Nā ulele ʻeleʻele - ka inoa ākea o ka ʻohana ʻōlika, ma kahi o ka 100 mau ʻehā. Hiki i nā mea inikini ke hoʻokō wale i nā hua ʻai. Hoʻokomo nā ʻōpiopio ʻōpio i nā nodules a me nā aʻa kanu, aʻo nā pākeke pakeke e weluwelu i nā lau a me nā kumu ulu. Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e lawe i nā kaʻina e kaohi ai i nā pōpō, hoʻohemo ka hua o nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā huaʻai i mau manawa.
Nā hiʻohiʻona biology o nā pīpī
He maʻi maʻamau nā holoholona i loko o ʻEulopa me ke ʻano mahana. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻano ʻoiwi nodule i ka hoʻoilo ma ka hāmeʻe o nā mōʻaukala ʻelemakule a hapa wale nō kekahi mau mea kanu i ka mahina hoʻoilo ma ke ʻano hulval. ʻO ka nui o nā pīpī makua makua e like me 3 a 8 mm. ʻO ka nodule weevil ka nui o nā hiʻohiʻona:
Nā ulele ʻeleʻele
- he puʻu liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi kokoke i kona ʻokoʻa,
- ua uhi ʻia ʻo elytra me nā bristles a me nā unahi o nā kala hina hina.
- kiaʻi aniani nā maka me ke aniani o ke keʻokeʻo a ʻele paha paha.
- nā ʻōpio ʻulaʻula me nā ʻili
- Hoʻohana nani ʻia ka hope oval i nā ʻalaniʻeleʻele a i ʻole nā wahi.
ʻAʻohe mea ʻē loa i koe, koe wale no ke ʻano o ke ʻano o nā genital, i nā wahine a me nā kāne.
He mea hilahila loa ʻo Nodule weevil. Wahi pōpilikia, pili ʻo ia i kahi pepeke make.
Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pūnāwai ma kahi mahana o + 5 ° C, e hoʻomaka ana ke ala ʻana o nā iniseti. Eia naʻe, hōʻike ʻia kā lākou hana ma lalo o nā kūlana mahana, ke hiki ke wela i ka + 15 ° С. Hoʻomaka nā ʻano weodile Nodule i ka huli ʻana i nā māla pīkī, nā māla i kanu ʻia me alfalfa, vetch, nā pīpī a nā lilia, nā lentil. Hoʻomau ka wā noho ma 5 a 20 a hiki i nā kūlana kau. I ke ao ʻino a ua i ka ua, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā ʻeleʻele i nā makahiki, eia naʻe, i nā lā wela, ka wikiwiki ke kū ʻana o nā hua ʻai. Hiki i nā pīpī pīpī i hōʻeha nui i nā mea kanu. Wahi a nā mākaʻikaʻi o nā mea noiʻi ma hope o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana, alakaʻi nā pepeke i kahi ʻano maʻalahi.
Ma hope o ka hoʻoilo, pono ka pōpoki pākeke a ʻai me nā ʻōpio o nā lau ʻōpio ma luna o nā manamana. Hana lākou i kēia hana maʻa iki, nā ʻona a me nā ʻalupau ma nā kihi o nā lau. Aia i nā wā i ʻānai loa ai nā nui o nā weevile i nā lau ma nā ʻōpala pua a me nā mea kanu leguminous.
ʻEkolu a ʻoi aku ka ʻike o ka wahine ma mua o ke kāne. I ka awelika, mālama ʻo ia i ka pale o 10 mm², a ʻo ke kāne wale nō 3.3 mm². Hiki i kahi mea pōloli maoli ke ʻai a hiki i 16 mm ² i kēlā me kēia lā.
ʻO ka hana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā weevils
ʻAʻole kaulana nā weevils nodule wale nō no ka gluttony, akā no ka hoʻoulu ʻana hoʻi. Hoʻomaka ʻOviposition ma ka hopena o ke kauwela. Hoʻokomo ka wahine hoʻokahi a 30 mau huaʻai i kēlā me kēia lā; i loko o kona ola pōkole hiki iā ia ke hana i nā hua he 30. ʻAʻole koho ke wahine i nā wahi kūikawā a hoʻopuehu i ka hua manu ʻole. I ka mua, ua māmā nā embryo i ka ʻoni a uhi ʻia i kahi kohu kahi e paʻa ai i nā hua ma nā lau a me nā hua. Kūleʻa lākou i ka ʻāina, ua ʻoliʻele a ʻeleʻele a hui pū me ka lepo i ka wā o ka ua.
