Hoʻohui ka ʻohana ʻohana predatory i kahi nui o nā hua pili phylogenetically, kahi ʻokoʻa nui i ke ʻano o ke kino, me ke ala o ke ola.
ʻO ka nui o nā ʻelele he liʻiliʻi a liʻiliʻi hoʻi; aia ka, ʻokoʻa, akā he liʻiliʻi lākou. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino o kēlā mau holoholona mai ka ʻumikumamālima a 120 (i kekahi manawa a hiki i 150) cm.ʻO ke ʻano o nā ʻelele e like me 100 karā me 40 kilogram. Ma ke kānāwai, elongated loa ko lākou kino, ʻano maʻalahi. ʻO kahi mea hānai no ka ʻohana marten me kahi mea pōkole a me ka lōlihi kahi hanana pohō.
Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā ʻelele o ka ʻohana e ka lauoho ulu i hoʻomohala ʻia. I ka nui o nā ʻano e noho ana ma ke kūkulu ʻākau i ka hoʻoilo, he fluffy loa a hemo. I ke kūkulu hema, ua uhi ʻia kekahi mau luna o ke kino me ka lauoho palaka, aneane lauoho ka lauoho. Hiki i nā kala ke like ke: ʻala, poloka, nā māla. Aia kekahi holoholona holoholona liʻiliʻi o ka ʻohana marten, ke ʻoi aku ka māmā o ka hulu mai lalo mai lalo. Kūlike i ka manawa, hiki ke hoʻololi i nā luna o ke kaulike a me ka fluffiness o ke kapa. Kekahi ʻano ʻōuli i ke kala hoʻoilo keokeo-keʻokeʻo.
E like me ke kānāwai, noho nā papa āpau ma ka ʻāina, piʻi i nā lāʻau kūpono loa, hiki ke loaʻa kahi kīʻaha hohonu hohonu, a loaʻa hoʻi nā meaʻai mai lalo o ka lepo.
Hōʻalo ʻo Cunyas. ʻIke ʻia lākou ma nā ʻāina āpau koe wale nō ʻo Australia.
ʻO ka ʻohana Kunih kekahi o nā mea waiwai loa i ka helu o ka genera a me nā ʻano loina i ka ʻōlelo o ka poʻe predator. Aia ma kahi o 70 mau ʻano, e hui pū ʻia i 25 genera a me ʻelima mau subfamili. ʻO ka mua o lākou ka mea i kapa ʻia he martens. Aia ka pili o 33 mau ʻano a me ʻumi genera.
ʻArikine
He like ka ermine i ka nānā ʻana i ke aloha, i ka lōʻihi o 30 cm ka lōʻihi o ke kino.
ʻO mua kēia holoholona hihiu, hānai i nā rodents. ʻO kekahi mau manawa e huki wale ana i nā nests. I ka manawa pōloli, hiki ke ʻai i nā rana, inā ʻaʻole ma laila, a laila ʻōpala a me nā hua i ka juniper. Hoʻomaka i hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka hāpai ʻana ma kahi o 9.5 mau mahina. He elima mau keneta no ke kākala.
Hana ʻia kēia luna i nā manawa like ʻole o ka lā.
Solongoy
ʻIke aku i kahi ermine wai piha o ka ʻohana marten. Ua kapa ʻia kēia holoholona ʻo ka solonga. He liʻiliʻi nui ʻo ia, e ʻaahu ʻia ana i ka hulu hulu fluffy. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino e pili ana i 30 cm. Paʻa ia i nā voles a me nā holoholona liʻiliʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi nā muskrats. Hoʻohui, komo nā lizards a me nā manu i ka meaʻai. I ka hoʻoilo, ua loaʻa ke kau, ʻo ka wā ʻo ka hāpai ʻana he malama. Aia he ʻekolu a ʻehā mau kūmaha i ka litter.
13.08.2018
Loaʻa liʻiliʻi (lat. Galictis cuja) - kahi māmala hamua mai ka ʻohana a Kunyi (Mustelidae). I ka wā ʻōpiopio, ua wikiwiki ʻo ia a lilo a luhi. Ma nā'āina o ka Latin America, ua hana lōʻihi loa ia no ka hopuʻana i nā rodents a me nā huaʻai home feral.
I Bolivia, hoʻohana ʻia kahi holoholona e hana i nā amulets magical e pale ai i kāna mea nona mai nā mana ʻino. Ke hoʻohana nei nā poʻe Quechua i ka holoholona me ka llamas a me nā puaʻa guinea e mohai i ke akua o ka ʻāina, ka momona a me nā ōlaʻi o Pachamame. Hoʻopili iā lākou, lawe pū ʻo ia i nā lau coca, i nā aʻalolo, a me nā ʻuhane.
Hoʻohanohano nā kānaka Polibili iā ia i ka wā o ʻAukake, ke mahina maloʻo loa ma ko lākou wahi. ʻO ka hoʻonani ʻana iā Pachamama mai ka 2009 ua paʻa i ke kumukānāwai o ka ʻāina a ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia he mea nui o ka moʻomeheu kūloko.
Ua wehewehe mua ʻia kēia mau ʻano ma 1782 e ke kanaka maoli ʻo Juan Ignacio Molina.
Kakauolelo
ʻO ka kolana he nui ka nui o ka kolamu ma mua o kahi ermine. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino e loaʻa i nā kekona kenima. ʻO nā paona momona 750 g Ke kala hoʻoilo - ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula. I ke kauwela, he uliuli ke kala.
E hoʻomaka ana ka lāhui mai Pepeluali a ʻApelila. Noho ke kia ma ke ʻano he 40 mau lā (ma ka awelika), cubs ma litter 7.
Kālā
Aia ka wahi i noho ai ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka maʻa o ʻAmelika Hema.Puni ia i ka hema hema o Peru, ke komohana a me ka hema o Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, ke kikowaena o Chile, nā ʻaoʻao hema a me nā ʻaoʻao hema o Brazil.
Noho nā grisons liʻiliʻi i nā biotopes ʻē aʻe. Hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi ia e noho ma nā wahi maloʻo a maloʻo. Noho ka nui o nā kānaka ma ke kūlaki o Gran Chaco, kahi wahi neʻe me ka ʻāina semi-wao, aia ma ka ʻaoʻao wai o La Plata.
Noho ka holoholona i kahi kokoke i nā wai wai, makemake i ka savannas grassy, pampas, shrubbery a me nā wahi ala māmā. Ma nā Andes, ʻike ʻia ia ma nā kiʻekiʻe o ka 4200 m ma luna o ke kai, ʻike pinepine ʻia i nā ʻāina kanu a me nā hana ʻai.
I kēia wā, ʻike ʻia nā subspecies 4. Kālele ʻia nā subspecies mokulele ma ke komohana o Argentina, ma ka hema o Bolivia a me nā wahi waena o Chile.
Mink
Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ka ʻohana o marten, ʻaʻohe mea hiki ke kōkua akā hoʻomanaʻo e pili ana i ka mink American a me European. Hōʻalo kēia mau holoholona a nani maikaʻi. ʻO waho, ua like ka mink me ka kolamu.
He liʻiliʻi loa ko ʻEulopa ma ʻAmelika. ʻO ka lōʻihi o kona kino he 40 cm. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hapa ma mua a me ka hapalua wale nō. He aha nā mea ʻē aʻe e wehe ai i kēia mau ʻano mink? ʻO ke ʻano o nā niho me ka ʻiwi.
Noho ʻo Mink kokoke i nā wai wai me nā kahakai holoi holoi ʻia, ka ʻai ʻana ma nā rodents liʻiliʻi, muskrats, baki, etc.
Mate i ka pūnāwai, aia i ka hau. Loaʻa ka manawa gestation i ka manawa he kanalima o nā lā. E like me ke kānāwai, ʻeiwa mau kū i ka litter, ʻoi aku ka nui.
ʻAno lawehala
Ke alakaʻi nei nā ʻelele o kēia ʻano i kahi nohona o kēlā me kēia lā. Noho lākou a noho wale paha a ma nā ʻohana ʻohana i kahi o nā mākua a me kā lākou poʻe mamo. Noho lākou lākou i ka pō ma ke kuahiwi o nā kumulāʻau, nā pihi pōhaku a he nui ka manawa i loko o nā hale lalo. Hiki i nā pua ke hohonu i ka 4 m a loaʻa i kahi nui a me nā puka i hoʻopili ʻia me nā lau hāʻule.
Holo maikaʻi nā holoholona a piʻi i nā lāʻau. Hiki iā lākou keʻauʻau, akā hana lākou me ka makemake nui. He mau polima lākou e huna ai i nā kūmole e pale iā lākou iho mai nā mea wānana.
ʻAʻole like me ke keʻe ʻana, he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa ʻia nā mea huna ʻona a ʻaʻole hoʻi he honi.
Mālama nā puʻu liʻiliʻi i kā lākou mea ʻānai e ka mea ʻohu. ʻO nā mea pio a lākou he mea hao liʻiliʻi. Hiki i ka holoholona ke pāʻani i ka 45 mau minuke me ka mea i hopu ʻia ma mua o ka ʻai ʻana. I ka manawa mai, ʻo nā baki, nā kīlaha, nā manu, nā hua manu a me nā moʻo liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e hele i ka papa ʻaina ʻai gourmet.
Inā makemake ia, hiki iā ia ke ʻeli i ka lepo me kāna mau forepaws me nā puʻupuʻu paʻa a loaʻa nā mea ola e ola ana i lalo o ke kula, nā pika manu maoli (Spalacopus cyanus) a me degus (Octodon degus).
ʻO kahi hoʻohui maikaʻi i ka papa o kēlā me kēia lā he mau huaʻai a me nā hua.
Nā Palaka
Kokoke nā Ferrets i nā maʻamau. Ua ʻike ʻia lākou no nā ʻano ʻekolu: steppe, ʻūhā wāwae a ʻeleʻele. ʻO ka mea nui ka nui, ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 56 cm, ke kaumaha a ʻelua kg. ʻO nā pihi ʻāhā iki liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ko lākou kino ka 48 cm, a ʻo ka huina, ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 1.5 kg
ʻO ke kumu o ke olakino i loko o nā ʻano ʻekolu he koena. ʻO ka ferret uliuli, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, hāʻawi i ka makemake i nā kiʻī a me nā voles, a me ke alaʻala - i nā hamsters a me nā mea hoʻomoki. ʻO nā ʻīlio Meadow nā mea e makemake ai ʻo Blackfoot.
ʻO kēia nā lālā o ka ʻohana (maʻa ʻulaʻahi) e noho kokoke ana i nā loko a me nā muliwai.
ʻAno hānau
Hoʻomoe ia i ka wā pā i ka hoʻoilo a me ka puna mua. Hōʻalo nā holoholona i nā polygamous, ʻaʻole ʻohana monogamous pinepine. Wehe i ka wā ke hiki i ka hua ke noho kūʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka 39 wā mau lā ka lōʻihi o ka hāpai ʻana. Lawe ka wahine mai 2 a 5 mau cubs i loko o kahi lua e waiho ana ma kahi ākea a hiki ʻole ke kiʻi ʻia. Hōʻike maʻamau i nā hollows a i ʻole nā papa pōhaku. Hānau ʻia nā pēpē ma ke kaupaona ʻana he 35 g, makapō a ua kuli, akā ua uhi ʻia me ka pulu pōkole pokole.
Ka ʻelua hānau i ka makahiki mai Malaki a ʻApelila a mai ʻAukake a Sepatemaba.
ʻO nā pilikia a pau o ka hānai ʻana i nā kaikuahine e kau ana ma luna o nā poʻohiwi makuahine. ʻO ka maʻamau, nā makuakāne, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, hana wale i ka kiaʻi kiaʻi, e koi ana i ka ʻohana o kahi pilikia e hiki ai ke kani me nā kani ulu. I ka pio, he ala aʻe kekahi o lākou me ka makua kāne aloha, a hoʻomaka lākou e pāʻani me kā lākou mau keiki.
Noho ka waiʻai e hoʻopau ana ma kahi o ʻelua mahina.I ka hebedoma ʻelua, wehe ʻia nā maka, a i ka hāhā pule, hoʻomaka nā pēpē e hoʻololi malie i ka meaʻai paʻa. Ma hope o ka lactation, hele lākou i ka hopu me kā lākou makuahine. Hānau nā ʻōpio makahiki ʻehā i ka nui o nā holoholona makua a hiki iā ia ke mālama pono iā lākou iho a hana me ka ʻole o ka mālama ʻana i ka makua. E lilo lākou i kāne kamelemakule i ka makahiki o kekahi.
ʻO keʻano
ʻO waho, e like ka mea o nā holoholona me kahi moʻo nui (Galictis vittata) akā, he haʻahaʻa loa i ka nui. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino he 44-68 cm, mau pepeiao 2-3 cm, ʻehā 14-19 cm. ʻO ke kaumaha 1200-2500 g. ʻAʻohe dimorphism o ka ʻalani i ke kala.
Hoʻopili ke kino a elongated, lōʻihi ka ʻāʻī, pōkole nā wāwae. ʻO ka ʻili a he puʻupuʻu. Ua pepiki ʻia ke poʻo a kūlohelohe maoli i ka mokulele. ʻEleʻele nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo a me nā muzzle. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻōkuhi momona ma ka lei, nape hina. ʻO ka koena o ka huluhulu he pale ʻele.
Aia ka pepeiao i nā pihi ma hope o ke kaʻe. Aia ka vibrissae uliuli ma kahi o ka muzzle. He 34 mau niho i loko o ka waha.
Koi ka ola ma nā makahiki he 6-8 mau makahiki. I ka noho pio ʻana, hiki i kahi noho liʻiliʻi ke noho a hiki i 11-12 mau makahiki.
Martens
Ma kēia e kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i ka male a me nā pine mart. ʻOi aku ka nui o kēia mau holoholona ma mua o nā ferrets. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ka marten pōhaku ma ke awelika 45 cm, a ʻo ka nui ma mua aʻe o ka 2,5 kg. Maʻuku kahi liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka lōʻihi o kona kino he maʻamau ka 44 cm, a ʻo ke kaupaona mai 750 a 1500 kāmela. ʻO ka ikaika o ke kino o ka marten, ʻūpiki, nui nā pepeiao, kūkulu ʻia. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o kēia mau ʻano i ke ʻano o nā niho a me ka ʻūlū. ʻO kahi nānā hou aku ʻo ka hema i ka pōhaku marten.
E like me ka inoa e hōʻike nei, e noho nei ka nahele ma nā ululāʻau i ʻihi ʻia i ka coniferous uliuli a hui ʻia. I kekahi manawa e noho ka pōhaku ma ia wahi, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻike ma nā pali iʻaʻole ʻole. Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ua hele nui lākou i ka pō, ʻoiai hiki iā ʻoe ke hālāwai me lākou i ke ao.
ʻAi ka pine marten i nā rodents, i kekahi manawa hares. Hoʻokomo pū ka pōhaku i ke ala like, akā e noho ana ka mea kanu i ka ʻai o ke liona i kāna meaʻai. Hele ʻo Gon i ka manawa Iune-ʻAukake. ʻO ka awelika ʻelima mau poʻo i hānau ʻia i kahi litter
Kāke
ʻO holoholona ʻo Sable kahi holoholona kaulana loa a me kahi kino stock a me kahi huelo pōkole. ʻO ka lōʻihi ka nui o ke kino he 44 cm.ʻeleʻele ka hulu o ka sable, ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele. E hānai ana i nā meaʻai a me nā mea kanu. I ke kauwela ua hoʻopau lākou i nā pepeke. Hānau ʻia nā cubs liʻiliʻi i ʻApelila-Mei. I ka awelika, ʻelima hānau.
Harza
Nui nui kēia holoholona, loaʻa i ke kino o ke kino ʻano, ʻāhinahina ka waihoʻoluʻu. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino e hele i ka ʻumikumamāwita kenimika, a ʻo ka laulu a hiki i ka ʻelima a me ka hapa kilokilo. Noho ka holoholona i loko o nā ululāʻau i palu a coniferous. Hoʻohana ʻo Harza i nā rodents, nā iʻa, nā hua waina a me nā hua. I kekahi manawa hoʻouka i ka kolamu a me ka mea ʻā.
Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Grisons liʻiliʻi
ʻOi nā kaʻe liʻiliʻi i hana ʻia i ke ao a me ka pō. Ua peʻe lākou i nā pā pahū: i waena o nā peʻa o nā pali, ma nā kumulāʻau, nā lua o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, ma waena o nā kumu lāʻau a me nā mea like.
Ma kahi lua, 4-5 hiki ke noho kū aʻe i kēlā me kēia manawa. Aia ka lōʻihi o ka mamao ma kahi o 15 mau mika a hiki ke hohonu ma kahi o 4 mika.
ʻAʻole kūpono kēia nā wāwae o ka lāhele no ka ʻauʻau ʻana a me ka eli ʻana, akā me kā lākou kōkua me nā holoholona e holo pololei a piʻi i nā lāʻau - kahi māhuahua nā wāwae o nā wāwae, a loaʻa nā mākeke palaka ma nā manamana lima.
