ʻO ka nui o nā lālā o kēlā me kēia kīkī mai ka starling i ka puʻu. Hoʻopili ʻia ko lākou kino ma hope aku a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia no ka neʻe ʻana ma waena o nā māla lau o ka mako, nā ʻēheu a me ka ʻoliki pokole loa. ʻO ka hoʻomanaʻo nui loa o ka helehelena o kekahi kahuhipa - ʻae lima lōʻihi loa, e ʻae i nā manu e neʻe a puni nā wahi polā a piʻi i nā kumu o ka ʻohe. Hōʻino nā kahuhipa maoli a maluhia. ʻO ka mahalo, ua nui nā mea ola e noho ana ma nā mokupuni i nalowale i ko lākou hiki ke lele a lilo i mea palupalu. Ua pale piha ʻole lākou iā lākou iho me nā holoholona a nā holoholona ʻē aʻe i hoʻopuka ʻia e ka poʻe ʻEulopa, a luhi koke ʻole a nalowale loa lākou.
Ke noho maʻamau
ʻAʻole maʻamau ka nui o nā kahuhipa, akā he mea paʻakikī loa ke ʻike iā lākou, no ka mea, ke alakaʻi nei lākou i kahi kūlana pilikino. Hoʻohana ʻia ka hapanui o lākou i ka pō a hana iā lākou iho me nā kani kupaianaha wale nō naʻe, ʻaʻole naʻe i like ka leo o ko lākou leo - he ʻano ʻano like ʻole kēia o nā ʻano creaky, nāheheʻe, nā kaniʻuhū, nā ʻūlū hāhā.
Hiʻohiʻona maʻamau
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona kūikawā o ka pipi pipi ka pipi liʻiliʻi i lalo i ka beak. Hiki i kahi pākeke ke ulu a hiki i 28 cm ka lōʻihi me ke koʻikoʻi loa a hiki i 170 g. He wai liʻiliʻi he mau manamana lima ākea, ākea a puni. Mai kahi mamao aku ʻia he ʻano ʻulaʻula hulu ka poʻe kahu hipa. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he ʻōmole keʻokeʻo uliuli nā manu manu me kahi ʻano elongated nui i nā wahi ʻeleʻele nui. Ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā holoholona he mau kīnike a nā ʻulaʻula keʻokeʻo a ʻeleʻele. Hiki ke loli ka like o ka pale o ka puʻu i ka manawa o ka makahiki.
p, ka mea i pīhoihoi 2,0,0,0 ->
p, paukō 3,0,1,0,0 ->
Nui nā ʻano manu manu, i loaʻa i kahi wahi i hoʻonani ʻia e ka kahu hipa-cod, aliʻi, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻAmelika a me ke kahuhipa Kolombia.
p, ka mea pā 4,0,0,0,0,0 ->
Kaʻai ʻana a me ka kaʻai ʻana
He huna huna loa nā kahu hipa a ʻokoʻa ʻole e hele i nā ʻōpala siliki a i ʻole ka lihi o ka mākaukau. ʻAʻole lākou makemake e ʻauʻau, akā inā pono ke hiki iā lākou ke holo. ʻOiai e hele ana ka manu e hāpai i ko lākou mau wāwae a me ka huelo, e ʻokiʻoki ana iā lākou. Inā manaʻo ka holoholona i ka pōpilikia, holo koke ʻo ia a hūnā i nā palakala.
p, ka mea i hōʻea ʻia,0,0,0,0 ->
ʻO ka manawa maʻamau ka hana mau i ka ahiahi ʻo ka pipi. ʻAʻole lele ka manu a lele i ka lewa i luna wale me ka makaʻu. Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, noho wale nō nā holoholona, akā hiki ke noho pū ma nā pālua. I kekahi manawa ma ke hihiu hiki iā ʻoe ke hālāwai me kekahi pūʻulu o nā kahu hipa, kahi 30 o kēlā me kēia. Hōʻike ʻia e ʻokiʻoki ana kekahi ʻohana, no ka mea, ua helehelena loa nā holoholona ma kekahi.
p, mea pā 6,1,0,0,0 ->
Hoʻomaopopo nā manu i ko lākou hele ʻana me ka uē e kani ai, ka mea e like me ka squeals puaʻa.
p, ka mea pā 7,0,0,0,0 ->
I loko o ka papaʻaina o kahi kahu hipa, e hoʻokiʻekiʻe ka invertebrates i kahi e. Hiki i nā manu ke hānai i nā vertebrates. I ka wā ikaika, hopu nā holoholona i nā iʻa, nā rodents, nā baki a ʻai i ka hua.
p, paukiki 8,0,0,0,0 ->
p, ka mea pā 9,0,0,1,0 ->
ʻAno hānau
I ka wā moe, e kūkulu nā manu i kā lākou mau ʻuʻuku, aia he ʻano kīʻaha kīʻaha. Hoʻohana ʻia nā kumuwaiwai, lau a me nā kumu o nā lau marsh. Hānau ka wahine mai 7 a 9 mau hua, he makua kāne a incubate. He melemele a ʻulaʻula paha ka hoʻonaninani ʻia nā pelunā, kahi ʻike papali maoli ʻia nā peʻe poʻo hina a ʻulaʻula nui paha.
p, paukō 10,0,0,0,0 ->
p, mea pā 11,0,0,0,0 -> p, he ālai 12,0,0,0,1 ->
Kāleka
He manu liʻiliʻi ia i ka nui o ka pua a iʻa paha, kona lōʻihi he 23-26 cm, ke kaumaha he 100-180 g. Waho, he ʻano kuʻuna a he hipa paha, akā e kū ana ma waena o lākou me kahi beak lōʻihi, 3-4.5 cm, ʻihiʻuʻu ma ke kaʻe. Hoʻokomo ʻia ke kino a ikaika loa i hope. Ua lōʻihi ka ʻāʻī, i ka neʻe ʻana i ka ʻāina i mua. He lōʻihi ka beak, ʻilihune, pohō a lalo, ʻo ka beak a ʻo ka hope o ka beak he ʻōuli me kahi ʻulaʻula, ʻo ke koena o ka beak he ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ka ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula. ʻO ka iris he ʻalani-ʻulaʻula. ʻO ka polū o ke poʻo, ka ʻāʻī a me ka ʻōpū o ke kino he hina-kila, ma nā ʻaoʻao a ʻaoʻao kekahi ma ka ʻōpū i ʻike ʻia ke kāʻei ākea e pili ana i ka pehu a me ka pōkole. ʻŪpū keʻokeʻo. ʻO nā ʻeke a me nā ʻāpana pale ʻeleʻele ka ʻulaʻula me nā kaula ākea ākea. ʻO ka flywheel mua 10, hoʻokele 12. ʻO ka wīwī he pokole, hōʻuluʻulu, ke neʻe pinepine ana a ke kuʻi nei a o ka neʻe ʻana. Pono nā wāwae, ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula, a me nā manamana wāwae lōʻihi. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa like nā ʻokoʻa a nā keikikāne a me nā wahine, ʻoi aku ka nānā o nā kāne. He ʻokoʻa nā manu ʻōpio i nā pākeke - he keʻokeʻo ko lākou mau ihu a me ko lākou ʻōpio, a ʻōpū nui ka umauma a me ka mua o ka ʻōpū me nā wahiʻeleʻele. Ma ke komo ʻana o nā kahu hipa mea ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa me nā manu ʻē aʻe e pili ana, akā naʻe, i loko o ke ʻano kūlohelohe o kēia ʻano, he puʻupuʻu lōʻihi e hoʻopiʻi iā lākou. Mai nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o nā ʻano kahu hipa, hoʻohanohano ʻia nā holoholona ʻano wai me nā hiʻohiʻona - he kumula ʻulaʻula, nā ʻulaʻula a me nā keʻokeʻo a me nā ʻulaʻula ulaula.