ʻO ka mahana ma luna o 32 ° C a me ka hāʻule o ka ua e alakaʻi ai i ka make nui o nā hua. Hoʻomoʻa ka mahana a me ka haʻahaʻa i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā embryos.
Holo ka ulu ʻana mai ka 6 a i 30 lā, a laila aia kahi larva limele lima me ke poʻo liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻohe puka nā maka mai ia manawa. Piʻi kahi ʻōpiopio ʻōpiopio ma lalo o ka lepo, ma kahi aia i loaʻa ai nā nodules o nā mea kanu. Hiki iā ʻoe ke koho i ka helu komo o ka larva e kahi ʻokaʻeleʻele. Ke komo nei i ka nodule, e hoʻomaka i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā mea āpau. Ma hope o ke waiho ʻia ʻana o ka lāi mai ka umu, holo nā larva i ka aʻe. I ka pae papale, hoʻopau kahi pōʻino i ka 5-6 nodules.
Ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana i kekahi mau nodules, ulu nui ka larva ʻaʻole i maʻa i nā kōpona, no laila hoʻomaka ka ʻai ʻana i nā kaila o waho o nā aʻa. Ma kahi lāʻau ulu pīpī, hiki i ka manawa like a hiki i 20 mau ʻōpio ʻōpio. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka larva mai ka 25 a 40 mau lā, e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana a me nā kūlana o ke anā. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka larva ʻōiwi i ka lepo i ka hohonu o 10-15 cm a hoʻopiha ʻia iā ia iho me kahi wahi no ka pupule. Ma hope o nā lā 9-14, haʻalele ka ʻōpio'ōpiopio i ka pupa. Hoʻomaka ka pēpē iʻa weevil hou e ʻai nui a ʻai i nā lau succulent o ka pī, alfalfa vetch. Ma hope o ke hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā huaʻai makahiki, lele nā manu i ka lau nahele leguminous mau, kahi e waiho ai no ka hoʻoilo.
ʻO nā ʻano maʻamau o nā ʻāpana nodule
ʻO ka mea nui a ākea ka nui o nā ʻano heile nodule weevil i paʻa ʻia. Wae ʻia ma ʻEulopa a me Asia. ʻAʻole lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ka mauʻu, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā ʻōpala ʻē aʻe me ka ʻike ʻole o ka cilia. Loaʻa nā ulia manuahi ili i ka pī, lentil, a liʻiliʻi iki ma ka alfalfa a me ka ʻū.
ʻAʻole ulu ikiʻo Nodule bristly weevil ma mua o ka 4,5 mm. Hoʻonoho ʻia ka cilia keʻokeʻo ma luna o ka maka bulging. Ua uhi pono ʻo Elytra me nā setae pōkole ʻeleʻele a me nā lauoho keʻokeʻo lōʻihi. Makemake nā mea e hoʻomohala ma luna o nā pī, clovers a me nā manamana makahiki.
Hoʻopili ʻia nā weevil manu melemele me nā lau he nui a ua hōʻailona ʻia e nā maka maka. Hāʻawi ʻia ma ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o ka ʻāina a i ka ʻĀkau Kaukau. ʻO kahi Clover a me nā alfalfa i koho ʻia.
Nā ulana manuahi Clover
ʻO Clover nodule weevil ka mea liʻiliʻi loa ʻo ka ʻohana nui o nā pōpoki. Ua hiki paha kona mau ʻāpana i 3 mm. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ʻo Prothorax e 3 mau laina māmā, ke kino me ka lauoho a me ke kapa lima. Pahu ʻia ʻo ia i ka ʻūleka, kahi i lawe ai i kona inoa.
