ʻO nā Crocodiles kekahi o nā mea pōpilikia weliweli loa, nā mākaʻi o ka papa reptile, e alakaʻi ana i kahi ʻano semi-akuatic. Hōʻike kēia mau reptile i ka makaʻu maoli, akā i loko o lākou aia kekahi mau poʻomanaʻo he nui kikowaena - nā mea hoʻāla i hoʻoulu ʻia. I loko o ka Guinness Book Record Records, ua helu inoa lākou me nā kiʻi nui loa o ka honua.
ʻO ka lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o nā ʻōmole i hāpai ʻia ai he 5 mika a keu paha, ʻo 800 ka nui o ke kaupaona ʻana. I waena o nā mea hōʻikeʻike i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Paris o kahi kolokolo kolokolo o kahi crocodile i hoʻohui ʻia. E like me kona ana ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia i ka wā o ke ola, ua hele ka reptile i 7 mau mika ka lōʻihi, a ua kaupaona ʻia ma kahi o 2 tons.
ʻO ka hale haʻahaʻa o ka reptile nui loa, ʻo ia ke kahakai o India, Asia a me Australia. ʻO ka lohi ʻana o nā crocodiles ʻaʻole i kaohi iā lākou mai ka neʻe ʻana i nā wai moana, e kahe ana i kahi mamao nui o ka wai nui. No laila, mai kahaha inā he spocodile i kālai ʻia i nā kahakai o Iapana.
Loaʻa ka nui o nā kolamu nui i ka lewa i ko lākou inoa no ka mea ka hiʻona, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma kahi o nā maka. I nā poʻe pākeke, hoʻohuli ʻia kēia mau ʻano i nā ʻāʻī hou aʻe o ka maka. E like me nā ʻohana āpau, he kino nui nā alapine i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā wāwae pōkole loa a me ke poʻo nui me nā ʻūhā piha i piha nā niho.
ʻO nā mākona wai kai wale nō nā māka o ka ʻohana o nā kūpuna maoli kahi i lilo ai ka wai kai i wahi noho. Hōʻemi nā ʻōhua kikoʻī i ka nui o ka paʻakai e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia me ka wai kai, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke kaulike piha. ʻAʻole hiki i nā crocodiles ke inu i kēlā wai, no laila, ua loaʻa ka nui o ka wai mai ka meaʻai, a ua hoʻopiha ʻia ke koena ma ka ʻāina.
ʻO kaʻai ʻana o nā crocodiles i kālai ʻia i hilinaʻi ʻia ma kona wahi. I nā kai kahakai, nā kīʻaha nunui a me nā lio, lilo nā bipi kau mau mea i nā reptile. Hiki iā lākou ke leʻaleʻa i ko lākou mau hoahānau - he ʻulupua a me nā kumu lāʻau Australia. Ma nā kai kai i kū lākou i nā iʻa a me nā iʻa nui. Ke kahaha nei, ma hope o ke ʻano o nā ʻano likone i kālai ʻia i nā wahi hou, ka waiho koke ʻana o ke kai a waiho i nā hiu.
Ma ke ala o ke ola, nā alakaʻi i hoʻopā ai i nā ʻano hemo. ʻIkia i loko o ka ʻāina o kahi mea nāna e kauhewa - hoʻoweliweli ʻo ia i ka make i ka mea hana hewa.
Hiki ke loaʻa i nā kāne hoʻonāukiuki me nā wahine ma ka wā hānai. Ua hiki mai nā Herpetologists (noiʻi i nā reptile) i ka hopena ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ka poʻe mai ka "ʻano hewa" i ka lāʻau. Hoʻopilikia wale lākou i nā palena o kāna mau kuleana a hoʻoweliweli i ka waiho ʻana i ka hua manu.
ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻaihue i hoʻohui ʻia
ʻO kahi ʻōlū kūahi, i kapa ʻia ʻo ke ʻano lawaiʻa, he cāwi manu a i ʻole kahi mea ʻaʻa Indo-Pacific, nona nā ʻohana kīwila maoli. ʻO nā kūpuna o kēia mau reptile, ka mea i kū mai ma ka heiau o Gondwana, pakele i ka hemo ʻana o ka Cretaceous-Paleogene, ka mea i luku i nā dinosaurs a, ua ulu ka mea, he mea hānai i ka moʻo o nā kūpuna i kālai ʻia hou.
Kāleka
Kūpono ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōpiopio i ka ʻōpala ākea a ākea kahi ākea, e huli ana i kahi huelo lōʻihi loa, a ʻoi aku ka nui o 55% o ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ka reptile. Ma muli o ke kino nui e kākoʻo nei i nā manawa pōkole, ikaika a ikaika, ua kuhi hewa ʻia ka crocodile i kuhi ʻia e kekahi o nā ʻano o nā mea āpau, a ma hope iho, ma hope o kekahi mau noiʻi, ʻike ʻia nā kānakaʻepekema i kēia ʻano me ka ʻohana a me ka ʻano o nā huaʻala maoli.
He poʻo nunui a ikaika a ikaika nā ʻōwili, aʻo nā ʻelemakule kāne o kēia ʻano ʻōpala o nā iwi āpau ma mua o nā kāne ʻōpio. ʻO ka nui o nā niho i kēia holoholona hiki i ka 64-68 mau ʻāpana.
Ua loaʻa i kēia crocodile kona inoa no nā moʻi ʻelua i loaʻa ma ka muzzle o nā holoholona makua. ʻAʻole maopopo ʻia ke kumu o kēia "mea nani", akā aia kekahi mau manaʻo e pono ai nā pale e pale i nā maka reptile mai ka pōʻino i ka wā e holo ai. I mea e hiki ai i nā mākia ke ʻike i lalo o ke kai, ua lako kona mau maka me nā nui o nā membranes e uila ana.
He ʻanuʻu ʻa ka nui o nā pāpaʻi, ʻaʻole nui, a ma muli o kēia, hiki i ka crocodile i hoʻohui ʻia me ka wikiwiki a me ka wikiwiki. Ke ulu mai nei ka crocodile, ua uhi ʻia kona helehelena me kahi pānaʻi o nā ʻōwili hohonu a me nā pākaukau.
Pili ke ʻano o kēlā me kēia kanaka i ko lākou makahiki a me ko lākou mau wahi. ʻO nā ʻōlima huluhulu ʻōpiopio i ka ʻili hiʻona ʻili nona ka mea, ma nā ʻaoʻao kahi ʻeleʻele a me nā ʻoka. Ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki, lilo ke kala a nānā i kēia kala, a ke nānā aku nei nā ʻōkuhi me ke ʻano ʻoi loa ka helehelena, akā ʻaʻole loa e palu a nalowale loa. Loaʻa i nā lau pakeke ʻōwele a brownish a hina paha ke kala kumu, a he ʻōmaʻomaʻo nui ko lākou ʻōpū: keʻokeʻo a ʻeleʻele paha. ʻO ka ʻāpana haʻahaʻa o kā lākou huelo i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia me ka hina hina me nā kaulaʻeleʻele. Eia kekahi, i waena o nā ʻelele o kēia mau ʻano reptile, ʻike ʻia kekahi kanaka i kekahi mauwaliwali a i ʻole, i ka aniani, ʻeleʻele ʻia.
Nā ʻāpana hoʻohālikelike o nā crocodile i hoʻohui ʻia
Hiki i ka lōʻihi o ke kino ke hiki aku i 6-7 mau mika, ʻoiai hoʻi, ka mau holoholona liʻiliʻi nā mea i ʻike ʻia ko lākou mau dimake he 2.5-3 mau mika. ʻO ke kaupaona, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, palena ma ka 300 a 700 kg. Loaʻa nā kīhāpai nunui i kālai ʻia, nona ka paona a hiki 1 tone.
ʻO nā mea hoʻohana paʻakai kekahi o nā holoholona hihiu nui loa ma ka Honua. He haʻahaʻa loa lākou i ka nui wale nō o kekahi mau ʻano o nā kohola toothy a me nā hiu. ʻO ka paona o ke poʻo wale nō o nā kāne nui o kēia ʻano he 200 kg.
ʻO ka māka nui loa i hopu ʻia i ola a mālama ʻia - kahi reptile i kapa ʻia ʻo Lolong, i loaʻa i Filipaina i ka makahiki he 6.17 mau mika a he paona 1075 k. I ka huki ana, wawahi ia i 4 mau keli kila ana me ke aniani o 6-12 mau ton, a i mea e hoʻokuke aku ai iā ia mai ka wai, aneane hoʻokahi haneli mau kānaka e hoʻomaha i ka pō a pau.
ʻActerlelo ola a me ke ʻano
ʻAʻole i like me nā ʻano ʻēhe he nui ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka crocodile i kālai ʻia he mea akamai loa, he maalea a me nā mea weliweli. Ua koho pinepine ia i nā mammals nui a i kekahi manawa he kanaka nā mea nona nā mea i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia.
ʻO ka wai kai wale nō ka buaya Eurasian e hiki ke noho ma ka wai me ka wai paʻakai.
ʻO kēia holoholona, ʻoi aku ka makemake e noho hoʻokahi wale a i nā ʻohana liʻiliʻi, ke ʻimi nei no ka waiwai a i ʻole e hele ana i kahi noho hou, hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia i kahi lōʻihi loa mai ke kahakai. ʻO ka crocodile i kālai ʻia he mea hopohopo maikaʻi loa ia ʻo nā ʻūhā, ʻo ia nā mea hoʻokūkū meaʻai o kēia mau reptile, ke makaʻu aku ia.
Ehia mau manawa a ke kīleʻe i hoʻohuihui ʻia i ke kai e hiki ai ke hoʻopaʻi ʻia e ka nui o nā huina a me nā algae ka manawa e ulu ai kona ʻili. Ke hoʻohana nei i nā ʻāpana moana i ko lākou hele ʻana, hiki i kēia mau reptile ke hele i kahi lōʻihi. No laila, e lele kekahi mau kānaka o kēia ʻano i kahi mamao he mau haneli, maulele pinepine i ka moana ākea.
I nā ʻōnaehana muliwai, hiki i kēia mau reptile ke neʻe aku i kahi lōʻihi loa.
Ma muli o ka manaʻo ʻole o kēia mau reptile i ka mahana, i ka wela, ua ʻoki nā mea kuʻuna e huna i ka wai a i ʻole ka mea e noho ai ma ka ʻāina, hele lākou i nā wahi ākea kahi e ʻoluʻolu ai. Ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka pā i ka lewa ʻole, piʻi ke kanaka i kēia mau ʻano i luna i nā pōhaku i hoʻomoʻā ʻia e ka lā, a no laila, e hōʻoluʻolu.
E kamaʻilio kēia mau reptile i kekahi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kani kani kani o nā kī like ʻole. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka wahine i ka wahine, hoʻāla wale ʻia nā kāne.
ʻAʻole ʻano like kēia mau reptile i kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe o nā ʻano ʻēa ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia lākou e ka hoʻonui koʻikoʻi a he teritorial nui loa.
ʻO ka hapa nui o kēlā me kēia kanaka o kā lākou ʻāina ponoʻī. Noho nā wahine ma nā kaila wai wai, kahi e noho ai kēlā me kēia wahi ma kahi e pili ana i 1 km a pale iā ia mai ka lele ʻana o nā ʻenemi. He nui nā waiwai ʻo nā Malle: e komo pū ana lākou i nā ʻāina pilikino i ka nui o nā wahine a me kahi waihona kō.