Wahi a ka ʻāpana a me ke kala, he 4 subspecies o ke kahuhipa wai, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i kahi kikoʻī.
- Allus aquaticus aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758 - Nā helu huahelu inoa. ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika Komohana a me Komohana Komohana.
- ʻO Rernus aquaticus hibernans Salomonsen, 1931 - Kahiki.
- Allus aquaticus kuhikuhi Blyth, 1849 - ʻUlalia, Siberia, ka Far East, Korea, ʻĀpana ʻākau. ʻO nā wēlū ma lalo o Bengal, Thailand, Laos, Southeast China, Taiwan a me Japan Japan.
- Rallus aquaticus korejewi Zarudny, 1905 - Mai ke kai Aral a hiki i Lake Balkhash. Ke kūkulu hema iā Iran, ʻo Kashmir a me ke komohana a me Kina waena o Kina.
Manaʻo
Hoʻokipa kūikawā ka uwē ʻana o ke kahuhipa, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā manu ʻē aʻe i loko o ka pā. Hoʻohālike ʻia nā koho he nui, e komo pū ana ke ʻano kaniʻuhū i like me ka nui o kahi puaʻa. Eia kekahi, hiki i nā manu ke hoʻopue i nā whistles pōkole pololei, kahi mea e like me ka "ʻōpio", a me ka pāʻana i ka ʻalo ʻana i ka "keke", pinepine mau ʻia.
Mālama
Hoʻokipa nā kahu hipa i ka ʻāina ākea o Eurasia, a pēlā ma ʻApelika Hikina. I ʻEulopa, ua nui lākou i ka ʻike, me ka ʻike ʻole o Northern Scandinavia a me nā ʻāpana ʻĀina o Rūsia, akā he sporadic - mai kekahi mau wahi i hōʻike ʻia nā wahi e pili ana i nā wahi hana, aʻo nā poʻe me kahi ʻano like ʻole ʻole. Ua loaʻa iā lākou ma ka Pelekane, Faroe, Balearic Islands a ma Iceland. Nui nō paha nā kānaka kaawale ma ʻAsia. ʻO nā moʻokū ma ke komohana o Turkey, ma Transcaucasia, aia paha ma ke komohana o Iran a me Iraq, ma Central Asia, Kazakhstan, China, Korea a me Iapana. Ua kue ka ʻikepili e pili ana i ka heluna kanaka o India - i nā ʻano like ʻole e hōʻoia a e hōʻole paha i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā manu hānai i kēia ʻāina.
Ma ka ʻāpana ʻo ʻEulopa, ʻo ka palena o ka ʻākau e pili ana i ka ʻāina Karelian Isthmus, Ladoga, Plescheevo a me nā Zabolotsky kihi, hema hema o Kirg rehiyon, Bashkiria a me Chelyabinsk wahi. Aia i loko o Western Siberia, nā manu i loaʻa wale ma ke kūkulu hema ma ka palena ʻo Kazakhstan - ma Altai, ma Tyumen, Omsk a me Novosibirsk. I Siberia Hikina, ka mea i ku aku ai ma Transbaikalia, i Irkutsk, i ka Vitim Plateau, i ke awāwa o ke Vilyui hema hema o 64 ° N, ma ka wai o Lena ma hema o 61 ° N. w lu. E māhele ʻia ma ka ʻāina Ussuri ma ke ʻākau i ka waha o ka ʻAmū, ma Sakhalin a me nā Mokupuni o Kuril e Hema.
Nā Moho
Nā kahuahi o nā subspecies o nā inoa R. a. aquaticus nā ʻāpana a me nā manu manuahi. I ka hoʻoilo, e neʻe nei i ka ʻĀkau a me ʻEulopa i ka hema a me ke kūkulu hema: i ke Kaiwaena, ʻApelika Hema a me nā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻaoʻao hema a me ka hikina o ke Kai Caspian. Nā kahu hipa R. a. nā mālamalama mai Islandia paha lākou i ka hoʻoilo ma Faroe Islands, a ʻo Irani hoʻi. Na palapala kapu R. a. korejewi hoʻoneʻe hapa - i ka hoʻoilo ke loaʻa kēia mau manu ma ka mokuʻo Pakistan o Sindh, ma ke komohana ʻākau o India a ma ka Kūlima Arabia. Nā kahu hipa R. a. hōʻikeii ka hūnū nui - hoʻoneʻe i Asia Hema (a i ka mokupuni ʻo Borneo), i nā mokupuni ʻo Iapana Hema (i Okinawa).
Hoʻaiho
I ka wā kanu a me ka hoʻoilo, noho ʻo ia ma nā kuahiwi o nā ʻano kūlike, kū, a i ʻole kahe a kahe, i nā māla lau me nā ʻōpala o nā ʻōpala, nā ʻuʻiku, nā pūliki, nā aliki, i nā ʻōpala me nā mea kanu, nā kuʻuna honu ma mua o nā pua. ʻO nā mea pono e pono ai no ka hana ʻana i ka ʻai kai kūpono kokoke i ka wai me ka wai pāpaku wai, kahi i loaʻa ai nā manu i ko lākou ola. Mālama mau ʻia ma nā pāpū, ma nā puʻu i ʻike a hiki i 2000-2300 m ma luna o ke kai.
Mea ʻai
Mālama nui ia ma nā loiloi wai a me ka terestrial - nā iniseti a me kā lākou nāʻiima, nā wīwī, nā mollusks, spiders, a me nā mea aʻe. Ma kekahi mau manawa i hōʻino ʻia i nā ners o nā manu ʻē aʻe a me nā hopu paha no nā amphibians liʻiliʻi a iʻa paha. ʻAi ʻai ʻia ka kalima.
Loaʻa ia ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai ma luna o ka wai, ma ka lalo lalo o kahi waiho wai, ma ka ʻāina, ma ka papa o ke kai kūlohelohe a i ʻole nāʻu aku.
Wajian Hewa (Ranei - Hewa Hewa)
ʻO ka'āpana āpau o Belarus
Nā ʻohana Wahine - Rallidae.
I Belarus - R. a. Lāʻau ʻolima (kahi subspecies noho i ka ʻāpana holoʻokoʻa o ʻEulopa o ka nui o nā ʻano.
Kekahi hua manuahi migratory, kekahi manawa hoʻoilo puaa. Ma ka hapa nui o nā wahi ʻaʻole i nui, ʻoi aku ka nui ma nā ʻāpana hema a aia wale nō i nā wahi a i ʻole nā mea maʻamau (Brest faritra). He ʻōhumu ʻia nei ia a puni ka moku o ka Lāina o Belarusian, akā ua kahele like ʻole.
