• KEKAHI MAUA
• Ka manawa ola a me kahi noho (manawa): Jurassic - Nā wā Cretaceous (ma kahi o 200-85 miliona mau makahiki i hala)
• Loaʻa: i ka makahiki 1871, India
• Aupuni: Nā holoholona
• Era: Mesozoic
• Kuhi: Nā Chordates
• Kāpili: Lizard-pelvic
• Māhele: ʻĀina
• Infa kālai: Zauropods

ʻO ia ka hui nui loa o nā dinosaur i neʻe aku ma nā wāwae 4 a hānai ʻia i nā mea kanu. Aia kēia pūʻulu ma kahi o 130 mau ʻano, 13 ʻohana a me 68 genera. ʻO ka mea kaulana loa o nā mea āpau he diplodocus a me brachiosaurus.

No kekahi manawa, manaʻo ko nā kānaka ʻepekema ma kēia mau kai ʻaina nā ʻāina ma ka ʻāina a me ka wai. Akā ke aʻo ʻana i nā kikoʻī o ke ʻano o ke kino, hele mai lākou i ka manaʻo holoʻokoʻa ʻaʻole hiki i kēia ʻano.

Nā kikoʻī kikoʻī o ke kino

Ua nui ka kino a me kona lehulehu. ʻO ke kūpaʻa o nā sauropods he ikaika a ikaika loa, no ka mea pono kēlā e kākoʻo i nā kaupaona a pau. Ma ka laulā, ua like ʻole nāʻokoʻa like ʻole a pau mai kekahi i ke ʻano kino. Loa lōʻihi a kā lākou huelo, hiki i ka dinosaur ke maʻalahi me ka hōʻā.

Poʻo

Ua like loa ke poʻo o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka nui o ke kino, ʻaʻole pili i ka nui, e pili ana i ka nui o ke kino. Loaʻa ʻia nā ʻōnaehana o kekahi mau kānaka maʻamau, i.e. ua manuahi lākou e launa i nā lau, akā i kekahi aia ʻē aʻe i kaomi ʻana i nā pōhaku e ʻalili ai i kēia mau lau i ka ʻōpū.

Ua loiloi nā Paleontologists i nā hana o ka ʻāʻī ma ka hoʻohuli ʻana o ka dinosaurs

Ua ʻike nā ʻepekemaʻepekema ʻo ke kumu nui o ka hana ma hope o ka ulu ʻana o ka dinosaurs herbivorous ʻo ka sauropod. Ma hope o kona hoʻolōʻihi ʻia, hoʻololi hou ʻia nā koena o ke kino.

Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia ma kahi ʻatikala e nā ʻepekema Pelekānia mai ke University of Liverpool, i hoʻopuka ʻia ma ka puke pai Royal Society Open Science.

ʻO Zauropods nā lōkīlani pōkā lōʻihi i kū ʻia ma ka hopena o ka Triassic a ua hoʻopau i ka manawa o ka Cretaceous, pū me nā dinosaurs ʻē aʻe. ʻO kēia ka mea nui o nā vertebrates terestrial nui i noho ma ka honua.

Ua hoʻohuli ʻia he kumu nui i loko o ka hoʻopulapula i ka sauropod ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kikowaena o ka umauma o ke kino. ʻO nā kūpuna nā sauropods, i neʻe ma ka wāwae ʻelua, e like me ka dinosaurs theropod e like me ka dinosaur predatory, he kikowaena kokoke i ka hiʻu, akā e lūlū i ka mua o ke kino.

ʻO ka neʻe i ka kikowaena o ka gravity ka mea ikaika loa ma ka hopena o ka Jurassic i ka hui Titanosauriformes - ka Argentina kaulana, ʻo ka dinosaurus kaulana loa, nona ia. Ka neʻe o ke kikowaena o ka gravity i loko o lākou ma lalo o ka mana o kahi ʻāʻī elongated, a hele mua ʻo elongation i nā loli hou aʻe.

Wahi a nā kānakaʻepekema, e hoʻonui wale ana i ka ʻāʻī, hoʻomaka nā dinosaur e "noʻonoʻo" e pili ana i nā kino ʻē aʻe o ke kino. No laila, pono lākou e hoʻoikaika i kā lākou mau wahī a hoʻololi i kā lākou gait - inā i ka manawa Jurassic nā sauropods, e hoʻokolokolo ana ma ko lākou mau ʻaoʻao, ʻaʻole i pālahalaha lākou mau wāwae ākea, a laila ma ka manawa Cretaceous ka lōʻihi o ka Titanosauriformes e hoholaʻa i ko lākou mau wāwae i kaawale mai ke kino.

No laila, ʻo ka mea nui e pili ai i ka evolopod sauropod he hoʻololi i ka ʻikepili locomotor. Akā ʻaʻole ʻae iki ka ʻāʻī lōʻihi i kā lākou meaʻai - ma waena o nā sauropods a koikoo lōʻihi, aia kekahi mauʻano me nā niho ikaika i huki i ka ulu lāʻau paʻakikī, a me nā ʻano me nā niho nāwaliwali. E ʻike ʻia ke kūlana like i ko lākou mau hoahānau pili pōkole.

ʻO ka maʻomino nunui ʻo ka mea nona nā wāwae miniature

Ua ʻike ka poʻe Paleontologists i ʻAmelika i ka wāwae o kekahi o nā dinosaur nui loa i ka mōʻaukala. Ka mea, ua loaʻa kēia holoholona holoholona i nā manamana pōkole ma kona mau wāwae hind.

ʻO Zauropod Notocolossus gonzalezparejasi ʻO ka ʻike a nā mea ʻepekema ʻAmelika a me Argentinean, i hoʻopuka ʻia ma ka puke pai Scientific Reports.

I ka huina holoʻokoʻa, ua hāʻule nā ​​koena o nā sauropod ʻelua, nā diosaurs lōʻihi i lalo o nā lima o nā kānaka ʻepekema - nā humerus a me nā pālua o ka vertebrae i ola mai kekahi o lākou, ʻo ka wāwae o ka wāwae hind a me kahi ʻāpana o ka huelo mai ka mea ʻē aʻe. Ua hōʻike aku nā kānaka noiʻi i nā dinosaurs i nā mea hou hou ʻo Notocolossus gonzalezparejasi, nona nā pūʻulu titanosaurs.

Nui ka Titanosaurs i ka hopena o ka Cretaceous i ka Hema ʻekepono Hema (ka duckbill dinosaurs i hoʻomāliʻi ʻia i kēlā manawa i ka ʻĀkau Hemolele). ʻO ka dinosaur ka nui loa ma ka mōʻaukala o ka honua ka mea me ka titanosaurs - no ka laʻana, ma 2014 ma Argentina, ua loaʻa kekahi kihi o ka titanosaurus Dreadnoughtus, nona ka lōʻihi mai ke poʻo a ka poʻo o kona huʻu e like me 26 mika.

I ka nui, ʻaʻole i emi iho ʻo Notocolossus i Dreadnoughtus. Ma ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana e kāna humerus (1.76 mika), ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke kino o kēia ʻano he 25-28 mika, a me ke paona - 66 tons. I ʻole e hina i lalo o kona paona pono ʻana, pono e hōʻoki ʻo Notocolossus i kona wāwae: ma nā sauropods kahiko, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā phalanges i nā manamana wāwae o nā wāwae hind, akā i loko o ka higante nui o ʻAmelika, ua hōʻemi ʻia ia i 2. Ma muli o ka emi o ka helu o ka phalanges, lilo a māhuahua nā manamana lima o ka dinosaur.

