ʻO ka ʻāpana pelekane wai ʻulaʻula (Tethya aurantium) kahi mea i kapa ʻia o ka papa kuʻuna maʻamau (Demospongiae). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano ʻano he manawa lōʻihi loa - a hiki i 1766, e ke kanaka kaulana maoli ʻo P. S. Pallas (Peter Simon Pallas).
I nā ʻāina ʻōlelo Pelekane, ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia kēia ʻano pēpē me he "golf ball sponge."
ʻO ka ʻulaʻula o ke kai he kino kikoʻī, e loaʻa ana i ka lōʻihi o 2 a 10 cm. Ua uhi ʻia ke ʻano o ke kino o kēia huʻu me nā warts a me nā ʻōpala, i hui pū ʻia me nā kala melemele-ʻoni, hāʻawi i kēia holoholona i kahi ʻano like i kahi hua - ʻona.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna ka liʻiliʻi o kahi estuary liʻiliʻi - kahi e wehe ʻia ai nā choanocytes e kahe wai. ʻO kekahi mau mea e pili pū ʻia me nā ʻāpana o ke kikoʻī a ke kuʻekuʻe a ʻike ʻia he nui nā waha. Inā ʻoe e nānā i ka waha o ka wai moana, ʻike ʻoe i ka pōkole ʻili silika e hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻoli huʻu radially i hui pū ʻia me nā mea pili i hana ʻia e nā pōkiki mikrosclera liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi me ka lōʻihi o 30-100 μm a me nā spicules uniaxial nui he 510 - 850 nā lōʻihi. Hoʻopili ʻia ka spi i ka lika i ka nimbus, i hoʻomohala ʻia e nā unicxial spicules nui, i uhi ʻia e ka papakū o ka silt lalo.
ʻO ka ʻanuʻu o nā skeletal he huʻahuʻu ʻia ma mua o nā pākōkī, no laila ka lōʻihi o ka pilina me ke kino o kēia mea huehue hiki ke hoʻonāukiuki i ka ʻā o nā lima.
Hiki ke hoʻololi i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ke kōpaʻa mai ka ʻulaʻula i ka melemele wai ʻula.
Hoʻopili i ka moana moana i nā moana he nui i loko o ka moana ʻAkalakika, me ke kahakai o Guinea, ke kai Mediterranean, ke kahakai ʻo ʻEulopa (ma mua o Norewai), nā ʻaoʻao komohana o ka Atlantika, me ka Caribbean.
ʻIke ʻia nā kaona moana i nā kanaka me nā ʻāina kū hoʻokahi, e noho ana i nā pōhaku, nā pali a me nā pōhaku liʻiliʻi ma kahi hohonu a hiki i 150 mika. Ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻelele kūmole o nā ʻuala, ka mea e noho pinepine ana i ka wai papua, ma ka ʻāina. I kekahi manawa noho lākou i nā kai a i lalo iho.
E like me nā pīkī kaulana, ʻona a “kaona” ka ʻenemi mikroscopica o ke kino, ka mea hāʻawi i ka oxygen i kā lākou "haku", ʻo ia ka meaʻai, e hoʻoneʻe i nā ʻikekikena carbon i ke kino, a me ka hoʻoneʻe i ke kino o ka hapai i nā ʻano like ʻole. Noho kēia mau lāʻau simbiotic i loko o ke kino o ka pua, ma nā kahawai a me nā keʻena o kāna papahana iriko.
No ka manawa lōʻihi, pīhoihoi ka poʻe ʻepekema - pehea e hana ai kēia mau microplants i nā photosynthesis i loko o ka pouli piha, i loko o ke kino o ka hapai? ʻOiaʻiʻo, no ke ʻano maʻamau o kēia kaʻina, pono ke māmā. Ua loaʻa kahi ʻike hoihoi e pili ana i kēia kumuhana i kahi pūʻulu o nā kānaka ʻepekema Kelemania mai Stuttgart, ka mea i hiki i ka manaʻo e loaʻa nā mea simbiotic i ka mālamalama ma o ke ʻano o nā fiber optical fib, ka hana o ka mea e hoʻokani ʻia e ka sktī i nā kikoʻī.