ʻO ka nui o ka mea kahuhipa he 1.5-2 mau manawa nui aku i ka welo. Hoʻokaʻawale loa ia mai nā kahu hipa ʻē aʻe e kahi ʻāpana lōʻihi a ʻūlū i lalo i ka noha ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula. Kane a wahine i waho. ʻO ka plumage o ka ʻaoʻao dorsal o ke kino a me nā uhi e hana i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo-ʻulaʻula me nā ala ākea ka lōʻihi. ʻO nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo, ka ʻāʻī i mua, ka goiter a me ka mua o ka ʻōpū e hina hina. Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino a me ka ʻōpū me nā ʻūpī uliuli a me ke keʻokeʻo. ʻŌpū o ke kua o ka ʻōpū, keʻokeʻo ka ʻōkeke. ʻEleʻele nā hulu a me ka hulu ʻeleʻele. I kahi manu e holo ana i waena o nā kumulāʻau manu, ʻike pinepine ʻia ka huelo a ʻike maopopo nā hulu ʻulaʻula. ʻOi aku ka hulu o ka lae me he kūpaʻa lā. ʻEleʻele ka mandible, ʻalani-ʻulaʻula loa ke kauoha, ʻulaʻula ʻia nā wāwae me nā manamana wāwae wāwae lōʻihi. Mākou ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula.
ʻOkoʻa nā manu ʻōpio i nā pākeke ma ke ʻōpū keokeo a me ka plumage keʻokeʻo.
ʻO ke paona o nā kāne i ka pūnāwai a me ke kauwela he 83-160 g, nā wahine - 80-120 g, i ka lā lohi ke hiki ia i ka 180 a me 135 g. 4 cm
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka manu he mau liʻiliʻi a me nā pā waiʻu i hoʻonui ʻia. Paʻu ʻo ia i nā pala ākea i ka umeke a me ka ʻohe i nā ʻaoʻao o nā pākeke kahiko, nā wahi wai i loko o nā pulu a me nā waikahe wai. Hoʻokū pinepine ia i nā ʻōpala i ulu nui ʻia me nā lau ma nā kahawai o nā wai i hoʻopiha ʻia, i loko o nā kahe waʻahee a me nā kuʻuna pilikika kahiko. Ma Lakeland e makemake i nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, nui loa ka nui me nā ʻauʻau kai, me nā pā o ka wai kahe. Loaʻa ʻia ma nā kahe, nā muliwai liʻiliʻi, i ulu nui ʻia ma ke kapakai. Hōʻike nā haʻawina kūikawā i nā kaila liʻiliʻi, ua nui ʻia ka nui o ka lehulehu o ka kahu hipa i loko o kēia mau biotopes he 0.23 pālua / ha. ʻO ka awelika nui o kahi kahu hipa ma luna o nā loko e ulu nui loa he 2-3 mau pahuhopu / km².
ʻO ka hapanui ke alakaʻi aku nei i kahi ʻano hana malū huna, ʻo ia hoʻi, he mea ikaika loa ia i ke kakahiaka a ma hope iho o ka lā, ai ʻole ke ahiahi. I kēia manawa, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ka lihi o ka ʻohe a me ka pōkole paha, ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka wai i nā pali silty a me nā wahi i ʻole ʻia, ma lalo o kahi kuʻi o ka plexus koʻikoʻi o nā lālā o nā mea kanu i nā ʻōpala. I ka manawa like, haʻalele ka manu i nā wahi ākea ākea a haʻalele pinepine ʻia i ka lihi o ka mākaukau.
I ka wā hoʻoulu ʻia, hiki ke lohe ʻia nā ʻakaʻaka leo manu a kokoke i ka uaki. Me ka hiki ʻana o nā moa, hoʻomaka lākou e alakaʻi i ke ʻano o ke ao, i nā pō pō e moe ma ka papa. Ua ʻohi ʻia ka meaʻai i ka lā a me ka pō. I ka wā hoʻoilo, ʻike ʻia lākou i ke kakahiaka, i ka wā e nānā ai i nā moena i ko lākou alo ponoʻī, e holo ana i loko o ka ʻōpū i ʻike ʻia o ka wai e ʻimi ai i ka ʻai. Holo koke ka manu, lele maikaʻi. Hoʻohana ʻia e ka puʻu i ka lewa, lele ka ʻohana hānai ma luna o ka lepo, me ka hoʻohaʻaka loa i kona mau wāwae, a me ke pilikia paʻakikī ka lele ʻana o kahi mamao pōkole, lele i ka ʻāina a nalowale hoʻi i ka mauʻu maloʻo.
Holo nā kahu hipa i nā ʻaoʻao hema o Belarus ma ka hapa mua o ʻApelila. I ka wā lele, lele nā manu i ka pō. Hoʻomaka ka hōʻea ʻana o ka wai i Belarussian Lakeland i ka waena o ʻApelila a hele a hiki i ka waena o Mei.
Ke wehe ʻia nei i ka pili o nā kahua hoʻomake, mālama pono nā kāne iā lākou, me ka hoʻokuke ʻana i nā malihini ʻē. I kēia manawa, i ka lā a me ka pō, hiki iā ʻoe ke lohe pinepine i ka nui o nā ʻū ʻana o nā manu. He monogamous ka mea kahu hipa, i.e., ke kāne a me ka wahine nā kāne paʻa i hoʻokahi a ʻohi e mālama like i ka pūnana a me ka hua. ʻO nā moʻokāki ma nā wāwae ʻelua.
Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka nū ma kahi kokoke i ka wai o ia wai, a i ʻole 10-15 cm ma luna o ka wai (ʻoi aʻe ka kiʻekiʻe), ma nā kuʻi o nā ʻōpala maloʻo a me nā ʻūhili paha, i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā lālā o nā kumulāʻau, i kekahi manawa ma ka hummock liʻiliʻi ma waena o ka wai i kahi wai, a ma ka ʻaoʻao o kahi mokupuni liʻiliʻi a i ʻole āpau. Ma Lakeland, hoʻonohonoho kahi pūnana i nā ʻili a i ʻole nā mea ʻalā e loaʻa ana i nā wai lāʻau maloʻo, ʻokoʻa pinepine ʻia i nā mohe ʻohe.
I ka aneane holoʻokoʻa, ʻike hūnā ʻia ke kihi pālahalaha nui e nā makahiki a me nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka makahiki i hala. Eia kekahi, inā pono, hoʻopili pono ʻia ka manu iā ia me ka makaʻala loa, ke kūleʻa a hoʻoulu i nā ʻōpala i nā pili kokoke i ka nalo ma ke ʻano o kahi hale. Hoʻopili pinepine nā nū i ka papa o ka wai a i ʻole kahi lepo me kona kumu. E hana mālie kona ala i ka nahele, hele ʻo ia ke kahu i kahi lua i ka mauʻu hohonu, a inā e hāpai ka nīnū ma luna o ka lepo a i ʻole ka wai, i kekahi manawa ke hoʻonohonoho ʻo ia i kahi papahele kūikawā i hana ʻia i nā lau mauʻu.
Kūkulu ʻia ʻo ia pū i loko o ke ʻano o kahi kīwī kaukau ʻole mai nā ʻāpana o nā mea kanu o ka makahiki i hala. ʻO nā lau hale i kekahi manawa he mau ʻāpana wale nō nā lau cattail, akā maʻamau naʻe ka maloʻo maloʻo, horsetail. ʻO 7.5-21 ka kiʻekiʻe o ka pūnana, he 13-25 cm ka hohonu o ke pā he 4-7 cm, he 11-7 cm ka lōʻihi o nā nises ma Lakeland: ʻāpana o 12-24 cm, kiʻekiʻe 13-15 cm, ka lōʻihi 10- 18 cm, mau kaha o ke pākaukau 5-7 cm.