ʻO Nodule pea weevil kahi inoa kaulana loa no ka maʻi o nā mea kanu pua. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau mea kalepa a palu.
He hōʻino a me ka Pest Control
ʻO ka hōʻino i nā mea mahiʻai i lawe ʻia e nā pōpoki makua a me nā ʻōpio ʻōpiopio. Hana ʻino lākou i nā hua ʻōpio, nā mea hao i ka ʻōnaehana kumu, kahi mea e alakaʻi ai i ka make o nā mea kanu a me kahi laʻa o ka hua kanu, nā lau lau lau. ʻO nā hana e pale ai i ka weevil nodule e pili ana i nā ana agronomic a me nā ʻano kemika:
- ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe piha ʻana o nā ʻūlū kanu a me ke kīloi ʻana i ka lepo,
- Hoʻolaha ka lepo a me nā hua kanu me nā insecticides,
- lulu ʻōpala makahiki i nā wā mua,
- ʻO ka hana paʻa mau a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka lepo,
- ka luku ʻana o nā pōpoki ma nā lāʻau me kahi hopena o ka barium chloride,
- ka palena o nā loina acidic.
I nā papa i hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā kuʻi makahiki, waiho ʻia nā mau lāʻau ʻona.
Nā ʻōpū hana
ʻO ka hoʻoilo heʻelemakule pālulu i nā mahina, e ala ana i ka wā o ka mahana o ka ea i kahi paʻa ʻekolu a ʻehā mau kiʻekiʻe o ka wela. Ke piʻi ʻa ka ea i ka + 13 ... + 17 ° C, lawe ka pīpī i ka ʻēheu a iho no ka neʻe ʻana no ka huli ʻana i ka ʻuʻālua, he lōʻihi a keu paha he ʻumikumamālima lā.
Ke hānai nei ma hope o ka hoʻoilo, ma Mei, hoʻomaka ka wahine e waiho i kā lākou hua a hoʻomau i kēia hana a hiki i Iulai, ma hope o ka make ai lākou mai ka luhi. Hiki i hoʻokahi wahine i kēlā me kēia manawa ke waiho i 90 a 900 mau hua (ka helu nui ma ke ʻano o ke ao a me ka meaʻai.
Hāʻawi ʻia nā hua manu ma ke ʻano ʻole, me ke ʻano ʻole o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ke ʻano o ka instillation i ka lepo. ʻO kahi hua pipi e ʻike ʻia ma kahi lāʻau a i waiho lau paha ma hope o ka maloʻo ʻana e ʻalā wale ana i ka ʻāina, me ia e kāwili ʻia ma hope o ka ua. Inā he kiʻekiʻe ke ea ma luna o ke kanakolu a ʻaʻohe wai ʻole, make ka ʻōpio.
Ke hoʻomohala nei ka hoʻolālā ʻana o kahi ʻili i loaʻa iā ia ma nā kūlana kūpono loa i kahi mahana o 25 ° C ka mau manawa no hoʻokahi pule, a ma hope iho ua hoʻonā ʻia nā hua kohina i loko o nā nodules, a laila lākou e hānai ai. Ma hope o kekahi mau mea ʻai i ʻai ʻia, ulu ka larva, ʻai ma waho, ʻai pū ʻia i nā aʻa o nā mea kanu. Hoʻomau ka ulu a hoʻokahi mahina, ma hope o ka ʻōhumu i loaʻa i ka nui o ka ʻōpala i loaʻa kahi pala no lākou iho i ka lepo, nā pā o ka pā me ka waiwa a me ka honua. E hoʻopau maʻalahi ka ʻili i ke kāohi ʻana, akā i nā kūlana o ke kūleʻa ʻia e hiki ai i ka pupa palalulu ke ulu i loko o kahi ʻōpiopio i kekahi mau lā.
Weevil Nodule - pōpilikia
Mai nā lā wai mua, hoʻomaka nā mea pīpī e hānai, e ho'āʻo ana e hopu me nā mahina o ka hoʻoilo pōloli. Hiki ke huli ʻia ke ʻano o nā pīpī ma ka māla mai ka nāwaliwali mua loa, a laila like ka ʻano like me ka avalanche e like me nā lau ʻōpio o ka legume gnawed wahi.