Mālama ʻo Males i kā lākou waiwai i ka poʻe ʻenemi, a inā i kūkaʻi i ka palena o ko lākou wahi, e komo pinepine lākou i nā hakakā make, a hōʻea i ka make a i ka hōʻeha hōʻeha paha a kekahi o nā hoa. No nā wahine, ʻoi aku ka hapa nui o nā kāne kāne: ʻaʻole lākou e komo i ka hakakā me lākou, akā i kekahi manawa e hāʻawi pū me kā lākou mea e pio ai me lākou.
ʻAʻole makaʻu nā Crocodiles i nā kānaka, akā hoʻomaka wale lākou i ka poʻe lawe lale a hele kokoke lākou iā lākou a hoʻonāukiuki iā lākou.
Hoʻoponopono maikaʻi i ke ʻano
ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻōlima wahine i hoʻoulu ʻia ma mua o nā kāne: hiki iā lākou ke hapalua ke like me ko lākou lōʻihi, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka momona ma mua o he ʻumi. ʻAneʻa ʻia nā leʻa a nā māmā ʻo nā wahine, ʻaʻole nui ka nui o ke kino o nā kāne.
ʻAʻole ka mea nui o nā kala o nā ʻano o kēia ʻano pili i ka wahine ma ke ʻano o ka wā a ma ka ʻano o ka kemika o ka wai i loko o nā hale noho i kahi a lākou e noho ai.
ʻO Habitat, noho
Ma muli o ke hiki i ka ʻōlapa hakakā ʻia ka huakaʻi hele lōʻihi ma waena o ke kai, he nui loa ka noho ʻana o kēia reptile ma waena o nā kolamu āpau. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia kēia ʻano ma kahi o kahi ākea nui, e hoʻomaka ana mai nā wahi waena o Vietnam, ke kahakai o Asia Hema, hikina India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, North Australia a me New Guinea. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma nā mokupuni o ka Mokuna ʻo Malay, ʻo ka mokupuni o ka moku ʻo Borneo, ma ke kaila ʻo Caroline, ʻo Solomon Islands a me ka mokupuni o Vanuatu. He mea ia i noho ai ma Seychelles, akā ua hoʻopau ʻia i laila. Ma mua e loaʻa ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina o ʻApelika a me Kepani Hema, akā i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole noho kēlā kanaka o kēia ʻano.
Eia nō naʻe, nā wahi punahele punahele o kēia poʻe poʻe loea i nā palahalā ala, ʻo deltas a me lalo haʻahaʻa o nā muliwai, me nā lagoons.
Ua hui ʻia i ka crocodile
ʻO kēia reptile kahi loiloi nui e noho ana i luna o nā kūlana o nā meaʻai i nā wahi e noho ai. Hoʻouka ʻo ia i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i nā mea kikoʻī nui: nā ʻūʻī a me nā pēpē nui, e like me nā tigers. ʻO ka papaʻai o nā cubs ka mea i loaʻa i nā iniseti, nā amphibians i nā nui, nā mea kanu, nā mea liʻiliʻi a me nā iʻa. He ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā pākeke a no ka wikiwiki ʻana eʻimi ai i kahi mea liʻiliʻi, no laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā holoholona wikiwiki ʻole.
Aia i kahi o kona nohona kahi e ola ai ka pipi, hiki iā ia ke ʻimi i ka waʻa, nā puaʻa hihi, nā tapirone, nā kaila, nā ʻoniʻumi Asia, nā pōpoki, nā gauras, nā bantens a me nā mea kanu nui. He poʻe poʻe make ka poʻe make - nā leopards, nā bears, nā dingoes, nā mākaʻi kiaʻi, nā lewa, a me kekahi mau hiʻona. Hiki iā lākou ke ʻai a me ka primates - no ka laʻana, ka orangutans a me nā ʻano lāʻau ʻē aʻe, a i kekahi manawa nā kānaka. Mai haʻalele i ka ʻoki a me ka momi o nā mea ʻē aʻe, a i ʻole nā holoholona ʻōpio o ko lākou ʻano.
ʻO nā kānaka e noho ana i loko o ke kai a i ʻole paha i nā waha wai i loaʻa i ka iʻa nui, nā iʻa a ke kai, nā loko lau, ke kolo, nā nūnū a me nā kūloko, a me nā manu kai hoʻi, inā e hoʻokele iā lākou e hopu iā lākou.
ʻAʻole ʻai nā crocodile i hoʻopulu ʻia i ka ʻiʻo make, akā ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻowahāwahā i ke kalrion: hiki pinepine ke ʻike ʻia e ʻai kokoke ana i nā kupapaʻu make.
He ʻokoʻa nā meaʻai o nā wahine: ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā holoholona nui, e komo pū nō hoʻi i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi, e like me nā crustaceans a me nā ʻōpū nui.
Pahu a keiki
Hoʻomaka ka manawa hoʻoulu ʻana o kēia mau holoholona i ka ua nui, inā ʻaʻole wela, a ʻano ʻaina ka honua i ka ea. ʻO kahi crocodile i hoʻohui ʻia he reptile polygamous: ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 mau wahine i loaʻa i loko o kahi harem kāne.
Hiki i nā wahine wahine i ka wā kamaliʻi ma 10-12 mau makahiki, i nā kāne nā mea i hala ma hope mai - a i 16 mau makahiki. I ka manawa like, ʻo nā wahine wale nō i hōʻea i nā nui mai nā 2.2 m a ʻo nā kāne nona ka lōʻihi o ke kino ʻaʻole i emi iho ma mua o 3.2 mika kahi kūpono no ka hoʻoulu hou.
Ma mua o ka waiho ʻana i ka huaʻai 30 a 90 mau hale, kūkulu ka wahine i ka pūnana, ʻo ia kekahi ʻōpala palupalu o nā lepo a me nā lau, nona kona kiʻekiʻe he 1 mika a hiki i 7 mika ka lōʻihi. I mea e pale ʻole ai i ka nalo i ka holoi ʻia ʻana e nā kahawai wai, kūkulu ka ʻōpio wahine i nā puʻu. Ma muli o ka pala o nā lau, ke mālama mau nei ka lōʻihi ma kahi o 32 degere i ka nīnaka ʻo ka crocodile.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka wahine o nā hua e hiki mai ana i ke ʻano ma loko o ka pūnana: inā ma kahi o 31.6 keke, a laila hatch nui nā kāne. I nā manawa, inā he liʻiliʻi nā kilokilo mai kēia pākana, a laila ʻoi aku ka nui o nā wahine mai nā hua.
Kūpaʻa ka manawa inkubation ma mua o 3 mau mahina, akā ʻo kona lōʻihi, ma muli o ke ʻano wela, hiki ke loli ʻokoʻa. I kēia manawa āpau, aia ka wahine i kahi kokoke i ka pūnana a pale i ka pale ʻana i nā mea e hiki ke kō.
Hana i nā cubs, nona ka paona he 70 gram a me ka lōʻihi o 25-30 cm, kāhea aku i ko lākou makuahine me nā leo kani kiʻekiʻe, e kōkua ana iā lākou e puka mai ka pūhaka, ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻa ʻana iā lākou i ka wai i loko o kā lākou waha. A laila huli ka wahine i kāna hua no nā mahina 5-7 a inā pono, e ala pono e pale iā ia.
Akā, ʻoiai ka hopohopo o ka makuahine, ua emi mai ka 1% o nā cubes mai kahi hua i ola ai a hiki i ka wā ulu.
ʻO nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ulu nui akā ʻaʻole i ulu iki ma ka make pinepine ʻana i nā kaua me nā poʻe he nui a ʻoi aku ka nui, a ʻo kekahi o lākou e lilo i ke kanaka kīnibalism ma ka ʻaoʻao o ko lākou poʻe hoahānau.
Nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe
ʻAʻohe mau ʻenemi kūlohelohe maoli nā ʻōpiopio ʻōpiopio. ʻO kekahi o lākou e hiki ke lilo i mau pōpoki nui, a no laila, ʻaʻohe kanaka wale nō lākou.
ʻO nā ʻōpiopio'ōpio, a me nā hua keu, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka maʻalahi. Hiki ke hānai ʻia nā nīnaka me nā pua liʻiliʻi a me ka puaʻa, a me nā honu wai, nā mākaʻi, nā alapiʻi, nā manu, nā dingoes, ka maule, nāʻaoʻao, nā iʻa nui ma nā lau liʻiliʻi. He mea ia i nā ʻōpio, nā ʻōhua ʻōpio ke pepehi aku i nā holoholona ʻōpio. I ke kai, aia ka pōpoki i nā pōpoki kūikawā i nā ʻōpio i hoʻoulu ʻia.
Ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana a me nā ʻano
I kēia manawa, ʻo nā kaʻi lāʻau i pīpī ʻia ma waena o nā ʻano haʻahaʻa loa. Ua emi kuʻuna ko lākou lehulehu i nā kenekulia 20: ua luku ʻia kēia mau reptile ma Thailand, a ma ke kūkulu hema o Vietnam, akā ma ka 100 wale nō o lākou i ola. Akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka heluna kanaka Ausetalia a paʻa iā 100,000-200,000 mau crocodiles. Hoʻomaopopo i ka nui o nā holoholona o kēia mau reptile a me ka mea i hoʻopili ʻia i nā lāʻau pīpī i kēia manawa i paʻa i ka mahiʻai.
I kēia manawa, ke ʻoka ʻia ka kālepa ʻana i nā crocodile i make a i ʻole nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ko lākou kino, inā ke hele mai nā reptile me nā iwi ʻē aʻe a me ka poʻe ʻē aʻe i loaʻa iā Papua New Guinea. Akā no nā holoholona i hoʻoluhi ʻia i loko o ka noho pio ʻana no nā hana kalepa, ʻaʻole pili kēia koi, akā ma kēia hihia, ʻae ʻia ka ʻae ʻana e hoʻoili iā lākou.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā lāʻau paʻakai paʻakai ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea nui weliweli loa i ka honua. ʻO kēia mau reptile nui, a hiki aku i 7 mau mika ka lōʻihi, ke noho nei ma Asia Hema, Oceania a me Australia. ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke kapa ʻia he nani, akā naʻe, ʻo ke ola o kēia mau reptile i ola i kekahi mau papahiki pānaʻi a ua ola a hiki i kēia lā i ke ʻano like ʻole o lākou, a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ko lākou helehelena, mālama pono ʻana i nā hua a me nā ʻano hoʻonaninani no ka hapanui o nā reptile e hana iā lākou hoihoi a hiki i nā holoholona ʻano nani.
Ke poʻo inoa
ʻEpekema ʻepekema epithet Lat.Hāʻawi ʻia nā porosus (nostril "maoli") no ka mea ke uhi ʻia nā muzzle o nā kūpuna kahiko me nā tubercles.
Ua loaʻa i kēia mea i hopu ʻia ka inoa Lūkia "comb" no hoʻokahi mau wāwae ikaika e palahalaha ana mai nā maka a hiki i ke alo mua o ka muzzle. ʻO nā inoa ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana ʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona o kona ʻano: "ka lawaiʻa kai", "cocodile kai", "crocodile kai", "salti", "estuarine crocodile" a i ʻole "Indo-Pacific crocodile".
Wailua
Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei nā kumukūʻai āpau i kēia manawa, a me nā mea Crocodylus porosus - nā hua kanu e like me lākou o nā euzuhi crocodilomorphs i noho kokoke i nā wahi e noho ana o nā mea hoʻokalakupua o Gondwana ma kahi o 98 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei a pakele i ka Cretaceous - Paleogene hoʻopau.