Ma kahi piha piha o nā hua 6-12 (maʻa mau he 7-10), ma nā hanana kūikawā paha 16 paha (e kaulana ʻia kēlā kalepa ma Europa). I kahi hihia o ka make o ka lālani, hiki i nā manu ke nuhū pinepine, akā ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ka nui o nā hua he 4-7. Shell me kahi lei liʻiliʻi. E kue aku i kahi pālahalaha (me kahi pua pinkish a iʻa paha. I kekahi mau manawa, ʻano like nā hua pipi e like me ke kala me nā hua o ka ʻākala, ʻo ka hiʻona wale nō o ka hele mua o ka wā ma mua, a ʻo ka wahi a liʻiliʻi ka liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka momona hua 13 g, ka lōʻihi 35 mm (33-37 mm), ka diameter 26 mm (25-27 mm).
Hoʻomaka ka hipa kahu hua i nā hua i ka hopena o ʻApelila - ma mua o Mei (i Lakeland, hoʻomaka ka pā hua manu ma hope o ka manawa - i ka waena o Mei), akā hiki ke loaʻa i nā pihi hou ma Belarus a hiki i Iulai. Ua wehewehe ʻia kēia ʻaʻole wale ma ka lōʻihi o ka manawa hana, akā, paha, ma ka manaʻo ʻana i ke makahiki ʻelua paha o nā pipi (e like me nā wahi like o ʻEulopa). Holo ke kaʻa ʻana me ka 19-21 mau lā, e hoʻomaka ana me ka waiho ʻana o ka hua a hope a penultimate wale nō. Ua komo pū nā lālā ʻelua o ke kāne, a ʻoiai ua luhi ka wahine me kēia manawa.
Haʻalele ʻo Chick i kā lākou hua ma ka hoʻomaka o Iune a kokoke i ka manawa like i ka lā hoʻokahi. Hoʻopuka nui lākou, ua uhi ʻia me ka fluff ʻeleʻele piha, ʻoiai ke keʻokeʻo ka ʻolokeʻa. I ka lā mua i kū ai lākou i ka nalo, ka wela a ko lākou mau mākua iā lākou. A laila, hoʻomau ka mālama o nā moa i waho aʻe o ka narang, ma nā puʻu, nā platform, a me nā nests kūikawā. I ka wā mua, loaʻa i nā pēpē ka meaʻai mai ko lākou mau mākua - nā pepeke nāu, nā larvae, i loko o ka hebedoma a hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa a ʻimi i ka meaʻai, a ma ka hebedoma lākou e hānai ʻokoʻa. Ma ka waena o ka mahina ua hiki lākou i ka hapalua o kā lākou ulu ulu. I ka hopena o Iune, ua mau pū ka hulu o nā ʻōpio i nā ʻōpio. ʻO 20-30 mau lā hoʻomaha. Holo holo piha a lilo i hiki ke lele lele i nā makahiki i 2 mau makahiki.
ʻO ka hope o ke kauwela a me ka hoʻoilo ma mua o ka haʻalele, e lawe ʻia ana nā broods ma nā wahi a lākou i huki ai. I kēia manawa, ikaika loa nā mākua a me nā manu ʻōpio a hānai nui. Inā ʻoe e lūlū i nā ulu lāʻau i ke kakahiaka nui a i ke ahiahi paha, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻolohe i ko lākou leʻa wai a ʻike i nā manu, e ʻimi ana i ka ʻai.
Inā kanu ʻia kahi hapa nui o nā māla a me nā ʻōpala o ka muliwai, hana nā kahu hipa i ka neʻe ʻana i ka wahi, ʻākoakoa i nā ʻohe e kokoke ana i ka wai, a me nā mākaukau o nā māla ma nā awāwa.
ʻAʻole hana ke kahuhipa i nā ʻili nui. I ka wā hāʻule, e holo mau ana kona lele a me ka ʻike ʻole. Huli ka wā i hala a me ka make e manaʻo ʻia i ka mahina ʻo Kepakemapa - ʻOkakopa. ʻO ka wā kūpono ʻaʻole hele pololei. Ma Lakeland, haʻalele ka haʻalele ʻana i nā wahi liʻiliʻi no ka lōʻihi - i ka hopena o ʻOkakopa. Ke noho nei nā mea hoʻokaʻawale i loko o nā hale noho ai a hiki i ka waena waena o Nowemapa. I ka manawa o ka neʻe ʻana, hele mai nā manu kani mele a i ʻole kekahi i kekahi, i ka ʻai pinepine i nā wahi. Holo lākou i ka pō, a i ke ao e kū nei lākou i ka maʻamau maʻamau-wai a me nā ʻāina pāheu. Noho kekahi mau kānaka i ka mahina o Nowemapa, a i kahi hanana maʻamau (ma Polesie) e hoʻoilo lākou i nā wai ʻole hau.
ʻAi nā manu makua i nā mea ʻai aku i nā ʻuʻuku a me nā terestrial, nā larvae, spiders, mollusks, ʻōpala, a me nā amphibians liʻiliʻi. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea kanu wai. Ihi ʻo ia i ka meaʻai ma luna o nā ʻāina, ma nā wahi kīkē, i loko o ka wai pāpū a mai ka wai o ka wai. ʻO kekahi mau manawa ka luku ʻia o nā nū manu liʻiliʻi e ka ʻai ʻana i nā hua a me nā moa liʻiliʻi. Ua hānai nui ʻia ʻo nā ʻūlio a me kā lākou keiki.
No ka ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka poʻe kahu hipa e ʻike ʻia e ka poʻe ma muli o ka hiki ʻole ʻana, ʻaʻole ʻano nui ia o ke kaʻe o ka haunaele. ʻOiai ʻo ka wahi nūnū, ua luku ʻia nā hilahila a me nā limu kahu hipa e nā poʻe wānana, hiki ke hoʻopiʻi ʻia kekahi o nā nu i ka wā o ka wai a me ka makani, a make i ka wā o ke ahi wai - nā ahi. ʻO nā hōʻeha pōpilikia he nui loa ka hoʻopilikia o ka nui o nā kahu hipa, inā make lākou i loko o ka nui o ka pōloli a me ka hiʻona, nāwaliwali nāwaliwali e lilo i mea maʻalahi no nā poʻe nāhelehele e hopu ana iā lākou mai ka lewa a e komo ana i nā kino wai ma ka hau (ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻehā). Nui ka nui o nā manu i make i ka wā o ka mokulele, ka wāwahi i nā ua kelepona, nā hale hōʻike TV a me nā hale malamalama, ua make mai nā mea hoʻonāukiuki i ka wā o ka hoʻokē ʻana i nā keʻena atypical.
ʻO ke kahe ʻana o ka nui o ka nui ua ʻike ʻia me kahi kahe o ka wai i loko o nā makahiki maloʻo. ʻAʻole loaʻa he hopena koʻikoʻi ka hopu ʻana i ka ʻāina o nā lehulehu o kahi kahu hipa wai, no ka mea ʻaʻohe lawaiʻa kūpono no ia, ka mea i loaʻa i ka manawa, ʻoiai e ʻimi ana i ka wai wai a me ka manu manu i ka nui o nā waiwai. I loko o nā kumulāʻau o ka hui o ka ʻāina Vitebsk ʻaʻohe mau helu o ka helu. ʻOiai e like me ka pāʻani, he maikaʻi maikaʻi nā pipi.