Mahalo i nā pono, ke aʻo a ka mea e protrude ma luna o ka ihu o ka huakaʻi, ua hiki i nā kukui māmā ke komo i loko o nā kihi ʻeleʻele o kona kino, e kōkua ana i nā mea kanu e ola ai a hoʻokō i kā lākou hana pono no nā pōʻai.
ʻO ka hoʻokolohua kūpono i kau ai e nā kānaka ʻepekema: ua waiho ʻia kahi ʻano kīpē o ke kai i loko o ka moku pōkole, i loko o ke kino o ia mea i hoʻolauna ʻia kahi hapa o nā kiʻi photosensitive. I ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana i ka papa o ka pōpō, puka mai nā ʻūhā ma ka pepa, aia ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā kuʻekuʻe, ʻo ia nā ʻano makana. Ua haʻi hou ka poʻe noiʻi i ka hoʻokolohua me kahi ʻano ʻēhe nui ʻē aʻe i loaʻa ʻole nā spicules me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo e pale ana ma luna o ke kino. Ke hoʻomālamalama ʻole ʻia i ia huakaʻi i loko o kahi moku pouli, ua waiho ʻole ka pepa kiʻi. Hoʻomaopopo ka hopena.
ʻO nā Sponges, e like me kahi pūʻulu aʻo liʻiliʻi i nā holoholona aquatic, e rewa nei i ko lākou mau kino nā hopena a me nā ʻenekini ponoʻī mua. He aha nā kuikawa hamama o nā ʻāpana o nā kuʻekuʻe aniani i hoʻokumu ʻia e ke ʻano? ʻAʻole kekahi mea hana maikaʻi loa a ke kanaka i kūkulu ʻia me ka ukana paʻa o ka ʻike a me nā kānāwai o nā kaʻenehana loea, ka makemakika, ʻikika, kālena uila, physics, etc., a me nā mea like ʻole, hiki ke hoʻokūkū me ka mea kūlohelohe ʻano-kalaiwa, ka mea wikiwiki ʻole e hōʻike i nā mea huna. ko lakou akamai.
Pākuʻi Venus - kahi kikoʻi o ka nani hoihoi
He aha ke ʻano o ka ʻohu o ke kai a no ke aha i kapa ʻia ai kēlā?
Ua ʻike ʻia ua kanaka nei i ka manele no ka 200 makahiki. Ua wehewehe mua ʻia e ka ʻepekema Kelemania ʻo Peter Pallas i 1766.
Kaiʻula (Tethya aurantium).
No ke aha 'ʻeleʻele o ke kai? - ua nīnau ʻoe. E nānā i ke kiʻi a hoʻomaopopo i nā mea āpau: ka spherical o keʻano o kēia holoholona. I uhi ʻia me nā pilrles a me "proty" warty, e like me ka peel o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo. A ka hope, ʻo ke kala: he ʻeleʻele.
ʻO ke kino o ke kino kai o ka moana mai 2 a 10 sentimita. ʻO ka ʻāpana luna o ka “pōpō” o ka honu ua hoʻopiha ʻia me kahi kūmole kūikawā, kahi e lawe ai ka holoholona i kahi wai.
Noho i kahi kaiʻai kai
ʻO kā lākou pae e uhi ai i nā kai he nui no ka moana Atlantika. Hiki ke loaʻa i kēia ʻano hano moana i loko o ke Kai Kūʻai, ma ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o ke kahakai ʻo ʻEulopa o ʻEulopa (a pololei a hiki i Norewai.) Eia kekahi, ulu nā oranges "iʻa" i ke komohana Atlantik: i ka Caribbean, no ka laʻana.
Ke Kai ʻOleʻa
I waena o nā ʻelele āpau o nā ʻuā i ka lewa, ua manaʻo ʻia ka melemele o kekahi o ka pāpaku, pinepine lākou i ʻike ʻia ma ke kahakai.
