ʻO Zhelna ka ʻeko lāʻau nui ʻEulopa. ʻEleʻele loa ka plumage, a hoʻohālikelike me ka ʻulaʻula nui o ke poʻo i nā kāne a me ka nula ʻula i nā wahine. I nā lele, ʻike ʻia e nā ʻēheu ākea a me ka huelo lōʻihi a kuhikuhi ʻia. Papa maʻamau no ka lāʻau lāʻau, zygodactyl (ʻelua mau lima ʻoli e kuhikuhi i mua a me nā manamana lima ʻelua ke kua). He ʻano maʻamau ke ʻano o nā "lobes" - kahi ʻāpana paʻa maʻamau mai luna a i lalo.

Kālā. ^ E Ha yM. He mea maʻalahi ka noho manuahi, a hōʻike ma Eurasia e 2 subspecies. Ma ʻEulopa komohana, ua lawe like ʻole. Ma Italia, ʻo ka helu o ka heluna e waiho ana i nā Alps a ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka ʻāpana waena o ka Apennines he 1.5-3 tausani mau pālua; aia nō kahi manaʻo e hoʻonui i ka laulā ma kēia mau wahi.

Hoʻaiho. ^ E Ha yM. He mea hūnā ia i nā ululāʻau koniferous a me nā hoʻopili, ma nā ulu lāʻau beech ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 900-100,000 mau kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ke kai.

Biology. ^ E Ha yM. Hana nā paila i ka hopena o ka hoʻoilo. I kēia manawa, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻolohe i ka "pahu paʻi" i hui pū ʻia e nā hiʻakaʻaka. Aia ka wahine ma ka hopena o Malaki e waiho i ka paʻakai keʻokeʻo ma loko o ka hollow. Hoʻopili nā mākua ʻelua no 12-14 lā. Haʻi nā pīpī i ka hollow ma 24-28 o nā makahiki. ʻO hoʻokahi masonry i kēlā me kēia makahiki. A mālama ka manu, kani nui ka leo a kanikau paha. ʻO ka "ʻōpū" i hoʻoiho ai ka manu, ke kākiki ʻia i ka ʻōpala, lohe ʻia i nā wahi mamao loa. ʻO ka huakaʻi, ʻaʻole i like me nā wahi kākipa lāʻau ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole hoʻi i emi iho, e like me ka holo ʻana o nā lāʻau kedera.

ʻIke maoli nō. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka puka komo i ka melemele hila he ʻano oval a i ʻole paha i ka nui o ke anawaena o 12-9.5 cm. E hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo Hollows e nā holoholona ʻē aʻe: mau ʻāpana manuahi, kekahi mau mammals, a me nā lehulehu a me nā pepeke.

ʻAnuʻu ʻulaʻula,ʻO martinopusus martius)

HE MEA KUKAI

ʻAi ʻia ʻo Zhelna i nā popo. Makemake nui ʻia ka manu i ka lāʻau-ʻulaʻula ulaula nui, akā ʻaʻole i haʻalele i nā mea ʻē aʻe, no ka mea e iho mau ana i ka lepo. Hoʻopili i nā kime, ka meaʻai o ka ʻōpī manu nunui i loaʻa i nā pepeke like ʻole, ko lākou ʻōpio a me nā pupae. Ke ola nei nā lāʻau ola a make, ke ʻimi nei ʻo ia i nā pōpoki. I ka ʻimi ʻana i nā meaʻai, ua hoʻouka kekahi i kahi kumulāʻau pōpula i nā turf a ʻoki i ka ʻula mai nā lāʻau make. E kipa ka manu i ka ʻuā a hopu i nā pepeke me kāna alima ʻili. Aloha nui ʻo Zhelna i nā ʻalopela nui a hiki iā ia ke ʻeli no nā hola i loko o ka anthill, e kahe mai ana mai ia wale nō ʻaʻole nāʻuʻuku wale nō, akā, ʻo kā lākou pūlima. Ke loaʻa nei kahi lāʻau i ʻinoʻino ʻia e kekahi mau larvae, ke kīkēkē nei ka lāʻau lāʻau i ka ʻalā a unuhi aʻe i nā iniseti me nā huaʻi o kāna puʻupuʻu. I kekahi mau wahi, he 99 pakeneka kaʻai ʻana no ka ʻeke o nā popo. Ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā mea ʻokiʻoki ma ka papa ʻaina melemele, me nā ʻōpala, i loaʻa nā hua o nā kīlū me nā mea inikua lele lele. I ka hoʻoilo, makemake ʻo ia i nā popo a me nā meli, e haʻalele ana iā lākou mai nā hale pale.

Hoʻopōla

ʻĀnō nā melemele ma kēlā. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Malaki, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mākele o nā ululāʻau uliuli, ua hoʻowalī ke kāne i ke ʻano o ka wahine ma o ka huki ʻana i kona mau puʻupuʻu me kāna puʻupuʻu, ʻo ia ka pīhoihoi maikaʻi. ʻO ka uwē ʻana o nā kāne - ke leo nui ʻole "ʻaʻole i ʻole nā ​​mālama a pau" - lohe ʻia ma ka ulu lāʻau ma kahi mamao loa. ʻOi aku ka maʻamau, nā kāne i hana i ke kani "keeee", he mea hoʻomanaʻo no kahi purr. Ma hope o ke ʻano palaka, ʻike ʻia nā mea ʻike manu lāʻau e lele mai ana mai ka lāʻau a alualu i kēlā me kēia i kahi lāʻau lāʻau, e neʻe ana i loko o kahi kikoʻī. Holo ka manu a hoʻokahi i ka pahu ma luna o ka lāʻau, a laila "kū". ʻO nā kāne, i ka hālāwai me ka huhū, kūlohelohe ko lākou mau poʻo a hoʻoweliweli i kēlā me kēia mea i kā lākou mau puʻupuʻu. Pono ke kāne e ʻoki i ka mea i koho ʻia i kāna "waiwai". Eia ka nānā ʻana o ka wahine i kahi hollow a koho i ka mea maʻalahi. Inā ʻaʻole i pau ka hollow, hana pū nā manu i ka hana.

Hoʻopili pinepine ʻo Zhelny i nā hollow he nui lākou e hiamoe. No 3-4 mau hebedoma, holo aku ka pua melemele i kahi hohonu a 40 cm hohonu a 22 cm ākea.hope a pau ka hana ʻana, kūkulu ʻia ka mea poni manu, a lohi koke ka wahine i nā hua he 2-6. Hoʻopili nā mākua i ka masonry loli, e loli ana ma kahi o 2 mau hola. Ma ka manawa ʻaʻole i mau lōʻihi, hānau nā pua i ka palupalu: ʻo ka lehulehu o kēlā me kēia 9 he 9. ʻO ka mua, ʻo ka hānai ʻana i nā moa kīnā ʻole i maʻalahi no ka mau mākua, a ma hope o 10 mau lā, e ikaika ka pipi i ka meaʻai. E mālama ka makua i nā pipi i haʻalele i ka pūnana no kekahi manawa.

MEA LOA

ʻKole, a i ʻole nā ​​ʻuluʻula manu, noho lākou i nā nahele āpau o ʻEulopa a me Asia. Noho lākou i ka nahele nahele a me ka coniferous a me nā konohui, e hāʻawi ana i ka nui o nā wao nahele ākea. Ma nā wahi āpau e mālama ʻia i nā wahi melemele, i uhi ʻia me nā ululāʻau lōʻihi kahiko. Loaʻa pinepine ʻia kēia mau lāʻau lāʻau lāʻau ma nā pūnaewele o nā ahi ahi mua.