Kuhi ʻia ka helu ma Belarus i 8-14 tausani mau kapālua, paʻa. He kuhi manawa mua i nā ʻano nui o Lakeland (i ka makahiki 2011) he 2-3 tausani mau pālua.
ʻO ka nui loa makahiki i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ʻEulopa he 8 mau makahiki 11 mau mahina.
He kahuhipa, a i kapa ʻia hoʻi he kahu hipa wai, he manu liʻiliʻi o ka ʻohana o ke kahuhipa, kahi nui e noho nui ana ma nā ʻōpū a kokoke i nā kino wai. Aia ia i loko o nā Puke Uahi a kekahi mau ʻāina ma muli o ka poʻe haʻahaʻa loa i kēia mau ʻāina.
E hoʻolohe i ka leo o kahi puʻu wai
Ke alakaʻi nei ke kahuhipa wai i kahi ala like ʻole, ka mea like ʻole i ka hui pū ʻana i nā hui o 25-30 mau kanaka. Akā ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka hoʻouka ʻana, hoʻohiolo koke ʻia nā ʻoihana. I ke kūlohelohe, ola i nā kahu hipa a 8-9 mau makahiki.
ʻO nā mea ʻai, ʻai kēia mau manu i ka nui o nā pōpū, nā pepeke, a me nā invertebrates a me nā mollusks liʻiliʻi. I ka nele o nā meaʻai holoholona, hauʻoli lākou i ka ʻai i nā hua o nā mea kanu aku, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hānai mau iā lākou. ʻO kahi ʻaina kūikawā no ke kahuhipa kahi kalrion a me nā iʻa, kahi e hopu ai ka manu i ka hauʻoli.
Nā ʻokoʻa
Mai nā manu ʻē aʻe a me nā huaʻōlelo o ka ʻohana kahu hipa, hiki ke ʻike ʻia e kēia mau hiʻohiʻona:
- ʻO nā manamana wāwae, ʻoiai ka lōʻihi, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe.
- ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ka pūba.
- ʻOkoʻa ka ʻokoʻa ʻana i nā pahu ma nā ʻula kuʻuna i nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino.
- Ke hele nei, hāpai ʻo ia i kona mau wāwae kiʻekiʻe, ua hāpai ʻia hoʻi ka huelo.
- ʻOi aku ka wāwae o kaʻaha, ʻoiai ke ʻulaʻula ia.
Hoʻololi
ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi o nā outfits: lalo - pūnaka - ka hoʻoilo mua - ke aloha mua (hope) - ka hoʻoilo (ka hope).
Kūkulu ʻia ka lole loloa mua e ka pehuʻeleʻele piha i lalo. I ka makahiki 10-30 mau lā, ua hoʻololi ʻia kēlā mau hulu i ka hulu pua hemp. Hoʻonui ka lole kūlike piha i ka 35-45 mau lā o nā makahiki. Hoʻololi nā manu ʻōpio i kā lākou mau puʻukū manu no ka makahiki (ʻo ka hoʻoilo) i ka pō lohi ma mua o ka haʻalele ʻana, pau ka manu i ka molting i ka hoʻoilo. ʻO ka molting piha hoʻokahi i ka makahiki; e ʻike ʻia ma Iulai-ʻAkake ma hope o ka hānau ʻana. Holo pū aku ka lele a me nā hoʻokele. E loli mau ka contour plumage. E hoʻopau ʻo Moult iā ʻOkakopa - Nowemapa. ʻAʻole i aʻo ʻia nā kikoʻī o ka molting i loko o USSR. Hoʻopau loa ia i kēlā me kēia poʻe. ʻO ka hapa mua o ka hoʻoilo ʻana i ka plumage contour a me ka fluff e hana i Fepuari - ʻApelila i ka hoʻoilo (Grekov, 1965a, Cramp, Simmons, 1980). Hāʻawi ʻia kahi Spangenberg (19516): i ka lā 25 ʻAkake ma kokoke i Olekminsk he kāne male hiki ʻole i ka lele, ʻaʻole hiki i nā lele, lele a lele nā pūkuniahi nui e 36 mm mai iā ia, ka mea ua ʻike ʻia ka molt i ka hope o ke kaʻina hana ma muli o ka lohi o nā kūlana kūpono. Kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole lākou i moʻa i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana aku, no ka mea he 200 kahu hipa i make i ka hale kukui i Netherlands, he liʻiliʻi wale nō ia e ulu ana i nā hulu (Cramp and Simmons, 1980).
ʻĀina kalepa
Aia kahi 4 subspecies e like me ka nui a me ke kala: ke alo a i ʻole ke kala ʻana o ka lau brownish ma o ka maka i ka pepeiao, ka pae o ka saturation o ke kala i nā ʻōpū o ka ʻaoʻao dorsal a me ke kala o ka ʻōpū (Glutz, 1973, Stepanyan, 1975, Ripley, 1977). ʻEkolu mau subspesies e noho i ka USSR (Fig. 69, 70).
Kiʻi 69. Ka pā wai kahe
a - wahi, b - wahi hoʻoilo, nīnau nīnau - ʻaʻole maopopo ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana. 1 - Rallus aquaticus aquaticus, 2 - R. a. korejewi, 3 - R. a. indoneo, 4 - R. a. nā mālamalama.
Kiʻi 70. ʻO ka ʻano o ke kahuhipa wai ma USSR
a - hui, b - ʻaʻole lawa i wehewehe ʻia ka palena o ka laʻana, c - nā wahi hoʻoilo, he nīnau nīnau - ʻaʻole maopopo. 1 - Rallus aquaticus aquaticus, 2 - R. a. korejewi, 3 - R. a. hōʻikeii.
1. Rallus aquaticus aquaticus L., 1758. ʻeleʻele ka laulā maʻamau. Ke aupuni Hui Pū 'Ia.
2. Rallus aquaticus korejewi Zarudny, 1905. ʻO ka māmā o ka mea maʻamau. ʻEhiku kahe, Bukhara, Tedjen, Murghab a me Iran hikina.
3. Rallus aquaticus indus Blyth, 1849. He kolala brownish e hele ma ka maka i ka pepeiao, he ʻōpū ʻōpū e hāhā ana ma luna o ka ʻōpū, ka ʻeha keʻokeʻo. ʻOi aku ka nui ma mua o nā mea ʻelua. Lower Bengal a me India a pau.
ʻO nā helu ʻauhau
ʻOiai ke kaawale ʻana o ka puʻuwai kikoʻī o nā subspecies, ʻaʻole i hōʻike iki ka hopena morphological ma waena o lākou a ʻokoʻa wale nō i ia manawa. Nā ʻano ʻāpana a me nā ʻāpana kikoʻī i ka laulā like a me ka makahiki. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa loa ʻo R. a. hōʻikeii. Noho ka noho ʻana ma Islandia a i ʻole ma Faroe Islands R. a. He pōkole ka hibernans ma mua o nā subspecies nominative.