E like me ka mea i hoʻomaopopo ʻia, ʻo ka haki i ka hoʻopā ʻana i nā manamana lima i nānā ʻia ma nā sauropod a me nā wāwae mua. Eia naʻe, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā wāwae o kēia mau higants, no laila, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonāukiuki i kā lākou ulu ʻana i nā kikoʻī.

Ua ana ke kanaka ʻepekema i ke kino o ke kino o ka dinosaur

ʻO ka ʻepekema nei no ka manawa mua i hoʻopaʻa iki i ke ʻano kino o ke kino o ka dinosaurs e ka mea isotopic o ka pūpū o kā lākou hua. Ka mea i hoʻohuli loa iā lākou e hiki ke hoʻoluʻu ʻia i kekahi o lākou.

Nā hua Dinosaur i ʻōlelo ʻia i loko o kahi ʻatikala e nā paleontologists ʻAmelika mai ke University of California, Los Angeles, i paʻi ʻia ma ka nūpepa Nature Communications.

E ʻike ʻia, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia i waena o nā kānaka ʻepekema ma mua o kahi o kahi mau makahiki he ʻumi paha e pili ana i ke koina ʻaina, a ʻoluʻolu ke koko, a i ʻole ia e hoʻopiha i kahi kikowaena waena o kēia mau kahua ʻelua, kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻonui i kā lākou kino o ke kino ma mua o ke kau wela, akā i ka manawa like ʻole ka mālama ʻana ma ia mau.

Ke hoʻāʻo nei e pane i kēia nīnau, ua hana nui nā mea noiʻi me nā iwi a me nā niho o ka dinosaurs, ke helu nei i ko lākou ulu ulu ʻana - i nā holoholona i ke anuanu ka mea mau loa ia ma mua o nā mea aloha wela.

Eia naʻe, ua hoʻoholo nā mea kākau o ka ʻatikala e hele i kahi ala ʻē aʻe - ua kālele lākou me ka ratio o ka carbon-13 a me ka isotop oxygen-18 i loko o ka ʻili o ka huaʻala o ka dinosaur. I ka manawa hoʻohālike, pono kēia palepa e hilinaʻi i ka mahana o ke kino o ka wahine i ka manawa ke kolo nei nā hua ma loko o kāna oviducts.

I ka mea mua, ua hōʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻo ke kū maoli o nā ʻano manu 13 a me 9 mau mea reptile hiki ke helu pono ʻia mai ka isotopic komposisyon o nā hua manu - he hewa loa ka hapa hewa ma mua o 1-2 degere.

A laila, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻano like like ʻole, ua helu ʻia nā mea kākau i ke ʻano kino o nā sauropods mai ka hui o titanosaurs - kahi nui dinosaur herbivorous, nona nā hua (ma ka nui o 6) ua loaʻa i ʻAmelika. Eia kekahi, ana lākou i ka mahana o kahi oviraptor liʻiliʻi nona nā hua (13 ma ka nui) e hele mai mai Mongolia. Ua noho lāua ʻelua mau dinosaur ma ka pau ʻana o ka Cretaceous.

Ka mea i huli ia i ka ea sauropod he 37 paʻu a i ʻole minuke 2 degere, a ʻo ka mahana oviraptor he 32 mea a haʻahaʻa paha 3 mau degere. Hoʻomaopopo kēia i ka mea i loko o ke ʻano kino o ke kino ua hoʻokokoke ʻo ia i nā manu mahana i ke koko, a ʻo ka lua - i nā reptile aniani. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻoponopono ʻana e ka isotopic kompositions o nā ʻāpana o ka limona kokoke i ka pā o ka oviraptor, he 6 a ʻoi loa ka pōkole ma mua o kona ʻano, no laila ua hiki pū ka hoʻomehana ʻana o kēia dinosaur.

Wahi a nā kānakaʻepekema, hōʻike ka mea ʻike i hiki i ka dinosaurs like ʻole ke hahai i nā hoʻolālā thermoregulation ʻē aʻe.

Ua hoʻi aku ʻo Paleontologists i kona inoa i ka brontosaurus

Ma hope o hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki, ʻike nā paleontologists i wehe ʻole ʻia i kona inoa ka brontosaurus kaulana. ʻOiaʻiʻo, he ʻano kūʻokoʻa a he kūpono kahi inoa hoʻokaʻawale.

Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Brontosaurus i kahi ʻatikala e nā poʻe loea Pukiki mai ka New University of Lisbon, i paʻi ʻia ma ka nūpepa PeerJ.

He moʻomeheu ʻo Brontosaurus nā pua hakahaka mai ka pūʻulu sauropod, no ka ʻohana Nahaocidae, kahi i noho i ka hapa lua o ka manawa o Jurassic. ʻO ka mea koho mua o ka brontosaurs i wehewehe ʻia e ka paleontologist ʻAmelika Charles i ka makahiki 1879 ma lalo o ka inoa ʻo Brontosaurus excelsus.

Eia nō naʻe, i ka makahiki 1903, ua hoʻoholo nā ʻepekema i kēia ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ia ʻano, a laila ua kapa hou ia ʻo Apatosaurus excelsus, a ua pau ka inoa o "brontosaurus" i hana ʻia (pololei) ma ke ʻano o ka inoa zoological inoa. Akā, ua hoʻomanaʻo ka poʻe hoʻolohe i kēia ʻano i ʻoikoʻī lōʻihi ma lalo o kēlā inoa, no ka mea i loko o ka American Museum of Natural History, ʻo ia ka hōʻailona ma lalo o ka huakaʻi o ka brontosaurus renamed.

Huli ia ʻoiai ka like o ka like, like ka nui o ka ʻōpū o nā luna o Apatosaurus i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā Brontosaurs, ʻoi aku ka nui o ko lākou ʻāʻī. Wahi a nā kānaka ʻepekema, he ʻokoʻa ka B. excelsus, ʻelua mau mea hou, kahi i hoʻopaʻa mua ʻia i ka genus Apatosaurus, pono e hoʻopili ʻia i ka brontosaurs.

ʻO Apatosaurus lāua ʻo Brontosaurus mai nā puka mai ka ʻĀpana Morrison ʻAmelika Hema - ma nā mea āpau, he 10 mau huaʻōlelo o nā sauropod i loaʻa ma laila. Hoʻomaopopo, i kēia manawa, ua hōʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā mea kanu o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole i hōʻemi ʻia ai ka hoʻokūkū ma waena o kēia mau kanaka nunui, i ʻike ʻole ʻia ai lākou me nā pilikia i loko o ka pūnaehana like ʻole.

ʻIke ʻo Giraffe i loaʻa ma Kina

Ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻano hou o nā dinopaurus sauropod ma mua o 15 mau mika ka lōʻihi o ka poʻe Kanada paleontologists ma Kina. ʻO ka hale paʻahana e noho ana i ka manawa Jurassic he ʻāʻī lōʻihi kona nui, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hapalua o kona ʻāpana holoʻokoʻa. Ke nānā nei kēia poʻe ʻepekema i nā kumu no kēlā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka holoholona.

ʻO Mamenchizaur - Qijianglong guokr University University of Alberta Philip Curry a me kāna haumāna haumāna Tetsuo Miyashita a me Lida Sin i wehewehe i kahi ʻano mummychisaur hou - Qijianglong guokr. Ke ulu ulu nei a hiki i ka 15 mau mika ka lōʻihi, ua noho ka dinosaur ma ka hopena o ka manawa Jurassic, ma kahi o 160 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Loaʻa nā koena pīpī ma kahi o Qijiang ma Chongqing.