ʻO ka lāʻau Woodpeckers i ka honu i nā ulu beech a me nā lāʻau pine, akā hiki ke ʻike ʻia ko lākou ʻōpio i nā ʻōpala o ka spruce, juniper a me larch. Ma ke alo o nā lāʻau i kūpono i ka pili, ka noke melemele a i nā paka. Ke makaʻu nei kēia mau manu ʻilihune a akahele loa i ka ʻūʻī liʻiliʻi. Maʻalahi lākou e pili ʻole ai i nā wahi kanaka.

Hōʻike ʻia ka hele ʻana mai kahi lāʻau kīwaha mai kahi mamao aku e ke kikowaena pinepine ʻana ma ka lālā maloʻo, me kāna mau kani nui. Hiki pinepine wau ke lohe i ka melemele ma mua o ka ʻike. Hōʻeke ke ʻeke a ke kanaka ʻona mākeke i ka ʻōpala o nā kumulāʻau, e hoʻopili ana i ka ʻāʻī me nā pua ikaika - kōkua pū lākou i ka manu i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā meaʻai.

Ma ka hona i ka honu a me ka hiu no nā nā pepeke, he ʻalika ʻoi lāʻau paʻa i luna o kahi ʻili a ke kau nei ma kahi huelo ʻoi loa. Ke ʻimi nei i ka meaʻai, ke kaʻe mau nei nā mea kanu melemele mai kekahi lāʻau i kekahi, ʻoiai e ʻā ana nā ʻano kani.

Hoonikau o ka noho

Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i kēia mau manu kupaianaha wale nō ma Eurasia. ʻO ko lākou wahi noho ai ka ululāʻau a me nā wahi ala ala ala mai ke ʻāpana ʻākau a me ka hikina o ka Iberian Peninsula a hiki i Kamchatka, ke kahakai o ka Iapani a me ka mokupuni ʻo Sakhalin. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao nui loa ma kahi i ʻike ʻia ai kēia mau manu, ʻo ia ka wahi o ka Halika ʻo Arctic ma ka ʻāina Peninsula.

ʻO ka wahi o ka lāʻau ʻike ʻeleʻele.

Ma ke komohana a me ka hema o ʻEulopa, ma Asia Minor, he nui ka lulu i ka poʻe i loko o ka lāʻau papahola, a me ke ʻano he kānāwai, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā kahe o nā kaona i lalo a me nā ulu like ʻole. ʻO ka hapa nui loa i ʻike ʻia ma ka Greater Caucasus a me Transcaucasia, ma ke kahakai ʻo ka Caspian Sea. No nā ʻāina Komohana Komohana, ʻo Italia wale nō ka mea e "hoʻohanohano" ai i ka heluna nui o nā lāʻau ʻeleʻele - ma kahi o 3,000 mau pālua. Ma ʻEulopa ʻEulopa, ua pāhola nā manu ma Lūkini, Belarus a me Ukraine.

Maʻaleʻale nā ​​lāʻau lapaʻau ʻeleʻele, akā i kekahi manawa i nā manu hoʻoilo ke hiki i nā ʻuʻu liʻiliʻi i kahi o nā palena o ko lākou biotopes. ʻOi aku lākou makemake e noho i nā nahele lāʻauʻokiʻoki kiʻekiʻe, maʻamau e kanu ʻia, a ʻāwili ʻia, ʻāʻī mau ʻia i ka huehue nui ʻia. Hiki iā ia ke kūleʻa i nā kūpeʻe taiga e hiki ai a ma nā "mokupuni" o ka nahele, i kekahi manawa ma waena o ka hepana. ʻO ka pinepine, noho nō nā lāʻau lapaʻau ma nā wahi a i ʻole nā ​​wahi me ka lāʻau a i ʻole a lau ʻole nā ​​lāʻau, a ʻike pinepine ʻia i nā ululāʻau ma hope o ke ahi.

I nā nā mauna mauna ʻEulopa, makemake nui nā lāʻau lapaʻau i ka nahele i hui ʻia me nā ahi ahi, nā lāʻau beech a me nā ʻāina lāʻau i hoʻomalu ʻia e ka larch, spruce a me ka sedera.

Hiki nō i nā konikona uliuli ke noho ma kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, no laila, i nā Alps e hiki ai ke ʻike ʻia ma kahi kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o 2000 mika ma luna o ke kai. Hiki i kahi mea hana lāʻau lāʻau ke noho ma nā nahele, kahi e hele pinepine ai nā kānaka, kahi e hiki ai ʻoe ke hālāwai me kahi kanaka, ʻaʻole hilahila kēia manu. ʻO ia no ke kumu e makemake nui nei e hoʻonā i nā ʻāpana a me nā pahu, inā he nui nā kānaka ma laila. Hiki i kahi paʻa o nā mea ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele ke noho i 400 hekahi o ka ulu lāʻau.

He melemele ka wahine ma kahi ʻōpala.

Kāleka

He mea mahalo nui ka nui o ka poʻe lapaʻau manu, ʻo ka lua wale nō ke kiʻi, akā, ʻaʻole like i ka hope, he ʻoi aku ka ʻoluʻolu a me nā ʻeke ʻeke, kahi ʻāʻī a elongated a me nā hulu ʻihi. ʻO ka lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ka lāʻau lapa ʻeleʻele e 50 cm, aʻo kona paona e hiki ke 250-180 grama, a ʻokoʻa nā ʻēheu mai ka 63 a 81 cm.

I kahi kāne makua, ʻeleʻele nā ​​hulu āpau me ka pailima, ʻo ka hapa wale nō ʻo ia ma luna aʻe o ke poʻo - aia kekahi wahi ʻulaʻula nui ma luna, he ʻano "hat" e hoʻomaka ana i ke kumu o ka beak a hoʻopau i ke kua o ke poʻo.

I nā wahine, ʻeleʻele ka ʻōmole ke ʻala, akā, ʻaʻole e like me nā kāne, he brownish ka lau, he ala ʻulaʻula ʻole, no ka mea, ʻāpana nui ka pāpale ʻulaʻula ma luna o ke poʻo - uhi wale ia i ka hapa occipital.

ʻO ka beak o kahi manu hina he ikaika loa a he ikaika, elongated a pololei a pololei a pololei, he ʻeleʻele ka kauoha. He poʻo hina ka awe a me nā wāwae. Uā nui loa nā maka o ke ʻenehina ʻeleʻele, a he keʻokeʻo a ʻulaʻula paha ke kala o nā iris.

ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa nā ʻōpio ʻōpio mai nā pākeke, ʻokoʻa ka ʻokoʻa i ka plumage pau ʻole a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka plumage ma mua o ka nui, ʻaʻohe kukui. I ke kanaka hemahema, he kūpaʻu hina ka popo, a i ʻole a hala ʻole ka "cap" ʻulaʻula, ʻoi aku ka piko o ka ʻōpio o ke ʻōpiopio a paʻi ʻia i ke kala ʻulaʻula.

No ka melemele, he ʻano hiʻohiʻona ka ʻūhā o ke ʻōpala - ka hele ʻana o nā palu nui o ka occipital, ʻaʻole lākou o nā kumu lāʻau ʻē aʻe, e wehewehe ʻia ana ko lākou helehelena i nā huli pinepine o ke poʻo i nā ʻaoʻao.