ʻAʻole maopopo i nā pilina pilikino o nā subspecies ʻekolu o ka ʻāina i kā lākou pilina ma ke kikowaena o ʻAsia. Wahi a Stepanyan (1975), R. a. e hele aku ana i ka ʻewekema ma Tuva; i ka hema, ʻoiai e loaʻa ana iā ia i ke komohana ʻākau ma ke komohana o Altai a me ka Zaysan Depression. Mai nā ʻaoʻao hikina o Tuva, ka māhele ʻina o R. a. hōʻikeii. Ekolu ʻĀpana R. a. noho ʻo korejewi i kā bask Balkhash a me Alakul ma Kazakhstan, akā, ʻaʻole i maopopo ka mea e hele aku ai ma Zaysan. Ina e hala, alaila, na waena o R. a. aquaticus me R. a. koreiewewi uhi ʻia ma ka Zaysan kaumaha a (a i ʻole) ma ke Teritaha a Altai, a me nā awā o R. a. aquaticus me R. a. Hōʻike - i Tuva.
Kālā
Nā kikowaena waena. Eurasia: mai Western Europe a Iapana. He poʻokipa ka pae, akā ma nā wahi, inā paha, ʻike ʻia ka ʻike, ʻĀpana ʻAmelika: ma nā wahi ma Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Morocco (?), ʻO ʻAigupita. Asia: Asia Minor, Afghanistan (?), Iraq (?), Iran, hikina of the Arabian Peninsula, individual province in China, Korea (?), Northern Japan (Ripley, 1977, Etchecopar, Nye, 1978, Cramp, Simmons, 1980) . ^ E Ha yM. Ma India, e kū'ē ʻole i nā hōʻailona āpau i nā hōʻohala, ʻaʻole lākou i hani (Ali, Ripley, 1969). Noho 'ia ai ma nā wahi āpau o ʻEulopa (ma Norway, ua manaʻo ʻia he 63 ° N) a me nā mokupuni: Pelekane, Islandia, Faroe, Balearic, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Kwila. Aia nā mokulele i ʻike ʻia i nā mokupuni o Svalbard, Jan Mayen, Greenland, Azores a me Canaries (Vaurie, 1965, Cramp, Simmons, 1980). Ma USSR: sporadically in a number of nests number in Moldova, in Ukraine, including the Crimea (Kostin, 1983), in the Baltic States he nui ma nā wahi (Valius et al., 1977, Birds of Latvia, 1983).
He mea maʻamau ia ma ka hapa nui o Belarus, a nui hoʻi i Polesie (Fedyushin, Dolbik, 1967) ua lilo i mea maʻamau i nā ʻāina Leningrad a me Pskov, loaʻa ma ke kahakai ʻo Lake Ladoga (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). He meaʻino ia i ka waena waena o nā panalā o ʻEulopa o ka ʻāina: ma Smolensk, Gorky, Moscow, Tula, Ryazan, Tambov, Penza, Ulyanovsk, Saratov, Kirov nā ʻāina a me Bashkiria (Spangenberg, 19516, Vorontsov, 1967, Popov, 1977, etc.). I ka ʻākau, ʻike ʻia ʻo Vesyegonsk ma ka ʻāina Yaroslavl. (Lakes Pereslavl a me Zabolotskoe), hema hema o Kirg., Kahi i ka hikina, ua iho ka palena ma Ufa, Chelyabinsk. ʻO nā mea hoʻonani manuahi i ka pae chernozem (Barabash-Nikiforov, Semago, 1963).
Ma Western Siberia, ua māhele ʻia ma kahi ʻākau i ka hema, loaʻa i ke komohana ʻākau ma Altai, ma nā wahi Omsk a me Novosibirsk (Kuchin, 1976, Koshelev, Chernyshov, 1980), ma nā ʻaoʻao hema o ka ʻāina Tyumen, kokoke i Krasnoyarsk a me Minusinsk (Spangenberg, 19516). Ma Kazakhstan iʻoi aku ka nui, akā ma ka waha o nā Urals, nā kihiʻo Volga-Ural, ma Ilek, i nā loko kokoke o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Irgiz, i ka ʻaoʻao o Turgai, ma Naurzum ma ke kūkulu ʻākau o ka moku o Kustanai, ma Zaysan, ma ka awāwa o Balkhash-Alakul, Ili Valley , aia ma na kaawai o ka haole o ka Dzungarian a me Zailiysky Alatau, ma kahi kokoke o Alma-Ata, i na awawa o na kahawai Chu, Syr Darya, o lalo loa o Chir-chik a me Keles (Dolgushin, 1960). I Tajikistan, ka mea hanohano, hapa nalo, nā loko me nā awāwa o nā muliwai, koe wale nō ka Pamirs (Abdusalyamov, 1971). Ma Kyrgyzstan, he mea maʻamau i ka wahi i kūkulu ʻia ai ma ke awāwa Chuy, ma Issyk-Kul, a me nā wā hānau no hoʻi ma laila (Yanushevich et al., 1959). Ma Uzbekistan, aia ka ʻawa i nā awāwa o nā awāwa o Syr Darya a me Amu Darya, i nā ʻāpana a me nā mea hoʻonaninani kūlohelohe, ma Turkmenistan e loaʻa ana i ka'āina Tashauz. (Spangenberg, 19516).
Me he mea ʻole lā ʻaʻohe hoka ma waena o ka poʻomanaʻo a me nā subspecies East Asia, ʻoiai ua loaʻa nā ʻelua ma Tuva (Stepanyan, 1975). Ma Transbaikalia, loaʻa i kahi kahuhipa ma nā wahi he nui, ma ka pāpale Vitim ma nā awāwa Chary a Barguzin (Izmailov, 1967), kokoke i Kyakhta a i ke awāwa Tunkinsky (Izmailov, Borovitskaya, 1973), ma ka muliwai. Arguni (Spangenberg, 19516). ʻIke ma ke kūkulu hema o ka ʻāina ʻo Irkutsk, ma Vilyui kokoke i Kirensky, ma ka muliwai Lena ma kokoke o Olekminsky (61 ° N) a me Yakutsky (62 ° N), he mau mea hilahila ia ma Middle Amur (Spangenberg, 19516). Kuhi ʻia ma Primorye ma ka muliwai. ʻO Ussuri, i ka ʻākau i ka pūpū o ka Amur, akā i ka ʻāina o Khanka, inā, i ka wahi o ke kauā. ʻAʻole mālama ka hoʻopakele, akā aia wale nō ma ka neʻe ʻana o ka wā lohi (Glushchenko, 1979). He kupaianaha ʻo ia ma Southern Primorye, ʻike ʻia ma ka wahi huna ma B. Pelis Island a kokoke i Lā. Hassan (Vorobiev, 1954, Nechaev, 1971, Panov, 1973).
Pahu ma Sakhalin, nā Mokupuni o Shantar a me nā Mokupuni o Kuril Hema (Nechaev, 1969). ʻO nā loli kuʻuna i ka waʻa o ke kahuhipa wai ka luhi iki ʻole. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o kona pā ma Latvia (Birds of Latvia, 1983) a i nā ʻāina Leningrad a me Pskov (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983), i ʻike ʻia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20, ua ʻike ʻia. I loko o ʻEulopa ʻEulopa, ma ka manawa like, ua ʻike ʻia kahi neʻe ʻākau i Suena a me kahi ʻano ma Finland (Cramp, Simmons, 1980), akā ma Bavaria (Kelemānia) no 1961 - 1981. ua emi ka helu o nā kahu hipa i 20 mau manawa (Reicholf, 1982).
