ʻāina, hoʻoneʻe ikaika nā holoholona i ka ʻai ʻana i nā lau ʻōmaʻomaʻo (ma ke ala, dinosaurs herbivorous nui nō hoʻi). ʻO nā momi phytophagous liʻiliʻi (e like me nā kiʻi hou) i loaʻa i ka papa liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. Hāʻawi ko lākou helehelena i ka hiʻohiʻona o nā mea kamaʻilio kūpono, i lilo pū ʻia i mau momi. ʻAʻole weliweli nā mōmela liʻiliʻi ʻona liʻiliʻi i ka mōlia makua, akā ʻai ʻo ia i kā lākou hua a me nā ʻōpio, e hana ana i nā pilikia hou i ka hana hou ʻana no nā dinosaurs. I ka manawa like, hiki i ka pale o nā keiki no nā dinosaurs nui ke kumu no ka nui loa o ka nui o ka nui o nā pākeke a me nā cubs.

Ma ka maʻalahi ka hoʻokumu i ka pale o ka masonry (kekahi mau dinosaur i ka hope Cretaceous hana maoli i kēia mau ʻano hana), akā naʻe, i ka hapa ka nui o ka kelepona a ʻo nā mākua ka nui o kahi elephant, e ʻoi loa ka wikiwiki, mai ka pale mai i ka hoʻouka ʻana.

Ma muli o ka paʻa paʻa loa i ka nui o ka nui o ka hua manu (ma muli o ka mānoanoa ʻona ākea) i nā ʻanoʻano dinosaur nui, hānau ʻia nā cubs ma mua o ka poʻe pākeke (ma ka nui loa, nā ʻano nui ma waena o nā pākeke a me nā ʻehā mau tausani) mau manawa. ʻO kēia ka mea nui o ka dinosaurs nui i ke kaʻina e ulu ai ka hoʻololi ʻana i kā lākou ʻai meaʻai, a ma ka hana mua i ka hoʻolālā ʻana e hoʻokūkū lākou me nā ʻano loea i nā ʻano nunui. ʻO ka nele o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻike ma waena o nā hanauna he nui wale i kēia pilikia.
Ma muli o ke kaila o ka Continental i ka hope o ka Cretaceous, ua loli ka ʻōnaehana o ka lewa a me ke kai, kahi mea e hoʻokele ai i kekahi mau ʻāina nui o ka ʻāina a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻōkelika kūwila o ka panina, ka mea nui i hoʻopiʻi ʻia i ka luaʻi. ʻO Dinosaurs, ʻoiai he hui kūikawā, ʻoi loa ka paʻakikī o kēlā mau loli. ʻAʻole holoholona i hoʻokahe ʻia nā Dinosaurs, a hiki i ka loli maoli ke hoʻololi i ke ʻano he nui koʻikoʻi no ka pau ʻana o lākou.

Ma muli o kēia mau kumu āpau, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole no nā dinosaurs non-avian, kahi i pau ai ke ʻano o ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano hou. ʻO nā "kahiko" ʻanoʻano o ka dinosaur i noho no kekahi manawa, akā nīlohi ua pau. ʻO ka mea, ʻaʻole he hoʻokūkū ikaika ma waena o nā dinosaurs a me nā mammals; ua hana lākou i nā papa like ʻokoʻa, kahi i like ʻole. Ma hope wale o ka nalo ʻana o ka dinosaurs i pio aku i ka mammals i nā nīnūnū nīnūnū ʻūlū, a hoʻi koke ʻole.

ʻO ka mea kupaianaha, ʻo ka hoʻomohala o nā archosaurs mua i ka wā Triassic i ukali pū ʻia me ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o ka nui o nā terapsid, nā pepa kiʻekiʻe o nā mamela mua primip oviparous.