Ma ka lā mahana maikaʻi, hiki i nā pīpī ke hoʻopau loa i nā lau hua kanu ma kahi ʻāina nui, no ka mea ma hope o ka neʻe ʻana i nā pua, ʻaʻole lākou e haʻalele i nā wahi hānai a ʻaʻole hoʻi e kāpae iā ia i ka pō.
I ka lā hoʻokahi, hiki i hoʻokahi pīpī ke ʻai a hiki i 2 mau mika square. cm o nā ʻōpala, me nā wahine i ʻai ʻekolu mau manawa e like me nā kāne.
Ma hope aku, e hui pū aku nā palukulu i ka mau nāʻu, e hoʻopau ana i nā mea kanu mai lalo aʻe, a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka nui o ka hōʻeha ʻana i nā hana ʻino.
Ke alakaʻi nei kēia mau mea i ka nāwaliwali nui a ʻoi aku hoʻi ka make o nā mea kanu, hoʻopilikia nui i nā hua o nā hua. No laila, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pī i hala ma hope o ka hoʻouka ʻana iā ia e nā pīpoki, ua hōʻemi ʻia e 70%.
ʻAʻole kūpono nā ʻaila āpau mai nā bectsektect i nā keiki. E ʻike i nā kālā e palekana ai no kāu keiki ma https://stopvreditel.ru/parazity/zashhita/mazi.html loulou.
ʻO Sitona crinitus
Kelepa wili lehuleka, Moth kaulaha elephant, Pea elepana elephant, Sitones crinitus, Kipa iʻa weevil
Weevil pīpī ʻono
Coleoptera (Beetles) - Coleoptera
He ʻano melulele ʻo Bristle - ka pua o nā pī, vetch, nā pīni, nā lentils, alfalfa, sainfoin a me nā mea kanu i hoʻoulu ʻia. O nā Beetles a me nā ʻōpiopio e hōʻino ʻia. ʻO nā Beetles he mau multinutrient. Hoʻopili i ka bisexual. ʻAno ka holomua. ʻO nā beetles ka hoʻoilo, liʻiliʻi pinepine i nā palaka. E ulu ana ka hanauna i ka makahiki. No nā pūʻulu waiwai o nā ulia nodule.
Kaomi i ke kiʻi e hoʻonui
ʻO nā ala o ka hakakā
ʻO nā ʻōiwi Beetle i ʻoi loa i nā mea kūlohelohe. e like me nā momi ma mua a i, ka launa pū, a me ka mahana wela. I loko o kēia mau kūlana, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o nā hua a nā wāhine i ʻoki ai, a make nā hua make i ka hapa nui.
Akā, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ke manaʻolana wale no ke kūleʻa o ka wā, no laila he nui nā hana e kuhikuhi ana i ka luku ʻia o nā pīpī ma luna o ka ʻāina.
Nā koho no ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā pōpoki:
- hohonu hohonu o na mahinaai mahope mai o ka ohi ana i ka ohi mua ana, e hoopau ana i ka huina hope a me ka pupae,
- lulu hānai i nā hua mua i ka wā mua, i ka manawa e haʻalele ai nā pīpī i ka lepo, hiki i nā mea kanu ke ʻalo i ko lākou palupalu a lilo i kūpono ʻole na nā ʻuʻawa,
- ʻO ka hoʻolei mua ʻana i nā kīhāpai me nā pūhui organophosphorus, pyrethroids a me nā mea inikini ʻē aʻe, e hoʻopau ai i nā pīpī a pākeke a hoʻēmi i ka nui o nā hua i kau ʻia,
- ʻO ka pīpī ʻana i ka lihi o nā mea kanu me nā pala o ka metaphos a hexxloran, e hoʻopau ai i nā pīpī ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ko lākou hele ʻana.
