Kila PūnaeweleʻO Larus relictus) - kekahi ʻano manu mai ka ʻohana Ichthyaetus o ka ʻohana gull (Laridae).
Loaʻa ka relic gull i kahi nui o 44 a 45 cm.ʻī like ka kāne a ka wahine. ʻEleʻele ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī ʻāhiā a pau, koe wale nō ka ʻulaʻula māmā ma waena o ka beak a me nā maka. Ma luna a ma lalo o nā maka ʻulaʻula uliuli hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i kahi keʻokeʻo. He poʻo hina ka luna. ʻEleʻele keokeo. He kukui hina ka maka me nā palena ʻeleʻele ma luna o nā hulu hulu. Ke keʻokeʻo a lalo a me lalo. I ka hoʻoilo hoʻoilo, ua keʻokeʻo ke poʻo. ʻO ke kala a puni ka maka, beak a me nā wāwae ʻeleʻele ulaula. He poʻo keʻokeʻo nā manu ʻōpiopio me nā ʻūpoki brown. ʻO ka beak ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele i ka hoʻomaka, a ʻo ka kumu ma lalo o ka beak e ʻoi aku ka māmā a ma hope a lilo i ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula. ʻEleʻele nā wāwae. ʻEleʻele ka apo a puni ka maka.
Hoʻaiho
Kahi ʻia ka nui o nā kola e pili ana i ka ʻāina nui. Nui ka nui o nā kolamu ʻo nā keiki hānai no kēlā me kēia makahiki, a hilinaʻi nui ʻia i nā kūlana hana. Aia a i kēia manawa wale nō, ʻike ʻia nā kolana palena ʻekolu wale nō ma Kazakhstan, Lūkia a me Kina, mau tausani mile ma ka ʻaoʻao o kekahi i kekahi, a me kekahi o lākou (ma Rūsia) ʻaʻole i kū i kēia manawa. Ke lele nei nā manu kīlea ʻole no ka hoʻoilo i Iapana, South Korea a me Vietnam.
Aia nā kihi i nā wahi kuahiʻu e noho ana ma kahi kiʻekiʻe ma lalo o 1,500 m i nā wahi maloʻo, penei pū kekahi no nā one, ma nā loko paʻakai me ka wai ʻole o ka wai. No ka lanakila manuahi o ka relic gull, pono a me nā kūlana mahana e pono ai, a me nā wahi ākea.
Meaʻai me ka Haʻi
ʻO nā ʻōlule hou ka ulana i nā kolone, ma ka liʻiliʻi o nā mokupuni liʻiliʻi o nā loko nui. Hoʻomaka ka wā ulu i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Mei a i ka hoʻomaka o Iulai. ʻO ka nui o nā hua i loko o ka puʻu mai ka 1 a 4. ʻO ka relic gull e waiho i nā hua manu no ka manawa mua i ka makahiki 3 mau makahiki. Mālama ʻo ia i nā invertebrates, kahi o 90% o lākou i ulia ai, me nā iʻa a me nā mea kanu. Ma Mongolia, ʻaʻoheʻai nui iā ia no ka vole a Brandt.
Nā mea hoʻoweliweli i ke ola
ʻO ke kumu o ka hopohopo kanaka i hoʻopuka ai i ka nui o ka make o nā pēpē i Lūkini, Kazakhstan a me Kina a ua alakaʻi iā ia i ka wā maikaʻi, ka hōʻino a me ka haʻalele i nā nests hoʻoweliweli e pili ana i ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā kolone. Hoʻokele a hoʻohālikelike me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ke kuʻi, a me nā ʻinoʻino a me nā kahe, ke alakaʻi nei i ka make nui ma waena o nā moa a i hoʻēmi ʻia i nā huahana o kēia ʻano.
Aia i hea kona hale
Ma kahi o Rūsia, ola ke relic gull i ka ʻāpana o nā ʻāina ʻekolu: Mongolia, China a me Kazakhstan. I ka Lūkini Lūkini, loaʻa nā kolana manuahi i kēia mau manu i ka Trans-Baikal Territory ma ka Lake Barun-Torey, a ma ka Primorsky Territory nā mokupuni o False. Loaʻa nā kolone manu i ʻike ʻia ma kahi kiʻekiʻe a hiki i 1,500 m ma luna o ke kai i loko o nā wahi māla. Kuhi pinepine nā manu ma nā mokupuni i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā wai paʻakai a i ʻole nā mea kanu lae, ma nā wahi me ka loli mau o ka pae wai. ʻOiai he mea ʻike ʻole ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi noho kiaʻi i nā gulls kahi i noho ai ka nui o nā loko, ua pili nā mokupuni i ke kahakai a lilo ʻole i liʻiliʻi a ulu a me nā mea kanu.