Ka hoʻokele honua a me ka loli

Hōʻike kēia hypothesis i nā dinosaurs no kekahi mau kumu ke hiki ke ola i nā loli ʻōuli i hopena ma muli o ka nalo ʻana o nā ʻānele. I nā mea āpau i ulu nui ʻia: kūlū wai, make o nā mea kanu, maloʻo mai nā kahawai a me nā waihona kō. ʻO ka mea ʻike, ʻike ʻia ka hana o nā papa tectonic me ka hana o ka lua pele. Huli wale nā lime dinosaurs i hikiʻole ke hoʻololi ʻia.

ʻO kahi o nā nīnaka ma ka hopena o ka Cretaceous

ʻO ka mahalo, ʻo ka piʻi ʻana i ke mahana ke hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka dinosaur i ka hua manu. ʻO ka hopena, hiki i nā pōkē o ka wahine like ʻole ke hipi. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia kahi ʻano like ʻole i loko o nā kūpuna i kēia wā.

ʻOrylelo ʻia e ka'āpono Evolution

Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua kaulana kēia ʻepekema i nā ʻōkuhi kipi. Kuhi kēia mau kāne e hoʻohana kekahi mau noʻonoʻo i ko mākou honua he kahua no nā hoʻokolohua. Mahalo paha, kēia "noʻonoʻo", i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka laʻana o ka dinosaurs, ua aʻo ʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona evolusion, akā ua hiki mai ka manawa e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke kahua hoʻokolohua i mea e hoʻomaka ai ka like me ka noiʻi, akā me nā mammals i ke kumu alakaʻi.

No laila, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ka extraterrestrial naʻau i ka honua mai nā dinosaurs i ka manawa like a hoʻomaka i kahi hana hou o ka hoʻokolohua, ʻo ka mea nui i kū ai mākou he kanaka! Kū pololei ʻo REN-TV. He mea kūpono hoʻi ia e mahalo i ka mea kipi o nā mea kipi.

Nā Dinosaurs vs Mammals

Hiki i ka mammals liʻiliʻi ke hoʻopau loa i nā ʻīlio kila. ʻAʻole ka ʻepekema ʻekepekema i ka hoʻokūkū ikaika ma waena o lākou. Ua hōʻike ʻo Mammals i nā mākaukau ma mua o ke olaloaʻa iā lākou kahi mea maʻalahi e loaʻa ka meaʻai a kūpono hoʻi i ke kaiapuni.

Ma hope o ka hele ʻana o ka dinosaur i ka wā o ka mammals

ʻO ka hana nui o ka mammals ka ʻokoʻa o kā lākou ʻano o ka hana hou ʻana mai ka hana o ka hoʻohuli o ka dinosaurs. Hoʻopau nā mea hope i nā hua, ka mea mau i ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻopakele i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi. Eia kekahi, pono ka nui o ka dinosaur i ka nui o ka meaʻai e ulu ai i ka nui kūpono, a lilo hoʻi ia i hikiʻole ke loaʻa nā meaʻai. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā momma i ka ʻōpū, hānai i ka waiū makuahine, a ma hope iho ʻaʻole pono keʻai nui loa. Eia kekahi, ma lalo o ka ihu e loaʻa mau nā huaʻai dinosaur, i hiki ai ke kiʻi ʻoluʻolu.

Ua hui ʻia

Hiki i nā hypotheses ma luna ke hoʻopili pono i kekahi i kekahi, i hoʻohana ʻia e kekahi mau noiʻi e kau i nā ʻano o nā hypotheses hui pū ʻia. No ka laʻana, hiki i ka hopena o ka meteorite nunui ke hoʻonāukiuki i ka hana o ka lua pele a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i kahi nui o ka lepo a me ka lehu, kahi i hiki ai ke alakaʻi i ka loli ʻōiwi, a me kēia, hiki ke hoʻololi i ke ʻano o nā mea kanu a me nā mea ʻai, a pēlā aku. hiki nō ke kumu no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā wai. Hoʻomaka ʻo ka lua pele ʻo Deccan ma mua o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka meteorite, akā ma kekahi manawa, mau pinepine a me nā pahū liʻiliʻi (71,000 cubic metala no kēlā me kēia makahiki) kahi ala i loaʻa ʻole ka nui a me ka nui (900 miliona mika cubic i kēlā me kēia makahiki). Ua ʻike ʻia e nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻo ka hiki ke hoʻololi i ke ʻano o ka pahuhū ma lalo o ka mana o kahi meteorite i hāʻule i ka manawa like (me kahi hewa o 50 tausani mau makahiki).