Kōala Isisfordia duncani, ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana o Queensland ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kai o ka ʻĀina i noho ai ma laila, ʻoiai ʻoi ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā mea i kālai ʻia, akā, e kekahi mau hōʻailona he nui loa ia e like me nā crocodiles hou. Malama paha Isisfordia duncani ua noho i nā wahi like, a ʻo ke ʻano o kāna vertebrae e hōʻike ai i hiki iā ia ke hana i kahi "pala e make ai". Ke manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia nei kahi ʻelele o ka lālā o ka hoʻolālā e alakaʻi pololei ana i nā kiʻi pīpī i kēia manawa.
Ma muli o ka piha piha ʻana o ka mōlohi hala, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī e hoʻoholo i ka manawa o ka hanana ʻana o ka crocodile i hoʻohālikelike ʻia. ʻO nā hōʻike hōʻike mua o nā kumu lāʻau i hoʻopuni ʻia ma kahi o 4.0–4.5 miliona mau makahiki. Eia naʻe, e like me nā ʻepekema, Crocodylus porosus - nā pua kahiko, ua kū mai 12 a 6 miliona mau makahiki i ka wā i hala. Mai Queensland, ʻike ʻia kahi laha o nā ʻōpū haʻahaʻa o kahi kanaka 6.1 mika e noho ana i ka Pliocene.
Wahi a nā hiʻohiʻona morphological, ʻo ka crocodile i hoʻopili ʻia me ka New Guinean (Crocodylus novaeguineae), ʻĀpilikia (Nā kahakahana crocodylus) a me ka Australia (Johnstoni Crocodylus) nā mea iʻa wai ʻauʻau. Akā ʻo ka noiʻi genetic e hōʻike ana i ka crocodile ua hoʻopili ʻia e pili ana me nā ʻano ʻōmaʻa ma ʻAiwi, ʻoiai ʻoi ka liʻiliʻi o ka pili i kekahi. Pili i ka pilina kekahi me kekahi (Palocis Crocodylus) a me ka Siamese (Crocodylus siamensis) nā kūpuna - he mea kokoke loa nā mea pili i nā mea hoʻohālikelike i hoʻopili ʻia.
Koho ʻia ka genome i ka 2007.
Hiki i nā subspecies a me ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻanoʻano
I kēia manawa, ʻōlelo ka hapanui o nā kumu hoʻopili i hoʻohālikelike ʻole i ka subspecies. Eia nō naʻe, ke hilinaʻi nui nei ma ka ʻano hoʻololi like morphological, ua hiki mai kekahi mau ʻepekema i ka hopena a ʻaʻole wale nā subspecies wale nō C. porosus, akā naʻe ʻo ka mea i hoʻopili ʻia ai ka mea i hoʻopili ʻia o nā ʻano like ʻole. I ka makahiki 1844, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo S. Muller lāua ʻo G. Schlegel e wehewehe i nā ʻano kīlolo e noho ana ma Java a me Kalimantan he mau mea hou hou i kapa ʻia Crocodylus raninus. C. raninus ma hope mai ua loaʻa i ka inoa ʻole "Ka Pōʻī Indonesia", a i ʻole "Bornean crocodile." Wahi a Ross (1992), Crocodylus raninus ʻokoʻa ka ʻokoʻa mai Siamese a me nā mea i hoʻohālikelike ai i ka nui o nā pauna a ventral a me ka noho ʻana o ʻehā mau ʻōpala ma hope o ke ʻōpala, kahi maʻamau i hele ʻole mai i nā crocodiles i kālai ʻia. I kēia manawa, maopopo ʻole ke kūlana o kēia ʻano. ʻO kekahi mea hoʻāʻo e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻanoʻano hou, ʻo kēia ka manawa mai Australia, i hana ʻia e Wells & Wellington (1985), e hilinaʻi nei i nā ʻike ʻike nui o nā poʻo he nui. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o kēia "ʻano" he cocodile i kapa ʻia ʻo "Sweetheart", kahi i malulu i ka makahiki 1979 ma muli o kahi make o ka pa hiamoe hiamoe i ka wā i hopu ʻia ai. Ma hope mai, kāhea kēia "ʻike" Crocodylus pethericki, i manaʻo ʻia ʻoi ʻia e like me nā kāne i hoʻouluulu ʻia e nā kāne he mea i loaʻa i ka loli ontogenetic. ʻO Wells a me Wellington paha, ʻoiai he mea kūpono loa ia i ke kuhikuhi ʻana i ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike a ka Australia i nā mea ʻē i hoʻoili ʻia e ka poʻe hoʻokūkū o ʻAmelika e hōʻoia i ko lākou kūlana subspecies.
Mālama
ʻO ka crocodile i hoʻopili ʻia ka nui loa ma waena o nā crocodiles hou, ka mea i wehewehe ʻia e kona hiki ke uhi i nā wahi nui ma o ke kai. Pahu aku ka holoholona hihiu mai Sri Lanka a me Inia hikina, me na kahakai o Asia Hema, a hiki i na aina waena o Vietnam (kahi e hana ai ʻo ia ma kēia manawa,) a hele i ke kūkulu hema, ma waena o nā mokuna o ka hapa nui o nā moku o Asia Hema. pau nā ala a hiki i Kahiki Kahiko. Ke ʻike ʻia nei ma Australia Hema, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia nā kolikola i kālai ʻia, ma muli o ke anuanu me ke ʻano o ka pālahalaha haʻahaʻa makahiki, ʻoiai ʻo kekahi mau hihia o ka ʻike ʻana i nā pīkoi kūloko hema o kā lākou wahi maʻamau.
ʻO ka hapa pinepine loa i loaʻa i nā crocodile i pīpīpī ʻia ma ke kahakai ʻo ʻAmelika, ma nā mokupuni o Papua New Guinea a me Indonesia. Ke noho nei nā ʻōiwi lehulehu ma ʻElepala, Palau, Vanuatu a me ka mokupuni ʻo Solomon. Hiki i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o nā palu i loaʻa ma nā mokupuni he nui i loko o ka Moana Inikua.
Ma mua, ua loaʻa nā kīnohū kaua i nā Seychelles (kahi e hoʻopau ʻia nei lākou), a i loko o nā wā kahiko ko lākou noho ʻana ma ka ʻaoʻao kahakai o ka ʻEleau ʻEleʻele. ʻIke ʻia kekahi mau kānaka ma kahi lōʻihi loa mai ka noho maʻamau - no ka laʻana, ma ke kahakai hema o Iapana.
ʻO ka lawaiʻa o ke kai kekahi o nā kolokolo ʻekolu i hiki ke loaʻa ma India, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻelua i nā ʻulena, kahi liʻiliʻi mage, a me kahi mea ʻai ʻai iʻa.
Kaomi a me ka physiology
E like me nā crocodiles ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka naʻau o ka crocodile i hoʻopili ʻia, he ʻehā-keʻena, e ʻae ana i ka maikaʻi o ka oxygenation o ke koko. Loaʻa iā ia kahi kīwī kūikawā e kāohi i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ke koko arterial a me venous. Pono ka hope loa no nā dives lōʻihi. ʻO ka maʻamau, mālama ke cocodile i keʻa no 2-5 mau minuke, akā inā pono, hiki iā ia ke noho ma lalo o ka wai a hiki i 30 mau minuke, a me nā hana i hōʻemi - a i ʻelua mau hola. Aʻo ka hapa metabola maʻamau o ka crocodile i hoʻopili ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui o 36% ʻoi aku ma mua o ka mea āpau o ka Mississippi alligator a me Australia-crocodile pōkole, akā ma ke ʻano he anuanu, ʻano ka pīhoihoi lohi iki a hiki ke hele me ka ʻai ʻole no ka manawa lōʻihi. ʻOi aku nā pōneki ʻoi hou i hiki ke noho me ka ʻai ʻole no ka lā 58, ʻoiai e nalo ana 23% o kā lākou māla. Kūpono ka 200 kg i kālai ʻia i ʻelima mau manawa ma mua o ka liona o ke kaupaona like. ʻO ka awelika pono no nā mea i hoʻoulu ʻia no ka meaʻai ʻo 4% ka nui o ke kino kino i ka hebedoma.
Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻili Crocodile me nā mea kūikawā kūikawā e pane ana i nā loli i ka hoʻokahe wai a hiki ke ʻike i ka noho ʻana o nā pūhui kemika o kēlā me kēia.
Loaʻa i nā huaʻā nā mana maikaʻi, e ʻae iā lākou e hoʻopaʻa i nā holoholona nui. ʻO ka ʻōlima kūanaka maʻamau ka loaʻa ʻana o nā niho conical 64–68 - 36-38 ma ka iwi o luna a me 28-30 ka manawa haʻahaʻa. He kua lahilahi a lahilahi paha nā niho o nā crocodile hou aku, akā me ka wā o ka makahiki, ka nui a me ka nui o nā niho o nā niho no ka hoʻololi. Pono nā niho o nā pākeke, pāpaʻi, kūleʻa a ikaika, kūpono no ka pālo hohonu a ʻāwīwī i ka ʻiʻo. Uwili nā niho ma ke kumu o ka iwi ākiʻi a ʻike ʻia e ka nui o ka ikaika, ʻoiai lākou e lawelawe e ʻā i nā ʻōpū a me nā iwi. ʻO ka niho ʻehā ma ka iwi ʻeha o kahi puʻu koa i kāʻili ʻia e pili ana iā 5 m mau a hiki ke lōʻihi aʻe i 9 cm ʻaʻole oʻa aʻa; ʻo kāna hana nui, ʻo ka haehae ʻana i ka ʻili o ka mea nui.
ʻOiai ka hana o ka lolo o nā crocodiles iʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā maʻi mommals (ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o ka 0,05% o ka nui o ke kino kino), he mea paʻakikī loa i loko o ke ʻano, he mea nui ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana o ka manu. Hiki iā nā ʻōlima paʻakai ke aʻo ma ke ʻano ʻana o nā ʻano paʻakikī, hiki ke aʻo iā lākou e nānā i nā ala lele lele lele, a ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka ʻōlelo kino kino a me ka nui o nā kani ma mua o nā manaʻo maʻamau.
E like me nā crocodiles āpau, nui ka palahalima keʻokeʻo i loaʻa i ka palahalaha keʻokeʻo ma nā ʻūlili a nā mea he nui i hōʻike ʻia e ka ikaika kino kino. Noho ka musculature ma mua o 50% o ka nui o ke kino kino, ʻoiai i nā poʻe ʻōpio. ʻAʻole e like me nā mea'ē aʻe he nui o ke anuanu kiʻekiʻe i hoʻowalewale ʻia, hoʻowalewale ʻia nā ʻōpū o nā kīwila e hana ma kahi pālahalaha ākea a ʻaʻole hoʻi e nalowale i ka ikaika me ka emi nui o ka mahana o ke kino. Me ka hana kaumaha kino nui, hilinaʻi nui nā crocodiles i ka metabolism anaerobic, i hoʻolālā ʻia no nā puʻupuʻu pōkole o ka ikaika. Eia kekahi, nā aerobic hiki i ke kuleana no ka mea ikaika ʻole, akā, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka neʻe ʻana, ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ia i loko o ia mau holoholona i ke aloha wela. ʻOiai ʻaʻole like ka ʻokoʻa o kēia ʻokoʻa ma mua o nā noiʻi mua: ma ka mahana 30-33 ° C, ka aerobic metabolism ka 30-40% o ka nui o nā lako o nā ʻōpio'ōpiopio, a hiki ke hoʻonui nui ʻia nā aerobic mau kanaka nui ma muli o ka hoʻonui i ka allometric i ka nui o ka pūliki. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa metabola haʻahaʻa a me ka helu o ka anaerobic metabolism, hōʻoki nā crocodiles i ka lactic acid i hōʻemi ʻia e nā musc i lōʻihi loa. I nā crocodiles i hoʻohui ʻia e kū ana i nā ukana he 180 kg, hoʻihoʻi ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hoʻopau ʻana pinepine e lawe i nā hola 2 mau. Hoʻololi ʻia kēia mahele o ka mea i kūlohelohe loa nā crocodiles i nā loli i ka pH i ke koko a waiho i ka hapa o ka waika lactic i loko o nā iwi osteoderm a me nā ʻuʻuku. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka crocodile, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o ka lactate i loko o ke koko e hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ia: wehewehe kēia i ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka hoʻomanawanui me ka ulu ʻana i ka nui: hiki i nā mea nui ke hoʻoikaika ikaika no 2 mau hola a keu paha (i mea e hoʻopau piha ai i kahi kāne nui loa, e lawe aku paha ia ma mua o 6 hola), ʻoiai ke kaupaona ʻana o nā mea paona mai 0.4 a 180 kg, ua pau loa i ka manawa no ka 5 mau minuke 30, ia manawa. Manaʻo nā crocodiles nui i manaʻo ʻia he mau mea lanakila ma waena o nā vertebrates āpau i ka nui o ka waikena lactic hiki iā lākou ke hōʻiliʻili i nā ʻōpū a me ka koko me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka hōʻeha nui iā lākou iho. Akā ʻo ka manawa naʻe, ma muli o ka hoʻololi nui ʻana i ka pH koko, ke piʻi aʻe nei ka hōʻemi o ka mea hoʻokūkū i ka hopena metabolab (ʻoi hoʻi ka lactic acidosis). ʻO nā hihia o ka make o nā specimens nui (ʻoi aku ma mua o 700 kg) ma hope o ka hopu lōʻihi ʻana a i ʻole hoʻopuka ʻia e pili ana i kēia mau hewa.