Hoʻoilo
Aia ma a puni o ʻAmelika Hema. I Palani a me Pelekane nui, nā kahu hipa i hoʻoilo ma Netherlands, a ma ka Netherlands hele e hoʻouluulu ʻia ma Kelemānia a me nā ʻāina Scandinavian (Kroon, 1984). E holo ana ka palena hikina o ka hoʻoilo ma ka ʻaoʻao o Ianuali. Nā Winters i ka hema ma Italia, Greece, ma nā mokupuni o ke Kai Hikina (Corsica, Kipa, Crete, Malta), ma ka ʻArani a me Sinai Peninsulas, ma Morocco, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, ʻĀina ʻĀsia, ma nā Mokupuni ʻo Ryukyu (Iapana), ma ka Hema -ʻAsternina Asia. ʻO ka winters i ka nui o ka helu ma nā wahi hema o USSR: ma ke komohana ʻākau o ka ʻaoʻao o ke Kaiʻula, ma ka Caucasus, e komo pū ana ʻo Lake Sevan, ma ka mokupuna Crimean (Spangenberg, 19516, Kostin, 1983, kā mākou ʻike ma Odessa i 1981-1993). ʻO ka hoʻoilo ma hoʻokahi o ka hoʻoilo ma Belarus (Fedyushin, Dolbik, 1967). Ma Kazakhstan, he mea maʻamau ma nā kahe wai ʻole o ka mauna i nā kahe o Zailiysky a me Dzhungarsky Alatau, ma lalo o ka Charyn, kokoke i Dzharkent, Chimkent, hoʻokahi kanaka ʻike i ʻike kokoke iā Kustanai (Dolgushin, 1960). Hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia nā Winters ma Tajikistan, ma Kyrgyzstan ma Issyk-Kul, i Turkmenistan ma nā awāwa o nā awāwa Murgab, Tejen, Atrek, Amudarya, ma ka ʻaoʻao holoʻokoʻa hema hema o Tashkent a i Samarkand ma Uzbekistan.
Pāʻī ka kiko o ke kahuhipa wai i ka ʻāina āpau ma ke kūkulu hema o ka wahi huna. I ka wā lele, loaʻa nā kahu hipa ma nā kino wai āpau a ma nā wahi kūpono ʻole loa, me nā wahi kuahiwi a me nā wahi neoneo, e kālele ana i nā loko nui, i loko o nā kahe o nā muliwai hema.
Nā Moho
ʻIke pono ʻia, kahi i pili ʻia me ke ʻano huna a me ka lele ʻana o ka pō i kahi puʻu wai. ʻO ka hiki wale nō ka hōʻea a me ka lā haʻalele i ʻike ʻia. Ka mea, ke lele nei nā kahu wai wai ma ke alo ākea me nā ala ʻole. ʻO nā kuhikuhi nui: i ka hāʻule ʻana mai ke komohana hema a i hema a me ke komohana, ma ke alo o ka pūnāwai. Ma ka kiko, mālama nā kahuhipa i kēlā me kēia, hoʻokahi aniani ka hūnā i nā huhū i loko o nā lā ma nā wahi hānai o nā lā 5-20. Loaʻa ka lele ma ka pō. Holo lākou a ʻike pū ʻia ma ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a kiʻekiʻe i lalo o ka ʻāina, i ʻike ʻia e nā loaʻa ʻana o nā kahu hipa make ma nā keʻena liona, nā televise a me nā lekiō, a ma lalo o nā kelepona o nā laina elele a me ke kelepona telegraph.
Hoʻomaka ʻia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana i ka pūnāwai ma ka hopena o ka pūnāwai, i ʻike ʻia ka hōʻea ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka nui o ke ea no ka lā ma o 0 ° С, ka hoʻooloke ʻana o ka hau a me ka hau ma nā mākā kahakai. Hele ia i Moldova i ka waena waena oʻApelila (Averin, Ganya, 1971), i hoʻolauna ʻia ai ma Belarus i ka manawa like (Fedyushin, Dolbyk, 1967), nā ʻōlelo Baltic. Ma ka ʻāina Leningrad kū i ka hapa mua o Mei, e holo ana a i ka hopena o Iune (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). I loko o Crimea, lele ka wai i ka pūnāwai i ka hoʻomaka o Malaki - i ka hoʻomaka o ʻApelila, a ua hui e kokoke ana iā Alushta i ka lā Malaki 12 a me 28 (Kostin, 1983). Ma lalo o Kherson i hele mai ai ma ka hopena o Malaki, i ka ʻāina Kharkov. - 28 Malaki - 29 ʻApelila (Spangenberg, 19516). Ma ka māhele ʻo Volga-Kama, ʻike ʻia ia i ka hopena o ʻApelila - mua o Mei (Popov, 1977), kokoke iā Chkalov i ka hapa mua o Mei, ma ka Ulyanovsk Region. - ʻO ka lā 21 o ʻApelila Hōʻike ʻia ma Western Siberia i ke kakahiaka nui o Mei (Koshelev, Chernyshov, 1980), i Altai - i nā hapa mua o Mei. Ua hōʻea ʻia hoʻi i Kazakhstan, nā manu mua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka Syr Darya i ke kakahiaka mua o ʻApelila, ma ka lā nui o ʻApelila a me ka mua o Mei. Ua lele lākou ma Ili delta mai Malaki 15, i ka palena haʻahaʻa o Ilek i ka lā Mei Mei 5, a kokoke i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Irgiz mai ʻApelila 23 (Dolgushin, 1960). I ka Pamir-Alai lele lākou mai ka lā Malaki 22 a hiki i ʻApelila 15 (Ivanov, 1969). Ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Central Asia ʻike i ka hopena o Malaki - i ka hoʻomaka mua o ʻApelila. Ma Primorye, ʻike ʻia nā kahu hipa wai i ka hopena o ʻApelila a me ka hoʻomaka o Mei.
Hoʻomaka ka haʻalele a me ka neʻe i ka wā mua a ua pālahalaha loa, ua loaʻa ka poʻe hope loa ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka kahe ʻana o nā wai wai. Ma ka ʻāina Leningrad lele aku a hiki aku i ka la 27 o Okatoba, ma Baltic olelo - a hiki i ka hopena o Okatoba. Ke lele aku nei lākou mai Belarus mai i ka lā ʻOkakopa a hiki i waena o Nowemapa, ma Moldova - i ʻAukake a me ka hapa mua o Sepatemaba, a hiki i Kepakemapa 17. Ma Crimea, lele lākou i ka hapalua ʻelua o Kepakemapa a ma ʻOkakopa; ʻike ʻia nā manu hoʻoilo i ka lā Dekemapa a me Ianuali. Ma ka moku ʻo Volga-Kama lele lākou i ka mahina o Kepakemapa, kokoke ma Kharkov lele a hiki i Nowemapa 15, kokoke i Kherson - i Nowemapa, kokoke iā Kuibyshev - a hiki i Kepakemapa 28, kokoke i Ryazan - a hiki i ka lā 9 ʻOkakopa, ma ka ʻāina ʻo Moscow. - a hiki i ka Kepakemapa 28 (Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968). Ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Western Siberia, aia ka mokulele i ka ʻāina ʻo Lake. ʻO ka pahu kui ma mua o Kepakemapa 26 - ʻOkakopa 20, kokoke iā Tomsk - a hiki i Kepakemapa 13 (Gyngazov, Milovidov, 1977), i ka hiʻu Altai - a hiki i ka lā 5 ʻOkakopa.Ma Kazakhstan, lele lākou i ka holo mua, lele mai ka hoʻomaka o Kepakemapa a i ka hapa mua o ʻOkakopa, ma ka muliwai. A i ʻole - a hiki i Nowemapa 6, kekahi mau manu ma ka hoʻoilo hema. Ma Turkmenistan, e lele ana ka mokulele mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Kepakemapa a hiki i ka hapalua mua o Nowemapa; ʻo ka makamua loa o ka manu lele i ka lā 29 Iulai. Ma nā kuahiwi o Pamir-Alai e lele ana ʻo Kepakemapa 17-Nowemapa 30 (Ivanov, 1969). Ma Primorye, holo ka huakaʻi mai ka hoʻomaka o ʻAukake a hiki i ka hopena o Kepakemapa.