Ua ʻike ʻia aia ma kekahi mau reptile aia kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka hilinaʻi o ka wahine o ke keiki ma ke ʻano o ka hua manu. I ka makahiki 2004, he hui o nā mea noiʻi mai ka British University of Leeds, i alakaʻi ʻia e David Milleangle. Ua ʻōlelo aku ʻo David Miller) inā he ʻano like like ʻole ka hanana o ka dinosaur, a laila hiki i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke panina he mau tikana wale nō ka mea e hoʻonāukiuki i ka hānau ʻana mai o nā kāne wale nō (male, no ka laʻana), a me kēia mea hoʻi, e hana hou i ka hana hou ʻole.

Honua i nā manaʻo

He nui nā poʻe ʻepekema i makemake e manaʻoʻiʻo ʻaʻole pono e hoʻopiʻi kekahi i kekahi kumu, no ka mea he punahele nō ka dinosaurs a no nā miliona mau makahiki ua kū ka nui o nā pīhoihoi mai ke ʻano. ʻO ka kumu nui ke kumu o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke aniau, nā pilikia o ka meaʻai, a me ka hoʻokūkū me nā mamalia. Hiki iā ia ke lilo i asteroid i ke ʻano o ka pana i pana. Ua hana pololei kēia mau mea i ka manawa i hiki ʻole ai i nā dinosaurs ke ola.

Hoʻoweliweli ʻia ka hoʻopau ʻole ʻana i nā kānaka?

Ua noho ʻo Dinosaurs ma ka Honua i mau miliona miliona, ʻo ke kanaka - he ʻumi wale nō mau tausani. I loko o kēia manawa pōkole loa, ua hiki iā mākou ke hana i kahi nohona naʻauao. Akā mai ka pau loa ʻana, he mea pale ʻole kēia no mākou.

Aia kekahi helu nui o nā māhele o ka neʻe ʻana o ke kanaka, e hoʻomaka ana mai nā pōʻino honua a me nā maʻi ʻoi loa i ka hoʻoweliweli cosmic i ke ʻano o ka asteroids a me nā hōkū o nā hōkū. Eia no naʻe, hiki i ka poʻe i kēia lā ke hiki ke waiho wale i ka hana - ua nui nā pahu o nā mea kaua ma ka Honua ma mua o kēia mau kumu ... He ʻoiaʻiʻo, hiki ke mālama ʻia kekahi poʻe inā mākou e hoʻokele ai i nā koloni o Mars a i ʻole kahi honua hou i kūpono no kēia mau kumu.

Nā maʻi hypyphesis

ʻAʻole kekahi o kēia mau hypotheses i hiki ke wehewehe piha i ka pehu paʻakikī o nā mea i pili i ke mele ʻole o nā dinosaur non-avian a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ma ka hope o ka Cretaceous.

ʻO nā pilikia nui o nā ʻōpili i kau inoa ʻia:

Ke kiko pono nei nā hypotheses kia pau, ma muli o kekahi mau mea noiʻi, i hele like me ka like me ka manawa ma mua, akā i ka manawa like i pau nā mea hou i ka hana ʻana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā hui piha.
ʻO nā hypotheses hoihoi āpau (hopena hypotheses), me nā mea astronomical, ʻaʻole i pili i ka lōʻihi o ka manawa i manaʻo ʻia (ʻo nā pūʻulu holoholona he nui o ka make ʻana ma mua o ka pau ʻana o ka Cretaceous, a loaʻa kahi hōʻike no ka hanana o Paleogene dinosaurs, mosasaurs a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe). ʻO ka loli o nā ammonite like ʻole i nā ʻano heteromorphic e hōʻike ana i kekahi ʻano ʻano ʻano like ʻole. ʻOi aku paha nā ʻano he nui loa i helu ʻia e kekahi mau kaʻina lōʻihi a kū hoʻi i ke ala o ka hoʻopau ʻana, a maʻalahi wale ka pōʻino i ke kaʻina hana.