Osmoregulation
ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻoi ʻana o nā crocodile i ʻoi aku ka maʻamau ma mua o nā kīnē maoli a me nā gavial i ka wai paʻakai, ʻaʻohe ʻano ʻēheu like kā lākou osmoregulation. Aia ma waena o nā kīnika paʻakai a me ka epithelium koʻikoʻi keratinizing o ka lua waha, e pale ai i ka pale ʻana o nā papa a me ka pio o ka osmotic. Hoʻokani ʻia ka hana ikaika ma ke osmoregulation e ka cesspool.
Hiki i nā ʻōpiopio hakakā ʻia ke kīhaka me ke kīpē ʻana i mau mahina ma ke kai me ka ʻole o ka hōʻino iā lākou iho. ʻO nā mau hihia kekahi i ʻike ʻia ma kahi i loaʻa i nā lāʻau laleli e ʻike ʻia ma ka wai ʻelua ʻelua e like me ka wai kai maʻamau. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke inu i ka wai paʻakai a ʻaʻole hiki ke hana i kēia me ka make ʻole o ka maʻi. Ka mea, ho'ēmi nā crocodiles i ka nalowale wai a hiki ke loaʻa iā ia me ka meaʻai. No nā holoholona ʻōpiopio, ʻoi aku ka ʻoi o ka pilikia o ka huhū: ʻo ka manawa kuhi he manawa ʻole o ka loaʻa ʻole o ka manawa i ka meaʻai a i ʻole ka wai hou no kahi kīpē pēpē hou o ke kūpaʻa ana he 100 g ka 21 mau lā, no kahi ʻōpio he paona he 1 kg - 50 lā mau lā, no kahi ʻōpio he paona 10 kg - ma kahi o 116 mau lā me ka lethal dehydration a hiki i ka 33% o ke kaumaha o ke kino.
Ikaika kikowaena
ʻO kahi lako pīpī ka mea nona ka huluhulu ikaika loa i ke aupuni holoholona. ʻO ka hoʻolālā ke koi ʻia o nā ʻōpū o ke kīhā nui i hōʻili ʻia i ke kilokilo 1308 kg ka 27,531 a 34,424 newtons, he kūlike me ka gravity o 2809.3–3512.7 kg. Loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi loa i ka wā e hoʻopaʻa ana i ke kao o nā ʻōpala o kahi manamana ʻelima ke kiʻekiʻe o 4.56 mika i loaʻa i ka paona 531 kg, aia i loko o ka zoo - 16414 N, a i ʻole 1675 kg. No laila, ʻo ka pipi ikaika loa kēia i helu ʻia i kekahi holoholona, koe wale nō ke kaomi o ka 2268 kg, i hoʻopuka ʻia e ke ʻano heilei Nile.
Eia nō naʻe, aia ka manaʻo i hāpai ʻia e ka poʻe popoki o nā kohola pepehi kanaka nui a me nā kohola sperm eʻoi aku ma mua o kēia hōʻailona ua hoʻonāukiuki ʻia. Akā ʻaʻole kēia hōʻoia.
Nā nui nui
ʻO ka lōʻihi o nā kiʻi pīpī i kū hou ʻia he 25-30 cm ka paona, me ke kaumaha he 70 g (ma ka awelika - 28 cm a 71 mau grika), a i ka lua o ka makahiki ua ulu nā ʻōlopa ʻōpiopio i ka 1 m ka lōʻihi a kaupaona ma kahi o 2,5 kg.
ʻO nā ʻōpiopio i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ʻōpiopio ka mea nui e hōʻike ʻia ai ka nani o ka moekolohe i waena o nā ʻano lāʻau makana hou. Ma muli o ʻelua mau manawa a ʻoi aku paha ka lōʻihi o ka wīwī o ka wahine ma mua o nā wahine. -5.2 m 6 a ua loaʻa paha nā metimens mika ʻehā. ʻO nā wahine ulu loloa mai ka maʻamau he 3.1 a 3.4 m ka lōʻihi, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā wī wahine ʻaʻole i hoʻomaka e waiho i nā hua he maʻamau ma kahi o 2.7 mika ka lōʻihi a kaupaona ma kahi o 80 kg. I loko o hoʻokahi haʻawina ma Australia i 2013, ʻelima mau pio kāne i hopu i ke kīlei e noho ana i kahi ʻāina ʻo 4.03 a 4.31 m lōʻihi, ʻo ia mau kāne ʻekolu e alakaʻi ana i kahi ala ola no 3 , 73 i ka 3.89 m ka loa, a ʻehā mau wahine ʻelima ka lōʻihi o 2.91 a 2.93 m.
Hiki i ka nui o nā ʻōlima hakakā i nā ʻōiwi like ʻole, e pili ana i ko lākou olakino, ka ʻano ʻoliʻoli, ka nui o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā ʻano anthropogenic, a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe i loaʻa no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā crocodiles. ʻO nā mea koʻikoʻi e hoʻoholo i ke kaupaona ʻana o ke kino ʻo ka lōʻihi a me ka makahiki o ke kumu hoʻohālike. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā kāne pākeke, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻoi aku ka koʻikoʻi ma mua o nā kāne ʻōpio, ʻoiai inā ua like lākou i ka lōʻihi. ʻO ke kumu lāʻau hopu pīpī maʻamau ke kaumaha ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hihiu. ʻO nā māka pōkole o kā Sarawak kāhea pōkole ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke koʻokoʻo o Australia. Paʻa ka ʻelima mau mole he 5 mau mika ka lōʻihi o ka crocodiles e pili ana i ka m 4. He lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o nā ʻōlima i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka makahiki 1998 mai 32 a 1010 kg me ka lōʻihi o 2.1 a 5.5 mika, ʻoiai ʻo 4.2 , 4.3, 4.6 a me 4.9 mika kaupaona nā mea 383, 408, 520 a me 660 kg, kekona.
ʻO ka hakakā ʻo ka Nile ke hoʻokūkū nui me ka mea i hoʻoulu ʻia, akā hōʻike mau a hiki i ka waenakonu o ka kenekulia 20 e pili ana i nā poʻe nui loa o ka lāʻau Nile. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kāne kāne o nā kolamu ʻo Nile, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, he haʻahaʻa loa i ka nui o nā kāne kāne i hoʻoulu ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, inā e noʻonoʻo mākou i ka dimorphism moʻo ʻana o nā moʻo ʻano palu - ʻo ia hoʻi, e nānā i nā nui pākahi e noʻonoʻo pono i nā kāne a pau, a laila ʻaʻole maʻa nui ka nui o nā buakilo Nile a me kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe, no ka laʻana, ʻo Crinodiles Orinok a me nā gavial hewa.
Nā nui nui
ʻO ka nui o ka nui o ka male i hōʻili ʻia i ke kolamu e hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia i kahi kumuhana i waena o nā loea. Hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻike i ʻole e loaʻa i nā lāʻau i nā ʻohe mau ʻehiku mau mika i ka lōʻihi o ke ana ʻana o nā koena o kēia mau reptile. ʻAʻole hiki i kekahi mau ʻikepili ke hikiʻole ke hōʻoia a hōʻoia i ka ʻepekema ʻana. Manaʻo ʻo Adam Britton i ka nui loa o nā koina nui i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i loaʻa i kahi lāʻau nui i pepehi ʻia i ka makahiki 1983 ma Papua New Guinea. ʻO nā zoologist nui, me Jerome Montecki, ua kau i ka nui o kēia kiʻi mai ka ʻūhā a mālama ʻia i ka ʻili. E like me kā lākou heluʻana, ua like ʻo 6.2 m ka lōʻihi o ka crocodile e pili ana i ka nui o kēlā me kēia nui loea, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Australia i 1974.Akā, ua maloʻo ka ʻili o kēia hiʻohiʻona, me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, e kū hou ana i kahi ma mua o 10 cm lōʻihi. Eia kekahi, ʻo ke ʻano o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ka ʻūhā a me ka ʻili i mālama ʻia i loko o ia iho e hōʻemi i ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi. Mai kēia mai ua hala aku i ka wā o ke ola ka ʻoi aku o 6.3 m ka lōʻihi, a ʻoi aku ka nui o kēia kau a ʻoi paha i ka 1360 kg.
Eia nō naʻe, ke loaʻa nei ke ʻano o nā kīlio nui, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi a hiki i 7 mau mika, ʻaʻole ia i kānalua i waena o ka poʻe loea. No ka laʻana, e like me Britton, ʻo ka ʻūhā o kahi kīlaha i hoʻopaʻa ʻia 76 cm lōʻihi mai ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o London ma kahi o ka holoholona he 6.84 m loa. Manaʻo kekahi mau ʻepekema ʻē aʻe i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā kikoʻi i hoʻopili ʻia ʻo 6.7 m a i ʻole 7,3 m ka lōʻihi.
I ka manawa like, ʻo ka wahine nui i ʻike ʻia ka kahe i hōʻili ʻia ka pahi wale nō ka 4.2 m ka lōʻihi a ua kau ʻo ia ma kahi o 400 kg. I ka makahiki 2014, ua hopu ʻia ka bu nui wahine he 3.96 m a hopu ʻia a hoʻopili ʻia me ka lekiō uila ma Borneo.