Ua loaʻa kēia kaulana hale kanu hoʻomehana ma 2006, i ka wā e hana ana i ka hana ma luna. Ma waena o nā hua puke ʻē aʻe, ua loaʻa ka paleontologists i kahi ʻūhā liʻiliʻi me ka ʻāʻī lōʻihi. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hana hou e mālama ʻia ana ke koʻi o ka axial i ka holoholona a piha loa, a ua waiho wale ʻia nā iwi palu mai nā wāwae. Ua pōʻino ka pale ʻana i ke ʻano ʻo Jurassic, akā ua ola ʻia nā palekima a me nā pale cranial a hiki i kēia lā i kahi kūlana maikaʻi loa, e hāʻawi ana i nā poʻe ʻepekema i manawa e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ke ʻano o ka loloenosaurs i ʻike mua ʻia.

"He mea maikaʻi loa ʻo Qijianglong. E noʻonoʻo ʻoe i kahi holoholona nui ʻo ka hapalua maloʻo a ʻike ʻoe e hiki ai i ka hoʻomohala e hana i nā mea ʻano ʻē," wahi a Miyashita. "Maʻaneʻi loa ke kāohi ʻana i ke poʻo a me ka ʻā o kahi sauropod. ka liʻiliʻi a ma ka haʻalele wale nō i ka make ma hope o ka make ʻana o ka holoholona. "

Kū maila ʻo Mamenchisaurs ma waena o ko lākou poʻe hoahānau me ko lāua ʻāʻī lōʻihi. ʻO ka maʻamau, he ʻīkole o ka hapakolu o ke kino, ʻo ka sauropod a me ka mea, i ka huli ana i loko o nā mammychisaurs hiki iā ia ke hōʻea. Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka huaʻāina mua loa ʻo Mamenchisaurus, ua nui ka nui o ka Qijianglong cervical vertebrae, kahi mea i hoʻomaʻamaʻa nui ia i ka ukana ma ka ʻihi. Eia kekahi, kūlou maikaʻi i ka ʻāʻī o ka dinosaur i luna, ʻo ia nō hoʻi ka mea maʻamau maoli no ka sauropod.

He mea nui ia e ʻike ai he ʻano hui ʻokoʻa nā mamaenchisaurs, a ʻo ko lākou koenao ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. Wahi a Pelekane Curry, he hope loa nā manawa Kina wahine lōʻihi e ulu maikaʻi ana ma kekahi wahi ʻāina i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia. Hiki iā ia, no ka laʻana ke ʻoki ʻia mai ka honua holoʻokoʻa e ka moana, nā mauna a i ʻole ka wao e hiki ʻole ai. No laila, ʻaʻole hiki i ka basal Mamenchisauridae ke hoʻolaha i ka laulā, a ma hope iho, i ka wā e hui pū ai ko lākou hoʻokaʻawale ʻana me nā wahi ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻololi hou ʻia nā ʻano loea hou i ka hoʻokūkū.

I kēia manawa, aia ke kāʻei o ka dinosaur hou i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Qijiang. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Miyashita. "Aia ʻo Kina i ka ʻike o nā nīnika lōʻihi a ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Kavela i ka wā i loaʻa ai nā ʻūlā i nā kala lōʻihi e like me Qijianglong i ka ʻāina, kā lākou me kēia mau mea kilokilo."

Pehea ka hui ʻana a ka sauropod i nā maʻa

ʻO nā pahu nui dinopaur e like me ka hoʻomakaocus a me Brachiosaurus i noho pinepine i ka manawa like, a i ka manawa like ma nā wahi like. Pono kēlā me kēia i ka nui o ka meaʻai mea kanu. Pehea e kaʻana o nā sauropods i nā kumuwaiwai meaʻai, ua ʻike ʻia ka paleontologists Pelekane.

ʻO Camarasaurus skull Ka mea i hoʻohālikelike loa i ka cohabitation o nā sauropods like ʻole, ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka Late Jurassic Morrison, kahi ʻano o nā pali sedimentary i loaʻa ma ke komohana Komohana i loaʻa nā koena o nā ʻano he 10 o kēia mau kaaka. Ke ʻano hūnā nei kēia kūlana i nā ʻepekema no ka manawa lōʻihi, no ka mea i kēia lā ʻo ia nā mea waiwai ʻona ʻoihana nui o Aferika i hiki ke kākoʻo i ke ola ʻana o kekahi wale nō o nā makro fauna - ka elephant. Ma ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana i ka ʻikepili geological, nā helu hoʻopiʻi o ka hoʻokumu Morrison i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o nā kūlana semi-arid koʻikoʻi, hoʻonui maoli i ka ulu ʻana o flora.

Ke Kulanui o Bristol paleontologist ʻO David Button a me kāna mau hoa i hoʻohana i ka hoʻohālike ʻana o ka kamepiula no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa i ke kaʻina ʻana o ka hoʻolaʻa ʻana o nā ʻano sauropods like ʻole. I ka helu ʻana i ka ʻōpala Camarasaurus, ua hāʻawi ʻia lākou i ka Finite Element Analysis (FEA), i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻenehana no ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā mīkini a me nā mīkini. ʻO ka polokalamu "hoʻonui" i nā iwi o ka dinosaur kahiko me ka puʻuwai maya a helu ʻia i ka ukana a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā hana ma nā ʻōpala o kahi camarasaurus ola. A laila, ua hoʻohālikelike nā ʻikepili i ka like me nā helu like i loaʻa i mua no ka skull diplodocus, ʻoiai ua loaʻa pū ʻia kēia mau kanaka mai nā wahi he nui.

"Hōʻike kā mākou mau hopena ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hiki i kekahi o nā mea ke hoʻopiʻi, nā kaʻe o nā ʻaina ʻelua nei he mau mea paʻakikī e hoʻopili ai," wahi a Button. he ʻōpala ʻōpio a nāu nāwaliwali o kahi diplodocus i hoʻohālikelike i kāna papaʻai i nā mākē a me nā mea kanu palu ʻē aʻe, aʻo ka diplodocus hiki ke hoʻohana i nā ʻāʻī ikaika a paʻa i ke ʻano hōʻala o nā mea kanu, e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano nui o ka ʻai ʻana o nā ʻaina lua, a he lua. olyali iā lākou e hui pū pū. "

Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i nā helu biomekanika i hiki i nā ʻano sauropod ʻē aʻe, ua hele ka hui noiʻi e like me kā lākou ʻano like ʻole ma ke ʻano o nā hoʻoponopono o nā meaʻai, ʻo lākou ka mea i hoʻohana ai i ka nui o nā mea kanu no ka meaʻai.

"I nā kaiāulu holoholona hou, ua kapa ʻia nā papa inoa like ʻole me kēia mau nīnika trophic. Hoʻonā lākou i nā mea kokoke loa e hōʻemi i ka hoʻokūkū no ka waiwai o nā meaʻai," wahi a ka mea kākau kumu ʻo Emily Rayfield, ka mea kaukaʻi o ka paleobiology ma ke Kulanui o Bristol. "ʻO kā mākou loiloi ka mea mua e hoʻolako i ka helu helu pono a me ka biomekanika. mea hōʻike i ke ola ʻana o kēia hanana i nā kaiāulu. "

Eia kekahi, ʻo nā haʻawina a nā paleontologist Pelekania e kōkua maikaʻi loa i ke kuhi ʻana i ka ʻai ʻana o ka ʻai ʻana i nā sauropods nui, i koi ʻia e hele i ka huina ma waena o ke poʻo liʻiliʻi a me ka ʻāʻī lahiliki a lōʻihi. ʻIke ʻia, hiki i nā mea mua o kēia hui ke ʻai i nā ʻano mea kanu like ʻole, akā ma ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana e pono ai lākou e hahai i ke ala o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka meaʻai hohonu.