Laulima
Imago. ^ E Ha yM. Beetle 2.8–4.5 mm lōʻihi. Elytra, akā i ka hapalua posterior, me ka hoʻokūkū ʻae protruding setae. Ua ikaika a kū a ʻike nā maka. ʻO Pronotum me nā kāʻalani pōkole ākea ākea. Loaʻa nā unahi ma ka elytra, hina o hina a keʻokeʻo, nui, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻaʻohe o ka luster metallic. ʻO ka ʻāpana o ka hapakolu, ka ʻalima holoʻokoʻa, ka kumu o ka ʻeono a ʻewalu, a me ka ʻumi ʻumi, he keʻokeʻo ia, me nā wahiʻeleʻele pālahalaha a me nā kaila long -inal yellow-hina. ʻUlaʻula nā pale a me nā wāwae haʻahaʻa.
Hoʻoponopono maikaʻi i ke ʻano. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā kānaka heterosexual o ka ʻohana o nā manu he ʻokoʻa i loko o ke ʻano o nā kino genital.
ʻGpihi liʻiliʻi, ʻoval.
Larva, e like me nā ʻelele a pau o ka ʻohana o nā pua, i hoʻokaʻawale i nā wāwae a me nā maka, ʻoi aku paha i emi aʻe ka nui o ke kihi iki.
Kaumaka, e like me nā hui a pau o ka ʻohana o nā pua, ma ke ʻano ua like me ke ʻōlohelohe me nā primordia i hōʻike ʻole ʻia i ka rostrum, nā wāwae a me nā ʻēheu.
Phenology o ka holomua (i nā lā)
Hoʻohui
Imago. ^ E Ha yM. Kūʻai ʻo nā pīpoki piʻolima ma nā wahi e hānai ai i nā wahi, i nā mahina o ka legumes. I ka pūnāwai, e ala ana ke ala ʻana i kahi mahana o ka ea o 3-4 ° C. Hoʻohui ʻia ka hana koʻikoʻi o ka pūpū ma + 12–14 ° C, lele ma + 13-17 ° C. I ka manawa o ka neʻe ʻana, noho nui nā wana o nā mea kanu leguminous. Aia i ke ʻano o ke kau, hiki i ka manawa o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana mai 5 a 20 mau lā.
Pono ka pīpī i nā meaʻaiʻai hou, no laila, e ʻai ana i nā lau o nā legumes i mālama ʻia i loko o nā lā wela wela. I ka wā mua, he palupalu ka meaʻai, a ma nā lau e ulu nui ana nā ʻōmaka he ʻano like o nā indentations pilikino, ʻawili ʻia mai nā kihi. ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka lā mahana wela e alakaʻi i nā pōʻino nui i nā wahi ākea. Aia kahi hihia o ka luku piha ʻana i nā lau ma nā hua o nā pī, vetch a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe.
Ka manawa ʻai. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO Oviposition e hana ana ma ʻApelila - Mei, ma muli o ke kaʻe o ka noho a me nā kūlana o ke ʻano. ʻO ka huina o nā hua i kau ʻia e ka wahine mai 82 a 860. I ka lā hoʻokahi, 27 ua waiho ʻia. Mālama nā wahine i nā hua i hū ʻia ma ka ʻāina, nā aʻa a me nā lau o nā mea kanu hānai. ʻAʻole koho ʻia kahi wahi kūikawā. Hoʻomalo nā hua a ʻōwili i ka ʻāina, kahi i kau ai i ka ua o kā lākou ʻili me ka papa o ka ʻāina.
Haʻawina
I ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hoʻomakeʻa ʻo Weevil nodule. E pili ana i nā palena hema o ka Russian Federation, Moldova, Ukraine, a me nā mea penei:
ʻGpihi. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka hoʻolālāʻana o ka embryo ma kahi mahana o + 28 ° C ka lōʻihi o 7 mau lā, ma + 12 ° C - a hiki i 29 lā. ʻO ka mahana wela loa ka 21-25 ° C. Ke lalo + 8 ° C a i luna + 32 ° C, ʻaʻole e hoʻokomo ʻia ka hoʻolālā embryo.