Nui ka pīpī i kālai ʻia me ka lōʻihi ma mua o 6 m a kaupaona ʻoi aku ma mua o ka 1000 kg ka nui o nā helu he nui i nānā ʻia i ka hoʻomaka a me ka hopena o ka kenekulia 20, akā, no ka hiki ʻole o ka lawaiʻa a me ka poʻi nui ma hope o kēia manawa, he ʻano maʻamau loa kēia mau kanaka. ʻO kēia no ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka laulā o ka hapanui a me ka loaʻa o nā crocodiles e koi i kahi nui o ka manawa a me kahi waihona kumu momona no ka hoʻokō i kēlā mau nui nui. Akā, ʻo kekahi o nā haʻawina i hana ʻia ma Ausetalia e hōʻike ana i nā ʻelele nui loa o nā ʻano e noho ana i nā muliwai o Ausetalia e hiki nō hoʻi i kā mākou manawa ke hiki mai i 6 a 7 m ka lōʻihi a kaupaona mai ka 1000 a 2000 kg. Hiki ke loaʻa nā kīnika nui ma Bhitarkanika National Park, India. Ma kēia kīhāpai, hoʻopiha i nā wai me nā pāʻani nui ʻole, nā ʻano kūpono no ka pōmaikaʻi o nā crocodile nunui. ʻO ke poʻo o Orissa me ka wiwo ʻole e hōʻike ana i ka home ma ka nui o nā lāʻau i kālai ʻia i ka honua, inā ʻaʻole ka nui. Wahi a ka census hou loa, ke noho nei nā lālani 1462 i loko o ka paka, o ka 203 he pākeke. Wahi a nā kuhi helu ʻana, he ʻewalu mau likua ka lōʻihi o 4.9 a 5.5 m, ʻelima ka lōʻihi o 5.5 i 6 m, a ʻekolu hoʻi - ʻoi aku ka 6 m.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā crocodile nui
Eia ke hōʻiliʻili i nā ʻikepili ma nā crocodile i hoʻohui ʻia me ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o 6 mau mika.
- Kahi nū i puhi ʻia ma ka Pae o Bengal i 1840 i haʻi ʻia he 10,1 mika lōʻihi, ua loaʻa ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū o 4.17 mita a ua kaupaʻa ʻia ma mua o 3,000 kg. Eia nō naʻe, ua kue wale kona ʻano ʻōpio he 66.5 cm ka lōʻihi a e wehewehe pono ana i ka nui o ka hōʻike i hōʻike ʻia he nui loa, a ʻo ke kumu ʻo kēia kiʻi ʻaʻole he 6 m 6 ka lōʻihi.
- ʻO James R. Montgomery, ka mea nāna i kohi i ka māla kalima ma Borneo mai 1926 a 1932, haʻi ʻo ia ua ʻike, ua pepehi, a ana i ke ʻano o nā pīpī ma mua o 6.1 mau mika. Akā, ʻaʻohe mea i hiki ke hōʻoia i kēia mau helu, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe o nā crocodiles i hoʻohālikelike ʻia e Montgomery e nā ʻepekema.
- Aia ka ʻike e pili ana i ke ana ʻana i ka ʻūhā o ke crocodile i hoʻopuni ʻia ma kahi o 100 cm lōʻihi.
- Kahi ʻia ke kīleʻa i hoʻopili ʻia ai ka Krys crocod, i pehi ʻia i make ma Queensland i 1957, i hōʻike ʻia he 8.6 mau lōʻihi. Akā ʻoiai ke kaulana nui nei, ka hapa nui o nā koena a me nā ana i hilinaʻi ʻia e ka poʻe loea e hoʻolilo i ka mea kānalua nui i ka ʻikepili o nā dimensional e like me ia. No ka lawaiʻa ʻana i nā mākaʻikaʻi, ua kūkulu ʻia kekahi kiʻi kiʻi o kēia kahe.
- I ka makahiki 2017, ua hōʻike ʻia he ʻelua mau mea nui i kālai ʻia i ka muliwai Darwarunga a me ka muliwai Roper. Kāhea ʻia ʻo "D-rex" a me "Roper Ripper", ua helu ʻia e nā mea nānā ʻia o ka 8.6 a me 8 mau mika. Eia naʻe, ke nānā nei nā poʻe loea i nānā i nā kiʻi o kēia mau crocodiles i hiki ke ʻoi aku i ka 4-5.4 mika ka lōʻihi.
- Ua pepehi ʻia ka hapanui ma hope o ka hoʻoulu ʻia ʻana o ʻeono mau hola i nā mea kanu lāʻau i ka makahiki 1823 ma Jalajala ma Luzon Island, Philippines ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o 8,8 mika ka lōʻihi. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ua māhele ʻia ka lio i ʻāpana ʻewalu a me 68 kg o nā ʻāpana o nā ʻāpana like ʻole i loaʻa i loko o kona ʻōpū. Akā ʻo nā ana o nā koena i mālama ʻia (ʻūlū me ke dorsal ka lōʻihi o 66 cm) e hōʻike ana i ke koena o kēia crocodile ʻaʻole he 6 mika ka lōʻihi.
- Ma kahi o 800 mita ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma ka makahiki ma ka ʻāina ʻo Normanton (Australia), ua kiʻi ʻia kekahi mau kiʻi akā naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke koho ʻia ka nui o ka reptile.
- ʻO ka ʻōmole o ke koʻī cannibal i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ʻo Pot potassium, ka mea i pepehi ʻia i ka makahiki 1962 ma ke kahawai Dhamra, Orissa, India, i hōʻoia ʻia no ke holoholona he 7.01-7.32 m ka lōʻihi e pili ana i ka lōʻihi o ka ulana ʻōpala o 73.3 cm, ua hiki i kēia kīwaha. ʻo ka mea ʻē paha mai 6.6 a 7 m ka lōʻihi.
- Ua hōʻike ʻia he kīnō kā 7.6 m i hōʻeha ʻia ma ka make ma Kēkēmapa ma ka muliwai Hooghly. Eia nō naʻe, he kaila me ka 75 cm dorsal lōʻihi e hōʻike ana i ka holoholona ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 7 mau mika.
- ʻElua mau kime me ka lōʻihi o ka ʻokoʻa ma 7.2 m ua kipa ʻia ma ka Bhitarkanika National Park i ka makahiki 1970. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia mau koho i ka "ʻike maka" a ʻaʻole hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he hilinaʻi.
- Ma 2006, ua hōʻike ka Guinness Book of Records i kahi crocodile i hoʻohui ʻia me ka lōʻihi o ka 7.01 m a me ke koʻikoʻi a hiki i 2000 kg e noho ana ma Bhitarkanika National Park ma Orissa, ʻoiai ʻaʻole maopopo ia i nā mea ʻike i kēia mau ʻike. I ʻike ʻia aia kekahi mau crocodiles e liʻiliʻi ma ka 6 m lōʻihi i lōʻihi ma ka māla like i kēia lā.
- Ma ke kahawai ʻo Ord, kahi ʻike mākē ka lōʻihi o 7 mau mika ka lōʻihi a ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia me nā mea hana o nā laser.
- Wahi a nā koho e Adam Britton, ʻo ka nui loa o nā ʻōpala i kāhea ʻia i nā hale ma nā museo (ʻo ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Paris), hiki aku i 76 cm, nona ka holoholona me ka lōʻihi o 6.84 m me kahi mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ai ka lōʻihi o 7 mika. ʻO nā kolamu hale waihona mea he nui no nā skullod i kālai ʻia i nā ʻōpala me ke lōʻihi o ka dorsal ma mua o 65 cm, hiki i nā mea i ʻoi aku ka 6 mau mika.
- Ua kī ʻia ʻo S. Baker (1874) ma Sri Lanka i ka makahiki 1800, he 6.7 mika nā mea i hoʻoulu ai i nā lako. Eia nō naʻe, e like me ka Guinness Book Records, ʻo ka mea nui loa i ʻike ʻia mai kēia mokupuni, he cannibal mai ke kahakai hikina, e hōʻea ana i ka lōʻihi o 6 mika.
- Ma kahi kiko 6,7 mete i kālai ʻia i nānā koke ʻia e nā Australian Rangers ma ka muliwai Bull, North Australia.
- ʻO ka nui o ka puʻupuʻu nui i hōʻike ʻia mai ka Papua New Guinea, i manaʻo ʻia he puke kūpono ʻo Guinness o nā moʻolelo, e hōʻike ʻia ma 6.32 m Ua pepehi ʻia ka holoholona i Mei 1966 ma ke kapakai ʻākau. ʻO ka crocodile nei he girth o 2.74 m.
- Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mea hao ʻē aʻe mai New Guinea mai i ka makahiki 1983. Wahi a ka ʻili e mālama ʻia ana, ʻo ka nui o ka reptile i manaʻo mua ʻia i 6.2 m, ʻoiai ka umauma o kēia pelu i ka lōʻihi o dorsal o 72 cm. I ke ola, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka 6.3 m ka lōʻihi, ʻoiai ua maloʻo ka ʻili.
- ʻO ka lōʻihi lōʻihi loa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ke kolamu mai Ausetalia i hōʻike ʻia ma 6.2 m. Ua pepehi ʻia ʻo ia ma ka moku ʻo Mary i Northern Territory i ka makahiki 1974.
- Ua helu ʻo ʻAropa Webb no Australia i ka ulana i ke kao ʻōpio he 66.6 cm no ke kaʻi ʻoki ma kahi puhaka i pana ʻia me ka lōʻihi o ke kino ke kaawale ʻana i ke poʻo o 548 ± 8 cm. ʻO ka loa o ka holoholona ma kahi o 6.15 m. I kēia hihia, pili ka ʻikepili i kahi 1 / 9.23 o ka lōʻihi o ka huina.
- ʻO Lolong kahi kīlei hakakā nui i hopu ʻia ma Filipina ma 2011 a make a 2013 ma 2013. I ka wā mua, ua pololei ʻole i ana ʻia ma 6.4 mika a kaupaona ʻia ma 1075 kg. Ua hōʻike aku ʻia e Adam Britton kahi ʻōlelo kikoʻī hou aku ʻo Lolong he 6.17 a i ʻole 6.095 m lōʻihi (e hoʻohana ana i ʻelua mau kaʻina hana ana), 45 cm ka lōʻihi o ke poʻo ākea, a he 70 cm ka lōʻihi, ʻo ia ka nui o ka pīpī manuahi. ua hopu wale ia ae ola a mahope a pio.
Ke noho maʻamau
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ākea ka ala o ke ola o kahi kīpē hakakā mai nā mea ʻē aʻe o kona mau kīkala, ʻo ia kona makemake e noho i loko o ka wai paʻakai. ʻOiai nā kīnika a me nā gavial maoli nō i hoʻohālikelike like no ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka paʻakai keu, ʻo ka mea hou i ka crocodile i hoʻohui ʻia, ke kālele wale ʻia nā alapiʻi mai ka Neotropics e hele pinepine i ka kai ākea.
Manaʻo maikaʻi ka pipiʻi wai moana i nā wai kūhai, no laila e ʻike pinepine ʻia ia ma nā kapakai, nā estuaries, nā estuaries a me nā lagoons a, inā e ʻike ʻoe, hiki ke neʻe aku i kahi mamao mai ke kahakai e ʻimi ai i ka meaʻai a i kahi kahi noho hou. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia mau reptile i nā mea hoʻokūkū i kā lākou ʻai, nā hiwa tiger, mai nā kahakai kahakai, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō i ka ʻili mānoanoa, ikaika a me ka hoʻonaninani a nā buakala. No laila, i ka wā o ka lawaiʻa ʻana o nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo Australia ma kahi o ka mokupuni, ua hiki ʻole ke launa i ka ʻū me nā tiger e haʻalele nui ana mai ka kapakai a e haʻalele nō i kēia wai i ka wā e hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ai nā pōloli me nā mokupuni. Ma ka mokupuni ʻo Rhine, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kaika tiger e hōʻuluʻulu ai no ka ʻai ʻana, no ka mea aia i kahi mamao ma kahi mamao aku ma mua o nā ʻāina mokupuni ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī, a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā crocodile e loaʻa mai.