Nā pale ahi no ke kanaka nunui. No ke aha e pono ai nā titanosaurs i ka hana kaua iwi?

Ua hoʻihoʻi maikaʻi mai ka poʻe paleontologists i nā kikoʻī kikoʻī o ka ʻili o ka ʻili o ka titanosaurs - nā dinosaur hope loa i ka mōʻaukala o ka Honua. Wahi a lākou, ua hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau holoholona nui i nā lālani nui o nā iwi nui, e uhi ana i ko lākou kua a me nā ʻaoʻao.

TitanosaurusHoʻoulu: ʻO Mauricio Anton Jose Luis Sans lāua ʻo Daniel Vidal mai ke Kulanui o Autonomous o Madrid i kā lākou moʻolelo e kāhea ana i nā titanosaurs "lightly armored" dinosaurs. E hui pū ana me Francisco Ortega o ke Kulanui Nui o ke Kula Nui, ua wehewehe kā lākou hou ʻana i ka osteoderm - nā mea kūlike o ka mea ʻili o ka ʻili o nā titanosaurs i loaʻa ma ka mokuʻāina o Cuenca.

Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ua kokoke nā titanosaurs i nā kāmopela wale nō i loaʻa ia mau mea. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻano dermal ʻano like me kekahi o nā ʻano diplodocus hou mai, ʻaʻole naʻe i wehewehe ʻia, no laila ke kū hoʻokahi mau ka titanosaur i kā lākou ʻano. ʻO ke kumu o nā pīpī a me nā ulu o mea iwi e hopohopo nei i nā mea noiʻi, no ka mea, no ka nui, hiki i nā titanosaurs ke hana makaʻu ʻole i nā poʻe predator. Wahi a kekahi hypothesis i kēia manawa, lawelawe nā osteoderms iā lākou i mālama ʻia e nā minuke.

ʻO nā pale o nā bony o nā titanosaurs he mea maʻamau ka loaʻa ʻole. I kēia wā, hōʻiliʻili i ka honua a puni he hoʻokahi haneli o nā mea pono. I ʻEulopa, loaʻa ka nui i loaʻa iā lākou i Farani (ʻewalu) a me Sepania (ʻehiku). Ua wehewehe hou ka hana hou o nā palemani Palani i ʻehiku hou a 11 me ka titanosaur osteoderms i kālai ʻia mai ka wahi o Lo Hueco.

ʻIke ʻia nā ʻEulopa a pau, e like me ka poʻe noiʻi, no ka umauma a me ka aʻa morphological type (umauma a me ke aʻa). ʻOiai i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā koena o ka makaʻala i ʻole he mea hoʻokahi, ʻano okoa ka helehelena, no laila ke manaʻo nei nā paleontologists he hōʻike kēia i ka intraspecific a me ka loli kū hoʻokahi. He wahi koʻikoʻi kēia, no ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana i ke ʻano o osteoderm ma ke ʻano he diagnostic i mea e hoʻoholo ai i kahi taxon i hōʻike mua ʻia.

Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe manaʻo o ka paleontologist pehea e pili ai nā pōpō iwi i ke kino o ka holoholona. Wahi a nā ʻano hypotheses like lākou i ka māhele dorsal-sacral, a i ʻole i ka nui o ka mauʻala, a i ʻole i ka ʻaoʻao. Wahi a Sans, ʻo Vidal lāua ʻo Ortega, aia ka nui o nā iwi iwi nui ma ke kua o nā dinosaurs i ʻelua mau laina like ʻole, e kū ana mai ke poʻo a i ka huelo. I ka like o ke ala like, e like me nā hana hou o kēia wā, ulu nā pale pale o nā iwi stegosaurs. Ma kēia hihia, aia nā osteoderms nui o titanosaurs i loaʻa symmetrically pili i ka pōkole, a hiki ke hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā ʻōpio liʻiliʻi i nā ʻaoʻao rosette o kēlā me kēia o kēia mau pā.

ʻO ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka ʻili o kahi embryo titanosaurus i loaʻa ma kahi o Auca Mahuevo ua paipai ʻia i ka rosette o ke kino pale o nā ʻepekema. Eia nō naʻe, ua koi aku nā mea kākau i ka mea i hoʻolako ʻia i kēia mea ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻē aʻe - ʻoiai, no nā koʻi ola āpau e ola ana, hana ʻia ka lei ʻili o ke kino ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, a inā ua hana nā titanosaurs, a laila ʻaʻole i pili nā mea paʻi i loko o ka embryo i nā osteoderms.

Ma ke kānāwai, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia he mea ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka pale ʻana o nā iwi iwi, ʻo ka uhi ʻana o nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ke ʻano o ke kino ʻē aʻe o ke kua. Akā i kēia hihia, ʻoi aku ka nui o osteoderm e koi ʻia ma mua o kēia mau ʻimi.

Ua hāʻule ka Zauropods ma nā mokupuni o ʻEulopa

Kahi ʻia ka nui mau ʻo nā dinosaur dwarf e nā paleontologists i nā ʻāina o Kelemānia modern. ʻO ka Europasaurus holgeri ka maoli maoli hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ko lākou mau ʻohana titanic, ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka mea nona ka ʻāina nui i kēlā me kēia manawa.

Europasaurus holgeri. Hoʻoulu: ʻO Gerhard Boeggemann ʻO ka nui o ka europast kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ʻeono mau mita me ka ʻāʻī lōʻihi a me ka huelo, ʻaʻole i hiki ke kaupaona ʻana he ton. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā lio o nā kaona a me nā anelope hou aʻe, ke kūpaʻa nei ʻo ia, akā he mau ʻohana pili loa ia Europasaurus - nā huaopod ʻē aʻe - ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka poʻe noho loa a ʻoi loa ka noho o ka ʻāina ma nā moʻolelo āpau.

Ke kōkuhi mua nei i nā koena o ka Europasaurus, ua hoʻoholo nā kānakaʻepekema e hoʻopili ana lākou i nā koena o ka wā'ōpiopio, ʻaʻole nā ​​holoholona makua. Akā ʻoiai mai ka makahiki 2006, i ka manawa i loaʻa ai ka Eurosaurus mua ma Kelemania ʻākau, ua aʻo ʻia nā kolamu o nā mea he 14 mau kānaka aku, a ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka lehulehu o lākou. Ua kōkua ʻo Microscopy e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka makahiki pilikino o nā mea ola lōʻihi.

Ua haʻi ʻia mai iā Martin Sander, ka loio o ka paleontology ma ke Kulanui o Bonn. "I mea e ʻike ai, pono mākou e ʻoki i kā lākou iwi i nā ʻāpana ʻokiʻelima, ma kahi o iwakāluakūmākahi o ka hanohano makana."

Ua like aniani kēia mau papa a hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma lalo o kahi mikroscope, e nānā ana i ka iwi iwi ʻano ʻōpiopio a ʻōpio a ʻelemakule paha. Eia kekahi, ua noiʻi nā mea noiʻi i ke ʻano o nā iwi ʻōpala, ʻokoʻa i kēlā me kēia pae o ka ontogenesis. Wahi a ka huina o kēia mau huapalapala, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā koena o Eurosaurs i huli i loko o nā pākeke, akā ʻuʻuku nā holoholona.