Makemake ʻo ia e loaʻa ka meaʻai, e like me ke kiʻi hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻoe i ka hopena o kona beak.

Na palapala kapu

ʻO ka Ornithologists e hoʻokaʻawale i nā subspecies ʻelua mai nā kumulāʻauʻeleʻele - nā mea koho, ʻoi aku ka nui a me nā subspecies o Asia, e noho nei ma ke komohana hema o China a me Tibet. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā subspecies hope e ke ʻano nui o ka saturated a hohonu loa i ke kala, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā manu. Hōʻike ʻia nā subspecies nominant e ka nui o ka nui o nā manu mai ke komohana a i ka hikina.

KUPONO NA INOA HUI, KAHAKUI.

• Inu ʻo Zhelna i ka wai ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o nā pohihihi i ka ʻili o nā lāʻau kahiko a me kā lākou mau honu.
• Ua ʻike ʻia kahi mākeke uliuli ma nā mauna o Tibet ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 4000 m ma luna o ke kai.
• Ma lalo o nā hulu hulu, ʻaʻole i hoʻoneʻe i kahi lāʻau hina lāʻau. ʻO ka huluhulu o kēia kumulāʻau ka mea paʻakikī loa, i kuhikuhi ʻia i nā ʻaoʻao. Hāʻawi ka huelo paʻa i ke kākoʻo paʻa i ka wā o ka hakahaka i kahi hollow. ʻO ka mahalo nui o nā hulu integumentary i hana i ke ʻano o ka pahu kuhi ʻia.
• ʻO nā ʻīlū o ka hapanui o nā ʻōpū lāʻau kahi i uhi ʻia i nā kumulāʻau o nā hulu, kahi e pale ai i ka pale o ka lepo o ka lepo a me ka lepo.
• Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā manu ʻē aʻe, he ʻili paʻakikī lākou, ka mea e pale ai i ka manu mai nā ʻili manuahi, ʻoi aku ka nui, nā mākela lāʻau.
• I ka hollowing o ka hollow he meli maʻamau ma ka 10 a 17 mau lā.
• I ka pau ʻana o kahi laulā lōʻihi, ʻo ka melemele ka 4-5 mau pālua o ka nui o nā ʻōpala me nā hua ʻehā. Ia nā mākaʻi ka lāʻau ʻoihana. No laila, hoʻihoʻi ka lāʻau lāʻau iā lākou mai nā lua i ka cortex.

KELEMOKE

ʻ birdlelo manuahi: ka nui o ka hua, ʻeleʻele ka plumage, ua mama nā maka a me ka beak. Kanaka - he ʻula ʻulaʻula nui o ke poʻo, a he ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ka wahine.

Hollow: Aia ia ma ke kiʻekiʻe 7-15 m mai ka lepo, ākea, me kahi ʻano oval oha a i ʻole ka poʻomanaʻo paha.

- Kōkele henu

MEA LOA

Noho ʻo Zhelna i nā wahi a pau ma Eurasia: mai ke kūkulu ʻĀina o Sepania a me nā Kūleʻa Scandinavian a ma Iapana.

KAUPUNI A ME KA PONO

He wahi hilahila loa au me ka makaʻala. Hāʻawi ia i ka makemake ʻaʻole i ka coniferous akā paʻa ka nahele. Hōʻalo ʻia ka manu ma ka pālahalaha.

Kāhea Wīwī Nui Zhelna Nui 03:003.12. Wikiō (00:02:16)

Ua hui ʻia me kēia wahi lāʻau uliuli nani i loko o kahi māla ma ke komohana hema o Moscow. ʻO kēlā me kēia lā kēia wai punahele o ka makahiki 2012 ʻo mākou i hele wāwae a lohe ʻia nani, pololei mai ke kumu ʻauwai, hīmeni. I nā manawa āpau e noʻonoʻo lākou he mea ia. Huli ʻia a ʻike ʻia, he ʻōlapa olakino nui kēia Zhelna. He kiʻekiʻe loa ʻo ia, ʻaʻole palupalu kā kā mākou wikiō, akā naʻe mākou i kiʻi i ke kiʻi ʻana i ke kumu o ke kālai lāʻau lāʻau i ka ʻōpala, ikaika nui a walaʻau nui. E hōʻole ʻole i haʻalele i kona mele ʻana. 2 Malaki 2012.

ʻ Woodlelo ʻia ʻo Woodpecker Woodpecker i makemake ʻia ʻo dryocopus martius. Wikiō (00:00:46)

ʻPlelo ʻāmaʻomaʻo. ʻO kā mākou kumu lāʻau nui he ʻeleʻele a i ʻole he ʻulaʻula lāʻau paha (Dryocopus martius). ʻO ka ʻano ʻoluʻolu o ka manu ka hoʻohui ʻia e kona ʻano ke nānā ʻana mai hope o kahi kumulāʻau (me kahi ʻāʻī lōʻihi ia ʻaʻole paʻakikī.) No ka melemona i hōʻailona ʻia e ka kamaʻilio leo leo. Hoʻokomo loa kona leo. I ka lele, e hoʻokuʻu mai ka melemele i kahi trill kūlohelohe, ʻoiai e noho ana ma luna o kahi kumulāʻau - hoʻomāino leo. Hiki ke lohe ʻia ka leo ʻeleʻele a puni kahi makahiki. I ka pūnāwai, i ka wā o kēia manawa, ua hele pū me kēia 'mele' loi i ka lipine pahu. I ka wā o ka inkubation o nā hua, nā hoa kāne a me nā wahine hoʻololi i nā hōʻailona leo, e hoʻololi ana i kekahi i kekahi i ka pā. Ke kīloi nei i nā pōpoki, hoʻolaha hou nā mākua mai ka mamao o ko lākou hoʻokokoke ʻana, a pane ʻia ka hiʻona pōkole me kahi puliki ʻoiʻai. Ma ke kūlohelohe, he melemene kekahi. Noho ia ma ka nahele ulu kahiko a coniferous. Aia ma kona āina, ua loaʻa i kahi hapa he ʻumikūmole, akā i ka manawa like i hoʻohana pinepine ʻo ia i ka 2-3. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, koho ʻia ka aspen no ka hollow, ʻoi iki ka paina. ʻO ka maʻamau, aia kahi hollow i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 10-20 m ma luna o ka lepo, akā i kekahi manawa hiki ke loaʻa i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 3 m. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā ʻukuna o nā ʻano lāʻau ʻē aʻe i ke ʻano a me ka nui: he lime, 10 sentimeter ākea a 15 sentimita kiʻekiʻe, hollow hohonu. - a hiki i ka hapalua mika. Hoʻokomo ka ʻōpū i ka hana nui i ka ʻai ʻana me nā lāʻau ʻokiʻoki. Kokoke kolo manu, hānai iā ia a me nā moa. ʻO kekahi mea nui i kāna papa inoa ʻana nā ʻano pīpī ʻōpala, nā lumberjack, ke kīʻaha, ke kīʻaha, nā rostail a me nā mea kanu lāʻau e noho ana i nā wahi lāʻau. I ka huli ʻana i kēia mau mea hihiu, ua hoʻopili ka gnome i nā ʻōpala i nā pala i hala, e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka ʻili a me ka ʻohi mau i nā lāʻau make. ʻOiai ʻo ka mea nui lāʻau ikaika a ikaika loa, hiki iā ia ke piʻi aku i nā mea inikini ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi. A ʻai nui nō ia i nā iniseti i ka makahiki āpau. Hoʻomaka i ka wā melemele i ke hoʻomaka makahiki. Aia i ke kakahiaka i ka waena waena o ʻApelila a hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻolohe i ke ʻano o ka pahu pahu (ʻoi aʻe 20 mau beats i kekona!) A me nā ʻōhoʻaka. ʻO nā kāne a me nā wahine a kāhea a uē. ʻAʻohe kahi lōpeka i loko o kahi hakahaka, e uhi wale ana ka ʻaoʻao i lalo me nā mea puaʻa, ma luna o ka wahine e waiho ai i nā hua keʻokeʻo 3-5. Ke hoʻomau nei ka liʻiliʻi ʻana i ka mea kanu lāʻau no nā mea hana lāʻau - 12-13 mau lā. Noho ʻo Chick ma kahi lua no kahi mahina a hoʻokahi mahina ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana i kahi pūnana (kahi ma kahi waena o Iune) a lākou me ko lākou mau mākua. Pālua nā mākua a hānai i nā moa. Mālama ʻo Protvino Moscow Lūkia