Maikaʻi i nā pōpoki liʻiliʻi nā lā a me ke ao;
ʻO nā mea lahilahi liʻiliʻi, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o nā marten, ʻoi aku nā holoholona lehulehu. Loaʻa pinepine lākou ma nā pūʻulu o 2 a i ʻole kekahi. Kahi pū ʻia nā ʻano kanaka a me nā ʻōpio me nā ʻōpio. Ke hoʻohana nei nā mākeke liʻiliʻi i ka paʻakikī a me ka kamaʻilio leo pono e kamaʻilio me kā lākou ʻano. He mea nui loa ka kamaʻilio Tactile no nā ʻohana a me nā makuahine me kā lākou keiki.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano kīʻaha like ʻole o nā grisons i nā kūlana ʻē aʻe, no ka laʻana, i ka wā pōʻino, ʻoi loa ke ulu ʻana o nā puʻu. Eia nō kekahi, ke launa pū me nā kōkua o nā ʻoniʻoni, me ka hauʻoli nui kūlohelohe i kahi mea ʻala maikaʻi i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i nā kumulāʻau anal.
No nā lime ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hōʻailona optical he nui, no ka laʻana, kekahi posture o ke kino.
ʻAʻole ʻike maopopo ʻia nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā huki liʻiliʻi, ʻo ka ʻenemi nui ke kanaka. Ke alualu nei ka poʻe i kēia mau holoholona.
Nā meaʻai grisons liʻiliʻi
ʻAi nā grisons liʻiliʻi i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi: rodents, amphibians, nā manu, kā lākou hua, nā reptile a me nā invertebrates. Pau pū lākou i nā hua o nā mea kanu.
Ke kuhi nei nā Grisons i kā lākou kala kala.
ʻO kekahi manawa ʻaihue mau kaāliʻi mai ka lehulehu o nā moa. Aia nā wahi i loaʻa i nā kelepule ʻEulopa, ʻo lākou ke kumu o kaʻai ʻana o nā grisons. Ma Chile, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā meaʻai i nā rodents, a mai nā pīpī, a mai nā mammals, nā reptile a me nā manu. I ka awelika, ʻai mau ka grisons liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ka 350 mauʻa o ka meaʻai i ka lā.
Pine marten
ʻO ka helu kumu o ka ʻohana ʻo European mart marten. ʻO ka frog paling ʻeple loa loa i loko o ka ʻohana. Holoʻili ka mea marten i nā manu a me nā poli i nā lei o nā kumulāʻau, a "hele nei ma luna o ka lio," ʻo ia hoʻi, e neʻe ana a lele mai kēlā lāʻau a i kekahi lāʻau. No laila ka mea noʻonoʻo a me ka marten ʻAmelika. ʻO ka noho ʻana i nā ululāʻau ʻākau, ua ʻaihue nā martens i nā hulu ʻala a koʻikoʻi.
ʻO ka holoholona nui uluhala koʻikoʻi o kā mākou kaʻe kālele. Ua mālama ʻo ia, ʻoiai e piʻi maikaʻi i nā kumulāʻau, e noho nui ma ka ʻāina a me ka waiwai i nā kiʻi a me nā voles, e hoʻopihapiha i ka papa ʻai ʻai me nā hua niu. Hema o kēia mau marten ma Eurasia he pōhaku marten. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻo ia i kahi kokoke me kahi kanaka a i ka wā pōloli āna e kipa aku ai i nā kahu moa e mālama ai i nā moa. Ua kōkua nō hoʻi i kahi kanaka ma ka luku ʻana i nā pōpoki rodent i nā mahina.
Ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, i loko o nā ululāʻau, i waena o nā pali a me nā kapa o nā kahawai, he ola keu marten nui (pecans) e ola nei. ʻOiai ka inoa o kēia inoa, ʻaʻole ka lawaiʻa o kēia marten, ke ʻimi nei i ka hopu ʻana i nā ʻano rodents, e komo pū ana me ka porcupine lāʻau nui ʻAmelika. ʻO Martens kahi mea lawaiʻa akamai i hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokō maʻalahi me ka mea i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o lākou. No laila, ʻo ka marten kharza o Asia, i loaʻa mai nā ke anu anu o ka Primorye a i ka nahele ma Asia Hema, hiki ke lanakila i ka puaʻa ʻōpiopio, a me ka deer, a me ka musk deer - kahi maʻa liʻiliʻi.
Mink
ʻO nā māka Mink-like European a me ʻAmelika kahi mau mea lawaiʻa. Holo ka lōʻihi o ke kino lūlū ma ka ʻāina, e hūnā ana i kahi mea i ka mea kahalaha i loko o ka hau a i ʻole ka mauʻu. ʻO ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o nā minks a me nā poʻe noho liʻiliʻi o nā mākeke ʻAmelika o nā kolamu - nā kiole, nā voles, nā chipmunks, muskrats, squirrels, nā manu, nā baki. ʻO nā Minks a me nā kolamu he mau lawaiʻa maikaʻi: ma hope o ka nānā ʻana i ka iʻa mai ka kahakai, holo lākou ma lalo o ka wai. I ka hoʻoilo, ʻo ka iʻa kā lākou ʻai nui.
Weheel a pāʻai
ʻO ka ʻili ʻana o ka ʻohana Kunya ka hapa liʻiliʻi. He Lapa liʻiliʻi lākou ma mua o nā kīlaha, ua hoʻokūkū maʻalahi lākou i nā kiʻi a me nā meaʻapiʻaka hoʻi. ʻAʻole pakele nā pōmaikaʻi mai nā mea ʻimi likile e hāhai ana i ko lākou mau wahi liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka luku ʻana i nā rodents, ermines a me nā weasels pale i ka hōʻiliʻili. Ke kālele ʻana i hoʻokahi nīnika o nā wahi kai liʻiliʻi, nā mākeke a me nā ermines ma kahi kokoke. Noho nā ʻūhā ma ke kūkulu hema o nā ermines, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou i hoka ʻia i ka hau a me ka hau: ua loaʻa i nā hulu ʻelua nā hulu, ʻulaʻula a i keʻokeʻo i ka hoʻoilo.
ʻO nā luna ʻē aʻe o ka marten predatory
Pokumu ka lua melemele
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ʻAmelika ʻAmelika
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Palau ʻia
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Kāleka ferret Chinese
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Pūnaewele ʻo Poʻokela
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Kāhea hāmeʻa wāwae-wāwae
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Mīkini aloha
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Otter
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Otter ʻtedina
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Sumatran Otter
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Palapala Otter
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Giant otter
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ʻAmelika otter
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Keʻa ʻĀkau
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Inia iana otter
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ʻĀpana ʻAmelika Hema
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Koiā Clawless ʻopa
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ʻAmelika ʻAmelika Hole
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ʻ otlelo otter
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Nā Wolverine
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Nā pāpale
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Keʻa ʻĀkau
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Kāwāhi ʻoki
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Kauwe ʻia
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Palakonian skunk
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ʻŌpala keʻokeʻo
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Nā grisons nui
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Pokela liʻiliʻi
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Tyra
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Zorila
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Harza
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Ilka
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Teledu
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Tyra a me Grisons
I nā mokulele o ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻAmelika Hema, noho nui nā martens - tyra a me nā grisons. Ua holo wikiwiki ʻo Tyra, piʻi pono i lalo i nā lāʻau a ʻeleʻele maikaʻi. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka mea i loaʻa ma mua o nā mea lāʻau lāʻau e noho ana ma nā wahi like. Ke pio ʻo Tyra ma luna o nā rodents agouti, squirrels a me nā possums (lāʻau marsupial) a hiki ke lanakila pū i kahi ihe liʻiliʻi, ʻo ka masamu. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka grra ma mua o ka tyra - he lōʻihi kona lōʻihi a paʻakikī a me nā wāwae pōkole. Holoʻo ia i nā rodents ma ka honua a noho i nā lua.
Ferret
Kokoke nā Ferrets i nā martens a me nā minks. Hiki i kahi ferret a me kahi ʻikahi ke hana i kahi ʻohana, a hānau ʻia mai nā pōkoi maikaʻi mai waena mai o lākou, kahi keʻa ma waena o kahi ferret a me kahi mink i kapa ʻia he honiki. ʻIke ʻia nā ferī nahele ma ka māhele ʻEulopa o ko mākou ʻāina: ma nā ʻaoʻao lāʻau, kokoke i nā muliwai a i loko o nā paka o ke kūlanakauhale. Hūnā lākou i nā puʻu o ka lāʻau i hāʻule ai, ma lalo o nā aʻa, i nā lua waimaka o ka poʻe ʻē aʻe, noho paʻa ma loko o nā hale kūʻai, ma nā lotika, i nā wahi lāʻau, i nā ʻōpala.
I ka wā ma mua, i ka wā i makemake ai nā pōpoki ma Lūkini e mālama nā pipi i ka home a e hoʻopau lākou i nā kiʻī a me nā mea hihi. Ma nā ʻanuʻu hema, he kaikaina nui, ʻo ka alahele steppe, e pili ana i ka pua a ka nahele. He holoholona koʻikoʻi hulu manu kēia, akā, ka poʻe, i hāʻawi ʻia i kāna waiwai no ka luku ʻana i nā rodents, ua palena iki lākou i ka hana ʻia no laila. I nā ʻāpanaʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, nā kūpuna, nā palepona a me nā wāwae wāwae i hoʻohana ʻia. Holo lākou i ka ʻīlio meʻa - rodents like a gophers. Akā ka poʻe mahiʻai, nā mea e hoʻopau ai i nā ʻīlio meʻa nui. I kēia manawa ua kalai ʻia lākou i ke pio ʻana.
ʻAʻole kūpono ke kanaka i kahi ferret: ʻoi aku ka pono o kēia holoholona ma mua o ka hana ʻino, no ka mea, ʻo ka mea nui o kāna holoholona, he voles a me nā kiʻi. ʻAʻole ʻai wale nā mea hao i ka ʻai i ka mahina ʻai, akā hana nō hoʻi i nā lāʻau no ka hoʻoilo, e haki ana i ka hapalua o ka kilina o nā ʻōpū ma lalo o nā pā o lalo. Hoʻokahi ka mea hānai manu ma ka mahina ʻai i ka nui o rodents 10-12 a i kēlā me kēia lā, me ka hoʻopakele e pili ana i ka paona huakaʻi ma mua o ke kauwela.
ʻEke
Noho nā Skunks i nā nahele ʻAmelika, nā wahi ala a me nā wao. ʻIke lākou i nā ferrets, akā pili ka mea i nā badger. I loko o ke ao, e lūlū ʻia nā ʻōpala i loko o nā lua a me nā ana, a i ka pō hopu ʻia lākou i nā mea inikini, nā kiole, nā baki, nā mea ola ʻē aʻe, e ʻimi ana i nā hua a me nā huaʻai, ma nā kauā e ʻahaʻaina nei lākou i ka ʻōpala. I ka hoʻokō ʻia, pōkole ke kelepona i kona lauoho, huli i ke kala hewa a hoʻāla i kona huelo. Inā ʻole ka hoʻoweliweli ʻole ʻana a piʻi ka haki ʻana i kona mau wāwae mua, e hāpai ana i ka hoki, a e hoʻolei i kahi kahe o nā ʻāpana a ka ʻenemi. ʻErtsleʻele ka hulu ʻeleʻele a me ka keʻokeʻo mai nā wahi mamao aku i nā mea i manaʻo ʻia: "Mai hoʻopā iaʻu, he puʻu wau." Noho nā ʻōpiopio a me nā pelu i ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, aʻo Patagonian skunk e noho ana ma ʻAmelika Hema. Noho ka ʻona i ka ʻāina anuanu i loko o ka ʻāpana no ka hoʻoilo, hōʻiliʻili i nā holoholona he nui i hoʻokahi lua.
ʻO ke kapa, ʻo ka weasel a me Zorilla e kokoke loa i nā ferrets me ka ʻauhau, akā like me nā skunks. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻokoʻa i nā mea nāna e mākaukau i ko lākou hiki ke pale aku iā lākou iho ma ke ahi ahi i ka wai ʻala. ʻO kēia mau kaʻahele i ka poʻe jboas, nā pūlima lepo, nā hamsters a me nā holoholona liʻiliʻi'ē aʻe e noho ana i nā alahele me nā pāpū: nāʻaʻahu - i ke kūkulu hema o Eurasia, weasel o Africa a me zorilla - ma Africa.
ʻO nā mōlani a me nā ʻeke nā holoholona liʻiliʻi. I lilo ʻole i lilo i ka waiwai nui o ka poʻe neʻe, ua koho lākou i kahi ʻano kūkaʻi mua: e hōʻaʻola i ka makemake o ka leʻaleʻa mai nā ʻenemi. Hoʻopili wale nā poʻomanaʻo i ka wai hoʻowahāwahā ʻia ma lalo o nā kaʻe o ka huelo, a hiki i nā ʻeke ke pana i kahi wai o kēia puʻu a cushic i ka alo o kahi predator a hiki i 3 m away. ʻO ka ʻenemi a hoʻomālamalama a hoʻomehū mau i ka poʻomanaʻo e hoʻomanaʻo mau i ka hālāwai me ka ʻeke a hoʻomau i ka pale aku.Ke hoʻoneʻe nei i nā leaka "smelly", hiki ke mālama ʻia ka ʻōpala me he holoholona.
Hoʻohālikelike
He nui kino kino ke kino, ʻo nā wāwae pōkole a me ka lei paʻa, a me ka puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi a hoʻomohala aku i nā mea momona gland. Hāʻawi ʻia ʻelima mau manamana lima ma kēlā me kēia wāwae i nā puʻupuʻu koi, ʻaʻole e hoʻohuli. ʻOiai ka marten a me nā karnivores, ʻai kekahi o lākou i ka mea kanu, ka nui o nā hua a i ʻole nā huaʻai.
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Kōkua nā ikaika a me nā molars koi a me nā premolars e kōkua i ka holo pono ʻana i nā palahalaha, nā mollusks a me ka iʻa.
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Ua pōkole ka pilina ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine i ka wā hana. Kuhi pinepine ka make i ka pūnāwai, a ma nā ʻano he nui, hoʻokomo ʻia ka ovulation i ka wā copulation. Hāpai nā wahine i nā holoholona ʻōpio wale.
(Eira barbara)
Noho ʻo Tires i ʻAmelika a me ʻAmelika Hema. Aia ka palena mai kā lākou Mexico kūkulu hema i Paraguay a me ʻAmelika ʻākau. ʻO ka hale maʻamau kahi ma nā ulu lāʻau ʻeleʻele.
Hoʻonohonoho ka paila i ka lōʻihi mai 56 a 68 cm, kahi e 38 a 47 cm ka lōʻihi o ka huelo e hoʻohui ʻia. ʻO ka paona o kēia mau holoholona mai 4 a 5 kg.
Ke hana nui nei lākou i ka pō a ua loaʻa ma ka ʻāina a ma nā lāʻau. Pii maikaʻi lākou a hiki i ka hoʻokūkū i nā lōʻihi mamao ma o ka lele ʻana. He mau kaukaukau lāua. No ka maluhia, kūkulu lākou i kā lākou mau ʻohana ponoi i loko o nā ʻāpana o nā lāʻau a hoʻohana paha i nā hale i haʻalele ʻia o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. I kekahi manawa hūnā lākou i ka mauʻu kiʻekiʻe.
Aia kahi ʻokoʻa like o ka ʻike e pili ana i ka hana launa o Turo. Ua hālāwai lāua ma nā mele mele a i ʻole ma nā hui a i ʻole nā hui liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. He mau pōʻai ʻole nā kaila, akā ʻo ka nui o kā lākou ʻai he mau mamni liʻiliʻi. Hōʻona lākou i ka rodents, e like me prickly chinchilla, ma ka hares a i nā mases liʻiliʻi paha. ʻO ka mea ʻai a lākou e komo pū ai me nā manu, invertebrates, makemake e ʻai i nā hua.
I ka hopena o ka hapai, e lōʻihi a hiki i nā lā 70, hānau mai ka wahine i ʻelua mau ʻāpana. I ka lua o ke malama o ke ola, ua hāmama ko lākou mau maka a me ka ʻūmū mai ka waiū ma lalo o nā makahiki ʻekolu. I ke pio ʻana, noho kēia mau holoholona i 18 mau makahiki.
(Galictis vittata)
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻAmelika Huipū (Bolivia, ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, hema ʻo Brazil).
Ua hele ia ka lōʻihi o 48 a 55 cm a me kahi paona o 1.4 a 3.3 kg.
Noho lākou i ka nahele ululāʻau ʻōpio a me ka lua, nā ʻōpala a me nā kuahiwi, ma nā ululāʻau poʻokela, nā māla palemila, nā māla a me nā pā kula. ʻIke pinepine lākou ma nā kahawai, nā kahawai a me nā ʻāina wai, i nā kiʻekiʻe a hiki i ka 1,500 m ma luna o ke kai.
ʻAʻole maopopo loa ka ʻai ʻana i ka grisons - ʻike ʻia ua ʻai ʻia lākou i nā vertebrates liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā momi a me nā manu, ma nā ʻāina kahi i kipa aku lākou i nā moa moa kūloko. Ma ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻike o nā ʻōpū o ka uka mai nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ke kahele, ua hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoholo i kā lākou papaʻaiʻai: nā kaila ʻona (nā puʻu pōpoki), nā ihe a spiny, amyves, nā manu nunu lōʻihi, nā ʻōpala ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, mocha (guinea puaʻa), nā amphibians (a hiki i ke keiki aloha). Ma Panama, ʻai nā grisons i ka agouti, eels (fusion) a me ka haracin.