ʻO ka mea nui paha, ua ʻōlelo aku ka paleontologists Kelemania, ke mālama nei mākou i nā moku e kapa ʻia nei ʻo ka dwarfism - ʻo ka hana ʻana o nā holoholona nui, ka nui o ka poʻe i paʻa i ka mokupuni liʻiliʻi. Ua aʻo pono ʻia kēia ʻano maʻi e ka hoʻohālike o ka lehulehu o nā elephants o nā ʻano mua a me nā hippos e noho nei ma nā mokupuni kaʻawale. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā kūlana mokupuni i noho ai i loko o ia mau lā ma ke rohe o ʻEulopa ʻae ua paʻa loa ka hilinaʻi. Ma kahi o 150 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, he mau ʻāina ākea ia.

ʻO ka maʻamau, hiki ke loaʻa i kahi ulu dinosaur i hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ma o nā hana ʻelua, wahi a Sander. ʻO ka mea mua he hoʻomaka mua o ka ulu ʻana o ka holoholona, ​​i ka wā e ulu ai kahi kanaka maʻamau, no ka laʻana, a hiki i 20 mau makahiki, a ulu wale kekahi mea liʻiliʻi i ka lima, a laila e pau ka ulu ʻana. ʻO ke ala ʻelua ʻo ka hoʻoluliluli i ka ulu ʻana, no laila ke mau nei ka wā ulu, akā hāʻule ka pila o kona wikiwiki. Wahi a ke kaukauʻōlelo, i ka hihia o Europasaurus holgeri i kēia mau ʻano o kēia mau hana, akā, ʻaʻole i ʻike ka mea o lākou e lanakila nei.

ʻO kekahi mea ʻē aʻe o ka Europasaurs ka mea i hoʻohele ʻia i loko o nā ʻāpana nui ʻelua, ʻo kekahi kahi ma kahi o 30% -50% nui aʻe ma mua o nā mea'ē aʻe. He ʻano kūpono paha kēia o ka seksiona dimorphism, a i ʻole he hōʻike ʻana no ka ʻike ʻana o ʻelua mau ʻōiwi like ʻole ma nā wahi ʻāina. Ma hope koke paha, e hoʻohui ʻia kekahi mau ʻano o nā sauropods Jurassic dwarf i Europasaurus holgeri.

Yakinocus hūnā huna ma ʻAmelika Hema

ʻO ka puke kaulana a Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World, he mau ala maoli nō ia. ʻO kekahi mea, hiki i kekahi mau dinosaur ke ola i ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ko lākou poʻe hoahānau, i ka ʻimi ʻana ma nā mākaʻAmelika Hema.

Me ke kōkua o kahi huelo lōʻihi, hiki i ka Leinkupal laticauda ke pale iā ia iho mai nā poʻe predator e hoʻoweliweli ana iā ia. Hoʻoulu: ʻO Jorge Antonio Gonzalez Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i nā lunakahiko o ka ʻohana Nahaocidae - nā huaopoda lōʻihi i ka lima lōʻihi a i noho ka poʻe Europa, ʻAmelika a me ʻAmelika Hui Pūʻali ma Jurassic. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka manawa Cretaceous e hiki mai ana, ua lilo kēia mau holoholona i hala i nā wahi a pau. Eia nō naʻe, ʻike nā paleontologists ʻAmelika i nā koena o diplodocus ma ka lalo Cretaceous sediment i hoʻokipa ʻia ma hope o 140 miliona mau makahiki i hala.

"He ʻano like ʻole ʻo ia e hālāwai me me ka hoʻomakaocidae ma ʻAmelika Hema e like me ka mea, e ʻike ai i ka loaʻa ʻana o Tyrannosaurus rex i Patagonia," wahi a ka wahine pale pale ʻo Sebastian Apestigua mai ke kula nui o Maimonides, ka mea nāna i kaʻana i kona mau manaʻo ʻike. Ma mua, ʻaʻole i ʻike mai nā mea ʻepekema i nā hōʻailona o ka hele ʻana o kahi diplodocus a me kona mau hoahānau ma kēia pae ʻāina.

Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Leinkupal laticauda e inoa i ka litor hou. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo mua ma ka unuhi ʻana mai ka ʻōlelo a nā ʻĀpana Mapuche kūloko i ke ʻano o "ohana nalo", a ʻo ka lua, Latin, ua unuhi ʻia he "wide-tailed". Ma kahi i waiho ai ka huelo i loko o ke kino, hoʻonui ka dinosaur vertebrae, hana i nā ʻuʻuku ikaika loa. ʻO ke koena o ka leinkupal e like me kona mau hoahānau a pau a loaʻa i ka ʻāʻī lōʻihi a me ka huelo. Akā naʻe, ua liʻiliʻi ʻo ia a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka hapa nui o ka diplodocus, hiki i ka lōʻihi o ʻewalu mau mika.

Wahi a Apestigua: "ʻAʻole maopopo mākou i ka nui o ke kaupaona ʻana, akā aia ka nui o kāna mau iwi he lahilahi a māmā, a ʻo ka hapa nui o ke kino ma ka ʻāʻī a me ka lāʻī. "ʻAʻole hiki i ke koʻikoʻi ke kaupaona ʻana a ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i ka elephant hou."

Noho lākou i nā kūlana semi-arid ma ke kūkulu hema o ka wao nahele nui, aia i kēlā mau lā ma ke kikowaena o ʻAmelika Hema, i kākau ai i Reuters. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke konitinē ʻo ʻAmelika ʻAmelika Hema, a me ʻAmelika Hema, kahi e hoʻomaka ai e hōʻike aku iā ia iho, i hoʻopaʻa pū ʻia mai ʻApelika mai. ʻO kēia ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ʻo Leinkupal laticauda ka mea ʻōpiopio o ka koi ʻana o ka hōʻoiaocidae, ua hoʻopakele i kona mau hoahānau i miliona mau makahiki.

He wahi wīwī na Kina no ka titanosaurs

ʻO nā koena o ka pangolin prehistoric e ola nei i ʻoi aku ma mua o 100 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei a no ka hui ʻana o ka titanosaurs, ua ʻike ʻia e nā paleontologists ʻAmelika e hana ana ma Kina. ʻAʻole kime ke kesoo i kēia wahi no ka pākeke, akā i ka ʻōpio, akā naʻe, ua hiki i 20 mau lōʻihi ka lōʻihi.

ʻO nā iwi i koe o Yongjinglong datangi a me ke kiʻi o kāna silhouette. Peter Dodson et al. ʻO ka nui o ka māhele ʻāpana he 600 mm. Ua ʻili ʻia kahi hui o nā kānaka ʻepekema mai ke Kulanui o Pennsylvania i nā ʻĀina Mīkini Cretaceous ma Gansu a ua hewa ʻo ia i ka huakaʻi piha ʻole o kahi sauropod ʻike ʻole i ka ʻepekema. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Yongjinglong datangi e inoa i ka ʻike, a ʻo kāna hōʻike kikoʻī ʻana e hōʻike ana no ka titanosaurs - he hui kūikawā o nā lauhouwa alāwāwāwāwāʻehā mau wāwae, ka mea i hoʻopili i nā mea nui loa ma nā moʻolelo o ka Honua. Eia kekahi, i nā ʻano o ka ʻōhumu, ʻo Yongjinglong kekahi o nā mākaʻikaʻi o ʻAsia o kēia hui.

ʻO kekahi mau kikoʻī anatomical i hana iā Yongjinglong e pili ana i ka titanosaurus mua Euhelopus zdanskyi i ʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 1929, akā i nā mea ʻē aʻe he ʻokoʻa ʻē ia mai kona mau hoahānau. No laila, hōʻea nā niho o ka titanosaurus hou i ka lōʻihi o 15 mau kenimika a lawe i nā ʻōliki ʻelua, aʻo ia, no ka laʻana, hoʻokahi wale nō hāmeʻe i nā niho o Euhelopus.