Manaʻo

Hōʻalo i ka makahiki āpau, he leo sonorous, lohe ʻia no nā lōʻihi lōʻihi. ʻO ka hōʻailona o ke kamaʻilio a i ʻole ka nānā ʻana, ka hana ʻana o ka leo melodic kiʻekiʻe "cru-cru-cru-cru-cru", a ma kahi o ke kala ʻana, kahi "clea" lōʻihi, haʻahaʻa mau i ke kani, kani pinepine ʻia i ke kani ʻana o ka buzzard. Mālama ʻia ka moe kolohe, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa hoʻi i ka leo ke komo pū me ka lāʻau o ka pahu, e hoʻomaka ana mai ka mua o Pepeluali a ʻApelila, a no nā kāne hoʻokahi a hiki i ka hopena o Iune. Hōʻike ʻia ka nalu lua o kēia manawa i ʻAukake, akā ʻo kēia mahina ma ka liʻiliʻi o ka ikaika a me ka ʻano ʻole. Loaʻa nā kāne a me nā wahine. Pahu aku ka pahu pahu pahu he 1.75-3 kekona a ua lohe maoli ʻia ia ma kahi mamao he 2-4 km. Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka ʻoliʻoli o nā kāne.

Mālama

ʻO kahi ʻāpana o ka lāʻau pikaʻeleʻele kahi o ka nahele a me nā wahi ala-ala o Eurasia mai nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau a me ka hikina o ka Iberian Peninsula ma ka hikina a hiki i Kamchatka, nā kahakai o ke Kai Okhotk a me ke Kaiapuni, nā mokupuni o Sakhalin, Hokkaido a me ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Honshu. He ʻihi ia i ka ʻākau i ka palena o ka taiga, i kekahi manawa e lele ana i ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka nahele-tundra. ʻO ka wahi noho ma ka ʻĀkau loa o ka wahi o ka Halika ʻo Arctic ma Scandinavia, kahi i loaʻa i ka 70 ° C. w lu. I ke Kola Peniki, ʻike ia i ka ʻākau a i ke Khibiny a hiki i ka ʻaoʻao o Tuloma, i kahi awāwa ʻo Ural a hiki i ka 62th i kūhelena, ma Ob a hiki i ka ʻanuʻu 63, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻo Yenisei a hiki i ka ʻanuʻu 65, hikina ma ka ʻākau i ke kahawai o ka Pōkohu Toulka, Verkhoyansk Range, nā puna wai o ka Yana, Indigirka a me Kolyma. Ma Kamchatka, aia i kūkulu ʻākau i 62 ° C. w lu.

Ke Komohana o ʻEulopa a me ʻEulopa, Asia Minor, ua hoʻopuehu ʻia ka laulā o ka loea manu a kahi i hoʻopili ʻia i ke ʻano kanu ʻōpala maʻamau a ua hui pū ʻia me ke komo pū ʻana. Aia kekahi lehulehu pākahi ma ka hikina a me Northern ʻĀina a me Siberia, a me ka Greater Caucasus, Transcaucasia, ma ke kahawai Caspian o Iran.Ma Ukraine, nā nika ke kūkulu hema i ka Carpathians, Zhytomyr a me Chernihiv wahi, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻEulopa o Rusia ma ka hema o ke Oryol, Tambov, Penza a me nā ʻāpana o Orenburg. Ma ka hikina, ma ka ʻāina o ka 53d kahalaha, palena ʻoi ka palena o ka ua ma ka ʻaoʻao i Kazakhstan, a hōʻea ʻo ia i Tarbagatai a me Saura, a laila holo ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Altai, Hangai, Kentei, Heilongjiang a me Kālea. Aia kahi kahua kūʻokoʻa ma Kina hema mai Sichuan komohana a ma ka hikina i ke komohana hema o Gansu a me Sichuan waena. Ma waho o ka ʻāina nui, aia nā Solovetsky, Shantar Islands, Sakhalin, Kunashir, Hokkaido a ʻo ke kihi ʻākau loa o Honshu.

Hoʻaiho

Ke alakaʻi nei i kahi kūlana maʻalahi, akā i ka hoʻoilo hiki iā ia ke hana i nā wanderhu liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā biotopes nui. Noho ʻia ka waonahele maʻa mau ʻia, ʻehā ka pipi a kāwili ʻia, akā hoʻi mau ʻia i ka wā ākea. Noho ʻo ia i ka pā mauʻu i nā kihi koʻi mauʻu a me nā mokupuni liʻiliʻi o ka ulu lāʻau, a me nā wahi e kū ana ma ka waena o ka hehi wāwae. Hoʻomaʻa pinepine ka noho ma nā wahi puhi, ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa a me nā wahi me nā lāʻau maʻemaʻe. Ma nā kuahiwi a me nā ulu lāʻau mauna o ʻEulopa, makemake nui ia i nā beech a i ʻole like i ke ʻano me ke komo ʻana i ka beech a me nā ahi, akā noho pū kekahi i nā ululāʻau me ka nui o ka larch, ka puaʻa, ka lāʻau cedera a me nā mea lāʻau ʻē aʻe. Ma nā Alps, ua ʻike ʻia a hiki i ka palena kiʻekiʻe o ka nahele ma luna o 2000 m ma luna o ke kai. Ma ke ʻākau a me ka hikina o ʻEulopa, a me Siberia, ʻo nā wahi maʻamau ke kulu ʻia a pili ʻia nā lau like ʻole, e ulu pinepine ana, me nā taiga make. ʻAʻole pale ke ʻoka lāʻau i ka hele ʻana o ke kanaka a hiki i kekahi manawa ʻike ʻia i nā pā o ke kūlanakauhale a i nā lā hoʻi o ka lehulehu. Noho ka pākahi i nā pākēneka he 300-400 mau ʻeka o ka nahele.