I ka huli ʻana o ka mea ʻai, hele nā holoholona i mau kilomita i hoʻokahi lā, a ʻo ka mamao ma waena o nā hoʻomaha hoʻomaha o kēlā me kēia lā he 2-3 km. Ke neʻe wikiwiki nei nā grisons ma kahi ala zigzag, ke kaki nei i ka ʻaoʻao mai ka laina huakaʻi e 1-2 mika. Ka neʻe ʻana i ka wikiwiki, ʻaʻole lākou e loli. Ke nānā nei i nā mea iʻike ʻole ʻia ma ka mamao, neʻe mālie lākou a neʻe, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ko lākou ʻōpū i ka ʻāina, me he mea lā e hoʻomake ana iā lākou iho i mua me nā wāwae ākea ākea. Loaʻa kekahi puʻe i ke ala, kū ʻole ka ʻāina i ka hehi a i loko o ka lāʻau a puni ʻole o kā lākou nānā. No ke ao hoʻomaha, agouti kekahi manawa i loko o nā pua i haʻalele ʻia.
He mau holoholona nā lā grisons i ka lā, akā hana pū i ka pō. I ke awakea, hoʻomaha ka holoholona no kekahi mau hola (a hiki i 4-5). ʻO ka minamina ka lilo ʻana i ka wahi i laila, e ʻai ʻia ai. Hele wiwo ʻole nā ukaʻi. Noho kokoke ʻana i nā noho kanaka, pinepine lākou i ka hōʻino nui ʻana i ka nui o nā moa.Pepehi lākou i nā mea kanu a me nā mea waiwai ʻē aʻe me ka pīhoihoi wikiwiki ma hope o ka ʻāʻī. Loaʻa i nā holoholona nā manaʻo a maikaʻi, akā palau ka ʻike. ʻO kēia nā poʻe ʻauʻau maikaʻi, e holo maikaʻi.
Kūpono ʻia ka mea huna e nā kime e kokoke kokoke ana i ka ʻuku, he ʻano musky ia, ʻoiai ʻaʻole e like me ka poʻe ʻē aʻe. E lele ana nā uka alarmed i ka ʻaoʻao, kahili i ka lauoho ma ka huelo, a laila hoʻopio i kahi mea musky mai nā kulu anal. Me kahi kahakaha musky, hiki iā lākou ke kāwili pololei iā lākou no kahi 'ano kūpono hoʻi.
ʻO nā grisons nā holoholona piliwi. Holo wale lākou i ka helu ʻana a i ʻole ma nā ʻohana ʻohana. I kekahi manawa aia nā hihia a pāʻani pū pū kekahi mau holoholona. Noho ka papa ʻōpala he ana i kahi wahi o 4.2 km 2 no nā wahine hānai, a ʻo ka nui o ka lehulehu o ka lehulehu ma kahi o 1-2 2.4 mau kanaka / km 2. Kuhi ʻia nā grisons i ko lākou wahi me nā mea huna mai nā kopa musk, me ka ʻūhū ʻana i ke kumu o ka huelo ma nā mea ākea.
Hana ʻia ka hoʻoponopono i loko o ka makahiki. Ma mua o ka hānau ʻana, hana ka wahine i ka lua i loko o ke ana, mākaʻi a i ʻole a i lalo aʻe o ke aʻa o nā kumulā, i kekahi manawa no kēia hana e hoʻohana ai ka wahine i nā ʻuʻuku o nā armadillos. Noho ʻo Pregnancy i ka 39-40 lā. Hānau ka wahine i 1 ka 4 mau cubs (ma ka awelika 2), ke pani ʻia nei kona mau maka. ʻO nā paona pēpē hou e kaupaona ana ma kahi o 50 pāleama. Haka nā maka ma hope o 14 mau lā, a ma 3 wiki mau ʻōpio hiki ke ʻai i ka ʻai. Kūpono nā pēpē piha i ko lākou hiki i ka 4 mau makahiki o ko lākou makahiki. I kēia manawa, ke ulu nei nā kohu anal i loko o nā lālani ʻōpiopio.
(Galictis cuja)
Aia ka ʻona a me nā ʻaoʻao hema o ʻAmelika Hema (South Peru, Paraguay, a mai Central Chile a i hele ka palena i ka ʻaoʻao hema a me kahi aupuni o Chubuta.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka lālani liʻiliʻi mai 28 a 51 cm, a ʻo ke kaupaona mai ka 1.0 a 2,5 kg.
Paʻu 'o ia i kahi' āina like 'ole o nā wahi noho: nā wahi wai o Chaco, a me nā wahi āpau me nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi me nā kino wai. ʻO nā ʻano kaola ka nui o nā wahi noho anuʻu a me nā nahele ʻo evergreen, nā kāheau a me nā wahi mauna (a hiki i 4000 m ma mua o ke kai.
ʻO ka meaʻai me nā holoholona liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe: rodents, manu (toadstools, terns, etc.) a me kā lākou hua, nā amphibians a me nā reptiles, invertebrates, nā hua o kekahi mau mea kanu, i kekahi manawa he mau moa. Ma nā wahi o ka acclimatization o nā manu aliʻi ʻEulopa (Oryctolagus cuniculus), lilo ia ke kumu no ka mālama o nā grisons.
Loaʻa nā mākaʻi liʻiliʻi i ka lā a me ka pō. ʻOkoʻa loa nā papa i hoʻohana ʻia: nā lāʻau kuahiwi, nā puʻu, nā peʻa o nā pali, nā pua o nā holoholona a i ʻole nā ʻuʻuku i nā aʻa lāʻau. Ua loaʻa he ʻelima a ʻelima paha mau kanaka i hoʻokahi hole. Ma kahi o ka eli ʻana a i ʻole ka ʻauʻau, ua hoʻokaʻa ʻia nā wāwae o ke keke no ka holo a piʻi ʻana - e nānā ana nā wāwae a me nā ʻihi i nā manamana ma nā manamana lima.
No ke kamaʻilio intraspecific, hoʻohana nui nā holoholona i ka leo kani a me ka hoʻopili pili. ʻO ke kamaʻilio ʻo Tactile ka hana nui ma waena o nā hoa male, nā hoʻokūkū, nā makuahine a me kā lākou keiki. Nā mea hoʻonani, mahalo i nā kola anal aloha maikaʻi, e hana i ka hana koʻikoʻi i ka kamaʻilio ʻana o nā grisons. Hoʻopili wale nā kūleʻa anal i ka hanu ikaika wale nō ke hauʻoli nui nei nā holoholona.
ʻOi aku ka nui o nā mea ola holoholona ʻoi aku ka poʻe ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku i nā holoholona he 2 a i ʻole nā mea hou i ʻike ʻia. Eia kekahi, ua hui pū ʻia kēlā hui, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻo nā holoholona makua a me nā wahine me nā ʻōpio.
I ka manawa pā, moe kolohe nā kāne no kekahi manawa pōkole, a ma hope o ka moe ʻana, hiki i nā kāne ke hana i pā hou me kekahi wahine. Ma hope o ka moe ʻana, hoʻomaka ka wahine e hāpai i nā embryos. ʻAʻohe kānalua i ka hoʻolālāʻana o nā embryos. Noho ʻo Pregnancy i ka 39-40 lā. Hānau ka wahine i 2-5 keiki ʻole, makapō a me nā keiki kāne hūnā i ke ana a i ʻole.
(Gulo gulo)
Kūkala ʻia ma ka taiga, i ka nahele-tundra a ʻo kekahi hapa hoʻi i ka tundra o Eurasia a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. I Kona Hema, mālama ʻia ʻo ia ma ke kūkulu ʻākau o ka kūleʻa Scandinavian a ma Finland. I Lūkini, ʻo ka palena o kona laʻana e hele ma waena o nā ʻāina Leningrad a me Vologda a me ke Teritori Perm; ua pālahalaha ʻia ʻo wolverine ma Siberia. ʻO kekahi o ka mokuʻāina US, ʻo Michigan, ua kapa ʻia ʻo "Wolverine".
ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o ke kino 9–18 kg, lōʻihi 70–86 cm, lōʻihi o ka huelo 18-23 cm.
He ikaika a ʻo Wolverine, akahele a me ka manawa like i ka holoholona hihiu, e alakaʻi ana i kahi noho kūʻokoʻa. ʻO ka manawa wale nō, no ka laʻana, kokoke i kahi kālai nui, hiki i kekahi mau kanaka ke hōʻuluʻulu iki. Aia ka lua o ka wīlona ma lalo o nā aʻa ʻaliki, ma ka puʻu o nā pali a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe i hūnā ʻia. ʻAʻole e like me ka hapanui o nā martyrs e alakaʻi ana i kahi nohona papau, ua hele ʻo Wolverine i ka huli ʻana i ka waiwai ma loko o kona wahi ponoʻī, e noho ana ma luna o 1,500-2,000 km 2. Mahalo i nā wāwae kaha, nā māka lōʻihi a me kahi huelo, nāna ka mea i pāʻani i ka pendulum, ʻo Wolverine e piʻi maʻalahi i nā lāʻau. He ia hiʻona akuhi, akā, nāwaliwali o ka hoʻolohe a me ke ʻano. Hoʻohālike ia i nā kani like me ka zx yam, akā coarser.
He ʻokoʻa loa ka Wolverine. ʻO ke kumu o kāna kōʻai o ke koena o ka waiwai no ka ʻīlio a me nā bea. Aloha nō hoʻi ʻo ia i nā hares keʻokeʻo, nā kumu lāʻau popo (ke kīleʻele ʻeleʻele, ke kīleʻa ʻona, a me nā mea) a me nā kiʻi like me nā kiʻi. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia nā holoholona he nui i nā maʻi, nā ʻōpio, nā mea ʻeha, nā mea hōʻeha a me nā maʻi maʻi paha. Hiki iā ia ke kiʻi hou i nā mea mai nā mea ʻē aʻe (ʻolio, lynx). Hoʻopilikia pinepine ʻia nā kuʻina o ka poʻe holo aʻa a ʻaihue i ka waiwai mai ka mauhelehele. I ke kauwela ua ʻai ʻo ia i nā hua manu, wasp larvae, nā hua a me ka meli. He hopu ia ia i nā iʻa - ma ka wormwood a i ʻole i ka spawing, ke ʻalīkīkī i ka ʻeleʻele iʻa ʻeleʻele. Hoʻohana ʻo Wolverine ma ke ʻano he lāʻau lapaʻau, e hoʻopau ana i nā holoholona.
He holoholona luhilohi ʻo Wolverine. Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, mālama ʻo ia i ka mea waiwai ma ka hoʻohālua, e huna ana i ke ala, piʻi i nā pali, a piʻi i nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi a lele koke i kahi holoholona e kokoke mai. Holo aku i ko lākou kua, hiki i Wolverine ke hōʻeha i ka ʻehaʻeha (ma ke kahe, ka helu ana i ka lāʻau carotid) i ka pipi, ka pipi a me ka moose. Hoʻopili ia i nā manu, ʻili ana iā lākou ma ka ʻāina i ka wā e moe ai a noho paha e noho ana ma nā lehelehe.
Mea pinepine pinepine ʻia ka paʻi ʻana ma waena o ʻApelila a me Iulai. Hoʻokahi mau kāne a me nā wahine i ʻohi wale i kekahi mau hebedoma. ʻO ka hua pālato, ʻaʻole naʻe e hoʻomaka e hoʻokaʻawale koke. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka embryonic ma hope o 7-8 mau mahina, a ma hope o ka 30-40 mau lā o ka hapai maʻi, ʻoi loa ka lā o Pepeluali a Malaki Malaki, ma nā wahi i hānau ai ka wahine i ʻelua a ʻehā mau ʻehā. Ma hope o 4 hebedoma, wehe lākou i ko lākou mau maka a hānai i ka waiū o ko lākou makuahine no 10 wiki. A laila hāʻawi ka makuahine iā lākou i ka ʻai a ʻuʻuku. Ma hope o 3 mau mahina, e lilo nā keiki i ʻelemakule, akā me ko lākou makuahine no 2 makahiki hou.
(Ictonyx libyca)
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma ʻApelika ʻAmelika: South Nigeria, Sudan, Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia, Western Sahara.
ʻO ka lōʻihi loa o ke kino ka 20-28.5 cm, ʻo ka huelo he 11-18 cm. ʻO ka paona he 200-250 gr.
Noho ia nā wahi antropogen ma ka palena me ka wao nahele. No ka laʻana, ma Morocco, loaʻa nā ʻōpika ʻApelika Komohana i nā wahi i hele wāwae i nā mea kanu momona haʻahaʻa a me nā mea wīwī hoʻi.
ʻO ka ʻai me nā manu, kā lākou hua, nā rodents liʻiliʻi a me nā amphibians, nā mea pīpī (nā lizards), nā invertebrates a me nā pepeke.
Ke alakaʻi nei ʻo ia i kahi ola nocturnal, ke hoʻolōʻihi nei ʻo ia i ke ao i loko o nā lua āna i ʻeli ai. E hoʻomaka ana ka hāhā ʻana mai Ianuali a Malaki Malaki.
(ʻIctonyx striatus)
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma ʻAmelika-Africa: mai Senegal a me Nigeria a ʻApelika Hema.
ʻO ka lōʻihi kino 28.5-38.5 cm, ʻehā 20.5-30 cm. ʻO ke kaupaona ʻana o nā wahine, he 596-88 g, nā kāne 681–1460 g.
Noho ʻo Zorilla ma kahi he nui i loko o nā hale, a ua noho nui ia ma ke ao kuana a me nā kula ākea. Hōʻalo i nā ululāʻau mau ʻōmaʻomaʻo mau.
Hoʻomaʻo kēia ʻokoʻa ma nā kūloko like-mouse, hares, pepeke nui, i kekahi manawa nā hua manu, nāhe a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. I ka pōloli, hiki ke hoʻopau i ka kalima.
E alakaʻi ana i ke ola nocturnal, ʻike wale ʻia i kekahi manawa ke ʻike ʻia i ka lā a i ka wanaʻao ma mua o kahi i hū ʻia ai i loko o kāna lua. No ka lā he hilinaʻi ka holoholona i loko o nā lua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia iho i nā lua, i kekahi manawa ma ka ʻā o nā pōhaku, ma nā ʻoka i lalo iho, ma waena o nā kumu lāʻau a ma lalo hoʻi o nā hale. I kekahi manawa hoʻohana i nā heihei i haʻalele ʻia e nā holoholona ʻē.Loaʻa pinepine ʻia nā holoholona ma nā wahi kūlohelohe kahi e hānai ai nā holoholona hihiu a me ka hānai holoholona. Hoʻoweliweli kēia mau holoholona i kekahi mau pepeke e hūnā ana i ka mauʻu, kahi e hiki ai i nā Zorillas e hopu a ʻai i nā pōpoki, orthoptera, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe a me kā lākou pili. Eia, ma nā wahi hānai, aia kahi nui o ka manure, ka mea e kīloi no nā pōpoki he nui, ʻike ʻia ka kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o zorillas.
Ke noho nei ma kahi ākea, hoʻihoʻi nā holoholona i nā neʻe a neʻe paha i ke ala o ka neʻe, me ka holo wikiwiki mai kēlā wahi a i kēia wahi. ʻO kēia mau loli i ka ʻaoʻao o ke neʻe neʻe koke. Ma ke ʻano he kōkua ʻana paha ia i kēlā me kēia ʻenemi i kahi ʻenemi mai nā puʻukū, ʻoi loa hoʻi i nā wīwī hulu manu, ma muli o ka hiki ʻole o ke kāpae e neʻe ana mai ko lākou ʻaoʻao.
Ke kū ʻia paha ka ʻīlio a i ʻole nā ʻenemi ʻē aʻe, e hānai i ka zorilla i ka lauoho, hoʻāla i ka huʻu, a laila hoʻihoʻi i ka mea ʻalaʻeu i loko o kāna mau kelepaʻi ductal. ʻO Zorilla kahi mea huna pohihihi, e like me ka ʻōpala, hiki ke "pana" hou i nā lōʻihi lōʻihi. ʻOiai ʻaʻole like ka ʻona o kā lākou mea huna i ka "ʻono" a i like me ka ʻano o kahi ʻōpala a ʻAmelika Hōʻuluʻulu, akā naʻe, ʻoluʻolu a paʻa loa. Ke kūʻē ka ʻenemi ikaika iā Zorilla, hiki iā ia ke hoʻohālike i ka make inā ʻaʻohe wahi e holo.
Ke alakaʻi nei i kahi noho paʻa. ʻAʻohe maopopo ʻole ka male. ʻO ke kuʻekuʻe mau wale nō kekahi i kekahi. Hoʻokomo wale nā ʻelele a me nā wahine kekahi i kekahi i ka wā ulu. Hiki i ka hala ke 60-100 mau minuke. Hānau ka wahine i kahi lihi i kēlā me kēia makahiki, akā inā make nā pēpē a pau i ka wā ʻōpio loa, hiki i ka wahine ke hua i ka lua o ka hua ma mua o ka hopena o ka wā hānau. Noho ka wahine i kahi e 36-37 lā. I loko o ka lua, hānau ʻo ka wahine i nā lākiika 1/4, maʻamau ʻo 2-3. ʻO ka paona o nā pēpē i ka hānau ʻana he 12-15 g. ʻO nā niho Predatory i ka poʻe'ōpiopio e ʻike ʻia i ka lā 33, ke nānā ʻia nā maka no 40 mau lā. Lactation mau a hiki i 4-5 mau mahina, ʻoiai Zorillas ʻōpio e hoʻomaka e ʻimi a hiki ke pepehi i ka rodents liʻiliʻi i nā makahiki ʻeiwa.
(Lyncodon patagonicus)
Kahi ʻia ma nā pāpū ʻo Pampa ma kāna wahi me ka lepo māmā.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino - 30-35 cm, 9 cm no kēlā me kēia kaupaona.