He mau ʻōpū o ka leebebra nui o Yongjinglong, e hōʻoia ana i ka pālahalaha pālahalaha nui ʻia ke kino o kekahi mau dinosaur e nā ʻōpū o ka ea, e like me nā manu o kēia wā. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo Peter Dodson, he kumu aʻo i ke Kulanui o Pennsylvania, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea kākau moʻolelo. "ʻO nā Dinosaurs, e like me nā manu, ua manaʻo ʻia he mau ʻeke halepule i loko o ko lākou puʻuwai a me nā wahi cervical e hōʻoluʻolu i ke kaumaha o ke kino."

He kupaianaha ka kupapaʻu ʻo Yongjinglong, a kokoke i ʻelua paha ka lōʻihi. ʻAʻole kūpono kēlā mau iwi nui i ke ana o ke kino o ka moʻo a ʻaʻole loa i loaʻa nā pona a pololei paha, e like me nā dinosaurs ʻē aʻe, akā ma ke kihi o kahi ma kahi o 50 tikelā a i ka hakahaka.

Ma ke ala, ʻaʻole i hui pū ʻia ke pena (scapula) a me ka coracoid o nā ʻōpū i loaʻa i kekahi me kekahi, ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau no nā wā'ōpiopio, ʻaʻole nā ​​pākeke. No laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o Yongjinglong i ʻoi aku ma mua o kēia kiko he 18 mika.

He mea kūpono ʻole ia a hiki i kēia manawa, ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ʻike ʻia i ka poʻokela honua ma ka waiwai dinosaur. Eia naʻe, ma 2007, ua alakaʻi ʻo Kina i kahi alakaʻi o mua ma kēia podium. I ka nui, ua hoʻoikaika ʻia kēia hoʻololi e ka ʻike o nā holoholona nui o ka dinosaur i hoʻopana ʻo Gansu. Aia ma laila, no ka laʻana, ma ka makahiki 2007 ua loaʻa nā ʻelua titanosaur Kina - Huanghetitan liujiaxiaensis a me Daxiatitan binglingi. Ua ʻike maoli ʻia ko lākou mau koena ma kahi o ka ʻalani a Yongjinglong.

I kēia manawa, i ka makahiki 1997, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi o nā dinosaur mai Gansu, "wahi a Dodson." A ʻo kēia kekahi o nā kumu nui o Kina. ʻO kēia mau dinosaur ka waiwai waiwai o Gansu. "

No ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi o Yongjinglong i ka ʻohana ʻohana o Titanosaurus, hoʻohālikelike nā paleontologists me nā ʻelele kaulana loa o kēia hui, kahi mai ʻApelika, ʻAmelika Hema a me USA. "Ua hoʻohana mākou i nā loea paleontological maʻamau, a ke hōʻike nei kā mākou mau hopena o ka ʻoi aku ka holomua ma mua o Euhelopus, e hoʻomanaʻo ana i kekahi o nā ʻano mea ʻenika Hema," wahi a Dodson.

ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i kekahi mau titanosaur hou i ka hoʻomau ʻia o Cretaceous i Kina e koi ai i nā paleontologists e haʻalele i ka manaʻo i koina mua i ka wā o ka haiopod i ka manawa Jurassic, a ma o ka Cretaceous ka nui o ko lākou helu a me ka nui o ka nui. ʻO kēia ʻāpana kahi no ka fauna ʻAmelika, akā ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka honua, a ʻoi loa ma Asia a me ʻAmelika Hema, ua hoʻomau mau kēia mau dinosaurs a ʻaʻole hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he mau lua pili kaiaulu o nā kaiāulu, kākau ʻo EurekAlert!

ʻO nā ʻawa no nā dinosaurs ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma mua o ka rula

Hele mai nā manu mai nā dinosaurs, a ʻo nā koena o nā dinosaur i mau ʻia e nā hulu manu, a ua manaʻo kekahi mau paleontologists e like me nā hulu manu he ʻano maʻamau o nā dinosaurs i ʻike ʻia i ka mua o ka mōʻaukala o ka hanana o kēia hui. Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi loiloi hou o nā hulu manu o ka dinosaur e ʻike pinepine ʻia ka lōʻihi o kēia hypothesis.

ʻO Triceratops ma ka hope o ka Cretaceous i waena o ka poʻe ʻaʻohe hulu. (Hōʻike ʻia e De Agostini Picture Library / Getty Images.) Iwakālua mau makahiki ua ʻike ʻia e nā palaleontologists nā mea āpau (he ʻumiʻumi a me ke ʻano he tyrannosaurus a me kahi velociraptor a mai ia mau mea i ulu ai nā manu hou) ua uhi ʻia me kahi mea e like me ka fluff. Ma kahi ʻē aʻe, hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka moa (triceratops, stegosaurs, ankylosaurs, etc.) a me nā sauropod nui me nā ʻāʻī lōʻihi ua manaʻo ʻia he scaly, e like me nā reptiles hou. Eia nō naʻe, mai 2002, ua loaʻa kekahi mau mea like-moa me nā ʻano like me ka like ʻole ma ka ʻili o ka ʻili. Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka manaʻo e like me nā hana hulu manu i ka ʻano o nā kūpuna o nā hui dinosaur.

I ka hoʻāʻo e aʻo hou i nā ʻikepili, paleontologists Paul Barrett o ka London Museum of Natural History (UK) a me David Evans o ka Royal Ontario Museum (Canada) ua hoʻokumu i kahi waihona o nā paʻi kiʻi ʻalaʻala i ʻike ʻia. A laila ua hoʻāʻo lākou e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻohana ʻohana o kēlā mau puke i loaʻa i nā hulu a manu like manu paha.

ʻO nā hualoaʻa o ka noi ʻana i hōʻike ʻia e Mr. Barrett i ka hālāwai makahiki o ke Society for Vertebrate Paleontology ma Los Angeles, ke manaʻo nei ʻoiai inā loaʻa kekahi mau mea kanu manu (ma nā ʻano psittacosaurus a me koaulongulong) he mau hulu manu a me ka hana like, a ʻo ka hapa nui ka nui o nā unahi a i ʻole nā ​​mea kaua. I waena o nā sauropods, ʻo nā pauna kekahi i ka maʻamau

"Hoʻomau wau e hele i kahi mamao a ʻōlelo aku wau he ʻano ʻano ʻano ʻano like ʻole nā ​​dinosaur i hiki i nā kaula, nā pika a me nā hulu ʻē aʻe e palahalaha i ka ʻili," wahi a Mr. Barrett. "Akā, ʻoi loa ke kaulike i nā kaulike ma nā laina a pau e like me ke ʻano o kahi kāula."

E like me ka paleontologist Richard Butler mai ke Kulanui o Birmingham (UK) ke nānā nei, aʻo ia kahi haʻawina maikaʻi i kekahi mea ʻoliʻoli loa i nā kiʻi hou a ua ʻōlelo mai ʻo nā dinosaurs nā manu mua. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo ʻo Mr. Butler e ʻōlelo ʻia ka ʻōlelo hope loa i kēia pilikia, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe manawa i ʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona o nā dinosaur primitive mai ka Late Triassic a me ka Pīhaka Maʻaka mua i ka waihona puaʻa kahi e ola ai ma lalo o nā kūlana e hiki ai iā mākou ke manaolana e ʻimi i nā paʻi o nā ʻili a me nā hulu. Inā loaʻa mau kēia mau hiʻohiʻona, e loli nui loa ke kiʻi.