Mea ʻai

ʻAi i ka nui o nā iniseti xylophagous, ʻoiai e hāʻawi ana i ke makemake i nā popo a me nā pīpī. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea kanu i kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka meaʻai - ʻo ka nui, nā huaʻai a me nā hua o nā conifers. I waena o nā kūmole, nā ʻano nui nui - ka ʻulaʻula ulaula, ulaula-ulaula (Camponotus ligniperda) a me nā popo lāʻau ʻālepa, ʻulaʻula ulaula a ʻulaʻula, a me kahi mea ʻona ʻeleʻele. I ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia mau mea hihiu i ka lāʻau, ʻike pinepine nā poʻe lāʻau lāʻau i ka mea heʻapo, e ʻai ana i nā pākeke a me nā pupa. I waena o nā mea inikini ʻē aʻe, ua ʻai ʻia ka pākeke e ka pupae a me nā hua ʻai o ka barbel, nā ʻōpala ʻōpala, ka ʻōpala, ke gula, ka mea hiʻona, nā horntail, ichneumonids, etc.

I ka huli ʻana i ka meaʻai, ua wili nā lāʻau kahi lāʻau i ka ʻōpala a me ke kīpī ʻana i ka lāʻau mai nā lāʻau make, e waiho ana i nā kahe hohonu a wāwahi i nā ʻāpana nui me ka mānoanoa o ka manamana lima. I ka hiki ʻana i ka popo, i kekahi manawa e neʻe ʻo ia a hiki i ka hapalua mika ma nā anthills. ʻAʻole like ka lōʻihi o ka alelo ma ka melemele, e like me ka laʻana no ka lāʻau lāʻau mākulā, a hāpihi i ka lōʻihi o 5-5.5 cm ka lōʻihi ma ke kihi o ka beak (ʻo ke ʻōmaʻomaʻo ia e pālahalaha ana ma kahi o 10 cm), akā, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka beak a hoʻomaʻemaʻe maoli "hoʻomaʻemaʻe" i ka lāʻau. A lāʻau mākona i huna ʻia e nā kinikini salivary, a me nā niho hoʻi i loko i ke kihi o ka alelo, e kōkua ai e loaʻa mai ka ʻai no ka manu. ʻO ka hiki i ka hāhā i kēia lāʻau kīlani, ʻaʻole naʻe i ʻōlelo ʻia e ka mea ʻoi ka nui o nā moka manu.

ʻAno hānau

E hoʻomaka ana ka hoʻoulu ʻana ma ka hopena o ka makahiki mua o ke ola, monogamous. Hoʻohui nā kaila i ka manawa hoʻokahi, ʻoiai ke hoʻohana nei i ka pūnaewele hoʻokahi, e ʻike pinepine lākou i ka makahiki aʻe. Inā liʻiliʻi ka pālahalaha nui o ka ulu lāʻau, e like me ka mokupuni i ka ʻōpala, a laila hiki i ke kāne a me ka wahine ke hui pū me ia a ma waho o ka wā hoʻoulu, a laila ʻae lele nā ​​manu i nā pūnaewele like ʻole a i ʻole nā ​​hopena like o ka papa like i ka hopena o ka hoʻomoe a mālama i hoʻokahi. Hoʻomaka ka noho ʻana o ke kula i ka hopena o ka hopena o ka he e kuhi nei, ʻo ka mamao ma waena o nā nests kokoke loa ma ka liʻiliʻi o nā haneli mau haneli. Eia nō naʻe ka ʻāina i mālama ʻia, he wahi liʻiliʻi wale nō ia i ka pili, i nā wahi ʻai ʻē aʻe kekahi mau manawa e kū pū kekahi i kekahi a ʻaʻole kēia i alakaʻi i nā hakakā ma waena o nā manu e hoʻopili ana i ka pili.

Hoʻomaka ka hānai ʻana o nā manu i nā lā wela ma ka lā o Ianuali a i ka hoʻomaka paha o Pepeluali, akā naʻe, i ka wā keu loa e kū nei i ka lā Malaki a me ʻApelila: i kēia manawa, ulu nā manu i kahi hue nui, hānai a alualu kaʻi i kekahi. Aia ka honu i ka ʻaoʻao maloʻo o kahi lāʻau ola, kahi ʻole nā ​​lālā, ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 8-20 m mai ka lepo. I ka manawa pinepine, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka aspen kahiko, ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi pinepine - pine, spruce, beech, larch, birch a me nā mea lāʻau ʻē aʻe. Hiki i kahi hoʻokahi a me ka manu like ʻole ke hoʻohana pinepine ʻia, akā ʻo ka mea hū hou i waho ʻole i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ia no ka waiho ʻana i nā hua manu, a waiho pinepine ia no ka makahiki aʻe. Kūkulu ka hana o kahi pūnana hou he 10-17 mau lā, ma ia manawa ka mea e hōʻiliʻili ai kahi papa o ka lāʻau i lalo ma lalo o ka kumulāʻau. ʻO nā lālā ʻelua o ka māla male, akā, ʻoi aku ka hana o ke kāne, hana i kekahi manawa i kahi o nā hola 13 i ka lā ma luna. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā nūpepa kahiko mai nā lepo a hohonu hoʻi inā pono. I ka manawa pinepine, ua hoʻopili ʻia ka nano manuahi e nā manu ʻē aʻe, a me kēia hana, hiki i kahi mea kime ke hoʻokele i nā poʻe i kāhea ʻole ʻia. ʻO ke kauwela he nui a hemo paha; ʻO ka laulā nui o ka letka he 8,5 x 12 cm, ka hohonu o ka hihed he 35-55 cm, ka diameter he 15-20 cm.Aʻohe hapa o nā litter, ʻo ka lalo kahi i uhi ʻia me nā ʻāpana wale nō.

I ka pipi pinepine pinepine iā 6-6, pinepine ʻo 4-5 mau hua liʻiliʻi ʻoki. Ke keʻokeʻo nā hua, ka nui o ko lākou 30-39 x 22–28 mm. Kāleka, ʻaʻole like me ka hapanui manu like ʻole, ʻaʻole e hoʻomaka me ka wā hope, akā me ka hua mua a i ʻole ka lua - no kēia kumu, puka like nā pipi i nā lā he nui a ʻike paha i ka nui. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka inkubation he 12-14 lā. Mālama nā mākua i ka ʻohana, lawe mai i mau ʻona nui i nā ʻāpana nui, aneane ka piha ʻana o nā popo a me kā lākou papa. Kuhi ʻia nā hala he 24-28 mau lā ma hope o ka haki ʻana (ma ka waena o Russia i ka hapalua mua o Iune), kahi o nā piʻi o ka pīhoihoi mai ka hoka no nā lā lōʻihi a hānō. ʻO nā manu ʻōpio, ma kahi ʻē aʻe, e noho mālie ma kahi o ka pale. I ka wā mua, mālama ka brood i ka pūnaewele o nā mākua, akā i ka hopena o ke kauwela ua hoʻohele ʻia ʻo ia. Hāpai ka ola i ke 7 makahiki. ʻO ka makahiki kaulana loa ma Europe ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Finland - 14 mau makahiki.

Nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau a me nā hiʻohiʻona kula

ʻO ka nui loa o nā ʻōpuni lāʻau a loaʻa i ka Hikina. ʻEulopa a me Kauka. ʻO ʻAsia, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka jackdaw a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka lele (ke lōʻihi o ke kino 420-486 mm, mau ʻāpana 715-800 mm). Maikaʻi ka lele, ʻaʻole i pio. ʻO ka pilina me kekahi kanaka e mālama pono. Ma nā wahi kahi e alualu ʻole ʻia, ʻoi aku ka hilinaʻi a hiki iā ia ke hānai iā 2-3 mau kekona mai ke ala kahi e hele ai ka poʻe. Kahi leo nui i nā wā āpau, ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā ulu. He ʻokoʻa ka leo. I ka lele, he ʻano hiʻohiʻona a popō nui "tyr-tyr-tyr. ", I mea i kanu ʻia ma luna o kahi kumu, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ua hoʻololi ʻia e ka uē kanikau o" k-i-i-ya-a. " I ka hopena o ka manawa, hiki i kēia mau kani ke hahai ʻia e ke "cue" kiʻekiʻe loa. I ka wā pāʻani, he kāhea nui "Klay-Klay-Klay." A ka hele ʻana. "Ma mua o ka moe ʻana, hana leo ka wahine a me ke kāne i ke kani ʻana o ke mele" mya-a-u-u. "

Ma kahi o kēia mau kīlio, ua nui aku nā ano o nā kani e hana ʻia e nā mea lāʻau lāʻau i nā kūlana like ʻole. E like me ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka hana hoʻohālike, ka mea, e nalo ana i ka papā, ʻoi aku ka maʻamau, ʻehāʻelima mau kuʻuna o nā kumu lāʻau. I ka pūnāwai, ʻaʻole i hoʻouka pinepine nā lāʻau lapaʻau, akā kani leo nui. ʻO nā kani "instrumental", i ka ʻomo ʻana i ka pahu pahu, he nui nā hōʻailona e ʻoliʻoli ai i ka ikaika, ka manawa, ka lōʻihi o ke kani a me ka hana ʻōlapa.

ʻOkoʻa nā Zhelna mai nā ʻano lāʻau ʻē aʻe ma kahi nui a me ke kala ʻeleʻele o ka plumage.

ʻO keʻano

ʻAukui. ʻAʻole ʻōlelo ʻia nā ʻokoʻa kala. Kanikau kāne. He ʻulaʻula ka piha o ke poʻo, ʻeleʻele ka koena o ka plumage. ʻOi aku ka poli ʻeleʻele o ke kino o luna o ka ʻōpū ma mua o ka ʻōpū, aia i kahi kala ʻulaʻula. ʻO nā flywheels mua a me nā pūnaewele ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele hoʻi a me nā flywheels pae lua. Ke ʻeleʻele. Pīʻeleʻele nā ​​wāwae i nā pako ʻeleʻele, ʻo ka beak ka pūnohu māmā me ka anellowness ma ka beak, nā ʻāpana o ka maka he keʻokeʻo a he melemele paha.

Hana ʻia kahi wahine makua like me ke kāne, a ʻulaʻula wale wale nō ma luna o kona poʻo i ke kua o kona poʻo.

He ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele nā ​​manu ʻōpio ma mua o ka molting; ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kā lākou plumage ma mua o ka luster. Hoʻohā like nā kūlike pili i nā pākeke. ʻO ka aniani o ka poʻe'ōleʻele ka māmā a me ka melemele i ke kumu.

ʻĀnō a me nā ana

ʻO ka wili mua 10, hoʻokele - 12. ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻēheu: V-VI-IV-VII-VIII-IX-II. ʻO nā wāwae wāwae he ʻehā ʻāpana ʻelua, ʻelua mau lima e kuhikuhi ana i mua a me nā manamana ʻelua e hoʻohuli i hope. Hāʻawi ʻia nā nui i ka papaʻaina 25 (kāhea. ZM MSU).

ʻĀina kalepa

Hōʻike ikaika ka ʻano o nā ʻano like ʻole o nā kala ʻaluna o ka plumage ʻeleʻele a me ka laulā nui. I loko o ka Akau. I Eurasia, ua loli ka nui o nā manu me ka piʻi ʻana i ke ala mai ke komohana a i ka hikina. ʻElua a ʻekolu paha mau subspecies e kū nei, noho kekahi i loko o ka US mua ma mua.

1.Dryocopus martius martius

Picus martius Linnaeus, 1758, Syst Nat., Ed. 10, p. 112, Suetena.

Kē ʻia ka ʻeleʻele o ka plumage i ka ʻōpū a ua ʻoi iki paha ke ʻano o ka subspecies kahi i noho ʻia ma ke komohana hema o Kina a me Tibet, D. m. khamensis (2). He liʻiliʻi ka nui, akā ma nā paia hikina ākea o ka konana ua hoʻokokoke lākou iā D. m. khamensis (Stepanyan, 1975).

Kālā

Nā kikowaena waena. EKūhia mai ka Pyrenees hikina a hiki i ka Kolyma Range, ʻo nā kahakai o ke Kai o Okhotk a me ke Kai o Iapana, ʻo ia nā mokupuni o Shantarsky, Sakhalin, Kunashir, Hokkaido a me nā ʻāpana ʻākau o Honshu. Ma ʻUulopa, ʻākau i Scandinavia a 69 ° N, hema a Pyrenees, North. Italia, Helene. Ma ka hikina. Holo ʻia ʻo ʻAkia mai i ka hema. Altai, Hangai, Kentei, Heilong-jiang, hema. nā ʻāpana o Shanxi, Peninsula ʻAmelika. Aia ma kahi kaʻawale ʻelua o ka pihi. ʻO ka mua o lākou e uhi i ka palena ma ke komohana ʻākau o ke kikowaena nui o Greater Caucasus, hema a Asia Minor, ke komohana ʻākau. ʻO Iran a me nā mokuʻo Caspian Hema o Iran. Aia ka lua ma ka hema. Kina - mai ke Komohana. Ka Sichuan hikina a ma ke komohana hema. ʻO Gansu a me kahi kikowaena. Sichuan. I ka ʻākau i Middle Qinghai a me Lake District. Kukunor, hema ma North-West. Yunnan.

Kiʻi 77. ʻĀpana ʻāpana:
a - - puni pū. ʻĀpuka: 1 - Dr. m. martius, 2 - Dr. m. kālaiauwa.

I Hikina ʻEulopa a me Kauka. ʻO ʻAsia (Fig. 78) ma nā Kola Kūleʻa ma ka ʻākau e hiki aku ai i Khibiny, ʻuuku a Lapland Zap. (Vladimirskaya, 1948, Butyev, 1959), ma nā pae haʻahaʻa o Onega (Korneeva et al., 1984), i ka makahiki 1942 ua ʻike ʻia ia ma kahi o Mezeni, akā ʻaʻole ia i hālāwai ma hope (Spangenberg, Leonovich, 1960). I ka hikina, ma ka ʻākau, hiki i ka palena o Pechora, ma Ob - a hiki i ka Arctic Circle (Dobrinsky, 1959), e loaʻa ana i ka Yenisei a Ust-Khantayki (Syroechkovsky, 1960), ma ka Lena - ma ka Begyuk (Kapitonov, 1962). Ma ka ʻāina o Verkhoyansk Range hiʻi ma waena waena o ka muliwai. Bytantay (68 ° N), ma nā awāwa ʻo Yana, Indigirka a me Kolyma - a hiki i 69 ° N (Vorobyov, 1963). Ma ka hikina, ma kēia ʻāpana, e pālahalaha ana i nā ipu kīkaha o nā muliwai liʻiliʻi a ʻo Big Anyui (Artyukhov, 1986) a me ka Kolyma Range. (Kishchinsky, 1988). Kuhihewa kēia manu no Kamchatka na Yu. A. Averin (1948), akā ma hope mai, ua haʻalele ʻia ʻo ia (Averin, 1957) mai ka manu. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia ma Kamchatka a me E.G. Lobkov (1978, 1983, 1986).