ʻO ka wepakel ʻO Patagonian kahi karnivore e ʻai ana i nā ulu liʻiliʻi: tuco-tuco (Ctenomys) a me nā puaʻa mauna (Microcavia).
ʻOihana ma ke kakahiaka a me ka pō. ʻO ka ʻāpana pilikino o ke kāne kaʻi ʻana i kekahi mau ʻāpana o nā wahine. Hoʻoulu maikaʻi ʻia nā kūila likalaka, i ka wā o ka pale (ke kālai ʻia) ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻohana iā ia, akā ua hoʻopiʻi i ke kapa ma ka ʻāʻī ma ka welau. Ke alakaʻi nei i kahi noho hoʻomaha wale nō, e hana ana i nā pāʻālua wale nō no ka lōʻihi o ka wā hoʻoulu.
Aia a hiki i kēia wā, ʻaʻohe mea e ʻike ʻia e pili ana i ka hoʻolalelale ʻana o nā wī Patagonian. Ua ʻike ʻia aia wale nō ka wahine mālama pono i ka hua.
(Poecilogale albinucha)
Hoʻomaka ʻia ma ka Hema a me Central Africa i ka wao nahele Sahara.
25-36 cm hāʻule i ke poʻo a me ke kino, 13-23 cm i ka huelo.
Noho ana kekahi ʻano biotopes (nā māla, nā nahele, nā punawai, nā savannah, nā wailele) a hiki i 2200 m ma mua o ke kai.
ʻO ka papa ʻia o nā petika ʻAmelika i pili i ka mammals liʻiliʻi (rodents - nā kiʻi multisig a ʻAmelika, nā māka ʻona, nā kiʻi pygmy), nā shrews, nā manu (nā manu liʻiliʻi, nā manu nunu), nā reptile (nāhelehele), nā mea inana a me kā lākou ʻōpio. Hoʻomoe ʻo Weasel a hiki i ka 13% o ke kaumaha o ke kino i ka lā, a ʻo nā wahine i ka wā e hānai ana i nā ʻīlio a hiki i 25%. Hoʻomaka nā rodents a me nā manu ʻai e ʻai mai ke poʻo. ʻO ka ʻili mai ka ʻōpū, ke poʻo, nā pahee a me ka huelo o ka mea nui.
E alakaʻi i ka nohona ola nocturnal a me terestrial, piʻi maikaʻi i nā lāʻau. Hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā ʻuʻuku e like me nā pale, kahi e ʻili ai iā ia iho a hoʻohana ʻole i nā ʻanuʻu o nā rodents a i nā kuʻi termite paha. ʻAkuhi nā lua me nā wāwae mua, a pale ka ʻalā i ka lepo. No ka hoʻomaha hoʻomaha, i kekahi manawa he hoʻohana ʻia nā lāʻau nui a i ʻole nā crevice i nā pōhaku a me nā pōhaku. Hoʻohana ikaika ʻo Weasel i kēlā me kēia makahiki a puni ka hapa nui o ka manawa i ka lua, a waiho wale no ia no ka hopu ʻana. Ma ka hunting e hoʻohana i ke ʻano o ka ʻono, a me ka ʻike no ka spatial orientation.
Ke ʻoki nei i nā koina, hele ʻo ia me kona ihu e kanu ʻia ana i ka lepo, e kū ana i kona kua a ʻo ke kaikuʻu e hāhū ana.Ma muli o kona kino lōʻihi a me nā wāwae pōkole, hiki iā ia ke alualu i nā rodents i kā lākou ʻuʻuku. ʻAʻole ʻai ʻo Weasel i ka ʻai ma ka wahi, akā lawe ia iā ia iho i ka lua. Mālama ʻia ka ʻāpana o ka hana i kahi niche, i lako pono ʻia ma laila o ka lua. Kau ka rodent ma hope o ke poʻo, a laila ʻōwili pū me nā mea kaua e hoʻopuni ai a puni kāna e koi ai a kuʻi aku me kona mau wāwae mua. Pā manu nā manu me ke kuʻekuʻe i ke poʻo, me ka ʻole e hoʻohana i nā wāwae. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka wahine ma kahi ʻāʻī.
Hoʻolālā maikaʻi nā hulahula o Prianalnye, ka mea huna o ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia e pale aku i nā poʻe predator. Me ka pīhoihoi kūlohelohe, hiki i kahi wīwī a ʻAmelika ke lele mālie, aʻo ka lauoho ma kona huʻu e lilo i ka hopena. Ke alualu ʻia nei e kahi mea kuhi, piʻi pinepine lākou i nā lāʻau a i ʻole nā lua, inā ʻaʻole kūpono, a laila hoʻokomo ka mea ulana i ka hapalua-māhule, hapalua-yell, inā ʻaʻole kēia e kōkua, kihi ia i ka mea huna mai ka punawai ductal (i loko o 1 m).
ʻO ka weasel ʻAmelika he mau holoholona hona wale nō, akā he mau pālua a he mau pūʻulu liʻiliʻi hoʻi. Mate mau 60-80 mau minuke, hiki i nā makana he ʻekolu i kēlā me kēia lā. Hānau ka wahine i kahi litter i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Inā make ka ʻōpala mua no kekahi kumu, ka lua wahine ka lua o ka manawa. ʻAʻole nā Kihi e hana i nā keiki hānai. Inā pilikia ka lūlū me nā cubs, lawe ka wahine i nā ʻaka, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka ʻaka o ka ʻāʻī. Hoʻopili: lōʻihi i nā lā 30-33. I kahi litter, 2-3 mau pupule pupule keʻokeʻo e kau ana ma kahi 4 grama. Kau nā maka i ka pule 7. Ua ʻoki ʻia ʻo Keethi e 35 mau lā. Lactation lōʻihi a 11 mau pule (i kēia makahiki ulu a 50 mau ʻōpio), ma nā he 13 wiki hoʻomaka ka pēpē e ho'āʻo e ʻimi, a lilo i kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa i ke makahiki he 20 mau pule.
(Martes americana)
E māhele ʻia ma Kanada a me ʻAmelika Hema.
Kūpono ka hiki i ka lōʻihi o 75 cm a 1 m, ke kaumaha mai 3250 g a 6500 g, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahine, mai 50 cm a 68 cm a kaupaona mai 1850 a 4000 g.
Noho ka nui o nā ululāʻau konifous: ulu nā lāʻau ulu coniferous, pihi a me nā lāʻau ʻē aʻe. Kū ka nahele me kahi hui pū o nā lāʻau coniferous a deciduous, e pili ana i ka paina keʻokeʻo, ka birch melemele, maple, ke ahi a me ka puna.
ʻO ka papa ʻai o ka marten ʻAmelika i mau meakanu o nā ʻano mea ʻaina: nā ʻāpana ʻulaʻula, nā pīpī, nā chipmunks, nā ʻiole, nā pā kula, partridges a me kā lākou hua, nā iʻa, baki, nā mōʻīleʻa, ka meli, nā huaʻai, nā hua. Inā ʻaʻole lawa ka meaʻai, hiki i ka marten keʻai i nā mea āpau e hiki ai i ka ʻai, e komo pū ana i ka mea kanu meaʻai a me ka pala.
ʻOi aku ka momona momoc nocturnal, akā hana pū ia i ka manawa twilight (kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi), a pinepine i ke ao. Pane loa ka marten - lele ia mai ka lālā i ka lālā ma nā lāʻau, ke nānā ʻana i nā ala o ke neʻe nei e ka honi ʻana o kāna mau polima. Holo wale ia. Hoʻohui maikaʻi ʻia no ka piʻi ʻana i nā kumulāʻau, kahi a pō ka poʻi i loaʻa i nā koʻi i nā honu. Pepehi ʻo ia i kāna mea ʻeha me kahi kuʻekuʻe ma hope o kona poʻo, e uhai ana i ka vertebrae cervical a luku akula i ka iwi spinal cord. I ka hoʻoilo, ua hāloi nā martens i kahi kaila i lalo o ka hoʻoilo ma ke kumu i loaʻa ai i nā kiʻi like me nā kiʻi.
Hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi ʻia nā kumumahu a me nā ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū puʻuwai a ʻike kekahi i nā lālā a pau o ka ʻohana marten.
He makemake maikaʻi ʻo Martens, he pākaha loa lākou, no laila ʻo ia ke komo nei i kekahi manawa i ka pilikia, no ka laʻana, e hāʻule ana i loko o nā pahele a me nā ʻano he nui.
He ʻāpana ʻāina ka hewa o ka marten ʻAmelika: mālama lākou i kā lākou ʻāina. E hele nā holoholona a puni o ko lākou wahi i kēlā me kēia lā 8-10. ʻAʻohe kāne a me nā wahine i ʻae i nā malihini o kēlā me kēia wahine ma ko lākou ʻāina, a hele ikaika loa lākou. ʻAʻole kūpaʻa ka nui o ka pākahi pilikino a hilinaʻi i nā mea he nui: ʻo ka nui o ka holoholona, ka nui o ka meaʻai, ka hele ʻana o nā lāʻau i hāʻule ai, a me ka hōʻailona ʻana i ka holoholona i ʻike ʻia e noho ana kekahi o lākou, ʻoiai ʻo ia e hele nei (ʻo ka nui o nā holoholona ʻōpio).
Ke hui like nā kāne a me nā wahine i kekahi ma ʻelua mau mahina ʻelua - Iulai a ʻAukake, i ka wā i kū ai ka lāhui, ke koena o ka manawa e alakaʻi ai i ke ʻano huna. Loaʻa nā kāne a me nā wahine kekahi i kekahi me ke kōkua o nā hōʻailona ʻala i waiho ʻia e nā mikima anal. Ma hope o ka moe ʻana, ʻaʻole ulu koke nā hua i kanu ʻia, akā aia i ka ʻōpū ma ka hoʻomaha no kahi 6-7 mau mahina. ʻO ka hāpai ʻana ma hope o kahi manawa latino 2 mau mahina.ʻAʻole hana ke kāne i kekahi mea e hānai ʻia ai ka hua. No ka hānau keiki, hoʻomākaukau ka wahine i kahi pūnana, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka mauʻu a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe. Aia ka nīnū ma nā kumulāʻau i nā lāʻau, nā lāʻau lāʻau a i ʻole nā palapala ʻē aʻe.
Noho ka wahine i ka hapalua o 267 mau lā. Hānau mai ka wahine i kā 7 mau pipi (3-4 ma ka awelika). ʻO nā pōpō pipiʻi hou he makapō a he kuli, ma ke kaupaona ʻana he 25-30 g. Ke kuʻi nei nā maka i ka lā 26, a me nā maka ma hope o 39. ʻO Lactation e lōʻihi a hiki i 2 mau mahina. I nā mahina 3-4, hiki i nā papiki ke loaʻa kā lākou meaʻai ponoʻī.
(Martes flavigula)
ʻO ka ʻāpana nui o ka charza range e uhi i ka Mokupuni Nui, ke Penikela Malay, Indochina, nā kahawai o ka Himalayas, Kina a me ka Peninsula o Korea. Aia ka noho kaʻawale ma kahi hema o India. Ma Lūkia, aia i ka Amur Region, i ka wai o ka muliwai Ussuri a ma Sikhote Alin.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino 55-80 cm, ʻo ka huelo 35-44 cm, ke kaupaona nei a hiki i 5.7 kg.
ʻO Kharza kahi holoholona maʻamau o nā ulu coniferous a me nā ʻōpala i hui ʻia. Maikaʻi e noho i nā pali o nā mauna a me nā kahe o nā muliwai. Ma Burma, noho kēia i nā kaone, a i Pakistan - i ka wao nahele, nā mauna paʻa ʻole. Mālama nui ʻia ma ka ʻāina, ʻoiai e piʻi maikaʻi ʻo ia. Holo wikiwiki loa ʻo ia, a lele i ka lāʻau a me ka lāʻau, lele ka lōʻihi i ka 4 m He maʻamau ʻo ia e alakaʻi i ka nohona nomadic.
ʻO Kharza kekahi o nā puʻuwai ikaika loa o ka Ussuri taiga. Hoʻohana ia i nā rodents (squirrels, mice, chipmunks), mauʻu manu, mollusks, hares, a me nā manu (hazel grouse, pheasants). Hōʻea kekahi i nā ungulates ʻōpiopio - puaʻa ʻala, Manchurian deer, elk, roe deer, sika deer, and gorel. Kū pinepine kekahi i nā ʻīlio raccoon, kamaʻilio a me nā ʻāpana. Hoʻohana ʻia nā Berry a me nā pine pine i nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, a mālama ʻia i ka meli meli. Akā ʻo ka mea waiwai punahele o Kharza he musk deer.
ʻAʻole e like me nā martens, i ka hoʻoilo, hiki i ka charza ke hahai i nā hui o 3-5 pākahi. Huli i nā holoholona ke alualu i ka mea i make, a lawe aku paha kekahi i kekahi, aʻo kekahi e kali ana ma kahi e hoʻohālua ai. I ka wā o ka ʻimi manu no ka kuʻekuʻe musk, hoʻohana nō hoʻi ka harza i kēia ʻano: hana ʻo ia i ka mea i hōʻeha i kekahi kahawai māla a i ʻole wai hoʻi, kahi e kūleʻa ai nā ʻeke musk i ka hau a hiki ke hāʻule. I ka holo ʻana o ka hopu ʻana, hana nā charza i nā leo e like me ka ʻopa ʻana, ka mea e hoʻopuni ana i kā lākou mau hana. Ma ka pūnāwai, ke hānai nei ka pūʻulu hopu. Hoʻomaka ʻo Harza i ka ʻimi manuahi, ma ka pō pō e hoʻopuni ana a puni nā ʻōpala i ke ao, a i ka lā - i ka puʻu, kahi i lele ai nā pūmū a me nā poʻe ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ke taiga.
Heʻuʻuku nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe; nui mau charzas e ola i ka wā ʻelemakule loa. Ke lilo nei i mea pio, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka mea ʻōpio, maʻalahi ke hoʻohana ʻana i ka charza i ke kanaka a lilo i mea ʻole maoli.
Kaʻi ʻia mai i ka Harz i ka hopena o ke kauwela (i ʻAukake). Hoʻomālua ka lā Pregnancy i nā lā 120. I ka litter 2-5 cubs. Ke noho mau nei ka ʻōpio me ko lākou makuahine a hiki i ka pūnāwai, e aʻo mai ana i kāna mau moʻo manu hānai. Ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana i ko lākou makuahine, ʻimi mau nā ʻōpio i kekahi manawa.
(Martina foina)
Noho ia ma ka hapa loa o Eurasia. ʻO kona kaila e neʻe aku mai ka Iberian Peninsula a hiki i Mongolia a me ka Himalaya.
Kūpono kēia mau holoholona i ka lōʻihi o ke kino o 40 a 55 cm a me ka lōʻihi o ka huelo o 22 a 30 cm. ʻO ka paona o ka marten pōhaku ma waena o 1.1 a 2.3 kg.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka martens pōhaku i ka pō, a i ka lā e peʻe ai lākou i ko lākou mau pā hale. ʻO nā ʻūhā kūlohelohe no lākou nā mea kanu o nā pōhaku, nā ʻili o nā pōhaku a me nā kāpena i waiho ʻia e nā holoholona ʻē aʻe (ʻaʻole i kūkulu nā pōhaku martins iā lākou iho a hana iho). Ma kahi kokoke i nā kauā, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā martens pōhaku no kēia lotics a i nā pila. ʻO ka hoʻonani me ka lauoho, nā hulu a me nā mea kanu. I ka pō, hele nā mart mart i ke ʻimi i ka waiwai, e neʻe ana i ka manawa like i ka nui ma ka lepo. ʻOiai hiki i ka marten pōhaku ke piʻi maikaʻi i nā kumulāʻau, loaʻa pinepine iā ia.
E like me ka hapanui o nā martens, ke alakaʻi ʻana nā martens i kahi ola i kahi noho i ʻole ka pale ʻana o ka pilina me ko lākou mau hoahānau ma waho o ka wā moe. Kahi pākahi me kēlā me kēia wahi e hōʻailona ai me kahi mea huna pilikino a pale iā ia mai nā martens pōhaku ʻae o kāna ʻano. Hiki i ka ʻāina o kēlā meakanu ke ʻano o ka pine marten.Hiki iā ia mai 12 a 210 hctares a hilinaʻi, inter alia, ma ka moekahine (ʻo nā kāne ka nui o nā hale ma mua o nā wahine), ka manawa o ka makahiki (nā noho liʻiliʻi ma ka hoʻoilo ma mua o ke kauwela) a me ka hele ʻana o ka waiwai i loko.
ʻO nā martens kaila i nā manu he ʻai nui. ʻAi ʻia lākou i ka mammale liʻiliʻi (no ka laʻana, rodents a mea pīpī), nā manu a me kā lākou hua, nā baki, nā mea hihiu a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. I ke kauwela, ʻo kahi mea nui o kā lākou mālama i ka meaʻai mea kanu, kahi i loaʻa nā hua a me nā hua. I kekahi manawa ke komo nā martens pōhaku i nā coop a i nā hale pigeon paha. ʻO ka pīhoihoi a nā manu e hoʻolalelale i loko o ka mea āpau, e koi ana iā lākou e pepehi i nā mea kūpono a pau, ʻoi aku ka nui o kā lākou helu ʻia.