Hoʻoholo ʻia ka manawa i holo ʻia i ke kai ākea e ka nui o nā ʻalā a i ʻole algae ma ke kino o kahi ʻōlima. E like me nā manu migratory e hoʻohana ana i ke kahe wela, hoʻohana ka poʻe iʻa i ka moana wai i ka holo lōʻihi I loko o hoʻokahi noiʻi, ua hoʻopili ʻia nā kiʻi he 20 me nā mea uila uila, 8 kahi i holo i loko o ke kai ākea, kahi i holo ai kahi 590 km i 25 mau lā. Eia kekahi laʻana, he 4.84 m lōʻihi kāne male, swam 411 km no 20 mau lā. ʻO ka mākaukau ma ka kahawai ka mea e hoʻopakele ai i nā pūʻali, kahi e hoʻihoʻi hou ai i nā manawa he nui ka manawa. Hiki i nā lāʻau mālama wai ke hiki ke hoʻopuʻe i kā lākou huakaʻi, e waiho ana ma nā wahi palekana i pale ʻia mai nā kaha ikaika, a hiki i ka wa e hopu ai i ka nalo i kahi e pono ai lākou.
Nā ʻōhua wai paʻakai e neʻe pinepine a ʻō a hoʻoneʻe i nā ʻōnaehana wai. Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻo nā mea ʻaʻole i loaʻa kā lākou ʻāina ponoʻī e hana i kēia. Kuhi maikaʻi ʻia kēia ʻano no ka neʻe ʻana ma ka ʻāina a ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 250 mauʻu ma luna o ke kai. I ka wā ʻauʻau, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā wāwae o ka crocodile i nā ʻaoʻao a lawe ʻia ka neʻe no ka neʻe o ka neʻe o ka huelo. ʻO ka holo kaukau ka holo moana ʻo 3.2-4.8 km / h, akā e alualu ana i ka ʻai i ke kanaka ʻōpiopio hoʻoulu ʻia hiki i ka wikiwiki o ka 29 km / h. Aia ma ka ʻāina, ua neʻe nā mea i hoʻouluulu ʻia e like me nā kīloi ʻē aʻe me ka nui o ka piʻi ʻana ma ko lākou wāwae a hāpai i kā lākou ʻōpū mai ka honua. Hoʻolālā ʻole ʻia ko lākou mau wāwae pōkole no ka lōʻihi o ka neʻe ʻana ma ka ʻāina, a no laila, ʻohi nā ʻano kīleʻe i kāʻe aku ai i nā loko liʻiliʻi a me nā pā. ʻOiai no kēia, ma ka lōʻihi loa o ka lōʻihi ua hiki iā lākou ke hiki koke i ka wikiwiki o 10-11 km / h ke kahe ʻana i ka ʻāina. I ka wai pāpaku, kahi e hiki ai i ke kohu ke hoʻohui i nā neʻe me ka neʻe o ka wāwae, ʻo kona wikiwiki a me ka dexterity i lilo i mea mahalo maoli.
Hoʻoikaika pili ʻana
ʻAʻole ʻano like nā ʻōleʻa Combo e like me ka hapa nui o nā crocodiles, a ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea ʻino loa a me ka teritori i waena o lākou. ʻO kā lākou male ʻana i ka wahine dimorphism ka hopena o ka hoʻonui pinepine ʻana o nā kāne no nā wahine.
Noho ka wahine i kahi wahi liʻiliʻi (ma mua o hoʻokahi kilomita) i loko o ka wai wai wai, e hoʻopili ana iā ia i kā lākou punahele punahele, a laila e pale i ko lākou pūnaewele mai ka lele mai o nā wahine ʻē aʻe. Pili ka Males i kekahi ʻāina ʻoi aku ka nui, ʻo ia hoʻi ka palena o kekahi mau wahine a me kahi waihona wai hou i kūpono no ka hoʻoulu. Koi ikaika lākou iā ia e kiaʻi mai nā kāne ʻē aʻe, e hōʻiliʻili pinepine ana i nā hakakā ikaika me lākou, i kekahi manawa e hōʻeha ana i nā hōʻeha kino, a hōʻeha o nā limu a i ʻole ka make o kekahi o nā mea hoʻokūkū. I nā hakakā kūloko, ua hoʻopili pinepine ʻia nā kumulima a nā kāne ikaika i kēlā me kēia kekahi, ʻo ka ikaika o ka ikaika e ʻokiʻoki i ka ʻiʻo o ka hoahele a wāwahi i nā iwi. Ma ke keʻa ʻole, mālama lākou i nā wahine i kekahi manawa, ʻoiai ke kaʻana ʻana i kā lākou ʻai me lākou. ʻO ka territoriality a me ka paleʻole o nā crocodiles i hoʻohui ʻia i kekahi i kekahi, ʻoi aku ka ulu a keu paha i ka wā mālama. Ma nā ʻae ʻole ke pale ʻole i ko lākou ʻāina, e koi ʻia lākou e peʻe i ka ʻāina o ko lākou mau pōmaikaʻi maikaʻi, kahi a lākou e make ai i ka hana, a i ʻole a hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻia i ka moana, kahi e neʻe ai lākou i kahakai a piʻi i nā waha wai i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā pūnaewele wai. ʻO nā holoholona ʻōpio ʻaʻole loaʻa i kā lākou ʻāina, ʻoi aku ka ʻokoʻa o kekahi i kekahi. ʻO ka pae o ka hoʻonāukiuki o nā pelu hopu pio e hōʻemi ʻia, akā hiki i nā hakakā koʻikoʻi ma waena o lākou.
Wahi a ke kumu noiʻi ʻana o 29 mau kānaka, ʻoi aku ma mua o 80% o nā mea i kālai ʻia me ka lōʻihi o 3 mau mika a i ʻole ua hala ʻia ke ʻano o nā hōʻeha i hāpai ʻia i loko o nā hakakā me nā hoahānau ma ko lākou mau kino. I loko o nā mau haʻahaʻa ma mua o 2 mika ka lōʻihi, ua ʻilihune kēlā mau ala. ʻOiai ʻo ka hōʻeha ʻana i ka lāʻau kīkī i loko o nā hakakā intraspecific hiki i ka maʻi nui loa ke ola ʻana, ʻo kā lākou polokalamu pale kino ke kōkua i ka hōʻalo ʻana i ke koko a hoʻōla koke ʻia me nā ʻeha a ʻaʻole me ka waiho ʻana i kahi mau maʻa mai o lākou.
Eia nō naʻe, i kekahi manawa o kekahi manawa, hiki i kekahi mau crocodile i hoʻopili ʻia ka haʻalele i ko lākou wahi a hele i nā wahi e hānai ai i nā pōkole, no ka laʻana, i ke ʻano o ka lawaiʻa o ka iʻa a me ka lawaiʻa o nā nonu moana. Ma laila lākou e ʻae ai i kekahi i kekahi, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokuʻi ʻole ʻia aku nā hakakā. Hiki nō ke hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ka nui o nā crocodile i hoʻopuni ʻia ma kahi kokoke i nā pā nui, e iho ana i lalo o ka muliwai. I kēlā ʻano kūlana, e hoʻouka kū ʻia nā kāne kiʻekiʻe i kekahi no ka waiwai a e hoʻokuke aku i nā lako ʻē aʻe. Aia ma Sri Lanka, ua waiho ʻia nā ʻano kīwī e waiho pū ana me nā buala pūmaka.
Mea ʻai
E like me ka hapa nui o nā crocodiles, ʻo nā mea kīloi i hoʻoulu ʻia e koho ʻole ʻia i ke koho ʻana i ka meaʻai a no ka metabolism wikiwiki e mālama ai lākou i ka hana me ka ʻai ʻole no ka manawa lōʻihi. Ma muli o kona ākea ākea, ka nui o ka loli ʻana i ka nui a me nā loli ontogenetic, kahi ʻano o nā holoholona like ʻole i loko o ka ʻai o nā kolamu i hoʻoulu ʻia. ʻO ka poʻeʻelemakule ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa i kā lākou ékosystem a hoʻopau i nā kaulahao meaʻai i hoʻokahi manawa.
ʻO ka papaʻai o nā cubs a me nā ʻōpio o nā crocodiles i kālai ʻia i lilo ia i kumuhana o kahi noiʻi nui loa i hoʻopiʻi ma mua o ka ʻai ʻana o nā pākeke. ʻO ka hana kaohi i nā crocodiles nui, ka hiki ʻole o ko lākou mau wahi noho a me ka nele o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā tranquilizer no ka wikiwiki immobilization, hana i nā lāʻau i kālai ʻia e paʻakikī i ke aʻo ʻana i nā holoholona. Kūkulu ʻia ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia o nā pākeke ma nā hōʻike o nā mea ʻike loea a me nā nānā ʻepekema i ke kūlohelohe, a ʻaʻole ma kahi palapala kikoʻī o ka ʻike o nā ʻōpū.
Holo ʻia kahi ʻano pīpī manu, maʻamau i ka wā awakea. He ʻano ʻokoʻa nā kumu huluhulu e hoʻohana ana iā ia a ʻokoʻa paha mai nā ʻano ʻēa ʻē aʻe. Kūlike ʻole, no ka laʻana, ka ʻu a ʻole nā crocodile Nile, ua kālai ʻia nā mea ʻole i hoʻoulu ʻia ma ka ʻāina. ʻOiai e ʻimi ana i nā pōmaika rhesus, ua ʻike ʻia lākou i ka wā e ʻimi ana i ka hāʻule i nā kaomi i loko o ka wai me ke kōkua o nā pū hōʻā. Paʻa ʻia nā Buaya i ka mea liʻiliʻi ma ka nui a i ʻole ma nā ʻāpana nui.I ke ʻano papa no nā kīlei maoli, nā holoholona ʻāina nui, kahi kīkī hakakā e hoʻomoʻi ana i ke kahe wai ʻau ʻia i loko o ka wai, a i kahi kokoke i ka pōʻai, hoʻouka ʻo ia iā ia a kāʻili iā ia i ka wai, kahi ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka holoholona ke kū aku. I ka hewa ʻē aʻe, ua hele ʻo ia i kekahi iʻa nui i ka wai, inā hiki iā ia ke kahakiʻi iā ia i kahakai. Hōʻea ka holoholona i hopu ʻia i ka crocodile me ke kōkua o ke hoʻopili ʻana i nā ʻāhā, ke kū a me ka ikaika o ke poʻo a me ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "lethal rotation" - ka wili ikaika e puni ana i kāna ehe, hoʻohewa ʻia ka mea ʻeha ma lalo o ka wai me ka ʻuwī ʻana i kona kino ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā hopena o ka pale ʻana o ka wai, ka ikaika a me ke kaumaha o ke kino. ʻO ka ikaika o ka crocodile i pīpī ʻia e hiki ai iā ia ke wāwahi i ka ʻīwī me ke kaʻe a ʻāʻī paha i ka iwi o kahi honu moana. I ka wā i make ai ka mea i make, ua waimaka nā ʻōpala i nā ʻāpana kūpono mai ia mea a ʻā ʻo ia. Hiki ke hūnā ʻia nā meaʻai e ka mea lawaiʻa maikaʻi mau ʻia no ka ʻai ʻana ma hope, ʻoiai hiki ke alakaʻi pinepine ʻia ia i ke kupapaʻu e ʻai ʻia e nā mea liʻiliʻi e like me nā ʻōmole wai ʻole a nānā aku paha i nā mākaukau.
Lawe ʻia ma 2018, nā haʻawina isotopic o ke ake mākala o nā kūpuna mai Kakadu National Park i hōʻike mai he mau alapiʻi ma waena o 0.85 a 4.2 mika lōʻihi (76% he keu a keu ka lōʻihi ma hope o 2.5 mika ka lōʻihi a he 44% kokoke i 2.5 mau mika). ʻoi aku paha ma mua o 3 mau mika ka hānai nui e mālama ai i nā holoholona terestrial, ma ke ʻano - ka hoʻopuka ʻana i nā puaʻa manuahi a me nā mea poʻokela, hiki ke hana ʻia mai 53% a 84% o kaʻai i nā ʻano like ʻole.