Nā hōʻailona waho
I ka makahiki mua o ke ola, i ke ʻano o kahi gull relic, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā hiʻohiʻona like me nā blues (Larus canus). ʻO ka maʻamau awelika o nā manu he 44-45 cm. Ke keʻokeʻo ka laulā maʻamau o ka plumage he keʻokeʻo, a hoʻopau ka hina elytra i kahi hina hina. ʻEleʻele nā wāwae o nā ʻōpio ʻōpiopio. I ka makahiki ʻelua o ke ola, hoʻomaka nā ʻōuliʻeleʻele i ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī, a ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā puberty e lilo ke poʻo āpau. I kēia manawa ua ʻoi aku ka manu e like me kahi gull-poʻo i ulu (Larus melanocephalus). I ka relic gulls i ke kapa moe, hiki ke kahaki ʻia i ka beak i ka ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, ʻeleʻele nā wāwae, a kuʻi ʻia nā maka me nā ʻāpana hapa keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo.
K mōʻaukala o ka ʻike ʻana o nā ʻano
Loaʻa nā inoa inoa relic gull i ka Sweden zoologist Lonnberg i ka makahiki 1931. A hiki i ka makahiki 1971, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia he subspecies o ke poʻo ʻeleʻele i ka manu, akā i ka makahiki 2005, ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā taxa o nā mea i kālai ʻia, ua hoʻololi hou ke Komikina Nui Ornithological i ka genus Ichthyaetus. I nā Torey Lakes ma Transbaikalia i ka makahiki 1965, ua ʻike hou ʻia kahi kolana o nā halepule e pili ana, i hoʻokahi haneli mau pālua hipa.
Loulou gull (Larus relictus).
I ka makahiki 1968, ua ʻike ʻia nā wahi e pili ana i nā wahi noho manuahi i ka loko Alakol ma Kazakhstan ma ka nui o 120. Ua ʻike hou ʻia kekahi ʻano nui o nā gulls i 1969 e Kazakh ornithologist E. M. Auezov ma Lake Alakol. Ma mua o kēia, ʻike ʻia nā kuhi hewa wale nō o kēia manu mai Central Asia, he ʻano hoʻohālikelike o nā ʻano mea i ʻike ʻia e nā ʻepekema.
Kaha Palapala Relic
Loaʻa ka relict gull i Rusia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kina. He mea ʻino ia i ka Lā Barun-Torei o ke Teritori Transbaikal, ma ka Lake Taatzin-Tsagan-Nur ma ke awāwa o Lakes i Mongolia, loko o Balkhash a me Alakol ma Kazakhstan, ma ka mokupuni ʻo False ma ka ʻaoʻao o Primorsky, ma ka pāpū ʻo Ordos ma Inner Mongolia i Kina.
Pahu Pūleʻa Gull
Haka ka nūhou hou i kahi nika wai. Loaʻa kekahi manu ʻona ma nā mokupuni i waena o nā loko paʻakai e loaʻa ana i nā ʻāpana hāpana a me nā wahi neoneo. Ke neʻe nei ʻo ia i ka neʻe o nā awāwa a me nā wai kūloko; i ka hoʻoilo ke noho ma kahakai. Loaʻa nā kolone o nā mea huki ʻana i nā gulls i kahi papa maloʻo, ma waena o nā kuʻu one, ma nā loko paʻakai me ka wai ʻole o ka wai. Haka ka nūhou hou i kahi nika wai.
ʻO ka hānau ʻana o nā gulls relic
Hoʻopili i nā gulls pua i ka makahiki o 2-3 mau makahiki. I kekahi mau makahiki, ʻaʻole lākou e hani pono. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka ʻike e pili ana i ka ola. I hoʻokahi manawa manawa, e hoʻolilo ka wahine i nā hua he 1-4 i ka hoʻomaka - waena o Mei.
Noho nā manu ma loko o nā kolone paʻapū loa, a ma kahi o nā haneli he haneli, i kekahi manawa he mau pālua wale nō e kūkulu ʻia ma kahi o lākou.
Hoʻololi nā pūnaewele i nā makahiki mai kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻoiai inā aia lākou ma loko o ka pūnaewele like. He mea hoʻomākeʻehi wale nā nives gull.
Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka hua manu ma kahi ʻano maʻamau no nā gulls - keʻokeʻo-ʻoliva me kahi pale pālala a uhi ʻia i nā wahiʻeleʻele a me ka māmā.
Hōʻike nā kuʻi ma hope o 24-26 mau lā. Ua uhi ʻia lākou me ka fluff keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo.
Aia nā kolone e pili ana i nā gulls i kahi kiʻekiʻe ma lalo o 1,500 m i nā wahi maloʻo.
Mea Hoʻohui Kaila
I ka wā hoʻoulu, loaʻa nā relic gulls i ka meaʻai ma kapa o ka wai wai, a me ka wai pāpaku, a me ke kāwawe a me nā māla. ʻO ka meaʻai nui nā a nā pepeke, nā lati o nā cereals i hānai ʻia, a me nā invertebrates aquatic, iʻa, a me nā koena liʻiliʻi. Ma Mongolia, kāpae i nā hōʻino i kekahi manawa e hoʻoili ai ma nā paona ʻo Brandt.
ʻO ka helu o kahi gulls relic
ʻO ka Relic seagull e like me ka Life Life International i helu ʻia he mau mea pili e pili ana. Ka nui o nā kānaka o nā manu makua ʻaneʻane mai 2,500 a 10,000 paha hoʻokahi, ka huina o 12,000.
Nui ka nui o nā ness gict nives i nā makahiki he nui, a hiki i ka nalo ʻana o nā kolone i ko lākou mau wahi i ka wā hōʻino. I kēia hihia, neʻe paha nā manu i nā ʻano wai ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole e palu ʻē loa. Ma Rūsia, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o nā ʻano lāʻau i loko o ka iwakālua mau makahiki i hala a i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 90s i hōʻea i 1200 mau pulu hakakā. Hoʻopilikia nui nā loli i nā helu e nā loli i ka pae ʻana o ka wai o nā loko pā anuʻu.
Hoʻoweliweli ʻia nā kolone kahi i ulana ʻia e ka wailua ʻino, hana ʻino, a haʻalele i nā nests.
ʻO nā kumu no ka hāʻule o ka helu o nā gulle relic
ʻO kekahi kumu nui no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka nui o nā mea relic gulls e pono e noʻonoʻo i ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻopiha ʻana i ka wai me nā loko o nā wahi i pilī ai o nā ʻano ʻano liʻiliʻi a me nā kūlana ʻino i ka wā hana.
Hōʻalo ka ua a me ka ua i ka make nui o nā moa a me ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka helu o nā broods, a me nā makani ʻino ʻole e hoʻopau pinepine i ka ʻōpū i ka wā e pau ʻole ai ka wai i nā nests.
ʻO kā Relic gulls i ʻai i ka hua o kā lākou iho ʻano, ka mea nui i ka wā hopohopo nui i ka wā o ka incubation a me ka hatch.
Ua luku ʻia nā hua ʻai a me nā moa, i loko o kekahi mau makahiki ma kahi kokoke i nā gulls kala. Aia ʻo Taolimiao-Alashan Nur, kekahi o nā kolone nui o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā hōʻiliʻili ma Kina, ua pilikia i ka hoʻopau ʻia no ka hoʻopuka ʻana i nā hana hoʻokele.
Kuhi ʻia kēia mau manu luhi e pana, hopu a halihale mai kēlā ʻāina i kēia ʻāina.
Ke pale ʻana i nā gulls relic
Ua helu ʻia ka relic gull i ka CITES ʻApoki 1, IUCN-96 Red List, ʻApili 1 o ka Bonn Convention, ʻApili hoʻomau o ke kuʻikahi i hoʻopau ʻia e Russia me ka Repubalika o Korea ma ka pale o nā manu migratory. Kēia mau ʻano līlū o nā gull i mālama ʻia i loko o ka waihona ʻo Daursky.
I ka pae o nā wahi o nā mea ʻano, pono e hōʻemi i nā mea hoʻonāukiuki i nā koloni a ʻo nā mea hana kaiāulu, pono e hoʻohana i nā hana e nānā pono ai i nā manawa hiki i ka wā mālama. Inā ʻike ʻia nā kahua huna manu hou o nā relic gulls, pono e mālama ʻia ma lalo o ka palekana maluhia.
Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.