Hoʻomaka ʻo Mating i loko o nā mahina o ke kauwela mai Iune a ʻAukake, akā ma muli o ka mālama o ka hua ma ke kino o ka wahine, hānau ka hua ma ka pūnāwai (mai Malaki a ʻApelila). No laila, ʻewalu malama e hala ma waena o ka hānau ʻana a me ka hānau ʻana, ʻoiai ʻo ka hānau ʻana ke kū hoʻokahi wale nō mahina. I ka manawa like, ma ke kānāwai, hānau ʻia ʻekolu a ʻehā paha mau keiki, i ka hoʻomaka i nā makapō a he kapa ʻole. Ma hope o hoʻokahi mahina, ua hāmaka mua lākou i ko lākou mau maka, hoʻokahi mahina ma hope e ʻaina lākou mai ka waiū momona, a ma ka hāʻule hāʻule lākou e kūʻokoʻa. Loaʻa ka Puberty ma waena o nā makahiki 15 a me 27 mau mahina. ʻO ka mauʻelima o ka ola maʻamau i loko o ka hihiu he ʻekolu mau makahiki, ʻo ka mea e kūleʻa ana e kūleʻa e ola a hiki i ka ʻumi makahiki. I ka noho pio ʻana, lilo i martens pōhaku a nui loa a ola ka 18 mau makahiki.
(Martes martes)
Hoʻokahele ʻia ma kahi kokoke o ʻEulopa. ʻO kā lākou ka laulā mai ka mokupuni o British a hiki i Siberia Komohana a ma ke kūkulu hema mai ke kahakai a hiki i ka Caucasus a me Elburz. ʻAʻole lākou ma Iceland a me kūkulu ʻākau o Scandinavia a ma kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka Iberian Peninsula. ʻO ka noho ʻana o kēia mau holoholona, nā wao nahele, mahele maoli a kāwili ʻia. Ma nā wahi mauna ia i ʻike i ke kiʻekiʻe i ulu ai nā lāʻau.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino mai ka 45 a 58 cm ka lōʻihi, ka lōʻihi o ka huelo mai 16 a 28 cm, a ʻo ka paona he 0.8 a 1.8km.
ʻOi aku ka nui o nā kamahele i ka lāʻau ma mua o nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe o nā martens. ʻIke lākou i ka piʻi o ka lele a lele maikaʻi, ʻoiai ke lanakila nei ka lōʻihi ma kahi o 4 mika. I ka piʻi ʻana, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻololi i ko lākou mau wāwae 180 °. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā hale ma ko lākou ʻāina, ka mea maʻamau i nā hollows, ke hoʻohana nei paha lākou i nā kūkulu squirrel i haʻalele ʻia, a me nā nests manu o ka manu. Ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia lākou i kēia mau hale no ka hoʻomaha i ke ao, a i ke kakahiaka, a i ka pō hele lākou e ʻimi i ka waiwai.
ʻO nā Martens nā holoholona me ke ʻano o nā ʻano teritorial, e hōʻailona ana i ko lākou wahi me ke kōkua o kahi huna i hilo ʻia e ka lipine anal. Mālama lākou i nā palena o kā lākou pili mai nā ʻohana like ʻole, akā i ka pili pinepine o nā kāne a me nā wahine. Nui ka nui o nā ʻano like ʻole, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāne o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahi o nā wahine. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā ʻokoʻa ʻole i nā pilina me nā manawa - i ke hoʻoilo, he nui a i ka 50% o ka pae ʻana o nā mea kūʻokoʻa ma mua o ke kauwela.
ʻO nā Martens he omnivores, akā makemake lākou i nā mammals liʻiliʻi (e.g. voles a squirrels), me nā manu a me kā lākou hua. Mai pale a hoʻohemo, piʻō, snails, pepona a me ka likima. I ka wā hāʻule, nā hua, nā hua a me nā huaʻai ke lilo i mea i kā lākou ʻai. Kēlē ka make a marten kai me kahi mea ʻuʻina i ke kua o ke poʻo. Ma ke kauwela a me ke kauwela, hōʻiliʻili a mālama ʻia i nā lako meaʻai no ka manawa anuanu.
Kupu ʻia ka make ʻana i ka martens i ke waena o ke kauwela, akā ʻo ka hoʻoili ma muli o ka mālama ʻana i ka hua i loko o ke kino o ka wahine e hoʻomaka nui ma hope a ua hānau wale nā hua ma ʻApelila. Hoʻohālike ko lākou hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā pōhaku marten cubs. I ka hānau hānau, ʻo 10 cm ka lōʻihi o lākou i loko o ka litter, ka hapa pinepine o ʻekolu mau kūbita. No nā wiki mua ʻewalu, e waiho nei lākou i ka nuku o ka makua, a laila hoʻomaka e piʻi aʻe a puni i ka wahi. Ma hope o ʻumikāono ʻumikūmālua, ua lilo lākou i kūʻokoʻa, akā i kekahi manawa a hiki i ka puna e hiki mai ana ko lākou makuahine.I ka makahiki ʻelua o ke ola, e hoʻomaka ana nā pine martens, ʻoiai he mea maʻamau lākou no ka manawa mua, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, i ke kolu o ka makahiki o ke ola. ʻO ke manaʻolana i ke ola ma ka noho ʻana a hiki i ke ʻumikumamāono makahiki, akā ma ka wao nahele, he ʻumi wale nō mau martens i lilo i pakeke ma mua o nā makahiki he ʻumi.
(Martes gwatkinsii)
ʻO nā ʻano mea wale nō i loaʻa i India no South India. Noho ma nā puʻu ʻo Nilgiriya a me nā Ghats Komohana.
ʻO kēia he marten ākea nui, ma ka lōʻihi mai 55 a 70 cm. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka huelo mai 40 a 45 cm, a me ke paona mai 2 a 2,5 kg.
ʻO ka martin Nilgirian he manu makehewa e hopu ana i nā manu liʻiliʻi, nā rodents (nā squirrels Indian, nā kiʻi wāwae keʻokeʻo), nā pepeke (cicadas), nā reptile (palaka, nā mākaʻi monitor Bengal) a me nā mammals liʻiliʻi (Asian deer).
Alakaʻi wale aku nei i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā, e i ʻike ʻia nā holoholona apau mai ka 10 a hiki i ka 14:30 i ke ahiahi. Hoʻolālā ʻo ia i ka hapanui o kona manawa ma luna o nā lāʻau, akā kālele ʻo ia ma ka lepo. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā ʻono ma nā lei a me nā kuʻi o nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe (a hiki i 16 m), kokoke i ka wai (60-90 cm). Hōʻalo i ka noho kanaka ʻana.
(Martes melampus)
I ka wā i noho ai nā makahi Kepani i noho i ka ʻekolu mau moku Kepani ʻekolu (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), Tsushima, a me Korea hoʻi. No ka huluhulu, lawe ʻia lākou i nā mokupuni o Hokkaido a me Sado. ʻO nā ona maoli ka mea nui o nā ululāʻau, akā i kekahi manawa ua ʻike ʻia lākou ma nā wahi ākea.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka kino o kēia mau holoholona i ka 47 a 54 cm ka lōʻihi, a ʻo ka lōʻihi huelo mai ka 17 a 23 cm ka ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku ka nui o nā moemoe ma mua o nā wahine, a ʻo ke kaupaona ʻana paha ka wahine i ka 1.6 kg, aʻo nā wahine wale nō he 1.0 kg.
Ua ʻike ʻia kahi mea liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ka noho ʻana o nā martens Kepani. Hoʻokumu lākou i nā nests ma nā ʻalā ahi, a me nā lāʻau. Ma laila lākou e hūnā ai i ka lā e hele e ʻimi ai i ka ʻai i ka pō. ʻO kēia nā holoholona territorial e hōʻailona i ko lākou pūnaewele me ka huna o nā kohu ʻona maikaʻi. Waiho ʻole i ka wā moe, noho lākou wale nō. E like me ka hapa nui o nā martens, he holoholona maikaʻi lākou e ʻai ana i nā mammals liʻiliʻi a me nā holoholona vertebrate ʻē aʻe e like me nā manu a me nā bako, a me nā mea kanu, nā pōpoki, nā hua a me nā hua.
Hoʻomaka ka helu ʻana i ka Pōʻalua - Mei; i Iulai-ʻAukake, lawe mai ka wahine mai ka 1 a 5 mau cub. Ma hope o 4 mahina, e kūʻokoʻa lākou.
(Martes zibellina)
I kēia wā, loaʻa i ka sable ma nā taiga o Rūsia mai nā Urals a hiki i ke kahakai o ka Pākīpika i ka ʻākau i nā palena o ka mea kanu lāʻau. Makemake ʻo ia i ka taiga conclose paʻaʻeleʻele, maikaʻi loa iā kedrachi. Loaʻa nō hoʻi ma Iapana, ma ka mokupuni ʻo Hokkaido.
ʻO ke lōʻihi o ka pūhaka a hiki i 56 cm, ʻo ka huelo a hiki i 20 cm. ʻO ke kaumaha o nā kāne he 1 100-1-1 800 g, nā wahine - 900-1-1 500 g
ʻO kahi mea noho i ka Sigaia taiga. ʻO Agile a ikaika i ka mea kuhi no kona nui. Ke alakaʻi nei i kahi nohona terrestrial. E neʻe ana i nā lele. Kūpono nā ʻōlaʻi i nā paʻi nui he 5x7 a 6x10 cm. loa he 30-70 cm ka lōʻihi o kona piʻi ʻana, akā ʻaʻole i "kau" ma luna. Ua pū maikaʻi ia i ka lohe a me ka aʻalā, nāwaliwali ka maka. Ke kani nei ka leo, e like me ka pōpoki. E hele maʻalahi ana ma ka hau leʻe. ʻO ka hana nui i ke kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi. Ma ke ʻano he rula, noho nō ia i nā ululāʻau pine, i ka puʻu kiʻekiʻe o nā kahe mauna, e kokoke ana i ka lepo - i loko o nā papa nani dwarf, ma waena o nā mea hoʻokūkū, ke piʻi ka manawa i nā lei o nā kumulāʻau.
Kahi like ʻole nā kaila i ka ʻai i ka meaʻai, ʻo ka hapa nui i nā vole ʻulaʻula (ʻulaʻula-hina i ka hema). ʻO ka Hikina o ka Yenisei a me nā mauna Sayan, kahi hana koʻikoʻi i ka meaʻai e hoʻokani ʻia e ka pika. Hoʻopau pinepine ia i ka protein, kuʻi mai i nā hares. Ke hoʻopau nei i nā milo he miliona miliona i ka ʻāina ma kēia makahiki, ua kāohi ʻo Sable i kona ulu ʻana. ʻO nā manu, ʻekē pinepine e hoʻouka pinepine i ka kīwaha hazel a me ka capercaillie, akā ma ka laulā, nā manu liʻiliʻi nā meaʻai liʻiliʻi. E ʻai ʻoluʻolu me nā mea kanu i nā mea kanu. Meaʻai punahele - nā hua paina, nā puʻu mauna, nā blueberries. ʻAi nā hua o ka lingonberry, blueberry, cherry manu, rose hip, currant.
ʻO ikaika ʻo Sable ma ka lūlū, i ka pō, akā ʻo ka ʻimi pinepine i ka wā i ke ao. ʻO kahi kahua hānai holoholona pilikino mai 150-200 ha i 1500-2000 ha, i kekahi manawa ʻoi aku.
Nā pale ahi ma nā wahi o nā a hāʻule a kū i nā lāʻau, i nā mea hoʻokomo, ma lalo o nā aʻa.Whelping ma ka ʻĀkau i ka hapa mua o Mei, i ke hema ma ʻApelila. Hiki i nā holoholona i ka wā ʻōpiopio i ka makahiki ʻelua a ʻekolu mau makahiki a ulu a kū i ke 13-15 mau makahiki. Mating ma Iune - Iulai, hapai 250-290 lā. I ka litter mai kahi pōpoki ʻehiku a pito paha, maʻamau 3-4. Pau ka hopena i ka waena oʻOkakopa.
(Martes pennanti)
Noho ʻo ia i nā ululāʻau o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, mai nā mauna ʻo Nevada ma Kaleponi a hiki i nā Appalachians ma West Virginia, e ʻoi aku i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā ululāʻau coniferous me ka nui o nā lāʻau ākea. ʻO nā kumuwaiwai ilka maʻamau e loaʻa i nā hua spruce, fir, cedar a me nā lāʻau deciduous. I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine lākou i nā ʻuʻuku, i kekahi manawa e ʻoka iā lākou i ka hau. Piʻi ʻo Ilki nimbly i nā lāʻau, akā maʻamau e neʻe ma ka ʻiwi. Hoʻoikaika a puni ka pō. E alakaʻi i kahi kaena noho wale.
ʻO Ilka kekahi o nā martens nui loa: ʻo ka lōʻihi o kona kino me kahi huelo a hiki i ka 75-120 cm, ke kaumaha he 2-5 kg.
ʻO nā mea ʻāpono punahele he mau wahie nalo, a me nā mea lālani, nā puʻukū, nā hares keʻokeʻo, nā manu a me nā ʻōpū. ʻO nā hua ʻai a me nā huaʻai, no ka laʻana, nā huaʻaʻai, ʻai ʻia. Kūlike ʻole i ka inoa, ilka ʻai nui i ka iʻa. Ke lawaiʻa nei nā lawaiʻa i ka pepa mai ka lawaiʻa Pelekane, ʻo ia ka mea i manaʻo ʻia mai ka French fichet, ferret. ʻO Ilka lāua ʻo ʻAmelika ʻAmelika (Martes americana) wale nō nā poʻe wānana i hiki ke maʻalahi i ka holo ʻana ma ka lāʻau a me nā pua.
ʻO ka wā hoʻohālikelike i ka wā o ka hoʻoilo - ka mua puna. Hoʻomoe ka hapai i nā lā 11-12 mau mahina, ʻaʻole ia i hoʻokumu i ka embryo. I loko o ka brood, he 5 mau makapō a kokoke i nā ʻāpana kaulike. E kūʻokoʻa i ka 5 o ka mahina. Ma hope iho o ka hānau ʻana, hāpai ke kāne wahine a lilo hou a hāpai ʻia. Hāpai ka ola i ke 10 makahiki.
(Vormela peregusna)
ʻO nā loleʻaʻahu maʻamau i East Europe a me Asia. ʻO kā lākou ka laulā mai ka Pānana o Balkan a me ʻAsia Komohana (me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole o ka Penia Arabian) ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Rūsia a me Central Asia a i ke komohana hema o Kina a me Mongolia. Noho ka lole i nā wahi maloʻo kahi ʻaʻohe o nā kumu lāʻau, e like me ke anuʻu, nā semi-deses a me nā wao. I kekahi manawa i loaʻa ma ka grassy piedmont plateaus. ʻO kekahi manawa, ʻike ʻia kēia mau holoholona i nā kuahiwi, kahi i hōʻoia ʻia ai ko lākou puʻupuʻu a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe o 3000 m. I kēia manawa, nui nā lole e noho nei i nā māla, nā māla waina, a i waena o nā wahi kanaka.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino mai ka 29 a 38 38 cm me ka huelo mai 15 a 22 cm. ʻO ke paona o nāʻaʻahu pākeke e hele mai i 370 a 730 g.
Hoʻohālike ʻia ka noho lole like ʻole me ka noho ʻana o ka alaʻai. ʻO lākou ka mea nui ma ka wanaʻao a ai ʻole i ka pō, hele mau manawa ke alualu a me ke ao. Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka lā i kāna mink, ka mea i ʻeli ʻia ma luna o ia mau holoholona a lawe ʻia mai nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. Ma waho o ka wā moe, noho wale nā lole. Hiki ke ʻano o ko lākou mau kahalaha, akā heʻe hakakā ʻole ma waena o kēia mau holoholona, ke ʻimi nei lākou e pale i kēlā me kēia. I kahi hihia, e hoʻāla ka ʻaihue i ka oho o ka lauoho ma ka hopena a kuhikuhi i kona huʻu momona e hele i mua, ʻo ia ka mea e pono ai ke kala ʻana, e like me ka hiʻi ʻana o ka ʻenemi. Inā kōkua ʻole kēia, e ʻaahu ʻia mai kāu kelepona i kūlohelohe i kahi mea ʻala ʻole i loko o ka lewa.
Hōʻalo nā kapa ʻaihue i ka ʻāina, i kekahi manawa ke kū ai lākou i nā wāwae hind i ka maikaʻi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke ʻano, a ma nā lāʻau hiki ke piʻi aʻe. ʻO ka pinepine pinepine nō ia i ka ʻimi i lalo o nā kaile o ka iʻa (axents), ke hoʻohiki ʻia nei ʻo ia i kekahi manawa. ʻO ka ʻai me nā mea nui he gerbils, voles, squirrels ground, hamsters, a me nā manu, nā ʻano pālala liʻiliʻi a me nā pepeke.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka hānau ʻana i nā lole e kū i kahi he ʻumikumamākahi mau mahina, ma muli o ka mea e "hoʻomaha" ai ka hua mua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a ʻaʻole hoʻomaka e ulu. I kekahi manawa, e hānau mai ka wahine mai ka helu a ʻewalu (ma ke poʻo ʻehā a ʻelima paha mau ʻelima. He ʻuʻuku loa a he makapō lākou, akā ulu koke lākou a ma hope o hoʻokahi mahina e ʻaʻa ai lākou mai ka waiū. Loaʻa nā wahine i ka wā akene a i ka wā ʻekolu mau mahina, ma nā kāne ʻike ʻia i ke ʻano o hoʻokahi makahiki.Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Little e pili ana i ka lōʻihi o ke kapa, akā noho lākou i ke pio no ka ʻeiwa mau makahiki.