Kiʻi 78. Ua makemake ʻia nā poʻomanaʻo ma ʻEulopa ma ʻEulopa:
a - nāhelehele papa, b - nā loina e pili ana i ka palena o nā palena o ka pā hiʻona, c - lele.

I ka hema, ua hoʻohele ʻia ka ʻano ʻōiwi i Transcarpathian (Svalyava, Irshava), Chernivtsi, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ternopil region, Berdichev, Fastov, Bila Tserkva. Eia aʻe - hema ma ka muliwai. ʻO ka Dnieper i ke kūlanakauhale o Smela, ma ka hikina ka palena o ka palena e hele ana ma ka wahi o Chernihiv. (ke kulu o Konotop) (Strautman, 1954, 1963, Mityai, 1983). Ua kaulana ia nā holo ma nā ʻāina ʻo Poltava. (Gavrilenko, 1960). Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hihia hoʻomākaʻi i pilikia ma Moldova ma ke komohana. "Codrii" (Chegorka, Marchuk, 1986). Hoʻolohele ʻo Woodpecker ma ke kūkulu hema i ke kāʻei o Kursk, Voronezh, Tambov a me Penza, a laila ma Orenburg, i Kazakhstan i ka ulu lāʻau pine ʻo Kustanai: Ara-Karagay, Aman-Karagai, Naurzum. I ka Kokchetav Upland kolo ma ka wahi o nā kauhale o Airtau, Zerenda, Borovoe. Hono aku ka hikina i loko o nā ʻāpana ʻāina o ka ʻāina Irtysh, i nā ululāʻau o nā kahawai ʻo Kal-Binsky, Narymsky, Tarbagatai a Saura, South-West. Altai. Ma ke kūkulu hema ma ka palena kahawai o Rūhia (Gavrin, 1970, Ivanov, 1976, Numerov, 1996, Baryshnikov, 2001).

I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua loaʻa ka hoʻonui nui o ka laulā i ke Komohana. ʻEulopa - Farani, Kelemānia, ʻAmelika, etc. (Cuisin, 1985). Kuhi ʻia kēia ʻano ma ka Hikina. Europa. ʻO ka holomua ma ka hema e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Ukraine (Mityai, 1983), i nā ʻāina ʻo Tula, Lipetsk a me Voronezh.

Hoʻaiho

He melemele nā ​​hiʻohiʻona maʻamau - ulu lōʻihi coniferous a me nā nahele ākea. I Belarus, ʻo ka nui kēia mau lāʻau ulu a me nā ulu lāʻau spruce-pine a me nā ulu lāʻau-oak. Hōʻalo i nā alanilani palua a ʻike ʻia i loko o ka hoʻoilo wale nō. Ma ka māhele ʻo Ryazan Noho ʻoi i nā māla pine, a me nā ulu lāʻau ʻaleka a me nā nahele oki o nā ʻalā, a loaʻa nā lāʻau nui aspen mau i nā māka. Ma ka ʻāina ʻo Nizhny Novgorod melemele ka nū i ʻike ʻia ma ka aspen i ke kiʻekiʻe o 8 m, kū hoʻokahi wale nō i kahi ulu lāʻau ākea (S. G. Priklonsky, kamaʻilio pilikino). Ma kahi o nā kikowaena like (coniferous, hui like a me nā lāʻau beech be kahiko) aia nō i loko o nā Carpathians; e piʻi ana i ka mauna a hiki i ka 1500-1600 m ma luna o ke kai.

Ma Caucasus, i ka wā ulu o ka honu, pili nui ka yelow i nā wao ʻalapoka pōʻeleʻele a me ka nahele ʻōpiopio beech-dark, he pinepine nō i nā ulu lāʻau firma, ʻaʻole i ʻike pinepine i nā ulu lāʻau (Tkachenko, 1966).

Ma ke kūkulu hema o Central Siberia, makemake nui i nā wao nahele me ka komo ʻana i ka pine a larch (Reimers, 1966), i ke Keikau. Kazakhstan - nā kumu lāʻau a me nā kumu lāʻau pop-Birch, ma Altai - larch taiga, e piʻi ana i nā kuahiwi a hiki i ka 2000 m, ma Sakhalin a me Kunashir - nā melemeleʻeleʻele a me nā ulu lāʻau coniferous-deciduous.

Helu

He maʻamau nā Zhelna, akā ʻaʻole nui nā ʻano he nui i loko o ka pā. Ma ke kūkulu ʻākau-ʻākau o Karelia, i ka nahele i hoʻopili ʻia a i hui ʻole ʻia, ʻo ka laulā waipū he 0.2 mau aniani / km2, i nā kumulāʻau maʻemaʻe a me nā nāhele pua - 0.1, i nā nahele kapakai - 0.1, ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Karelia ma ke komohana. "Kivach" i nā ulu puaʻa - 0.3, ma ka paina - 1,2 pasangan / km2 (Ivanter, 1962, 1969). Ma ka muliwai o lalo. Onega nesting density in spruce forest is 0,5, in mixed forest - 1 pasangan / km2 (Korneeva et al., 1984), in Latvia - 0.1-0.3 mau pihi / km2 (Strazds, 1983), ma Zap. Estonia i ka nahele spruce-deciduous - 0.4 mau pahuhopu / km2 (Vilbaste, 1968), i ka Leningrad Region. - 0,5, ma ka māhele Ryazan ma Oksky noi. - 0.17-0.21, i kekahi mau ʻāpana - a hiki i 0.67 mau pasangan / km2 (Ivanchev, 2000), i ka ʻaoʻao Lipetsk. - 0.1-0.2 (Klimov, 1993), ma kahi ʻo Tambov. 0.25 mau pahola / km2 i nā ululāʻau alder a me 0.25 mau pasangan / km2 i nā lāʻau hoʻopili palu (Shchegolev, 1968).

I nā Middle Urals, ʻo ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o ka hua puaa i nā nāhelehele spruce-2 mau pālua / km2 (Shilova et al., 1963), i Bashkortstan i ka ulu lāʻau pine-Birch-larch - 0.3 mau aniani / km2 (Filonov, 1965), ma Tomsk a me Kemerovo reg. - 0.25-0.5 mokuahi / km2 (Prokopov, 1969), ma ka Yenisei i ka taiga kūkulu hema - 0.1-0.4 mokuahi / km2 (Bursky, Vakhrushev, 1983). Ma ka akau-hikina Kēia lūlū kupua no ka ulu lāʻau pine ʻona he 0.3, i ka nahele pine-Birch - 2, mauʻu birch-aspen - 2 mau pūʻulu / km2 (Ravkin, 1972), i ka ʻaoʻao Baikal Hema ma nā lāʻau kedera - 0,06 (Tarasov, 1962). in larch taiga of the Vitim plateau - 0.2, in the larch taiga of the Highlands - 0,5 pasangan / km2 (Izmailov, Borovitskaya, 1967), in the mountain-taiga forest of the Salair ridge - 0.1-0.2 pasangan / km2 (Chunikhin, 1965). Ma ke kākele ʻo Krasnoyarsk, nui ka nui o ka pūnana me nā wahi ulu ʻeleʻele he 3.1 mau pualekepa / km2 (Naumov, 1960).