Ma ka lima ʻē aʻe, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ka lōʻihi o ka manawa o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka manawa kūpono ma muli o ka Signor - Lipps hopena e pili ana i ka ʻikepili paleontological piha ʻole (ʻo ka kanu kanu ʻana o ka mōʻaukala hope loa i pili paha i ka manawa o ka nalowale ʻana o ka taxon)

ʻO kekahi mau hypotheses i lawa ka hōʻike. No laila, ʻaʻohe mau hōʻike i ʻike ʻia ka pili o ke ʻano o ka poʻomanaʻo o ka Honua i ka ʻūhā, ʻaʻohe kūʻiʻo mau i ke kumu ʻo ka loʻohia o Maastricht i ke pae o ka Honua. ka nui o ka lua pele e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā mauhe a Deccan a i ʻole nō ka ikaika o ka loli honua a me nā loli honua.

Hoʻohālikelike

E pane i ka nīnau: "No ke aha i make ai nā dinosaur?" i kēia lā hiki ʻole ke kumu me ke maopopo ʻole. ʻO nā kikowaena āpau, no ka loaʻa ʻole o nā hōʻike hōʻike nui, ke noho wale nei ma ka pae o nā kuhi. He mea pono ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia he mau dinosaurs ka manawa mua i loko o nā miliona mau makahiki i lilo lākou i ke kumu o nā ʻano o kēia mau kumu, a no ka hope ua hāʻawi i ke ala i nā mommals.

Loaʻa nā hemahema o ka mana o ka biosphere

Nā Faila Media Commons

Pūnaewele "Kanakaʻala"

Ma ka pepa i kau aku nei, e hoʻohana ka moʻolelo i nā manaʻo hypothetical e pili ana i ka physiology a me ke ʻano o ka dinosaurs, ʻoiai ʻaʻole e hoʻohālikelike i nā ʻano hoʻohuli āpau a me nā kumuhana i loaʻa i ka Mesozoic, a i ka hope o ka Cretaceous, a no laila ʻaʻole ia e wehewehe i ka hoʻoiho mau ʻana o nā dinosaurs ma nā konika i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e kekahi.

ʻO wai e manaʻo ʻia nā dinosaurs?

Ma lalo o ka inoa inoa "dinosaurs" ʻelua hui o nā reptile mahana i hui pū ʻia - nā moa a me ka lizardotazovye. ʻO kēlā mau ʻano dinosaur like ʻole e like me ka duckbill iguanodon, nā triceratoped i nā puʻupuʻu, ka pū me ka morgenstern a me kahi stegosaurus a me ka lālani, a me ka ankylosaurus pale kaua, he mau pitetasis. Ua nui ka nui o nā mea kanu manu (mai ka 1 a 10 mau mea kanu). ʻO kekahi ʻano hiʻohiʻona o ka detachment ʻo ia ka beak horny.

Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā dinosaurs ola i ʻelua mau pāʻina: nā theropod a me nā sauropods. ʻO ka mea hope kekahi i nā laulima puaʻa nui loa me ka ʻāʻī lōʻihi - diplodocus, brontosaurs a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā mea lapaʻau ("wāwae-wāwae" kīlaha) he mau mea kanu bipedal o nā ʻāpana like ʻole. ʻO kekahi mau reptile o kēia kāʻei kapu ʻaʻole ia ma mua o nā hens, akā ua komo pū kekahi tyrannosaurus a me kahi spinosaurus. No kēia mea, ke kāla holomua loa o nā kinosaurs, nā "hoʻokūkū" nona nā hulu hulu a me nā iwi māhina, nā manu nā manu.

ʻO kahi maʻi maʻamau o nā dinosaur a pau nā wāwae, "kapa ʻia" i lalo o ke kino. Aia i nā reptile kekahi, aia nā palahalaha ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino.

Huakaʻi?