(Mustela lutreola)
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma ʻEulopa (Russia, East Germany, Hungary, Romania, Switzerland, South-West France, Karelia, Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine, nā Caucasus).
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino he 28-40 cm, ʻo ka huelo he 12-20 cm.ʻO ke kaumaha o ke kino he 550-800 g.
Noho ma nā kahawai o nā kahawai, nā muliwai a me nā loko. Ke neʻe pinepine nei mai nā kapakai o nā kaila ma mua o 200 m. ʻO nā wahi punahele punahele ka nui o nā kumulāʻau a me nā nāhelehele, ʻauʻau nā kahawai a me nā kahawai, nā wahine kahiko a me nā loko liʻiliʻi. Hōʻalo i nā puka ākea me nā kahakai kahakai. Ma nā ʻanuʻu e noho ai i nā pōpilikia a i waena o nā ʻoka ʻohe i nā kahe nui.
ʻO ke kumu o ka meaʻai, he iʻa liʻiliʻi (minnows, char, sculpin, burbots liʻiliʻi), lākou e alualu pololei i ka wai. Ma ka ʻai ʻia i nā kiʻi wai, nā kiʻi like-mouse, mollusks, crayfish, snakes, frogs a me nā manu.
Hoʻopiʻi ka mink ma nā makahiki Pākīpika. Hoʻonohonoho ka ʻīlū ma lalo o nā kapa wai kahawai i holoi ʻia, i nā aʻa a i nā puʻu paha. Hoʻomaʻamaʻu ʻo ia i nā lua a i ʻole e hoʻonui i nā lua i waiho ʻia o nā muskrats a i ʻole nā kiʻi wai paha (ʻo ka mea maʻamau ka puka ma ka lua ma lalo o ka wai). He ʻimi ia i ka pō, akā ʻike ʻia i kekahi manawa i ke ao o ke ao. Hoʻolilo ʻo ia i ka hapa nui o kona manawa ma uka, a lele ma waena o nā aʻa a ma lalo o ke kahakai nui. I ka wā o ka ukali, hiki iā ia ke kau ma lalo o ka wai a hiki i ka 10-20 m, a laila holo kahe i ka maka ma hope o ka lewa a holo koke.
Pono kahi holoholona makua i ka 180 g meaʻai i ka lā. Inā nui nā huaʻai, a laila hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka mink.
Ke alakaʻi nei i kahi noho paʻa a me ka noho ʻana. I nā mahina mahana, e noho ana ma kahi pūnaewele mau loa, ka mea e noho ana he hectektar. I ka hoʻoilo, ua neʻe pinepine ʻo ia i ka ʻimi ʻana o ka ʻai ma nā kapa muliwai. ʻO ka ʻāpana kāne kahi i kahakiʻi i nā ʻāpana o nā wahine. ʻAʻohe ke kāne i ka hana ʻana o ka ʻōpio.
I ka wā ulu, e ʻimi mua nā kāne i nā wahine nona kahi pūnaewele e pili kokoke ana, a ma hope e hele i kahi lōʻihi aku. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻo ka mau kāne e alualu i hoʻokahi wahine. Loaʻa i nā kāne ikaika a ikaika loa i ka male.
Noho ʻo Pregnancy i nā lā 42-46. Hānau mai ka wahine i 4-7 a me nā ʻōpō kapa ʻole. Noho ka Lactation a hiki i ka 10 mau hebedoma. I kēia manawa, hoʻomaka ka poʻe ʻōpio e hele pū me ka māmā. I nā 12 mau makahiki o ke keiki, lilo a kūʻokoʻa nā minks ʻōpio. Mālama, ʻōloʻi ka ʻohana o ka ʻohana a hiki i ka hāʻule ʻana, a lele ʻo ka pēpē i ke ʻimi ʻana i kā lākou mau wahi.
(Mustela vison)
Hoʻokahele ʻia ma ka hapa nui o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino - a i ka 50 cm, ke kaumaha - a hiki i 2 kg, ka lōʻihi o ka huelo - a hiki i 25 cm.
Noho ia i nā wahi me ka wai ākea (mau loko, nā muliwai, nā kahawai papau a me nā kahe). Kū pinepine kēlā ma kahi o ke kanaka noho. E ʻoi aku ia i nā muliwai, kahi i ka nui o ka lāʻau ʻala i ka hoʻoilo.
He holoholona nocturnal ʻApelika. E holo ana kāna mau ʻaka holoholona ma ke kahakai. I ke kauwela, ʻaʻole neʻe iki nā holoholona ma mua o 50-80 m mai ka lua. I ka wā hoʻomaha, lilo nā kāne i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mobile, a hiki ke hele a hiki i 30 km. Hoʻonohonoho nā hale kokoke i ka wai. Hoʻohana i nā pahu muskrat (burrow me nā keʻena he nui a me nā alaniani e holo ana a lōʻihi i 3 m). ʻO ka lumi moe kolohe i ka lau maloʻo, lau a mosa paha. Hoʻonohonoho ka ʻāmelika ʻAmelika i ka ʻauʻau hoʻomaha ma ka lua, ma kekahi o ke kaola ʻana a i ʻole kokoke i ke komo ʻana o ka lua. I ka hoʻoilo, i loko o nā pōhā koʻikoʻi, a hoʻopili ʻia ka lua o loko i loko o ka lua. Pahuono maikaʻi ka mink American, e hoʻohana ana i nā wāwae ʻehā. Piʻi ʻo ia a piʻi wikiwiki i ka ʻāina. Holo ia i ka ʻāina a i ka wai (ma muli o ka manawa o ka makahiki a me kahi noho).
He nāwaliwali ka ʻike, no laila ke huki nei ka holoholona, ke hilinaʻi wale nei ka holoholona. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā ʻai o nā kāne. Inā heʻu nui ka mea nui, a hāʻawi ka mink i kona koena e ʻai ai iā lākou ma hope.
ʻAʻole hāʻule ia i ka hibernation, akā i ka hoʻoilo (i ke anuanu nui) hiki iā ia ke moe lōʻihi i ka lua no kekahi mau lā i ka lālani. Ke hoʻoweliweli ʻia, hoʻohana ʻo ia i kahi mea huna mai loko o kona mau molime anal.
Hoʻokele ia i nā vertebrates liʻiliʻi (palaka, lobsters, ʻalā, manu, rabbits, mice, muskrats a me nā mea ʻai ʻē aʻe), nā iʻa, nā invertebrates aquatic a me nā pepeke.
ʻO ka mink ʻAmelika kekahi holoholona i waiho wale a he teritorial. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā wahi āpau o nā kāne i nā ʻōpio. Hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe āpau i ko lākou wahi me ka litter, kahi e kāwili ʻia ana i ka ʻala o ka huna mai ka mau loko anal. Pipi ka ʻili i nā lāʻau a me nā pali i ko lākou mau pupu, kahi i kū ai nā poli o ka ʻūhā.
He holoholona polygamous kēia: i ka wā hānau, hiki i kahi kāne ke male me nā wahine. Hiki pū i kahi wahine ke pena me nā kāne he nui. No ka hoʻopuka, koho ka mink wahine ʻAmelika i kahi lua a hiki i ka 3 m hohonu, ʻo ka mea maʻamau, ʻo ka pua kahi e hūnā ʻia ai ma mua o 200 m mai ka wai.
E hoʻomaka ana ka hoʻomaka ʻana mai ka Pōʻakahi a hiki i Malaki. Ma kahi o 50 lā ʻo Pregnancy. Hānau mai ka wahine i nā 1-10 (ma ka awelika 4) makapō a ʻōlohelohe ʻōpiopio. ʻO ka paona o nā pēpē hou e pili ana i 6 grama. Ma ka 5-6 pule, ua hoʻonani ʻia nā pēpē me nā ʻulaʻula ulaula. Haka nā maka i ka lā 37, a lactation a hiki ke 8-9 pule. I kēia manawa, kūpono nā mink ʻōpio i nā 350 grama. I ka hopena o ke kauwela, lilo kūʻokoʻa ka poʻe'ōpio a haʻalele i ko lākou makuahine.
(Mustela sibirica)
ʻO ka kolamu ke noho nui ia o Asia. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ia ma nā kahawai o ka Himalaya, ma kahi ʻāpana nui o Kina, i Iapana, i ka Penini Korea, i ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka East East, i loko o ka hema a me Sibeia waena a hiki i nā Urals. Ma kēlā ʻano ākea o nā kolamu, heʻoiaʻiʻo, e noho nei i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, akā ma nā wahi āpau e makemake i nā ululāʻau - ʻeleʻele coniferous a i ʻole, i ka hoʻopunipuni, nui nā mea i loko o ka wai liʻiliʻi, akāʻo ka hapanui ma nā muliwai a me nā loko. Loaʻa nā kolamu pinepine i loko o nā wahi i loaʻa ai i nā kiʻi a me nā kiʻi, a i ka manawa like i kolohe ʻia nā moa.
ʻO ka lōʻihi mai ka palena o ka snout a i ke kumu o ka huelo he 28-30, ka lōʻihi o ka huelo he 16,5 cm.
ʻO ka kolamu kaiʻai e like me ka pono o nā ferrets. Hoʻomaʻo ia i nā rodents (zocors, muskrats, chipmunks, squirrels, jerboas), pikas, a me nā manu, kā lākou hua, ka baki, nā mea inikua, ka puʻu, a me ka manawa hopu i nā hares. Me ka nele o nā koloa rodent e hoʻomaka i ka iʻa.
Holo nā ʻeleʻele i ka pō a i ka lā a me ka la, a i ka lā a hū ʻia i kahi malu (ma lalo o nā aʻa o ka lāʻau i hāʻule ai, i kahi lele a i ʻole nā pōhaku). Hoʻopili i ka wiwo, pākuhi a me ka wikiwiki - komo i ka lua a me nā ʻōpio kahi e noho ai nā holoholona liʻiliʻi. Piʻi ʻo ia i nā kumulāʻau a me nā ʻalā, kūpono maoli. I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻopau ʻo ia i ka hapa nui o ka manawa ma lalo o ka hoʻoilo. Aia nō ia i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa, ma nā hana nui e hoʻokau i nā lua. ʻAʻohe pūnaewele kū hoʻokahi; helehele ʻo ia i loko o ka taiga e ʻimi ai i ka waiwai. Hiki a hiki i 8 km ke uhi ʻia i ka pō. E neʻe i nā kikowaena nui.
Hoʻomaka ka poʻe ulu kula ʻo Pepeluali - Malaki. Hoʻokahi wale ke kāne hoʻokahi wahine. No ka hānau keiki, hoʻonohonoho i ka wahine i kahi pūnana (i loko o nā ʻuā o nā chipmunks, ma lalo o nā kumu o nā kumulāʻau a me nā lāʻau i hāʻule, i nā pōhaku a me nā ʻoka o nā pōhaku), kahi e huki ana i ka huluhulu, nā hulu, ka lau a me ka mauʻu maloʻo. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā pēpē i ʻApelila - Iune. ʻAʻohe kāne e lawe i kekahi ʻāpana i ka hānai ʻana o nā cub. I ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana, ua palekana ikaika a ka wahine iā ia i kāna keiki.
Noho ka wahine hāpai 28-42 mau lā. Hānau mai ka wahine i nā ʻīlio 4-10. Hānau ʻia nā kāne ʻo Kuda ke kapa a he ʻole. E wehe nā maka ma hope o hoʻokahi mahina. Noho ʻo Lactation a hiki i 56 lā, a laila hoʻomaka ka makuahine e hānai i nā keiki liʻiliʻi me nā holoholona liʻiliʻi.
(Mustela frenata)
Pae ʻia mai ka palena ʻo Kanada-ʻAmelika ma waena o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a i nā ʻāpana ʻākau o ʻAmelika Hema.
ʻO ke lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o ka kāne a hiki i ka 40 cm, nā wahine a hiki i ka 35 cm, ʻehā no nā kāne a hiki i 15.2 cm, no nā wahine a hiki i 12,7 cm.
Loaʻa ka weasel lōʻihi i nā ʻāina āpau e kokoke ana i ka wai. Makemake ʻo ʻoe e hoʻopili i nā lau nahele ʻoi a me nā nahele o ka meli, nā nahele, nā nahele a me nā ʻalā mauʻu ma ka pā.
ʻO ka weasel lōʻihi mau manu ka nocturnal, akā i ka hale o ka voles (alakaʻi i kahi ala o kēlā me kēia lā) e hānai ana i ke ahiahi. I ka pō, hele ka holoholona i luna o 5 km.ʻO ka nui o kahi pākahi pilikino e kau ʻia ma ka nui o ka hana (ʻo ka palena haʻahaʻa he 0.7-1 ha, a inā he nele o ka hānai, e hoʻonui ka pā i ka 20-160 ha).
ʻO Weasel kekahi holoholona hopohopo a makaʻuʻole. I ka wā e pale aku ai i nā ʻenemi a i ka wā e moe ai, ua hoʻopuka ʻia kahi mea huna hūʻī maikaʻi mai nā ahe nui. ʻO ka pio liʻiliʻi e luku me kahi mau hōʻiliʻili wikiwiki ma hope o ke kua. Ke hoʻouka nei i ka waiwai nui, hopu ka holoholona a kau ma luna me kona alo a me nā wāwae hind. I ka wā o ka hakakā, hoʻāʻo ka ʻōpala e neʻe i ka kua i hope e hana i kahi mau ʻili i ke kumu o ka naʻu e hoʻomālamalama a pepehi i ka mea pepehi. ʻO ka mea i loaʻa ka mea i loaʻa i loko o nā lua pūpū ma ka lae a pepehi paha me kahi ʻāʻī i ka ʻeha o ka ʻōpū. ʻAi i ka mea ʻai, e hoʻomaka ana me ke poʻo. Me ka nui o nā mea i hana ai ke neʻe ʻana, akā ʻike pinepine ʻole ia iā lākou.
ʻO kaʻili o ke koko e lilo i mea ikaika a wīwī. Mālama loa ʻo Weasel a loaʻa iā ia ka helu kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma ka metabola. ʻO ka pīhoihoi ma ka papa me ke kaʻe ʻana o ke kua i loko o ke ʻano o kahi waihona, ʻoiai ʻo ka huelo i kēia manawa e kū pololei (pololei ma luna o ka ʻāina). Pahuau ka luʻu manu lōʻihi lōʻihi i ka lāʻau, a piʻi kekahi i nā lāʻau (ʻo kekahi piʻi ke kiʻekiʻe o 6 m a i luna).
ʻAi i ka ʻai holoholona wale nō (ʻaihewa, nāhelehele, voles mahina, squirrels, chipmunks, shrews, moles and rabbits), a me nā hua, nā moa a me nā manu makua, nā ʻōpala, nā bakoka a me nā meaʻala. Noho kokoke ma kahi kanaka, hoʻopō i nā moa.
Ke alakaʻi nei i kahi noho paʻa a me ka noho ʻana. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻekeo i ka wā hōʻiliʻili. I kēia manawa, hōʻailona nā kāne i ko lākou ʻāina, e holo ana i ke kua o ke kino. Hānau ka wahine i kahi litter i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka laulā o ka litters, hiki i nā mea 2 a 3. No ka hānau hānau, hoʻonohonoho ka wahine i kahi lua, aia nō i nā puʻu, he punu o ka nāhelehele, nā ʻuʻuku o nā ihe, nā puʻu lepo, nā chipmunks a me nā voles. ʻO ka hohonu o kēlā puka he 15-43 cm.ʻO ka pale i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka hulu mai ka holoholona i ʻai ʻia a i ʻole mauʻu maloʻo.
ʻO ka hāpai ʻana me ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka embryo e hiki mai ka 205 a 337 mau lā. ʻO ka manawa hānau ʻo ka wahine hānau he 27-35 lā. Hānau ka wahine i nā keiki kīnā ʻole hemahema 1-9. ʻO ka paona o nā pēpē hou e pili ana i 3 g. E hāliʻi nā maka i nā makahiki 35, a i ka manawa like ua pau ka lactation. I nā keiki he 6-7 mau makahiki, hoʻomaka nā pipi e hopu me ko lākou makuahine. I nā 11-12 wiki ua haʻalele lākou i ka lua a hoʻomaka e alakaʻi i kahi ola kūʻokoʻa.
(Mustela altaica)
Hele maila ia ma nā wahi waena o Rūsia a ma waena o ka ʻāina i nā palena ʻākau, hema ma Korea, komohana a hiki i ʻĀkau ʻĀkau.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka kāne ma ka 21 a hiki i ka 28 cm me kahi huelo o 10-15 cm. ʻO ko lākou paona mai 250 a 370 g ka liʻiliʻi iki a nā wahine, mai ka 21 a 26 cm ka lōʻihi, me kahi huelo o 9-12.5 cm. ʻO ka paona o nā wahine mai 120 a 245 g.
Noho nā mauna ma luna o nā kuahiwi kiʻekiʻe ma luna o 1000 mika ma luna o ke kai i ka pae kai a me nā māla ʻōpala. Noho paʻa ia i nā lua ma waena o nā pōhaku i pohō i nā ʻoka lāʻau a i ʻole nā heihei i haʻalele ʻia. ʻAʻole makaʻu ke kaū mauna e noho kokoke i nā wahi kanaka.
ʻO kāna papa ʻai e komo ai i nā rodents liʻiliʻi a me nā kākala (muskrat, ground squirrels, rabbits, pika nui-pepeiao, nāu hina, nā kiʻina kahua, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), nā holoholona insectivorous, nā manu. Hiki ke ʻai i nā bako, kīwaha, nāhelehele, nā pepeke a me nā mollusks. Ke noho nei i nā hale kanaka, ʻaihue i nā huahana o nā iʻa a me nā iʻa, hoʻopoina nā heihei moa.