Diet o nā ʻōpiopio ʻōpio
Hoʻohui wale nā pōpoki pipi i ka hānai ʻana i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi, no ka laʻana, nā iʻa liʻiliʻi, nā baki, nā pepeke a me nā invertebrates aquatic liʻiliʻi. I ka hōʻea ʻana o nā crocodiles i ka lōʻihi o 1-1,5 mika, kāpae nā invertebrates liʻiliʻi i ke kuleana nui i kā lākou mea ʻai, a nui ka papa nui o ka meaʻai i ka iʻa, nā invertebrates nui (mollusks a me nā crustaceans), nā manu, nā reptile a me nā mamalia liʻiliʻi. ʻIke ʻia nā haʻawina Isotope ma, me ka lōʻihi o lalo o ka mole he 2.2 mau kekona, hānai nā kīkī ma nā iʻa a me nā holoholona i nā wahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka 2.2-3.2 m (ka mea e pili ana i ka nui o nā pākeke. ʻo nā wahine a me nā kāne ʻōpio) ʻai nui nā ʻai i ka iʻa mua. Ua ʻike ʻia a hiki i nā ʻōpala'ōpiopio i hoʻoulu ʻia, ʻaʻole like me nā ʻano kīnā wai makua pālau, hiki ke ʻai i nā ʻoka makeahi o ka ʻona make ʻole me ka hoʻoweliweli ʻole i ka make ʻole. I waena o nā momi, nā crocodile e ʻai pinepine i nā mākau nui, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā ʻano lāʻau mangrove. I waena o nā manu, nā manu wai, e like me nā kuʻekuʻe wāwae wāwae a me nā herons, ʻoi loa ka lilo ʻana i mea pio, a ma waena o nā reptile - nui nā ʻano o nā mea nui a wai kīwī liʻiliʻi, i ʻole nā kīniha liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me nā honu. I kekahi manawa ke loaʻa nā manu a huki paha i ka mauʻu ma ke kahe o ka wai, me nā mea puhi manu e hoʻopiʻi ana i ka ʻaoʻao o ka wai, me nā mea liʻiliʻi a me nā neʻe e like me nā mea lawe. No nā mammals, nā ʻōkē'ōpio ʻōpiopio i hopu pinepine ʻia i nā holoholona e kaupaona ana ma kahi o 10 kg, ʻoiaiʻo nā rodents. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i kēia wā hiki iā lākou ke pepehi i nā holoholona kokoke i ka nui: ma Orissa, India, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo nā poʻe ʻōpio o nā crocodile i hoʻoulu ʻia me ka lōʻihi o 1,36 a i 1,79 m a me ke kaupaona 8.7 a 15.8 kg nā kao hale kolo a hiki i ka 92% o ko lākou kaumaha ponoʻī. Hiki iā lākou ke hopu i ka ungulates liʻiliʻi, e like me nā kahe nui a ka poʻe ʻeleʻī a iʻa, nā moʻo ʻano like ʻole, e like me ka c monomolgus monkey, nosach a gibbons, porcupines, wallabies, mongooses, civet, jackals, hares, badger, marten marten, otters, cats- nā ʻuʻuku a me nā holoholona liʻiliʻi a liʻiliʻi paha. Hōʻike nā haʻawina Isotopic hiki i ke kahe kai ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi alakaʻi i kaʻai o nā lako i ka lōʻihi o 80 cm wale nō.
ʻAno meaʻai ʻaʻo kanaka makua
ʻAʻole no ke nānā ʻole ʻia i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi i kā ʻole ʻia i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi inā loaʻa kahi kūpono kūpono e hopu iā lākou. Akā i ka laulā, ʻaʻole lākou i wikiwiki no ka hopu ʻana i nā mea liʻiliʻi a me nā mea hoʻoneʻe a no laila ʻoi aku ka nui o nā holoholona ma mua o kahi nui. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā ʻōpiopio i hoʻoulu ʻia e nā holoholona nui i loko o ka ʻōpio ʻoi aku ma mua o nā ʻōpiopio, ʻoiai he ʻano ʻokoʻa kēlā ka ʻai o nā wahine ma muli o kā lākou liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka papa ʻai ʻana o nā pōpoki kāne i hoʻoulu ai i nā ʻōlima, kūpaʻa ʻia i ke ʻano, ka ʻenekena (nā zambars), nā wīwī, nā keaka Malayan, nā kangaro, orangutans, nā leaka, nā ʻūlio, nā ʻīlio (nā dingoes), nā lewa, nā mākaʻi, nā ʻōlima wai kai, nā ʻāpanaʻelima ma Asia, nā aniani, me nā bantens. puʻuwai, gaurs a me nā holoholona nui. ʻO nā kao, nā lio, nā bipi, ka nui a me nā puaʻa i lawe ʻia mai i nā wahi he nui (e like me Ausetalia), i noho i ka wā kahiko e nā mea i kālai ʻia, a i ka holo lewa. ʻĀnō, ke koi ikaika nei kēia kumu meaʻai hou no ka mālama ʻana i nā pahu i kālai ʻia nui mai ka nui o nā holoholona iʻa o ka moana. Ma Kakadu National Park, ʻike ʻia nā puaʻa hihiu a me nā buffalos e hoʻokumu i ke kumu o ka meaʻai o nā pākeke i hoʻoulu ʻia i nā kolamu, me ka pīhoihoi kaʻai nui iā lākou i ka wā maloʻo. ʻO nā ʻano holoholona ʻē aʻe - nā moa, nā kao, nā hipa, nā ʻīlio, nā ʻīlio, nā ʻīlio, nā lio, nā kāmelo a me nā pipi ke ʻai ʻia e nā crocodiles inā hiki. Ma Australia, hana ka nui o nā holoholona i ka nui o nā meaʻai o nā pākeke i hoʻouluulu ʻia i loko o nā wahi he nui - ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau kulu nui e ʻai ai nā poʻo i nā holoholona he 300 a i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a i ʻole 1-2 lā i ka lā hoʻokahi.
ʻO kahi ʻōpiopio hakakā pū kekahi kāne kūpaʻa ikaika nui i hiki ke hoʻoikaika kino i kahi holoholona e nui i ke kaumaha. Ma kahi hihia kūpono i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ua kau ʻia ka pākeke Suffolk e kau ana i kahi ton a hiki ke huki hou aku ma mua o 2000 kg, ua hopu ʻia i loko o ke kai, a huki ʻia i loko o ka wai a i luku ʻia e ka pēlapa kāne nui i kāʻili ʻia i loko o kahi mau minuke. ʻO nā bipi pākeke a me nā pōpoki poʻokela, ke kaupaona nei ma ke kaupaona ʻoi aku, me ke ʻano ʻāʻī o India, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia i nā holoholona ʻāina nui loa loa i hiki ke pepehi ʻia e nā crocodile i kāʻili ʻia no ka meaʻai. ʻO kahi ʻano ʻē wale nō hou a he nui loa a hiki i ka hiki ke hoʻohālikelike i ka pahuhopu nui i ka ʻaihue ʻo Nile. Akā ma muli o ka territoriality, ʻaʻole like me ka ʻauʻau Nile, kahi e hiki ai ke hōʻake i nā mea nui me nā ʻohana, nā alakilima ka mea i huki wale ʻia.
ʻAʻole like me nā iʻa, nā ʻami a me nā holoholona ʻano ʻē aʻe, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā ʻiʻo nunui i ka sporadically kokoke i ka wai, a no laila, e ʻimi kūleʻa nā kīlala i nā wahi i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ai nā mea pōpilikia. Ma Sumbawa, ʻike ʻia nā ʻano kīlaha e pepehi ai i ka nui o ka nui, ke wiwo ʻole e holo ma waena o ka moku nui a me nā mokupuni e hoʻopuni ana iā ia, akā hoʻi i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana i ka lele o ka wā.
Nā pono hana lako
I ka makahiki 2011, ua loaʻa kahi hōʻike no ka hōʻeha ʻana i ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia i ka buou 4.4 mika i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka wahine nui o Bengal a 5-6 makahiki paha ma Sundarban. I ka mōʻaukala, ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o ka hoʻopili ʻana ma waena o kēia poʻe predator - ua kamaʻilio nā mea huakaʻi o nā makahiki i hala e pili ana i nā hakakā o nā crocodiles a me nā tigers. Ma nā kūlana o kahi ululāʻau kai nui i hōʻea ʻia, nui ka nui o ka hōʻeha ʻana i nā mea kaua e hoʻoulu ʻia e nā crocodiles i ʻō a no laila e hoʻāʻo e haʻalele i nā wahi pilikia. Ua mālama ʻia aia nā likers e pale aku i nā littoral zone kahi kahi basocodiles bask i ka lā i ka mahina hoʻoilo.
No nā ʻano crocodiles i hoʻohui ʻia, he ʻano koʻikoʻi nui ka cannibalism. Eia kekahi, kāohi lākou i nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe i hiki ai ke hālāwai me ke ʻano hihiu, a inā hiki, hiki ke ʻimi maʻa a ʻai lākou. Ma Australia, ua hoʻopaʻa pinepine ʻia nā lāʻau kīwī liʻiliʻi o Ausetalia i ka mea i hoʻopili ai i nā mea kina. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ma Sri Lanka e pale aku nā kina i ka loiloi i nā pahu me nā mea i kālai ʻia e ka noho ʻana i nā kino wai i mamao loa o nā pūnaehana kahawai a me nā kapakai kai, ka nui o nā loko liʻiliʻi. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i nā kunu kolo ke kū iā lākou iho, a me nā kūlana i hōʻemi ʻia i nā lāʻau kālai ʻia i Sri Lanka, ʻike ʻia lākou i ke aloha pū me ka mea hope. ʻO ka hoʻoweliweli o ka wīwī pololei i ka lāʻau kīpē hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka noho hou ʻana o nā gavial wahaheʻe, Pelekane, New Guinean a me Siamese crocodiles, akā no ka ʻike ʻole o ka mālama pono ʻana o kēia mau holoholona i nā ʻano kūlohelohe, he mea liʻiliʻi loa nā hōʻikeʻike. Ke manaʻoʻiʻo ia ka hoʻokūkū pololei me nā crocodiles i hoʻopili ʻia ke kumu o ka hoʻopau ʻia o nā kiʻi nui Ausetalia mai ka mecocuchae subfamily, e like me ka Pallimnarchus .
Manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻopili i ka crocodile i nā mau meaʻaiʻai i ka manawa like, e ʻimi ana i ka ʻāina a me nā holoholona wai hou, a me nā mea lawaiʻa. ʻAe manaʻo e pili ana i ka pīhoihoi i ka alapiʻi ʻaʻole wale nō i ka kahakai, akā, aia ma ke kai ākea - i loko o kā lākou ʻōpū ua loaʻa nā koena o ka iʻa pelagic e noho nei i kahi mau kilomita mai ka ʻāina. Hōʻike ka ʻikepili Isotopic i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea hao maikaʻi i ka lawaiʻa kai ma mua o nā mea liʻiliʻi. I ka wai kai a me ke kai, ua hoʻopiʻi ka pākeke i nā iʻa lau nui (no ka laʻana, he pūʻulu liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka moana moana, Barramundi a me nā iʻa lawaiʻa), nā nāhelehele moana, nā lawaiʻa moana (me nā poʻe kohu o nā ʻano nui loa: nā ʻōpala palu a me nā ʻūlū moana). Seabirds, dugongs, dolphins, stingrays (me nā pilonos nui) a me nā hiʻu like ʻole. ʻO nā hana maikaʻi loa i wīwī e pili ana i nā ʻōlima e pili ana i nā lau lawaiʻa a me kā lākou mau ʻōpio, ka mea i loaʻa i ka wā o ka lawehala ma ke kahakai, a me nā heihei a me nā ʻūo pīhoihoi, e pili ana i ka lana i ka wai o ke kahakai a i ʻole hoʻi i ka ʻauʻau. Ma ʻĀlani Kahiki, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hihia o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā heihei ma nā ʻōpio keʻokeʻo kahiko, a ʻōlelo ʻia nā lawaiʻa kūloko i ko lākou ʻike ma mua o ka wā i hala. ʻAi maoli ka ʻai ʻana i nā ʻōleʻa ʻōpio i ka wai paʻakai, akā hiki ke ʻai i nā ipu, nā ʻeke a me nā iʻa liʻiliʻi.