Ke noho maʻamau
Hoʻokomo nā gulls i ke ʻano kolony. ʻOi aku lākou i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai, hoʻomau ka heihei, a pale iā lākou iho mai nā mea wānana i loko o ka pilina o ko lākou poʻe hoahānau. ʻO nā hui i hoʻohui ʻia, ka ʻano o nā ʻano he nui, aneane ʻaʻole e kū. Hoʻomaka nā manu ma ke ʻano like a he ʻekolu mau makahiki. E koho pono lākou i kahi no ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka pūnana a hoʻāʻo e kūkulu i kahi kokoke i ma mua o 40 cm mai ke kamaʻāina. ʻO ka nīnū kahi hōʻemi haʻahaʻa o ka pā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka mauʻu. E waiho ana ka wahine mai hoʻokahi a ʻehā hua, i hoʻoili ai nā mākua ʻelua no 26 mau lā. Kuke ʻia nā moa liʻiliʻi ma ka keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo a mālama i nā pipi liʻiliʻi ma ka ʻāina a hiki i ʻekolu mau makahiki o ka makahiki. I kēia manawa, hānai nā mākua iā lākou i ka meaʻai maiʻa i kā lākou mau pu. Pāla ka poʻe hoʻomaha relic i kekahi mau invertebrates, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka namu, me ka iʻa a me ka mea kanu. I ka hoʻoilo, ua huli ʻia nā kīʻaha liʻiliʻi.
ʻIke maoli nō
ʻO kahi relic gull kahi ʻano o kahi manawa Tertiary, a ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻoholo ai i kona inoa. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua noho ʻo ia i loko o ke kai ʻo Tethys kahiko, kahi i waiho ma Mesozoic ma waena o nā ʻāpana ʻāina o Gondwana a me Laurasia. I 1929, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻano hoʻohālike mai ke kaona aku o Gobi, ʻekena i Mongolia. No ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻo ia ka mea i noho i ka 'ōlelo hoʻonaʻauao ʻekepili wale o ke kūlana o relic gulls, a hiki i 1971 i manaʻo ʻia he subspecies o nā pihi kūleʻeleʻele (Larus melanocephalus). I ka makahiki 1965, ua ʻike ʻia ma waena o 100 mau pōpoki huakaʻi ma ka Torean Lakes ma Transbaikalia, a ma hope o ʻekolu makahiki e pili ana i 120 mau pūʻulu hoʻoulu hou ma ka mokupuni o Alakol ma Kazakhstan. Ma 2010-2011, he lehulehu ka lehulehu a hiki i ka 7 tausani nests ua loaʻa ma ka Ordos Plateau ma Central Asia.
I loko o ke Kauka ʻAmelika o Lūkia
He hopena paʻakikī ka hilo ʻana o ka relic, a i kēia manawa, i ke ʻano o kēia ʻano holoholona i ke ʻoluʻolu. Wahi a nā manaʻo koʻikoʻi o nā kānakaʻepekema, ʻo ka heluna o ka honua i ka poʻe i kahi gulls hiki ke 15 a 30 tausani mau kanaka. Ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kanaka, ʻo ka hoʻoweliweli koʻikoʻi ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻopilikia ai, i ʻike nui ai nā manu. I kahi pīhoihoi ulu hoʻomau ʻana o nā gulls kuʻuna, panic ka manawa koke. Me he mea lā, ua luku ʻia nā masonry a lalo, a me ka nui o nā hua. Hōʻike ʻia nā manu alarmed i nā hopena ʻino o nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole: ua nui a me nā makani. Ke ulu nui nei ka paakiki o nā poʻe ʻōiwi, me ka hoʻokūkū ʻana me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o nā gull. Pilikia ka manu i ka pau ʻana o ka hana o ko lākou wahi maoli nō i hana ʻia e ka hana o ka huila hinu, ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā ala o nā halihali, nā ʻoihana a me nā hale hana. ʻO ka helu o nā relic gulls ma ka palena he koʻikoʻi, no laila ʻo kēlā me kēia ʻāina a lākou e noho ai. Ma Lūkia, aia kahi pāpā i ka pāpā ʻana i nā manu, a ʻo ka nui o nā ʻanakā pale i ka pale ʻia i pale ʻia i loko o ka waihona mālama ʻo Tsasucheysko-Toreysky. Ma Kazakhstan, ma ka moana ʻo Alakol, kahi e loaʻa ai nā pūhaka relic gull, ua hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia kahi mālama kūlohelohe. Aia ma lalo o ka palekana o ke kānāwai he mau wahi o nā ʻano ʻano ma Mongolia.