Noho ka ʻona o ke kai i nā koloni, i kekahi manawa wale nō.
Hele mai nā kahelena maʻa ma nā kū hoʻokahi a me ke ʻano o nā koloni. Noho lākou ma ka pūlima, a i kekahi manawa ke makemake lākou i nā ana a me ke aha.
E like me nā lālā o ka sponges, he kūlike ka ʻona o ke kai i loko o lākou iho - algae. ʻOi aku ka pololei, nā algae i kekahi mau "pio" kokoke i ka puna. Mahalo i kēia "pilina" ʻano hou, loaʻa ka spanes moana i ka oxygen no lākou iho, kahi mea e pono ai no ka ʻeha a me ka hana maʻamau o ke kino holoʻokoʻa.
Hoʻohālikelike nā ʻāpana o ke kai me nā citrus lepo.
Eia ka mea ke hoʻolako ʻia e ka algae i ka huaʻai me ka oxygen, huki pū lākou i nā waiwai pono ʻole mai ke kino o ka holoholona, no laila hoʻomaʻemaʻe. He maikaʻi loa nā sponges, ʻaʻole ʻoe e noʻonoʻo?
Nā Sponges - "mea hana" o nā ʻenehana hou
E like paha paha ia i ka ʻano mua me ka ʻike mua, akā ʻo wai ka mea ʻē aʻe akā ke aʻo nei iā mākou i nā mea hou a me ka holomua. Pēlā pū ka ʻapena. No ka laʻana, ka noiʻi ʻana i nā māhina o kekahi mau ʻano o nā sponges, i noʻonoʻo ʻia e ke ʻano ma ka ʻōlelo liʻiliʻi loa, ʻike ʻia nā ʻepekema hou i nā ʻenehana loea hou a hana i nā ʻike kupanaha i loko o ka honua ʻepekema.
Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā hale citrus e ulu ana
Kahi ponoʻī ko kēlā me kēia moʻomeheu, akā he nui nā lula no ka ʻohana holoʻokoʻa.
- ʻO nā mea kanu Citrus ka thermophilic, ʻaʻole aloha e ʻae i ka hau. Eia naʻe, i ka hoʻoilo, pono ke hōʻemi iki i ka mahana o ka lumi. ʻO ka hemahema o ka lā e alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻohemo ʻana o nā mea kanu, hāʻule nā lau. E mālama i ka mea kanu, waiho i lalo o ke kukui kukui ka palena a i ʻole hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka mahana o ka lumi.
- Ke makemake nui ʻia nā Citrus i ka lā, e hana lākou i ka puka ma ka ʻaoʻao hema a i ʻole ka puka makani hikina. Inā hoʻolālā ʻoe e kanu i nā citruses i loko o kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo, e koho i kahi kahi mālamalama, ākea.
- ʻO ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana a me ka haʻahaʻa o ka citrus content he +18 tikelika a me 70%. No ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā waiwai pono, hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā mea kanu me ka wai mahana i nā manawa he i ka lā.
- I ka hala ʻole o kahi manawa dormant e pili ana i ka hoʻohi ʻana o ka wā ma ke ʻano he nui, ua noho nā mea kanu ma ka home no ka ʻoi aku i ka 4 makahiki.
- Hāʻawi i nā kaila maʻamau a me ka nui o ka mea kanu, akā e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka manawa o ka ʻāina e maloʻo ai.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka lākati ulu
ʻO Mandarin ka mea maʻamau ka pākaʻi no ka ulu ʻana o ka home. Ua hāʻule ʻo ia i ke aloha me nā mea kanu no nā lau ʻōmaʻomaʻo, nā pua keʻokeʻo, a me nā hua mālamalama. Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa ka nānā i nā tangerines ma ka home no ka waiwai hiʻona wale nō, no ka nui o ka wai i hiki ʻole ke ʻai ʻia. Pono ka ʻeleʻele i ka hoʻōla pinepine ʻana a me ka hoʻoluʻu pinepine ʻana. ʻOi aku ka ulu lāʻau, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wai e hoʻoinu a pono. Akā e makaʻala ʻaʻole e hoʻopihapiha i ka lepo, ua ʻino nā aʻa i ka wai. ʻO ka lole ʻoi aku me nā patemala mineral e pono ai no ka tangerine i ka pūnāwai, ma mua o ka pua.