Ua manaʻo ʻia aia i loko o nā pūnāwai wai e lele nā lua i loko o ka hoʻoilo (Spangenberg, 19516), a ua noho mau ma laila i nā wahi liʻiliʻi, ka hoʻokuke ʻana i nā manu ʻē aʻe. Ma nā wahi nui kaiāulu nui (mau loko, nā wai kahe ana), hana pinepine nā kahu hipa i kahi o ka huakaʻi hele wāwae ma ke ala o ka migratory, a i ka la hoʻi. I hoʻokahi lā, e kū nā manu i nā wahi i manaʻo ʻole ʻia, kahi e hopu ai ka wana i ka lā. Ma loko o ʻAsia Wīwī, ua hūnā lākou i ka ʻuā o nā mammals, nā kolo ʻala o ka saxaul, mea hoʻoponopono kanaka, i nā lāʻau tamarisk a me saxaul (Spangenberg, 1951b).
Hoʻaiho
I ka wā hana pohō, nui ka nui o nā kaiāulu nui ma ka wao nahele, semi -urun, steppe, forest-steppe a me nā ʻele a me nā mauna, i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 2,000-2.2300 m ma luna o ke kai. m. Ka hapanui o nā ʻōpū ma nā pāpū. ʻO ke ʻano nui, ʻo ia ka hele ʻana o nā lau nahele i makika me ka lapalapa, me ka nui o nā holoholona me nā ʻōpala he nui o nā ʻano like ʻole. , ma na kapa o na kahawai, na ki a me na kahawai. Noho ʻo ia i ka lāʻau, kaʻu, kahe, ka hoʻohuihui a me nā hamo, nā pā maloʻo maloʻo.
Ma Western Siberia a me Northern Kazakhstan, komo ka hohonu i loko o ka loko i kahakai o ka pali a me nā mokupuni. Ma ka ʻāpana o ka ʻāina ʻo ʻEulopa, ʻaʻole ia e pale i ka pili pono ʻana o ke kanaka, ua hūnā ʻo ia a ma nā loko liʻiliʻi a me nā pā hale weliweli e kokoke ana i nā kauhale. ʻO nā wahi i kūpono loa no ka lehelehe e palalikea, nā māla pali i lalo loa o ka Danube, Dniester, Dnieper, Pinsk marshes ma Belarus, a me nā loko o ke kaha papa. Ma ka leleʻe a me ka hoʻoilo, hoʻopili ʻia i nā kikowaena like ʻole, hoʻoilo i ka nui i ka nui o ka mālama ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai lāʻau (no ka laʻana, kokoke i Odessa), i ka mahiʻai ma nā ʻāpana ʻo Danube, i loko o nā wai moana a me nā estuaries.
Hoʻopaʻa o ka lā, hana
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa mau nā kahu wai i ka kakahiaka, i ke ahiahi a me ke kakahiaka. Hoʻouna pinepine ʻia nā kanikau mare mai 18 a 22 mau hola, ʻoiai ke lohe ʻia lākou a kokoke loaʻa i ka uka. Loaʻa ʻia ka hana ma ke ao a me ka pōʻele. Ke hiki mai nei o nā moa, huli ke kahu hipa i ke ʻano o ke ao, ma nā pō pō e moe me ka lewa. Ke ulu e ulu nā ʻōpio, nā manawa o ka hana e neʻe aku a nui aʻe i ka wanaʻao o ka wanaʻao, a i ka lā a hoʻomaha ka manu, pū me kēia e ʻike ʻoe i nā kahu hānai i kēlā me kēia manawa o ka lā. E hana kūlohelohe nā ka lele ma luna o ka pōʻeleʻele.
I ka wā mālama ʻole ʻana, e mālama mau ʻia lākou a ma nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, e hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ana 3-5 ma nā wahi ʻoi, a ma ka hoʻoilo hoʻoilo pua ʻo 30 a keu aku paha. Ka hui pinepine ʻana o nā hui kahu hipa, moorhen, chippers-crumbs e pili pū ana, ʻo ka pilina ma waena o lākou (Koshelev, Chernyshov, 1980).
Hiki i ka hiamoe e hāʻule i nā kumu hāʻule i lalo i nā pohō paʻakikī, ʻaʻole hoʻi e kū i lalo i nā lālā o nā kumu lāʻau a me nā lāʻau. I ka wā hana, moe ka pipi i nā moena, ʻōpio ma lalo o ko lākou mau mākua, i kahi moʻo ikaika. E kau ana lākou i ko lākou mau poʻo ma luna o ko lākou mau hoahānau a hoʻopaʻa ʻia paha ma waena o lākou. I ka wā hoʻomaha, kū ke kahu hipa i ʻelua a i ʻole ka wāwae, screech, e huki i ke poʻo i nā poʻohiwi, emi iki ka waiho i ke poʻo ma ka kua, a nū ʻia ka lāʻau ma ka hulu o ka manu. ʻO ka pō a me ke ao e hoʻohuli i nā hana o nā hana a nā manawa pōkole ka lōʻihi.
ʻO nā ʻenemi, nā mea pōʻino
ʻO nā hōʻeha pōpilikia he nui loa ka hoʻopōʻino o ka nui o nā kahu hipa, inā make lākou i loko o ka nui o ka pōloli a me ka hiʻona, nāwaliwali nāwaliwali i lilo ka poʻe pōʻino e hopu iā lākou mai ka lewa a e komo ana i loko o nā wai wai i ka hau (ʻehā mau wāwae ʻehā). Nui ka nui o nā manu i make i ka wā o ka heleʻana, ka wāwahi i nā ua kelepona, nā hale hōʻike TV a me nā keʻena liona, make nā mea make mai nā wā hana kaomi i loko o nā keaka atypical. ʻO nā ʻuʻuku a me nā heiau a nā kahu hipa, ʻoiai kahi o kā lākou wahi huna, ua luku ʻia e nā poʻe wānana, he nui wale nō hoʻi a hoʻopu ʻia kekahi o nā nisa i ka wā o ke kai a hōʻili i ka makani, a make i ka wā o ke ahi wai - "nā mākaʻi". Ma muli o ke keʻena lawaiʻa kahu ʻole e ʻike ʻia e nā kānaka ma muli o ka hiki ʻole ʻana, ʻaʻole kūpono ka mea hopohopo i ke ʻano nui iā ia. ʻO ka olaʻoi loa ma ke ola ʻana e like me ka hoʻopili ʻana ʻo 5 mau makahiki 6 mau mahina (Rydzewski, 1974).
Hoʻokomo ʻia ka wai wai ma USSR me nā helminths i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka ʻohana; ma Ukraine, 9 mau ʻano o nā lāʻau maʻi i loaʻa - 7 mau trematodes a me 2 nematodes (Sergienko, 1969; Smogorzhevskaya, 1976).