E like me nā crocodiles ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻowahāwahā nā crocodiles i kā carrion, ʻoiai lākou e pale nei i ka ʻiʻo palau. ʻO kahi kokoke i ke kapakai o Kimberley, hoʻopili pinepine ʻia nā alāʻau i nā lāʻau o nā kohola humpback.
Hoʻoweliweli i nā poʻe
Kūleʻa nā ʻano paʻakai paʻakai i nā kānaka he mau mea pōmaikaʻi a no laila ua loaʻa kahi inoa maikaʻi ʻo ka cannibals no ke kumu maikaʻi. Ma muli o kona ikaika, nui nui a me ka wikiwiki, ola ma hope o ke kūpaʻa kūpaʻa pololei e kahi crocodile i kālai ʻia i lilo ʻole i makemake ʻole ʻia. ʻOiai i hoʻomohala ʻia e ʻAmelika ʻo kahi kulekele i hui pū me nā alligator, ʻo ke ala maikaʻi wale nō e pale aku ai i nā crocodiles i kālai ʻia, ʻo ka waiho ʻana i ko lākou hele kokoke mai i ka poʻe, no ka mea, he kumu hoʻomāukiuki loa ka ʻano o nā ʻano kanaka a hiki ʻole ka makaʻu i ka poʻe, ʻoiai ke hoʻopiʻi ʻia nā manawa noho hoʻomalu ʻole ʻole ʻia.
Nui ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā crocodile i hoʻopuni ʻia i nā kānaka i loko o nā loko wai hou a me ka paʻakai i kākau ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻoiai ke kū ʻia ka hōʻeha ʻana ma ka ʻāina, akā loaʻa pinepine a ma muli no nā hewa o ke kanaka. Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻikepili kūpono e pili ana i nā lula mai nā wahi ulu o Australia, kahi i make ai i hoʻokahi wale nō ʻelua mau kānaka e nā crocodile i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Mai 1971 a 2013, ʻo ka huina o ka poʻe i pepehi ʻia e nā crocodiles ma Ausetalia he 106. ʻO kēlā "helu" helu make o ka make he hopena ia i nā mākaʻi o nā luna mālama ola manu i komo i ka hopu ʻana i nā "crocodiles pilikia" (poʻe kokoke i nā kamaʻāina kanaka), e aʻo ana i nā lula o ke ʻano i ka wā i hoʻoweliweli ʻia e ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā crocodile a hoʻonohonoho i nā hōʻailona luhi. Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike kekahi mau noiʻi e hoʻoneʻe i nā pōloli me ka nui o nā mea lele i haʻalele ʻia mai nā wahi i noho ʻia e nā kānaka e like me ka maikaʻi ʻole, no ka mea, hiki i nā crocodiles ke loaʻa i ke ala e hoʻi ai i ko lākou ʻāina mua. Ma nā wahi i Darwin mai 2007 a 2009, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo 67-78% o nā "pilikia pilikia" i ʻike kāne. ʻAʻole i hōʻike ʻia nā hihia he nui o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka lāʻau kīʻaha ma luna o nā kānaka ma waho o Aulalia, ʻoiai lākou e hele ana i nā ʻāina hema a i nā ʻāina hoʻi. ʻAʻole maopopo loa ka nui o nā mea i hōʻino ʻia ma waena o nā mokuʻāina o Australia. Eia nō naʻe, he kuleana nui ka hoʻopiʻi e hoʻopili ana i nā likolima no nā kaukani kanaka i kēlā me kēia makahiki ka nui e ulu a ʻaneʻake loa i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā hui ʻili, nā hui huni a me nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe e loaʻa ai ke kīlea maikaʻi ʻole i ka lāʻau kolohe. Manaʻo ʻia nā ʻano ʻai ʻo Nile i kahi mea i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ola o ke kanaka ma mua o nā mea kina i hoʻohālikelike ʻia. Ke kumu nui loa kēia no ka lehulehu o ka poʻe ma Aferika e hilinaʻi nei i nā wahi kahakai ma mua o ka hapa nui o nā ʻāinaʻo Āsia, a ʻo ia hoʻi, ma Australia. Ua ʻike ʻia aia kekahi mau crocodiles i kālai ʻia i lilo i cannibals. ʻO ka cannibal combed kaulana ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Bujan Senan.
ʻO ka pōʻino o nā crocodiles i kālai ʻia i ka hoʻopiʻi pinepine ʻana lākou i kahi kokoke i ke kahakai a i ka wai hou, kahi i emi ai ka kiaʻi ʻana o ka poʻe a ʻo ka "mea pōpilikia" aʻo ia ka hele ʻana o ka pōpilikia. ʻO ka crocodile maikaʻi loa e hiki ke hōʻeha i kekahi kanaka, e ʻike ana i kahi hoʻoweliweli i kona ʻāina, ka hoʻokaumaha a i ʻole e hele ai kahi mea hoʻowalewale i waho, e like me ka leo o ka mīkini holo. A ʻoiai ʻaʻole e like ka hōʻeha ʻana i kēlā mau hōʻeha e like me ka mea i mālama ʻia no ka ʻai meaʻai (ka crocodile i ka manawa mua e hoʻāʻo ʻia e "hoʻoweliweli" ka mea lawehala), pinepine ka maʻi o ka poʻe i kekahi manawa a kūlike ʻole i nā hōʻeha ola. ʻO ka mea ʻāpono "i pepehi ʻia e ka crocodile i mea e pale ai i ka'āpana e ʻai ʻia e ia ma hope o kekahi manawa a hiki iā ia ke hūnā ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, aia ka liʻiliʻi o ka hana a ka teritori e pili iki ai i nā wahi i kipa ʻia ʻole e nā kānaka.
ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana ma ka lethal e hoʻopili pinepine ʻia me nā crocodiles ma mua o 3 m mau lōʻihi.ʻO ka hōʻeha ʻana a me nā mea maʻi mai nā alapiʻi mai ka 4 mika a keu paha ka lōʻihi. ʻO nā poʻe āpau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Australia neʻe mai i nā crocodiles me ka lōʻihi o ka ʻenehana he 4 mika a ʻoi paha he mea make. Hiki i ke kīhāpai nui, inā makemake ʻia, hiki ke pehu i ka pākeke i ʻelua. ʻO ka make pinepine ka hopena ma muli o ka decapitation, punctures o nā palolo nui a me ka hanaʻino i ka kolone o ka spinal, heʻu pinepine pinepine — ʻōlelo ʻino, ʻehaʻeha a i ʻole ka hahai ʻana mai ona mai ka wā o ka pohō ʻana o ka wai. ʻO ka hōʻola ʻana i ka poʻe i pakele i ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā crocodiles e paʻakikī pinepine e nā maʻi e nā maʻi e ka maʻi o ka puʻuwai waha o nā reptiles.
Ma Pepeluali 19, 1945, ua kāʻili ʻia nā mea i hoʻopili ʻia e pili ana i nā koa Kepani he 1,000 i ka mokupuni o Ramri, ma ka Guinness Book of Records i kēia hihia ke manaʻo ʻia nei ka nui loa o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o nā holoholona hihiu ma luna o ka poʻe, ʻoiai ke kūʻē nei kekahi mau kikoʻī o kēia hihia.
“Ma kahi o hoʻokahi kaukani koa Kepani i ho'āʻo e pale i ka huakaʻi na ka Royal Royal Navy, ʻumi mile ma waho, ma nā ʻāpana pali, kahi i noho ai nā kaukani mau tausani. ʻO ka iwakālua mau kānaka i hopu ʻia i ka ola, akā ua ʻai ʻia ka hapanui e nā mea ʻaihue. Ua hoʻonāukiuki ʻia ka nui o nā noho i ka poʻe i hoʻoneʻe ʻia e ka nui o nā moʻo a me nā pōpilikia huki nui hoʻi iā lākou, "wahi a ka puke Guinness. ʻO Naturist Bruce Wright, i komo pū i ka kaua ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka pūʻali Pelekane, ʻōlelo aku ka hapa nui o nā koa o nā keʻena Kepani i kai i nā kīlei: Ka huki ana a ka ʻāʻā Iapana i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o kahi wai hoʻoneʻe ʻeleʻele, hōʻāwili ʻia i loko o nā waha o nā reptile nui, a me nā kūlohelohe ʻano kūlohelohe o nā kīwaha e kū nei i kahi kīpē o ka pō. Kuhi wau i kēlā ʻike, he mea liʻiliʻi paha ka poʻe e ʻike i ka honua. I ke kakahiaka, lele aku nā puʻu e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā mea a nā crocodiles i waiho ai ... mai nā tausani koa Kepani a komo i loko o nā kahe a Ramri, he 20 wale nō mea i loaʻa i ke ola. .
Ka helu ʻāina
He waiwai nui ke kumukūʻai paʻakai i loko o ka wai paʻakai (ke ʻano o ka ʻenehana momona), ʻo ia ka mea no ka lawaiʻa ʻana a me ka hoʻoulu ʻia ʻana ma nā māla lawena. Eia nā mea make nā crocodiles no ko lākou makemake i ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā poʻe. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻia e nā kanaka o ka nohona o ka crocodile i hoʻohālikelike ʻia a me ka hopu manuahi ʻole mai 1945 a 1970, ua hoʻemi nui loa ia i ka nui o nā ʻano ʻano i loko o ka pā. A ua pau loa ia i ka luku ʻia ma Thailand, ma ke kūkulu hema hema ʻo Vietnam ka nui o nā kānaka he 100 mau holoholona. Ma India a me Myanmar, aia nā papahana e mālama i ka nui o nā ʻano, me ka hōʻiliʻili o ka hua hua a me ka hoʻouluulu ʻana i nā ʻōlōpiopio i nā mahiʻai. Ma hope o ka pāpā ʻana i ka hopu ʻana i nā meaʻai, ʻoiai ka pākēneka o nā cubs i ola i ka wā ʻōpiopio, ua ulu nui ka nui o ka lehulehu. ʻO ke alakaʻi i ke kahua mālama mālama crocodile ʻo Ausetalia, kahi e noho nui ai ka nui o kēia mau ʻāpana i ka ʻāina o nā moku o Western Australia, Queensland a me Northern Territory - ma kahi o 100,000-200,000 kanaka.
Kuhi ʻia nā crocodile i ʻō ʻia i loko o ka Red Book ma ka māhele haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
Loaʻa nā ʻōlima i ka wai paʻakai ma nā lāʻau a i ʻole nā mahiʻai a ʻoi paha. Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻoia pinepine ʻia nō ia i loko o nā mea kīwī pio, nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa male ʻole a me nā ʻano kino ʻē aʻe, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia. Loaʻa ka ola i nā mea i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i mālama ʻia ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 57 mau makahiki, ʻoiai ma ka hihiu, e like me kekahi mau hōʻike, hiki i ʻelua mau manawa ka lōʻihi.