Inā ʻoe e nānā i nā kumu kumu o ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka dinosaur ma ka Honua, a laila ʻo ke koho kūleʻa nui loa e like me ka hoʻololi o ke aniau. A ke loli nei ka huli ʻana o ka honua ma ia manawa. No ka aneane holoʻokoʻa o Cretaceous, he mea kānalua loa. ʻAʻohe nā pāpale polar, a ma ka ʻākau o nā kūlana o Siberia hou i like me ka ʻaina Mediterranean. I ka wā i noho ai nā kahawai ma nā waʻa i ke kahawai o Arkhangelsk. Loaʻa nā Dinosaurs a me nā mammals i nā pole.

ʻAʻole i like ʻē aʻe i nā reptile nā pale i noho i ka manawa o nā dinosaurs. ʻO ke kino o ke kino o ka echidna mai 28 a 30 mau kiʻekiʻe. ʻAʻole hiki i ka holoholona ke ʻae i nā frosts

Ua lilo ʻo ia i ʻeleʻele 70 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Akā, ʻo ka mea mua, hele lohi ka hana. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Paleogene (66 miliona mau makahiki i hala) e ulu mau ana nā ulu lāʻau ulu ma ka ʻĀkau o Greenland. ʻO ka lua, ua hoʻololi wale ke ʻano o nā keaka wai i ka ʻokoʻa i ka ekiu. Ua neʻe wale nā ʻōhua aloha wela iā Hema, i nā ʻāina i noho ʻole ʻia ma mua. Heʻoiaʻiʻo, i ka wā Cretaceous, he wao a kahi subtropical, tropical and a me equatorial e like me ke awāwa make, lohi ʻia like me ke Atacama.

I kekahi hihia, ʻaʻole i hāʻawi ka ua hoʻoluʻu maikaʻi i nā mommole kahiko. Akā ʻaʻole i hopohopo i ka pō polu me nā dinosaur. Hōʻalo nā mikropropi liʻiliʻi i nā lua i ka hoʻoilo a ua hānau ʻia. Ua hele hewa wale nā diplodocuses Snow i ka pale, e mālama ana i ka wela. Ua aʻo ʻia kekahi mau pangolins e hoʻohana i ka wela o nā puna wela i nā ʻōpala mahana.

ʻO Megazostrodon - "ʻoiʻo ke kākāhele hanu", i noho ma 200 miliona mau makahiki aku nei

ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, hiki ʻole ke kapa inoa i nā dinosaur i hoʻoluʻu piha ʻia, a ʻo ka hapalua a me ka hapa ka mālama i ke kino kino ma ke pae o 25 kiʻekiʻe. Akā he mea like nō naʻe no ka makmals primitive.

Hoʻololi ka wai?

He paʻakikī i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke kuleana no ka pahuhopu a me ka loli i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā lewa, e hoʻomau ana ma ka manawa o ka Cretaceous. ʻO ke kao o ka oxygen i ka ea, e hoʻomaka ana i ka 40-45%, a emi iki i ka pae o kēia manawa. I ka hopena o ka manawa (ʻo ia ke kumu o ka hoʻomoʻo), hoʻomaka ka manaʻo o ke kalapona o ke kalapona, i loko o ke ʻano o nā lizards he ʻumi mau kiʻekiʻe ma mua o kēia manawa. Akā ua lohi loa nā loli i ka lewa. A ʻaʻole maopopo ʻaʻole pehea e hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻopilikia i ka makemake o nā dinosaurs.

ʻO nā tyrannosaurs ʻōpiopio, ka mea, ʻaʻole like i ka pākeke "super-scavengers", e neʻe ana i ka wikiwiki o 7 km / h, hiki iā lākou ke holo a ʻimi, ua lōʻihi nā manawa i manaʻo ʻia he ʻano hoʻokaʻawale o nā theropod

Eia naʻe, aia kekahi mau mea. Ma ka waenakonu o ka Cretaceous, ua hoʻopau hoʻopau ichthyosaurs. Me ka pīhoihoi oxygen kiʻekiʻe, hāʻawi ka hanu pulmonary i nā reptile i ke anuanu i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia i kahi kūlehu nui i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā hiwa hanu gill. Akā i ka lilo ʻana o ka oxygen, ua nīnau ka nīnau inā pono nā lawaiʻa o ka iʻa i ke kūlohelohe, inā ʻaʻole i hewa ʻole ka iʻa maʻamau.