Ua hoʻihoʻi ʻo ka poʻe Paleontologists i ka hana o ka dinosaur

ʻO nā kānaka nui o ka honua ka nui o ka dinopaur dinosaurs mai ka manawa Cretaceous. Ke hoʻohana nei i nā ʻenehana loea hou, ua hiki i ka poʻe ʻepekema ke hana hou hou i ka hana o kēia mau ʻia.

ʻO ke kākela o kahi argenitnosaurus Ua hele ka hui o nā paleontologists ma ke Kulanui o Manchester e hoʻihoʻi i nā mīkini a me nā kinematics o nā neʻe o ka dinosaurs kahiko. ʻO kā lākou hiʻohiʻona mua loa he 40 mika Argentinosaurus mai nā Cretaceous sediment o ʻAmelika Hema. Wahi a kekahi mau kūkulu hou ʻana, ʻo ke kaumaha o kēia holoholona i hiki i 80 tons, a ua kānalua ʻia kekahi o nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻo hiki ke wehe aʻe i nā ʻano o ʻAnosaurus e hele kūʻokoʻa i ka ʻāina.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hana a nā mea noiʻi e alakaʻi ʻia e Kauka ʻO Bill Seller i hōʻike ʻia ʻaʻole hiki i ka poʻe dinosaur ke nui ke hele wale, akā hana wikiwiki nō hoʻi. Wahi a nā helu pākuhi kamepiula, ʻo ka wikiwiki o kahi Argentinosaur e holo wikiwiki nei e pili ana i kāna ʻoihana a ʻewalu mau mile i kēlā me kēia hola.

"Ua hoʻohana mākou i kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻopihapiha me ka hiki ke 30,000 mau kamepiula pilikino ponoi a hiki i ka ʻAina Argentaurus ke hana i kāna hana mua ma ka 9 miliona mau makahiki i hala," wahi a ka mea komo hanohano ʻo Dr. Lee Margetts. Patagonia. "

I mea e ʻike ai, pono ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka hoʻokalakupua i kahi ʻano paʻa o ke kaʻe o ka lī, a laila kūkulu i kāna ʻano virtual. "Inā makemake ʻoe e ʻike pehea e hele ai nā dinosaur, ʻo ke ala maikaʻi loa ka simulation kamepiula. ʻO kēia wale nō ke ʻano o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā loina like ʻole a mākou e pili ana i ka dinosaurs," wehewehe a Dr. Sellers.

E "hoʻēla" i ka sauropod gait, ua hoʻohana nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka polokalamu Gaitsym kumu, kahi e hiki ai ke noi ʻia i nā kikoʻī o ka holo o nā holoholona o kēia wā a me ka hala.

"He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo ʻo ka dinosaurs ʻaʻole like me kekahi o nā holoholona e ola ana i kēia lā. No laila ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke kope wale iā lākou mai nā mea o ko mākou poʻe kamaʻāina," i ʻōlelo ʻia e Sellers. "ʻO nā vertebrates āpau, mai nā kānaka i nā iʻa, hoʻokahi nā ʻiʻo nui, nā iwi a me nā iwi. kuʻuna e ʻike i ke ʻano o ka holo ʻana, pono ia e hoʻohālikelike iā lākou, a he mea kupaianaha nō ia e hoʻohālikelike ai i nā mea hōʻikeʻike nui loa.Argentinosaurus ʻo ia ka holoholona nui loa e noho ana i luna o ka honua, a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke neʻe ʻana e haʻi mai iā mākou e pili ana i ka nui o ka hana o ka ʻōhua o ka musculoskeletal i kūlaʻi. "

Wahi a nā mea noiʻi, hiki i ka hopena o kā lākou hana ke ola i ka wā e hiki mai ana ke hoʻolālā a kūkulu i nā robots ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā ʻano neʻe, 4 mau hōʻike ʻo News. Ma kēiaʻano, ua pili ka hui o nā kānakaʻepekema i ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka hana o nā gaos o nā dinosaurs nui, e like me triceratops, brachiosaurus a me tyrannosaurus.

Loaʻa ka ʻatikala "March of the Titans: The Locomotor capities of Sauropod Dinosaurs" i loaʻa ma ka waihona PLOS ONE.

No ke aha ka lapalapa nui loa i loaʻa

Me ka Tyrannosaurus rex, ka "maʻamau" sauropod kekahi o nā holoholona prehistoric kaulana loa. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hilahila i kekahi mea me kāna kiʻi kilokilo ma ke ʻano he "wāwae", he ʻoi mākala lōʻihi a ʻo ka mea nui loa, ka ʻāʻī nui me ke poʻo liʻiliʻi.

Hiki i kēia mau mea ʻōpiopio ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kohola baleen nui (ma kahi o 85 mau lā) a ma kēia hōʻailona e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea ʻē aʻe a pau o ka honua i hele ai lākou. Kū mai ka nīnau: no ke aha lākou i lilo ai nui?

Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ka pane e kekahi pūʻulu o ka poʻe ʻepekema o ka lehulehu, i hoʻopuka ai i nā ʻatikala 14 i hoʻokahi manawa i ka puke pūnaewele PLOS ONE.

Ua wehewehe ʻia ka ʻano nui o nā sauropods ma nā ʻano like ʻole, ka pinepine o nā mana exotic ka mea maʻamau - a hiki i ka manawa Mesozoic (ma kahi o 66-252 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei) ka liʻiliʻi o ka Honua ma mua o kēia manawa. I ka manawa like, ʻike ʻia kahi liʻiliʻi o nā noiʻi ʻepekema ma kēia kumuhana. ʻOiai paha ke kikoʻī i ka paʻakikī o ka hopena a me ka pono e tinker me nā iwi hāpū.

Akā ʻo ka mea āpau e waiho ma hope o kēia hōʻole, ʻo ia mau mea i ka wā i hala: he mau makahiki i hala aku nei ua hāʻawi ke aupuni Keleman i ke kālā nui e nānā i ke ʻano o ka sauropods, a me ka kumu o ko lākou gigantism. Mālama ʻo Martin Zander o ke Kulanui o Bonn i ka hana o nā hui 13 e hōʻike ana i kekahiʻano ʻepekema kūpilikiʻi. Ua paʻi ʻia ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli hana a me kahi puke e hōʻuluʻulu ana iā lākou. A i kēia manawa - ʻāpana ʻokoʻa o ka hopena e pili ana i kekahi mau ʻāpana o ka biopopod sauropod, a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o kā lākou gigantism i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e kēia mau ʻepekema i kēia mau ʻānō o kēia mau haʻawina.

ʻO ka Evolutionary Cascade Model (ECM) ke kumu nui o kēia hui. Ua manaʻo ʻia he hui like ʻole o ka neʻe o ka holomua a me ka papa mua - nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā hana-anatomical i loaʻa i nā kūpuna o nā sauropod.

Pehea kēia ʻano? I ka pōkole - ka helu metabola kiʻekiʻe a me kahi hānau hana manu hoʻōla manu, ʻo ia hoʻi, me kahi kaʻe unidirectional e lele ana i loko o nā ʻōpū (nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo e holomua ana), i hui pū ʻia me ka hanauna o nā helu liʻiliʻi a liʻiliʻi loa a mālama ʻia kaʻai ʻai maikaʻi loa i ka waha (nā hōʻailona mua).

Ke kuhi nei i kēia mau ʻōuli ke manaʻo nei i ke kumu o ʻelima mau hoʻololi e hoʻopōlohelohe ʻia e pili ana i ka 1) huaʻi, 2) ʻai momona, 3) ke ʻano o ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī, 4) māmā a me 5) metabolism.

ʻO kahi laʻana, e lawe i kahi kaila o nā hoʻololi i ka meaʻai.