E ninini i ka wai mandarin me ka kolamu 1-2 mau manawa i ka hebedoma. Hoʻopili i ka hana o ka lei o ka lāʻau i ke mandarin ʻōpio, e ʻoki i nā pua nui e ulu i nā lālā lateral. Hoʻopau i nā mea āpau akā hoʻokahi o ka ovary maʻamau. Kūʻai nā hua liʻiliʻi i ka lāʻau, ʻoi aku ka nui o lākou. I ka makahiki aʻe, hoʻonui i ka nui o nā ovaries. Mālama i ka lāʻau me nā tangerines, a e pane ʻoe iā ʻoe me ka nani nani o nā pua a me ka ʻala ʻōmi ʻoliʻoli.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea ʻala
Ke ulu nei kahi ulu lāʻau ʻeleʻele ma ka home he mea mahalo. Ke ulu nei a hiki i 7 m ma ke ano maoli, ua kaupalena ʻia ka mea kanu i ka 3 m ma ka home E kanu i kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo, e lawe i kahi hua mai kahi hua i ʻai ʻia a i ʻole ʻōpala mai kahi lāʻau i ulu mua ʻia. E maʻalahi nā mea e loaʻa ai ka hua, akā ʻo ka lāʻau i ulu mai nā hua, e hoʻomaka ka hua ʻana ma mua o nā makahiki 7. ʻO ke kālai hou kahi ala wikiwiki. ʻO ka mālama ʻana i kahi kala e like nō me ka mālama ʻana i nā citruses ʻē aʻe: ka hoʻōla maʻamau a ka nui ʻana, ka hoʻoluʻu pinepine ʻana, ka lole ʻoi loa i ka puna ma mua o ka wā o ka pua. Eia nō kekahi hiʻohiʻona: mai kala i ka ʻāina ma lalo o ka mea kanu, i ʻole e hoʻopōʻino i nā aʻa ʻili.
E kanu i kahi kalaʻula, lawe i nā huaʻai o ka hua i hoʻopau ʻia, hoʻomākaukau i ka ipu, hoʻopiha me nā ʻano o ka ʻāina momona a me ka pit. ʻO ka hohonu o ka kanu mea kanu e pili ana i 1 cm, ʻo ka mamao ma waena o nā kanu mea ʻaʻole i emi iho ma lalo o 5 cm. I kēia hoʻokuʻi, e hoʻokō i ke kaʻina hana aniani, waiho i nā puʻu ikaika, e hoʻoneʻe i nā nāwaliwali. E kau i nā koena e koe ana ma lalo o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni a i ʻole ka pahu. Hoʻopau i ke ʻano kanu, e wehe ana i ka home kola i ke ahiahi no ka hapalua hola. Ke kāpili i nā kumulāʻau liʻiliʻi e hiki mai ana i loko o nā pā i ka wā ma hope o ke ʻano o ka lua o nā lau maoli.
E koi ʻia kahi pilala lua inā hiki i nā mea kanu ke kiʻekiʻe o 20 cm, a laila hoʻomaka i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka lei o ka lāʻau e hiki mai ana. E koho no ka ʻoni he wahi ākea ma ka pukamikini a ʻaʻole hoʻopā, pili, kahi loli i ka noho maʻamau ke alakaʻi i ka waiho ʻana o nā lau. ʻO nā hua o nā kala he mea nani wale nō ia i ke kūlohelohe, e loaʻa ai nā mea momona a me nā momona huki ʻia i nā makahiki he nui o ka hana koho.
Ke hoʻohana nei i nā kumu kumu o ka ulu ʻana i nā hua citrus, e kanu i kāu hua punahele, huʻuola, lemon, lime, citron ma ka home. Me ka mālama pono, nā citrus i nā makahiki he nui i ka poʻe kime me kā lākou pua.