Hoʻokomo ka Oxygen i ka manawa Jurassic, ʻoi aku ka nani a me ka momona ma mua o ka Cretaceous. A laila ua kanu ʻia ka nui o kēia pēkē ma ke ʻano o ka waiho ʻana o ka calcium carbonate (ka mea i hāʻawi i ka inoa i ka manawa geological o ka Cretaceous). Akā i hea mai e pili ana i ka nui o ke kalapona mai i ka lewa?

Hoʻomoʻa ʻana i ka mite?

Wahi a kekahi moʻolelo, ʻo ke kumu o ka pau ʻole o nā pakanui herbivore i hiki ke lilo i nā poʻoni e pale i nā mea kanu pua mai nā ʻenemi. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma loko o ka ʻōpū o ka dinosaur nui hiki i kahi mau keneta o ka meaʻai ke kau ʻia

ʻO ka hapakolu o nā "planetary" hypotheses e wehewehe i ka make ʻana o nā dinosaurs e kahi mea make nui. Loaʻa ka nui o nā hydrocarbons ma ka Honua ma ke ʻano o ka hydrates - crystals e like me ka hau, he mau kulu kulu 'ole o ka hau kūlohelohe a me ka wai. Mālama 'ia ka piliki ma muli o ke kaomi hanu a me ke kumu haʻahaʻa - ua kālele ʻia kā lākou mau hōpoi ma lalo o permafrost a me nā haʻahaʻa lalo moana. Wahi a ka hypothesis "methane hydrate", ʻo ka nui o ke kai kahe hiki ke hoʻowalewale i ke kaʻina like o ka metane evolution. I ka hoʻonui ʻana aʻe i ka hopena ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ua hoʻopuni ka pōpilikia me nā pūʻulu o ka makaʻi ʻana, ʻo ka mana o ia mea e pono ai e manaʻo ʻia he mau gigatons. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, e hoʻokaʻawale i ke aniani ka hui ʻana o ka ea-hau.

Ua manaʻo ʻia he mea hiki i kēlā hanana ke hoʻopau i ka wā hana o ka dinosaurs. Eia nō naʻe, aia ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia hypothesis: hiki ʻole i ka noho hydration i loko o ka Cretaceous. I ka wā o ka Cretaceous, ua mālie ka Honua, akā ʻaʻole ka wela, ua emi ka hopena o ke ʻōlea, nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o nā permafrost wale nō ma nā kuahiwi o Antarctica, a me ka mahana o ka wai o ka wai ma ka papa kai hiki i 20 degere.

Eia nō naʻe, i kahi manaʻo, ua maoli maoli ka catane. Ua pana aku ka mea pana. ʻO nā papa metana kahiko, a me nā ʻāpana hou i hoʻoiho ʻia i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana o ka hou a me ka "ʻāpono" ʻana i nā mālama o nā kaʻa kahiko, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka lewa. Akā ua hoʻolako ʻia kēia mīkini a hoʻolōʻihi ʻia, ma luna o 80 miliona mau makahiki.

Loaʻa nā maʻi āpau i ka "catastrophic" hoʻokahi. ʻAʻole lākou i wehewehe i ke kumu o ka pau ʻana o nā hua reptile i wehewehe ʻia. ʻO ka hopena o ka hoʻopau ʻana o kā dinosaur e hūnā ma nā hiʻohiʻona o kā lākou biology. A ʻaʻohe hapa hapa o nā hypotheses e wehewehe nei i ka hoʻopau ʻana mai kēia ʻanoʻike.

Nā hua hua komo?

Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia, no ka laʻana, ʻo nā hua crocodile i kau ʻia i nā kūlana ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mānoanoa o ka mānoanoa nui. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka mahana o ke one i kanu ʻia ai ka masonry ua loaʻa kahi hopena ma ka papahele o ka humu. ʻO ka pae haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāne. No laila, aia paha kahi hoʻohemo i alakaʻi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua oki nā wahine i ka hili mai i nā huaʻai dinosaur? A i make wale paha ka make ʻana o ka masonry no ka mea hiki ʻole i ka ʻāʻī liʻiliʻi ke hiki ke hōʻake i ka ʻāʻī i ka pahee?

ʻO ka nāwaliwali o kēlā mau hypotheses e waiho ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a ua kūkulu ʻia ma ka waihona o nā nānā ʻana o nā crocodiles. Akā i pakele nā poʻe kīlio, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea i haʻi ʻia o kā lākou hua a ka mea hiki ke hana i ka hana koʻikoʻi ma ka palena o ka Cretaceous a me Paleogene. A he nui nā mea like ma waena o nā crocodile a me ka plesiosaurs e ola nei a i ʻole he pterodactyl-hua manu?

Pono nā Dinosaurs i kahi huila māmā e hoʻohana ai i ko lākou "ʻano" maikaʻi nui - ka holo. Ma mua o nā mōlia ka mea e hoʻomake i nā waʻa e neʻe ana i nā ulu o ka ʻāina

Hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe?

ʻO ke ala maʻalahi e wehewehe i ka pau ʻana o kēia ʻano he ʻano lihi like ia me kahi mea i hoʻohālikelike ʻia. Akā ʻo ka dinosaurs, ma ka maka mua, ʻaʻole i hiki ke lanakila i ka hoʻokūkū, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe mea i hoʻokūkū lākou i ka mea kūlohelohe. ʻAʻole mākaukau ʻo ka momi e hana e like me nā poʻe wānana a me nā māla nunui. He ʻumi miliona mau makahiki ma hope o ka pau ʻana o nā dinosaurs, nā mea maikaʻi a me nā nīnū huluhulu i noho maikaʻi ʻia e ka mea ola a me nā manu lele ʻole, ʻaʻole wale nō manawaleʻa.

Hiki i ka hoʻokūkū ke wehewehe wale i ka hoʻopau ʻana o nā pterodactyls. Aia ma waenakonu o ka Cretaceous, lele ka manu iā lākou mai nā wahi a pau, a hui pū ʻia nā pterodactyl e pihi ana i nā pali kahakai. Akā ma kēia, ua ala hou ka lele mua, nā lele ʻai kū i ka make, a mau paha he 40 miliona mau makahiki.

ʻO nā manu Toothy ka lilo ʻana i nā holoholona i hoʻoluʻu maoli (i ke kiʻi - ʻO ka Late Cretaceous "penguin" hesperornis)

Haka ka hora i kahi manawa anuanu ke holo nei i nā pterosaurs "hapalua-koko" mai nā cocy icy. Akā, paipai wale nō nā manu i ʻimi i nā kumuwaiwai hou. Kēia nā mana i haku ʻia i ke ʻano o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a ka lawe ʻana mai ka wai i kahe koke a ʻo, me he mea lā ʻo ka penguins o kēia wā, ke hoʻololi i ka hiki ke lele no ka ʻike diving scuba. ʻO Pterodactyls, hiki iā ia ke ulana i nā hola he nui, ʻaʻole i pau ka ikaika loa, akā, no ka hoʻopio ʻana i kā lākou pio, ua ʻāpopo ʻia e hele ma kahakai, ʻaʻohe mea paʻa.

No ka lilo ʻana o nā mōʻaukala, he nawaliwali ko lākou. ʻO lākou, ka mea, ua lilo i hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻohālikelike.

Ua pepehi ʻia nā hoʻomālima iā nā mamalia?

ʻO nā Dinosaurs, ʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻi, ua ʻai mau i ka mammals ma kekahi manawa. Akā ʻaʻole lākou i ʻimi pono i ka ʻōnaehana. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻo nā holoholona, e hilinaʻi nei i ko lākou ʻano o ka ʻono a me ka lohe, hele i ka lawaiʻa i ka pō. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā mea ola predatory, e like me nā manu manu.