Larva. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻomaopopo ka hatching Mass i ka Mei-Iune me ka ua nui. ʻO ka hala o ka ua e alakaʻi i ka make nui o nā hua. Kūleʻa i nā ʻōleʻaleʻa pili i nā nodules no ka meaʻai. I ka pau ʻana o nā kiko o ke nodule hoʻokahi, a laila hoʻokomo ka larva i kekahi. Ma ka luku ʻana i nā lālani 2-3, ulu ka ʻili a nui a ʻānai loa i waho o nā nodules, hōʻino wale nō i nā nodula wale nō, akā ʻo ka ʻiʻo waho ma nā kumu o nā mea kanu. Hoʻopau kekahi larva mai ka 3 a 8 mau nodules, e like me ko lākou nui. Hoʻomau ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka larva i nā lā 30-40.
Kaumaka. ^ E Ha yM. Hana ka hana ma ka lepo a hoʻomaka i ka hapa mua o Iune i ka ulu lāʻau-steppe o Ukraine. Aia ka nui o ka pupae ma ka hohonu o 10-20 cm.ʻO ka hohonu ka haumana he 5 a 30 cm.
Imago. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā pīpī ʻōpio e ulu mai ana mai ka lepo i ke kauwela e pono ai i kaʻai. No laila, ua loaʻa nā hihia o ka neʻe i nā pīpī ʻōpio i nā mea kanu me nā hua ʻala maloʻo. Mai ka pī, lele aku lākou i ka pīkī fodder, vetch, lentils, lupins a me nā cereals ʻē aʻe, a me nā mea kanu perennial legennial. Eia maʻa lākou e ʻai a hiki i ka wā hoʻoilo no ka hoʻoilo.hōlani piha ka hoʻomake ʻana o ka maʻi pōpoki he 45-60 mau lā.
Nā pili lāʻau Morologically
Wahi a morphology (hiʻohiʻona) ke kokoke ka imago i nā mea i hōʻike ʻia Sainfoin nodule weevil (ʻO Sitona kāhea) ʻO nā ʻokoʻa nui ka ʻike i ka elytra i mua o ka hapa o ka lima o ka hakahaka o ka paʻi, i uhi ʻia ma mua me nā kukui kaulike, he citrindrical pronotum, ke poʻo ākea, me nā hale pālahalaha pōkole, nui ka nui (4-7 mm).
Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻano kikoʻī i ʻike pinepine ʻia Wehe i ka uluna pipi weay (Sitona cylindricollis) a me ka molopole nodule weevil (Noho hanona flavescens), e like pū me ka morphology i imago me setae nodule weevil (ʻO Sitona crinitus).
Ke hoʻoilina nei geographic
Kahele ʻia ka Bristle nodule weevil ma ka ʻāpana ʻĀina a ʻo Rusia a me kekahi hapa o Siberia, koe wale nō ma ka ʻākau o ke kaula taiga a me nā tundra. Pahu ka waena o ka pūpū i ka Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Central Asia (ʻaʻole i nā neo), West Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor a me Western Asia, Mongolia, a me ke komohana ʻĀina.
Ua ʻulu ʻia ka ʻatikala ma ke hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuhana penei:
Vasiliev V.P. Nā loina o nā mea kanu a me nā mea kanu lāʻau: 3 tons- T. 2. ʻO ka ʻōpala huhū, nā vertebrates. - 2nd ed., Rev. a hoʻohui. / Ma lalo o ka huina. en. V.P. Vasiliev, Luna Hoʻoponopono o ka leo V.G. Dolin, V.N. Stovbchatyy .-- K .: Anhi, 1988 576., ill. Kau
ʻO Verderevsky D.D. Puka a kahi agronomist e pale ai i ka lāʻau. ʻO ka hui ʻana o nā mea kākau e hoʻoponopono ʻia e Verderevsky D.D., Polevoy T.N., Shapa V.A. - Chisinau: "Cartya Moldovenienasca", 1968. - 724 p.
ʻO ka papa inoa o nā pesticides a me nā agrochemical i kālai ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ka ʻāina o ka Lūkini Lūkini, 2013. Ke Kuhina Kūʻai o ka Russian Federation (Kuhina Kūʻai o Rūsia)
Kryzhanovsky OL, Nā mea inikua a me ka ticks - nā mea kanu o ka hua lāʻau. Helu II Coleoptera. L: Hōʻike hale "Science", 1974.- 336 p.