ʻO ka melemele a me ka hopena ma ka Hikina: i ka lalo haʻahaʻa o ka muliwai. ʻO Khor nesting density is 1.1 pairs / km2 (Kislenko, 1965), in the sedar-deciduous forest on the low terrplain terraces of the middle part of Sikhote-Alin - emi ma mua o 0.5 mau pānalo / km2 (Kuleshova, 1976), i nā ulu lāʻau ulu-fora-Sikved o Sikhote Alin - 0.4 mokuahi / km2 (Nazarenko, 1971).

I Komohana. He maʻamau ka Europe, i nā ʻāina he nui ka hoʻonui ʻana ka nui. I Farani, emi iki ma lalo o 1,000 mau pālua i Belgium, ma Belgium - e pili ana i 275 mau pālua (ma 1982- 350 mauʻu), ma Luxembourg - e pili ana i 60 mau kihi, ma Netherlands - 100-200 mau huakaʻi i ka makahiki 1950, 400-600 mau manawa i ka makahiki 1965, 1500-2500 mau manawa ma 1977, ma Zap. Kelemania - 6,200 mau pakanikani, ma Denemaka - ʻoi aku ma kahi o 80 mau kâkana i ka makahiki 1974 a 100 ma nā minamina i 1980, ma Suèse - e pili ana i 50,000 mau huakaʻi, ma Finlandia - 15,000 mau huakaʻi, Bulgaria - 1000-1500 mau kihi (Cramp, 1985) . ^ E Ha yM. Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka emi ʻana o nā helu ma Italia.

Hoʻopaʻa o ka lā, hana

ʻO Zhelna - kahi manu me kahi ʻano hana o ke ao, e moe ana i nā hollows. I Ka Hale Pili. Yakutia, aia kekahi mau pō o ka pō i waena o ka hau (Zonov, 1982). I ka wā huna, he ʻike maka teritorial, ʻo ka nui o nā wahi huna e 300-900 ha (Prokopov, 1969), i mālama ʻia i nā pālua. I nā manawa ʻole ulu ʻole ʻana, e alakaʻi nui ana ia i kahi nohona kūʻokoʻa. E like me ke kānāwai, e pili ana nā manu i nā wahi i kūkulu ʻia ai nā pūnaewele o ka manawa o ka wā ma mua, a ʻo nā honu manu i hoʻohana ʻia no nā lā he mau pō. Noho ka kāne a me ka wahine i ka pō i kēia mau holi. Ma ke taupānga Oksky. o ka hihia o ka wahine i ka po i hala i hoaia no ekolu mau makahiki i kahi hollow, i hana ia e kela manawa keia manawa e na manu no ka hana ana. ʻO nā hihia o kahi wahi kokoke loa i nā hollows (50 a me 174 m), kahi i moe ai nā kāne like ʻole i ka manawa like, ua ʻike ʻia i ʻelua mau manawa. Wahi a D. Blume (Blume, 1961, i ʻōlelo ʻia e: Cramp, 1985), i ka wā kī ʻole kime ka wahine like ʻole o nā kāne like ʻole ke ʻano ma mua o nā manu like ʻole. I ka hoʻoilo i ka 1990/91, i Oksky Zap. Hōʻulu ʻia nā 5 mau mele i kahi he 600 ha, nona ka 4 mau kāne a me 1 wahine (hoʻokumu ʻia e nā ʻike loina o nā pō he ao. ʻO ka mākaukau ma waena o nā pō kau pō (n = 6) he 1,250 m. ʻAʻole mālama ʻia nā wahi pōkole, i ka wā e hiki mai ai, lele pinepine nā manu i kahi neʻe a piʻi i loko o kahi nui. I ka hoʻoilo a me ka pūnāwai, ke hoʻokokoke nei a haʻalele i nā kolo, ua ʻū nā leo a nā mea hana lāʻau i ka lele a noho ana ma kahi o ka hollow. I ka hoʻoilo, ʻoi aku lākou me ke ʻano a me ka ʻike ʻole.

ʻAʻole e like me kahi kumulāʻau i mākaʻi nui, kahi manu i lele mai ka moe pōkole ke kū nei i luna pono o kahi kumulāʻau, he melemele ia, lele lele mai kahi hoka, lele koke e kīloi ai i mua o ka noho. E hoʻomaka mua ka haʻalele i ka manawa pōkole o ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻāina mai ka hollow. Hoʻohana ʻia ka hollow i kahi pōkole i ka wā hoʻoilo. He manu weliweli ma luna o kahi pō i ka pō ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana o ke kumu hopohopo e komo koke i loko o ka pō e noho nei ma ka lua nui.

ʻO nā ʻenemi, nā mea pōʻino

ʻO ka pōʻino nui loa no ka melemona ka goshawk, i kekahi manawa hopu ʻia nā manu marten a me ka lynx. No nā moa, hiki i nā nakahi nui ke lilo i mea weliweli ma ka ʻAmelika Ussuri, no ka laʻana, he kokaʻo Schrenk (Vorobyov, 1954). Pinepine ka make ʻana o nā manu ma muli o nā hewa o ke kanaka. Ma ka ʻāina Leningrad ʻO 12 mau mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka make ʻana o ka mea make, 8 kulu manu lā a pana ʻia kekahi me kahi mīkini (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983).

Ke melemele ke polum (a he nui na manu ʻōpio), lele ke koko (nā ʻohana Hippoboscidae). ʻO nā lālani ʻo Diptera (Camus hemapterus, Pollenia rudis) he mea maʻamau i kā lākou nē, e like me nā fleas (Ceratophyllus gallinae) a me nā puna wai (Entomobia nivalis, E. marginata, Lepidocyrtus cyaneus, Hyppogastrura armata, a me H. purpuracens). ʻO nā pepetine i helu ʻia, pili i nā manu makua a me nā moa. ʻO nā ʻōpio a me nā pākeke o Carapace (Histeridae) a me nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o ka Coleoptera, 18 mau ʻano o ka mea i kākau ʻia i nā niona ua ʻike ʻia. i nā nests.

ʻO ka waiwai waiwai, pale

ʻAʻohe ʻano pili kālā o nā ʻano holoholona. I kahi mau wahi, hōʻeha ia i ka huki ʻana i nā wahi lāʻau o nā hale a me nā holling hollow i nā pou uila. ʻO ka lilo o nā mea waiwai mai kēia ʻano luku e liʻiliʻi ma muli o kā lākou laha. Ma nā biocenoses kūlohelohe, he nui ka hōʻailona. Hoʻohana ʻo ʻAne kahiko i ka nui o nā holoholona. ʻO Clintukh, boreal owl, jackdaw, rodent, green woodpecker, turret, starling, great tit tit great in them, squirrels, martens, bats, wasps, hornets, etc. e hoʻohana nei i ko lākou wahi paʻa. ʻO kekahi o nā manu - nā clintukh a me ka ʻānelene hānai i pili loa i ka melemele, ʻoiai ua kokoke loa ia wale nō ka "mea hoʻolako" i nā pūnaewele puni.

Ua helu ʻia ʻo Zhelna i ka Red Books o nā kānaka kūloko o ka Lūkini Russian (Kursk a me Lipetsk, ʻĀpana Ossetia), akā, ʻaʻole i hāʻawi ʻia nā hana kūikawā no ka pale aku o nā ʻano holoholona i ka hapa nui o ka Russian Rusia.