No ka hiki ʻana i ka ʻula ke hele i ka lewa, ʻaʻole nui ka hua manu nui. Ma ka mea, ua nani iki nā keiki o ka papa ʻaina i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā pākeke. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi loa ka momona o ka lizard a hoʻomaka e mālama i ka hua, pale i ka masonry a me nā wai ʻai, ʻaʻohe mea e hānai ai i kā lākou hua. ʻO ka mōʻaukala, ka mea i loaʻa ʻole i ka meaʻai paʻa i ke ʻano o ka waiū a mai nā lā mua o kona noho ʻana, ua loaʻa i kāna ʻai, e ulu mālie. No ka hiki ʻana i ka pākeke, ua lawe i kahi papa nui i mau makahiki he mau makahiki.

ʻOiai i waena o nā reptile e hoʻomau nui ʻia, "palupalu" make kamaliʻi "nui mau. A ua hiki i nā mammals ke hoʻohana i kēia pono. Ke hoʻomau nei ʻole ka lizards o nā pākeke, nā mea inikini ua hoʻokūkū pū me nā keiki dinosaur i koi ʻia e hānai i nā pōpoki a me nā mākaukau.

ʻO Plesiosaurs, nāna i ʻimi i nā iʻa mai luna mai, mai ke kiʻekiʻe o ko lākou ʻāʻī, a ua hopu i nā mea (me ka ʻaina pterodactyls hale home) ma ka pūnaka, ʻaʻole hiki ke kū i ka hoʻokūkū me nā manu (iliʻi, Dmitry Bogdanov)

ʻO ka mea hoʻonāukiuki no ka pōʻino, ʻo ia paha ke ʻano o ka mauʻu. ʻO ka hala ʻana o ka nāhelehele mauʻu ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻāina ʻo Cretaceous, i hoʻohanohano ʻia, ka ʻokoʻa ʻana i nā kumulāʻau wale, nā pua liʻiliʻi wale nō a me nā ʻōpala, mai nā mea hou. ʻO kahi kalepa mākeke e hoʻomake i ka turf a mālama i ka lepo mai ka hoʻomoe ʻana a me ka leaching, ua loaʻa i ka Honua he 70 miliona mau makahiki i hala.

Ma lalo o ka uhi o ka mauʻu mauʻu i hiki ai iā lākou ke ʻimi manuahi i ka lā, a ua hōʻemi ʻia ko lākou ʻike (e hoʻemi ana i ke ʻano o ka hihio i ke kuʻi manuahi), ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻano hedgehog. Kūlou nā unahi i ka palau ʻia o nā holoholona.

ʻO ka mea mua - ʻo ia mau miliona miliona mau makahiki ma mua o ka hopena o ka Cretaceous - hāʻule i nā theropods liʻiliʻi. Hoʻohui ʻia me ka nui o ka holomua o nā reptile - wela-koko (ʻike ʻia) nā velociraptors. A lele mau ʻia nā kime o ka ʻalohilohi i ka nui o ka maiahi tuberous.

Ma ke kaupaona ʻana he 20 wale kilamu, he wikiwiki, maʻalea a make me ka velociraptor lawaiʻa i mālama i nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi. Akā ʻo kēia niche ma ka Cretaceous i noho wale ʻia e nā juveniles o nā dinosaurs nui

Ma ka papa like, ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā kumu waiwai i loaʻa i ka poʻe dinosaur ʻōpio, diplodocus hanohano i ka hoʻokūkū i lanakila ai i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia e ka naʻauao a i ke ʻano hoʻi. Akā, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka mauʻu a pau i ka palu, a me ka mea i luku ʻia i ka nahele, ʻaʻole i pau i loko o ka Jurassic, hoʻomau ʻia ma ka Paleogene.

ʻO ka mea hope loa e make ana ʻo Triceratops, nāna i hoʻokele i ka momona o ka mauʻu, a me ka mea kaulana loa o ka mānani - tyrannosaurs.

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