He holoholona weliweli loa ʻo Solongoy, noho ma ka ʻōpū, kuapo i loko o kahi puʻupuʻu, ma lalo o nā aʻa a me ka talus o nā pōhaku. Ma nā wahi like i hoʻonohonoho ai ʻo ia i nā nests a me nā pāpale i nā hua. Hoʻohana nui i ka pō a i ke ao. Holo koke ʻo ia a piʻi i nā lāʻau, ʻike pehea e ʻauʻau. No ka launa pū, e pili pū ana i waena o nā kāne, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka mea huna o nā kulu anal I ka hoʻoweliweli ʻia ʻana o ka holoholona nui, ke hoʻopuka nei ʻo ia i kahi mea momona mai nā kohu anal. ʻO ka pono meaʻai o kēlā me kēia lā he 45-54 g (3-4 mauʻu liʻiliʻi) no kahi kāne makua, ʻoiai naʻe, e hōʻeha loa ia i ka waiwai ma mua o ka mea e pono ai.
Ke alakaʻi nei i kahi noho paʻa a me ka noho ʻana.
I ka wā moe, ʻike ʻia ka hoʻokūkū ma waena o nā kāne no ka wahine. I kekahi manawa hoʻopaʻapaʻa kūʻē ma waena o lākou.Ma hope o ka moe ʻana, haʻalele ka kāne i ka wahine. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻīlio ma kahi pālahalaha e lei ʻia me ka mauʻu a me ka hulu i ʻai ʻia e nā rodents.
Noho ka wahine hāpai 30-49 mau lā. Hānau ka wahine i nā keiki makapō a 1-8 mau keiki. Lactation a hiki i ʻelua malama. Mai kēia manawa, lilo ke kūleʻa o ka solongoi ʻōpio, akā no kekahi manawa ke noho pū me ko lākou makuahine.
(Mustela erminea)
He laulā nui ʻo Ermine ma ka ʻĀkau Hemolele - ma nā ʻĀkau Arctic, subarctic a me ke ʻano huhū o Eurasia a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. I ʻEulopa, ua puka mai Scandinavia i ka Pyrenees a me nā Alps, me ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana iā Albania, Greece, Bulgaria a me Turkey. Ma Asia, ua hōʻea kona launa i nā wao nahele o Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Northeast China a me Japan hope. I ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, aia nō ia ma Kanada, i nā mokupuni o ka ʻApipila Arctic ma Kanada, ma Greenland a me ke ʻākau o USA (koe wale nō nā Plains Nui).
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino ʻo 17-38 cm (ʻo nā wahine paha ma kahi o kēlā hapa), ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka huelo he 35% o ka lōʻihi o ke kino - 6-1 cm, a ʻo ke kaumaha o ke kino mai 70 a 260 g.
ʻO Ermine ka hapa nui o nā wahi lāʻau-steppe, taiga a me nā ʻāpana tundra. ʻO ko lākou koho i ka noho ʻana e hoʻoholo e ka nui o ka hānai nui - i nā rodents liʻiliʻi. E like me ke kānāwai, makemake nui ka ermine e noho kokoke i ka wai: ma nā kahe a me nā kahawai o nā kahawai a me nā kahawai, kokoke kokoke i nā ka nahele, ma nā wahi o nā kahakai, nā nāho o ka lāʻau a me nā ʻihi. Maʻalahi loa e hele mai i ka hohonu o nā ululāʻau, i nā ululāʻau aia nā mea kanu kahiko a me nā mālamalama, nā kahe lāʻau (ʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻi ʻaʻole i mamao loa i nā kauhale a me nā ʻāina ulu), ma nā wao nahele i aloha nui ʻia ʻo ia i nā ululāʻau māla a me nā māla. Kahi maʻamau i loko o nā poli, ma nā wāwae kahi i kāhea ʻia a me nā gullies. Hōʻalo i nā wahi ākea. ʻO kekahi mau manawa e hoʻokau kokoke i ka noho kanaka, ma nā kīhāpai, i nā māla i nā māla a me nā ululāʻau nahele, a ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā kūlanakauhale.
Ka alakaʻi koʻikoʻi i ka noho kūʻokoʻa. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā palena o ka ʻaoʻao pilikino e ka mea huna o nā kime anal. ʻO ka nui o ka pā i hoʻololi ʻia mai 10 a 20 ha; i nā kāne, ʻoi aku ka ʻelua o ka nui o ka nui o nā wahine, a me nā ʻoloka me kā lākou papa. Noho a ʻoi aku ka wahine a me nā wahine i ka wā kū. I nā makahiki pōloli a me ka momona momona, waiho nā ermines i kā lākou mau mea a neʻe, i kekahi manawa ma kahi mamao. ʻO kekahi manawa i ka hele ʻia e ka hoʻoulu ʻia o ka rodents i nā wahi e kokoke ana.
ʻO ka ermine ka hana nui ma nā hola ahiahi, i kekahi manawa i ka lā o ke ao. I ke koho ʻana o nā keʻena, e pili pū ana i nā momi, unpretentious. Hiki ke loaʻa ma nā wahi iʻike pinepine ʻole ʻia - no ka laʻana, aia i nā ʻīhā, nā pōpoki o nā pōhaku, ma nā wahi o nā hale i waiho ʻia ai a i nā lāʻau paha e kālama ʻia ana i ka paia o kahi hale noho. Pae nō hoʻi ia i ka hollow o nā lāʻau, hūnā pinepine iā lākou i ka wā o ke kaiakū. ʻO ka pinepine o kahi ermine e noho ai i nā pūniki a me nā keʻena liʻiliʻi o nā rodents i pepehi ʻia e ia. Hoʻokomo ka wahine i kāna lua brood me nā ʻili a me ka lauoho o ka rodents i pepehi ʻia, ʻaʻole i emi iki me ka mauʻu maloʻo. ʻAʻohe o ka erra i nā lua ma luna iho. I ka hoʻoilo, ʻaʻohe o ia mau hale noho a hoʻohana i nā pā i loko o lalo - ma lalo o nā pōhaku, nā aʻa lāʻau, nā lāʻau. Kuhi pinepine loa i ka wahi o ke ao.
Pue ka ʻalani a piʻi maikaʻi, akā i ka mea maoli, he mākaukau pae ʻāina hoʻi ia. Ma kāna papaʻai, nui ka poʻe i like me nā kiʻīkiʻi, akā like ʻole i kona hoahānau, kahi ʻeke ʻai i nā ʻuʻina liʻiliʻi, nā ʻai ʻai erery ma luna o nā rodents - he wai wai, kahi hamster, kahi chipmunk, kōleo, lemmings, etc. ʻAʻole ʻae ka dimensi i ka komo ʻana i loko o nā lua o nā keiki rodents. Holo pinepine ʻo nā wahine i nā lua ma mua o nā kāne. ʻO ka waiwai nui ma ka ʻai ermine ʻo nā manu a me kā lākou hua, me ka iʻa a me ka ʻoka. ʻOi iki ka liʻiliʻi (me ka nele o ka ʻai maʻamau), ʻai ka ermine i nā amphibians, nā mea ʻai me nā mea iniketi. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻoulu i nā holoholona ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ia mea (capercaillie, hazel grouse, partridge, hares a me nā pīpī), i nā makahiki pōloli a ʻai wale nō i ka ʻōpala a i ʻaihue paha i nā kālā o nā iʻa a me ka iʻa. Me ka nui o ka meaʻai, kahi lāʻau ermine e luku ana i ka ʻoi aku ka nui o nā rodents ma mua o ka mea ʻai. Kills luku ʻana e like me ka weasel - e ʻaki ana i kahi ʻoki ma ke kua o ke poʻo.Hoʻokele kahi elmine i nā rodents, e nānā ana i ka ʻohu, nā pepeke - ma ke kani, ka iʻa - e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻike.
He holoholona weliweli a nui ka ermine. Ua wikiwiki nō kona mau neʻe, akā he fussy. Ma ka hopuʻana, huakaʻi a piʻi i 15 km i kēlā me kēia lā, i ka hoʻoilo - he awelika o 3 km. Ma ka hau e neʻe ai a lele i lalo a 50 cm lōʻihi, ʻo nā wāwae ʻelua e kau ana i ka lepo. Puni maikaʻi ʻo ia a piʻi piʻi i nā lāʻau. Ke alualu ia nei e ka ʻenemi, noho mau ʻo ia ma luna o kahi lāʻau a hiki i ka wa i hala aku ai ka pōʻino. ʻO ka ʻūlū pinepine, akā i ke ʻano hauʻoli e hoʻopuka nui ʻo ia, hiki ke hoʻopio, nuku a me ka ʻili.
Hana ʻia ka polygamen Ermine i ka makahiki hoʻokahi. Hana ʻia ka hana male kāne i nā mahina 4 mau mahina, mai ka waena o Pepeluali a hiki i ke kakahiaka o Iune. ʻO ka hāpai ʻana i ka wahine a me ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi (8-9 mahina) - ʻaʻole ulu nā embryos a hiki i Malaki. I ka huina holo, ʻo ia ka mau o 9-10 mahina, no laila puka mai nā cubs i ʻApelila - Mei i ka makahiki aʻe. ʻO ka helu o nā cubs ma litters ka papa mai 3 a 18, ka awelika o 4-9. Hoʻokomo wale kekahi wahine i loko o lākou.
He pēpē nui ka poʻe pēpē o 3-4 g me ka lōʻihi o ke kino o 32-51 mm, hānau ʻia ka makapō, ʻaʻohe niho, a paʻa nā kuʻi auditory paʻa a uhi ʻia me ka lauoho keʻokeʻo sparse. Ma ka lā 30-41, hoʻomaka lākou e ʻike, a ma nā mahina 2-3 he mau maopopo lākou i ka nui mai nā pākeke. I ka hopena o Iune - i ka mahina o Iulai, ua hoʻōla maoli lākou i nā meaʻai.
Loaʻa nā wahine i ka wā kamaliʻi ma ke kakahiaka, i 2-3 mau mahina, a ʻo nā kāne wale nō i ka makahiki 11-14 mau mahina. Hiki i nā wahine ʻōpio (ʻo 60-70 mau lā) ke hoʻopili nui ʻia e nā kāne ʻōpio - kahi hihia kūʻokoʻa i waena o nā momi i hāpai i ka hoʻopōnaʻi o nā ʻano. ʻO ke ola maʻamau o kahi ermine he 1-2 mau makahiki, a ʻo ka nui loa he 7 mau makahiki. Hoʻoulu nui ka fecundity a me ka nui o nā ermines, e ulu nui ana i ka manawa o nā makahiki he nui o ka rodents a hāʻule i ka catastrophically i ka wā o kā lākou pau.
(Mustela itatsi)
E māhele ʻia ma Iapana, kahi i loaʻa ai ma nā mokupuni o Honshu, Kyushu a me Shikoku. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia i nā mokupuni o Hokkaido, Ryukyu a me Sakhalin e hoʻomalu ai i ka helu o nā rodents.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino e pili ana i 35 cm, ʻehā lōʻihi - 17 cm.
(Mustela kathiah)
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia mai ka ʻĀpana Kalani a me Kīkika Hema.
ʻO ka lōʻihi loa o ke kino he 21.5-29 cm, ʻo ka huelo he 12.5-19 cm.ʻO ke kaumaha e pili ana i ka 1.56 kg.
Noho ia ma nā ululāʻau subtropical, e piʻi ana i ka 1800-4000 m ma luna o ke kai. Makemake i nā lāʻau pine. ʻO ka launa hua melemele melemele i hoʻolele i ka rodents (i nā mea he nui a me nā kiʻina nā mahina) nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi a me nā manu.
Ke alakaʻi nei i kahi noho paʻa a me ka noho ʻana.
Kūkulu ka wahine i kahi lua i nā lua, pohō ma ka lepo, ma lalo o nā pōhaku a i nā lāʻau lāʻau. Mālama ʻia ka lua iho me ka mauʻu maloʻo. Ma hope koke o ka hānau ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi rut, e pau i ka moe ʻana. Noho ka wahine i ka 10 mau mahina (ʻo ka hapa nui o ka manawa i hāʻule i ka manawa latent i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hua manu). Hānau mai ka wahine i nā keiki hānai a 3-18 a me nā'ōpiopio.
ʻO nā kala liʻiliʻi a me nā poʻe
Mālama nā kaona liʻiliʻi i ka helu o nā ʻolua a me nā rodents ma Patagonia, no laila he mau holoholona pono lākou.
He mea maʻalahi nā kaʻi ʻōpio. I ka wā ma mua, ua hoʻohana ikaika ʻia nā grisons liʻiliʻi no ka hopu ʻana i nā chinchillas. Paʻi ʻia kahi hānai hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia i loko o ka lua o ka chinchilla, a e hoʻokuʻu aku ʻo ia i ka holoholona i kahi wahi e kali ai ka mea maʻi.
I kekahi manawa e hōʻoki ʻia nā mākaʻi liʻiliʻi ka heihei, ma kēia mea, e luku aku ka poʻe kaiāulu iā lākou. Kuhi ʻia nā grisons liʻiliʻi ma ka Convention CITES.
Holo mau pū kekahi lālani liʻiliʻi, kahi manawa i loaʻa i nā manawa ʻelua a i ʻole ma kahi ʻohana liʻiliʻi.
Nā pili pili
Ma kahi o nā kope kuʻi liʻiliʻi, ka grisons nō hoʻi ka ʻohana, kahi e noho nei ma ʻAmelika Hema. ʻAʻole i hoʻoweliweli ʻia nā grisons, ʻaʻole like me nā grisons liʻiliʻi, no ka mea he lahilahi kēia me kahi wahi ākea.
Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.
(Mustela nivalis)
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma ʻEulopa, Algeria, Morocco, Egypt, Asia Minor, ʻ Iraqaka Irak, Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Kina, Korea Peninsula, Iapana, ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, Australia.
Ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o ka holoholona, e pili ana i ka mea pili i kekahi subspecies, mai 11.4 a 21.6 cm.
Noho ka nui o nā biotopes (nā ululāʻau, nā alapine a me nā wahi ala, nā mākeke o nā pā, nā kahe, nā kai o nā wai, nā wao nahele, nā tundra, nā ʻano me nā alapine).
Ma kahi kokoke i nā papa ʻaina manuahi ka nui o nā kiʻi like ʻole (nā hale, ke kula a me nā nāhelehele wao nahele, nā ihe), nā molika a me nā shrew, a me nā ʻōpio, nā moa, nā manu, nā hua manu a me nā moa o nā manu. Me ka nui o ka meaʻai, e ʻai ana ia i nā amphibians, nā iʻa liʻiliʻi, nā mokukaua, nānika liʻiliʻi, nā anuanu a me nā pelika.
He holoholona dexterous a weasel a holo wikiwiki, holo wikiwiki, piʻi maikaʻi a ʻeleʻele. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka wiwo ʻole a me ka hoʻokahe koko, hiki iā ia ke hamo i nā mana ākea a me nā lua. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā kiole i kā lākou mau heihei. He lawa nā holoholona liʻiliʻi no ka nape o ke poʻo a i ke poʻo, e hoʻopili ana i ka ʻūhā i hope o ke poʻo, e hāhai pinepine ana i nā holoholona i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o kāna, e hoʻopili ana i ko lākou ʻāʻī. I nā hua manu, weasel ka nui o nā lua a lanakila i nā ʻike. I ka manawa pinepine e loaʻa nā mālama (mai ka 1 a hiki i ka 30 mau voles a me nā kiʻi i kahi hoʻokahi).
Hoʻohana i nā manawa like ʻole o ke ao, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hū ma ka pō a me ka pō. E neʻe ana i nā lele. Ke alakaʻi nei (no ka hapa nui) o ke ʻano ola. Ke kahe a puni ʻo ia i kāna pūnaewele, e paʻa ana i ka neʻe a me nā uhi ʻē aʻe. Hōʻalo i nā wahi wehe. Hiki ke uhi ʻia ka 1-2 km i kēlā me kēia lā. I ka hoʻoilo, me ka hoʻoilo hohonu, neʻe ʻia i loko o kona mau puka.
ʻAʻole ia i eli nā lua, akā hoʻohana ia i nā lua rodent a i ʻole voids ma waena o nā pōhaku, ka lāʻau masonry lāʻau, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (a hiki i 2 m) nā pua kuʻu, nā aʻa lāʻau a me nā kumulāʻau i hāʻule ʻia, nā puʻu pōhaku. Ma kahi pālei, paʻu i ka nāhele maloʻo, ka moss a me nā lau. Hoʻopili pinepine ka pūnaewele i nā noho mau.
Ke alakaʻi nei i kahi noho paʻa a me ka noho ʻana. ʻO ka nui o ka hoʻolālā pākahi o kēlā me kēia - ma ka 10 ha. Hoʻokomo kēia mau lahilahi i ka nui o ka mea pio a me ka hoʻoilo. Hoʻopili pinepine nā pae kāne i ka pūnaewele wahine. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā palena o ka mākeke i nā hōʻailona ʻona.
Polygamous, i ka wā rutting, hiki i ke kāne ke male me kekahi wahine. No ka hānau keiki ʻana, ʻo nā laina wahine i ka pūnana me ka mauʻu maloʻo, ʻōpala a me nā lau. Inā pilikia ka nīnū, a laila lawe ka makuahine i nā ʻāpana i kahi ʻē. I ka hihia kūpono loa, e pale ka weasel i kāna pūnana i ka hope. Noho nā poli no ka mau mahina 3-4 a haki i ka hopena o ke kauwela a i hāʻule paha.