E hoʻomaka kākou me kahi hiʻona o kahi ʻano maʻamau a pau ʻole i ke kīnā ʻole. ʻO ka hopena, ʻai mau nā ʻōmole mua i nā minuke no ka mau minuke, ʻoiai ua hala ka manawa ma waena o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai i ka waha a me ka ʻū. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i ka mōʻaukala o nā sauropods, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau loea e kōkua i kahi nui o ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai: wikiwiki loa ke hou ʻana o ka niho, hoʻonui ʻia i nā ʻā a me nā poho o ka papaho - nā mea āpau a pau i ka kahakaha a ʻapu me ka nui. I loaʻa i nā mea pono i kēlā me kēia mau ʻano: i ka manawa i hāʻawi ʻia, loaʻa iā lākou ka ikaika ʻokoʻa ma mua o nā ʻano like ʻole, ʻoiai, hiki ke loaʻa ka hoʻowalewale i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka nui o ka ʻai. ʻO ka hopena ka wikiwiki o ka ulu ʻana o ke kino.

E hoʻākāka i ka nīnau o ka pilina o cascades, e noʻonoʻo kākou pehea e pili ai kēia mau hoʻololi i ke hoʻololi ʻana i ka anatomical hoʻololi a ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī. No ka mea ʻaʻole pono e hoʻopili pono i ka meaʻai, ʻaʻole pono nā sauropods i kahi hoʻonohonoho kūpono o nā ʻiʻo. Eia ka laʻana, i nā mammers hou, nā uaua masticatory a me ka nui o ke poʻo, nā mea e lawe iā lākou, e hoʻonui e like me ka nui o ke kino. A hauʻoli kā mākou poʻe koa me kēia i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kahi ulu liʻiliʻi, ka neʻe o ka mea e pono ai ka ikaika. Ua ʻae kēia i ka ʻāʻī e hoʻolōʻihi, a hoʻomaka nā huaopods i ʻai i ka meaʻai ma ke wahi, a loaʻa hou ka ikaika me ka koina liʻiliʻi. No laila, hoʻomau ka ulu o ke kōnao, a me ka nui o ke kino.

ʻO kēia kahi hiʻohiʻona o hoʻokahi wale nō kāleka a me kahi kaula kaulahao. ʻO ke kumu holoʻokoʻa, he ʻano paʻakikī, a ʻimi e wehewehe i kahi ʻano o ka loli o ka hope o ke koʻi o ka sauropods a alakaʻi i ka ʻano o nā honu a me nā mammals.

He mea hiki paha ke ʻōlelo i kēia hana, hiki i nā ʻepekema ke kiʻi i kahi kiʻi hoʻokahi o ke koi o nā sauropods? Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole maoli.

Aia pū kekahi kue ʻole i loko o kēia pūʻulu o nā ʻepekema. ʻO ka laʻana, pili lākou i ke kihi a kahi i kau ai nā sauropods i ko lākou ʻāʻī. Hoʻoholo pinepine nā manaʻo a pau ma kēia kumuhana mai nā hiʻohiʻona kiʻi o ka ʻōpū, kahi e pili ai kēlā me kēia iwi i nā ʻaoʻao pili a hoʻoponopono ʻia ma ke ʻano e lilo ai ke ʻano o ka artikular i kahi alima a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi. No laila, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ke ʻano o ka neʻe (DD) a a me kahi osteological kūlana (NOP), kahi e hoʻopili ai nā papa o nā ʻuʻuku he nui e like me ka hiki a e hui pū ai nā iwi i ke ala kūpono loa.

Ua paʻa maoli anei nā sauropods i ko lākou ʻāʻī e like me? (Kiʻi e Mark Witton.) ʻ oflelo kekahi o kēlā mau moʻolelo he ʻumikumamāhā ma ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana e ka NOP, ʻae nā sauropod i ko lākou ʻāʻī, ʻaʻole ma ka hoʻohiki ʻana iā lākou ma ke ʻano o nā puaʻa. ʻAʻole i ʻae ʻo DD i ke poʻo e piʻi kiʻekiʻe, aʻo ka ākea ākea i ka mokulele ākea i hiki, no laila he kūpono ʻole nā ​​hoʻohālikelike me nā giraffes.

ʻAʻole kekahi o ke ʻano, wahi a nā hoapili o kēia mau ʻepekema i kahi ʻatikala hou aʻe. Ke hilinaʻi nei lākou ʻaʻole i ʻōlelo ka NOP i kekahi mea e pili ana i ke kiʻekiʻe e kū ai ke poʻo, a ʻaʻole kēia manaʻo o kēia mau hiʻohiʻona i ka hopena i nā hōʻailona ʻelua o nā palupalu palupalu, e komo pū ana ka artikular cartilage a me nā intervertebral discs.

Apatosaurus ma kekahi lua wai (wehewehe e Wikimedia Commons). Akā inā makemake mākou e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ke kūlana me ka nui o nā sauropods, a laila hoʻomau ka pilikia nui o ka nui ʻana o ka nui o ke kino o nā holoholona i pau, ʻo ia mau mea wale nō e noho nei, me ka ʻole pau ʻole. He paʻakikī loa ka hana. Nui ʻia nā ʻano hana no ka koho ʻana i ka nui o ka lehulehu, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka hopena ākea.

ʻO kekahi o nā puke hou e wehewehe ana i kahi ho'āʻo hou, me nā sauropod nui loa, ʻo ia ʻo Argentinosaurus, ke ʻano nui o ka nānā ʻana (e ʻike i nā wikiō ma lalo). E like me nā hopena o ke kāʻei i ka paani piha, ua hoʻopuni ʻia nā iwi e ka ʻāhaʻi convex - ʻo ia kekahi o nā ala maʻalahi e loiloi i ke kiko o kahi dinosaur, a laila ka nui. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ke ʻano o nā ʻoihana ma nā holoholona o kēia wā a hāʻawi i nā hopena maikaʻi. Kēia paha 85 mau tons i hāʻawi ʻia e ka Argentinosaurus me kēia manawa, he mea ʻole loa ia mai ka ʻikipiki.

Mai poina wale nō i kēia ʻōleʻa ponoʻī he mosaic kamepiula o nā sauropods pili i pili, no ka mea ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka Argentinosaurus no nā koena puʻupuʻu loa. Eia nō kekahi, ʻaʻole i kau hoʻokahi ka nui o nā sauropod i hoʻopilikia i ka hoʻouna ʻana i kahi koikoi piha i kā mākou manawa, no laila ke kau nei ka helu ʻana i ka palena o ka nui o kēia mau dinosaurs.

Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻāʻo e puni iā ​​ia ma o ke ana ʻana i nā ʻanā: he lana i ka manaʻo e helu i ka nui e like me ka mea i haku ʻia iā lākou. ʻAʻole e like me nā ʻūhā, nā wahi o ka sauropods ka nui i hōʻike ʻia ma ka moʻolelo fossil. ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ke ʻano ma luna o nā elepani i hōʻike maikaʻi hoʻi.

Akā i kēia manawa ʻaʻole ia i hana, no ka mea, pono ʻoe e ʻike i nā mea kino o ke ʻano o ka mea i hele ai ka dinosaur, a pehea ke ʻano nei ka hana ʻana ma lalo o kēlā hopena. He ʻano ʻano waiwai o ia a a he aha ia i ʻōlelo ʻia i kēlā manawa ʻaʻole maʻalahi ke ʻike mai ka pōhaku.

E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻaʻole i paʻa ʻia ka ʻōlelo pohihihi o kekahi o nā mea kaulana loa o ka bioengineering. Akā, paʻakikī loa ia e hana i kēia - e hoʻihoʻi "inanahi" mai nā mea i koe o kēia lā.