E hana ana ka make ma Malaki. Ma hope o ka hāpai ʻana o ʻelima mau pule, e hānau mai ka wahine mai ka 5 a 7, emi mau a 3 a me 8 mau cub. Kau nā maka i ka lā 21-25 o ke ola. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā palanikua e haʻalele i ka pili, hele lākou i nā wahi āpau no ko lākou makuahine, e ʻimi ana i nā wahi ākea koke, a laila hoʻi i kahi mamao o kā lākou nūhou. Hoʻolaha, nā mea hoʻomaka e hahai i nā nāwaliwali, a hoʻomaka nā holoholona ʻōpio i kahi huakaʻi no lākou iho.
(Mustela strigidorsa)
Hoʻomohala ʻia ma Asia - mai Nepal i ka hikina i Kina (Yunan Province), Thailand, Laos, Bhutan, Sikkim, India, Vietnam, Assam.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke poʻo a me ke kino o ka wahine e pili ana i 28.5 cm, ka lōʻihi o ke poʻo ʻo 15.2 cm.
Noho ia kahi ʻano nahele ākea ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 1000-2500 m ma luna o ke kai.
ʻO ka weasel keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo kekahi o nā mammous kaulana a liʻiliʻi hoʻi i aʻo ʻia ma ʻūlūlani Asia. I loko o nā makahiki o kāna aʻo ʻana, ʻewalu wale nō kanaka i hāʻule i loko o nā lima o ka poʻe ʻepekema: ʻekolu mai Sikkim, a hoʻokahi pākahi, mai Nepal, Laos, Mynmar, Fenesserim a me Thailand. ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻike mai nā kamaʻilio kūloko e pili ana i ka hālāwai me kēia holoholona me ka hōʻuluʻulu.
(Mustela felipei)
Kaulana no nā holoholona he 5 i loaʻa ma ka Andes o Northern ʻEkuador a me nā wahi kiʻekiʻe o ke Kūpono o Central a me Western Colombia. Noho nui ia ma nā ululāʻau mauna ma nā kapa a kokoke i nā kahawai a me nā kahawai me kahi papa mālie. He subtropical ke anana o ko lākou nohona.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino e pili ana i 22 cm. ʻO ka paona o ke aloha Colombian wale nō i kaupaona ʻia, 138 g.
ʻO Weasel Colombian kahi mea kūʻai kūwaho lani. He liʻiliʻi nā ʻike e pili ana i ka meaʻai. I ka lā o kēia halihali, pono ke ʻai i nā ʻai (nā mammals liʻiliʻi, nā manu a me nā mea inikinikena, ʻoi paha ka iʻa), he 40% o kona paona.
(Mustela kauā)
Hāʻawi ʻia ma Thailand, Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo), Penacala Malacca, Malaysia, Brunei. Ma ka mokupuni ʻo Java kahi e haʻalele nei. Noho ia ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 400 a 1700 m ma luna o ke kai.
ʻO ka lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ke kino o kēia holoholona he 30-36 cm, ʻo 2426 ka lōʻihi o ka huelo o 2426 cm. He ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula ka laulā o ke kino, ʻoi aku ka māmā o ke poʻo.
(Mustela eversmanni)
ʻIke ʻia ka ʻaoʻao wāwae i ke komohana mai Yugoslavia a me Czech Republic, a ʻoi aku ka ʻaoʻao hikina ma ke alahele-ala, nā alahele a me nā neoneo o Rūsia mai Transbaikalia a hiki i Middle Amur, a me Central Asia a me Central Central a hiki i ka Far East a me East East. I ka makahiki hope, ua hoʻonui nui ka laulā o ka steppe ferret i ke komohana a me kekahi ʻāpana i ke komohana. Hōʻalo i ka nahele a me nā noho ʻana.
ʻO ka lōʻihi kino 52-56 cm, ʻili - a hiki i 18 cm, ke kino o ke kino a hiki i 2 kg.
Holoi no nā gophers, hamsters, squirrels, rodents like-mouse, emi pinepine no nā manu, nāhe a me nā baki, i ke kauwela a no nā invertebrates. Noho ka poʻe hoʻopuni kokoke i nā muliwai a me nā loko i ka wai o ka wai.
E alakaʻi ana i kahi ola nocturnal a me ka twilight, i kekahi manawa i ka wā o ke ao. Hoʻonohonoho ʻo ia i nā nī mau i nā puʻu maloʻo, noho ʻia nā ʻuā o nā rodents (marmots, ground squirrels, hamsters), ka hoʻolalelale ʻana a hoʻonohonoho aku iā lākou. Hāpai ʻo Burrows iā ia wale nō i ka hemahema a me ka hoʻohana ʻo ia iā lākou ma ke ʻano pōkole. Ma ke kīhala ua hoʻonohonoho ʻo ia i ka hale ma nā pā nahele o ka mauʻu kiʻekiʻe, kokoke i nā pōhaku, i nā wahi hemo, ma waena o nā aʻa a me ka nui o nā lāʻau.
Nā neʻe i ka ʻāina i ka peke (a hiki i 50-70 cm), ʻaʻole pono e piʻi i nā lāʻau. Hiki maikaʻi ke holo. Hoʻolaha maikaʻi ʻia ka ʻike. Holo koke mai kahi kiʻekiʻe nui. I ka wā o ka pōpilikia, hoʻomalu ʻia e ka mea huna hūhi me ka hūhi mai nā kūpeʻe anal, ke kī nei iā lākou ma ka ʻenemi. I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine nā rodents i ka hau.
Ma waho o ka manawa hoʻoulu, alakaʻi ka steppe ferret i kahi nohona kū hoʻokahi. ʻAʻole paʻa nā palena o kahi pākahi pilikino. I nā hui ʻana o nā kāne like ʻole, ʻaʻole i kū ka hihia. I ka wā e moe ai, e hakakā ka kāne no kēlā me ka wahine, ʻoiai i ka uē nui a uʻi lākou kekahi i kekahi. No ka hānau hānau ʻana, kūkulu ka wahine i kahi pūnana i loko o kahi ʻōpala o nā ʻūhā a i nā pua paha (mai ka mauʻu a me nā mea humu ʻē aʻe). Linya ka pūnana me nā hulu, iho a maloʻo ka mauʻu. Hoʻokomo pū ke kāne i ka hānai keiki. Inā make ka ʻili mua, a laila ma ka lā 6-26 mau lā e hoʻomaka ka wahine i ka estrus.
Noho ke kia ma kahi o 1,5 mau mahina. Hānau ʻia ka wahine hānai i nā lālani 4-10 ʻoluʻolu. E wehe nā maka i nā lā 28–39. I ka wā ʻaʻole i uhi ʻole i nā keiki hipa me ka lauoho, a haʻalele ka wahine iā lākou. Noho ka lactation a hiki i ka 2 mau mahina. I ka makahiki o 7-8 mau pule, ke ʻimi nei nā pēpē i ke kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa. Mālama ka wahine i nā cubs. Hāpai ka brood a hiki i 2.5 mau mahina, a i ka hopena o ke kauwela, hoʻopuʻi nā ferrets ʻōpio i ka ʻimi ʻana i ko lākou wahi.
(Mustela nigripe)
Noho 'ia ai ma ka hikina a me nā hema o nā Pohaku Papa, nā palena o nā Papa Nui mai Albert a me Saskatchewan, a hiki i Texas a me Arizona (USA).
Ma kahi o 45 cm ke lōʻihi, me kahi kaula 15 fluffy, ke kaupaona nei ma mua o 1 kg.
Ke alakaʻi nei i kahi nohona nocturnal. ʻO ka hoʻolohe ʻana, ka nānā a me ka ʻala hoʻi hoʻi i kūkulu ʻia. He hilinaʻi nui ʻia nā ʻīlio me nā ʻīlio meʻa. Kokoke i nā manawa āpau (a hiki i 99%) i hoʻopau ʻo ia i kā lākou mau lua. Ma ka ʻāina o kēia mau kolana, hoʻomaha iā ia a hiamoe, loaʻa koke iā ia kāna meaʻai ponoʻī, pale i nā mea wīwī, ʻino maikaʻi ʻole a hānai i nā hua. ʻOi aku ka ikaika o nā male ma mua o nā wahine. I ka hoʻoilo, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka hana o nā ferpers i kaulua ʻia e like me ka wahi o ka wahi i hōʻike ʻia. Ma nā lā anu a me ka hau hoʻoilo, e noho nei ma ka lua, ka hānai ʻana i kona mālama.
Ma ka ʻāina e neʻe ai i nā kuʻi a i ʻole ka lūlū lohi (a hiki i 8-11 km / h). Hiki i kahi pō e piʻi i 10 km. Kūpono ka lōʻihi o nā males i ka lōʻihi.
Hoʻohui i ka manawa pua, alakaʻi ia i kahi noho paʻa. No ka launa pū me nā hoahānau pili i nā hōʻailona momona. Hoʻopaʻa nā palena o kāna pūnaewele i ka ʻike huna o nā kohu ductal. I nā makahiki ʻono maikaʻi, ʻo ka lehulehu o ka lehulehu ka mea hoʻokahi i hoʻokahi mika no 50 ha o nā kolamu ʻīlio meʻa. ʻO ka palena o nā ferrets wāʻelemakule (ma ka diameter) 1-2 km.
Noho ʻo Pregnancy i nā lā 41-45.Hānau ka wahine i nā lālani 3-4 (ma ka awelika). Ke ulu nā lālau, waiho wale ka wahine iā lākou i ka pili i ke ao, a hānai ʻo ia iā ia iho. Hoʻomaka ka poʻe ʻōpio e ʻimi ma kā lākou iho ma Kepakemapa a me ʻOkakopa.
(Mustela putorius)
Kahele nui ʻia i ka ʻĀkau o ʻEulopa, ʻoiai ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana. Noho ka hapa nui o nā ferrets i ʻEnelani a ma aneane hoʻi a ma waena o ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o Russia, koe wale nō ʻo North Karelia, ke komohana o ka Crimea, ka Caucasus, a me ka Volga ma lalo. I nā makahiki he hala i hala iho nei, ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻike e pili ana i ka noho hou ʻana o ka ʻahuʻula o ka Black Ferret i nā ululāʻau o Finland a me Karelia. Noho no ia i na ululaau o Akau-akau Aferika.
Na paona lākou mai 1000 g a 1710 g, 36-48 cm ka lōʻihi, a 15-17 cm ka ʻehā. ʻO hoʻokahi wahine a me ka hapa ka hapa. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka huelo o nā wahine he 8.5-15 cm.
E makemake ana nā mea aloha i ka nahele ma ka nahele liʻiliʻi a me nā ʻūhā i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, hui ʻia me nā pā me nā ʻōpala. ʻO ka ferret ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka "titila palena" mua, no ka mea, ʻo nā kihi lāʻau kahi pua ʻona maʻamau. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine ʻia i nā kahawai wai o nā kahawai liʻiliʻi, a kokoke pū me nā wai wai ʻē aʻe. Maikaʻi e ʻauʻau, akā, ʻaʻole like ia e like me kona hoahānau pili, ʻEulopa mink (Mustela lutreola). Noho pū kekahi i nā pā o ke kūlanakauhale.
Ke alakaʻi nei nā Ferrets i kahi hana maʻalahi a lilo i mea pili i kahi mau home. ʻO ka nui o ka hale. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā keʻena kūlohelohe i nā wahi paʻa - he peʻa o nā lāʻau i hina, masonry o ke ahi, ʻāʻī mauʻu, nāhelehe. ʻO kekahi mau manawa noho ʻo nā ferrets i nā pūʻulu puʻu badger or fox; i nā kauhale a me nā kauhale lākou i ʻike ai i ka puʻu i nā lua, nā hale ʻoliki a ma lalo hoʻi o nā hale o nā lumi ʻauʻau kai kūʻai. ʻAʻole aneane e ʻoka i ka lua o kāna mau nāhelehele.
ʻOiai ke ʻano o nā nui nui i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā ʻelele he nui o ka huaʻōlelo, ʻo kēia ferret kahi heiola mice maʻamau. Kūkulu ʻia ka ferret ʻeleʻele i ka voles a me nā kiʻi; i ke kauwela ka mea e hopu pinepine ai i nā baki, pōkole, nā wai ʻōpiopio, a me nā nahesa, nā manu hihiu, nā iniseti nui (ʻūlū, a me nā mea a pau). I ka manawa e noho kokoke ana ma kahi kanaka e hiki ke hoʻouka i ka moa a me nā kelepena.
Ke hele ikaika nei nā ferrets i nā ʻōpala o ka lāʻau make a ma waena o nā pōhaku, ʻano wiwo ʻole a me ka makaʻu ʻole i nā ʻenemi, ʻoi aku ʻo ia i ka nui a me ke kaumaha. Holo ka manu hihiu manu, e like me ke kānāwai, i ka pōʻeleʻele, akā i ka lā ke hiki i ka wā ke hiki ke ʻae ʻia e haʻalele wale i ka home e nā ʻai pōloli wale nō. Ke kiaʻi nei ka velret ferret ma ka lua a hopu paha i ka holo.
Hoʻomaka ka uwea i ka lāʻau ulu lāʻau i ka pūnāwai, i ʻApelila-Mei, i kekahi manawa i ka lua o ka mahina o Iune. Hoʻokahi a me ka hapa mahina ma hope o ka hoʻomakeʻa ʻana, ʻike ʻia nā 4 a he 6 mau wahine ma ka wahine. Kuʻi ʻo nā wahine i kā lākou keiki ma mua o kekahi mea pōʻino. ʻO nā ferrets Young ua hoʻoulu ʻia i ka wai pōkole kūikawā "mane" - elongated lauoho ma ka nape. Mālama ʻia ka bro bro me ka makuahine a hiki i ka hāʻule ʻana, a i kekahi manawa a hiki i ka puna wai e hiki mai ana. Hoʻopili maikaʻi nā holoholona i ke ʻano o nā makahiki hoʻokahi.
(Mellivora capensis)
ʻO ka uhi ʻana o nā meli melemele e uhi i nā māhele nui o ʻAmelika a me Asia. I loko o ʻApelika, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia kahi kokoke i kēlā me kēia wahi, mai Morocco a me ʻAigupita a i ʻAmelika Hema. Ma Asia, ʻo kona wahi noho ʻole e lūlū ʻia mai ka ʻAmelika Huiia a hiki i Central Asia, a i India a me Nepal hoʻi.
Hiki i ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 77 cm, ʻaʻole helu e pili ana i ka huelo e pili ana i 25 cm.ʻokoʻa ko lākou paona mai 7 a 13 kg, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine.
Noho nā hūnū manu ma nāona elima like ʻole, me nā alahele, nā wao a me nā wahi mauna a hiki i 3000 mika. Eia nō naʻe, kāohi lākou i nā wahi wela wela a i ʻole nā palulu, e like me nā wao a i nā ua paha.
ʻO lākou ka mea nui ma ka wanaʻao a i ka pō paha, akā ma nā wahi i kā ʻole ʻia e ke kanaka a i ke anuanu paha lākou ke ʻike ʻia i ke ao. No ka hiamoe, hoʻohana lākou i ke kāwele kūʻokoʻa ʻana i hoʻokahi a ʻekolu mau mū hohonu me kahi pānaʻi liʻiliʻi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā mea haʻalulu. Ma ka ʻāina o kā lākou kikoʻī, ua loaʻa nā honu melemele i kēlā mau lua, a mai ka wā e hana lākou i nā alualu holookoa i ka lā, ʻaʻole lāua e moe ka pō ma ia wahi hoʻokahi no ʻelua mau lā i ka laina.I ka huli ʻana i ka meaʻai, neʻe lākou i ka ʻāina, akā i kekahi manawa e piʻi i nā kumulāʻau, ʻoi aku ka wā makemake lākou e hele i ka meli, ka mea i hāʻawi iā lākou i ko lākou inoa.
E like me ka hapa nui o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe mai ka ʻohana marten, noho wale nā meli melemele, a ʻike wale ʻia i kekahi manawa ke ʻike ʻia i nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi - ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, nā ʻōpio a i ʻole nā bachelor pack. He mau wahi noho nui ko lākou i ka nui o nā kilomika mau wahi. Hōʻike lākou i ko lākou poʻe hoahānau i mua o lākou me ke kōkua o kahi hūnā ʻia e nā kelepa anal kūikawā.
Manaʻo ʻia nā hūlū melemele i nā makaʻu wiwo ʻole a maikaʻi ʻole hoʻi i nā holoholona hihiu, nona ka ʻenemi ʻole kūlohelohe. ʻO kā lākou ʻili maloʻo loa, me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole o kahi māpē lahilahi i ko lākou ʻōpū, ʻaʻole hiki ke pana ʻia e nā niho o nā pua nui a me nā mea make make, a me nā pūlima pū kekahi. ʻO nā forepaws ikaika me nā pale lōʻihi a me nā meli badger meli ʻo ia ka mea pono e pale aku ai i ka pono. Eia kekahi, ʻike lākou i ke ʻano, e like me ke kahe ʻana, e hoʻoiho ai i kahi mea hoʻonaninani no ka hoʻouka ʻana iā lākou. Inā makaʻu lākou iā lākou iho, ʻo lākou ʻo ka mea e hoʻouka nui i nā holoholona nona ka nui o lākou ka nui, e komo pū ana me nā pipi a me nā mea nui.
ʻO nā wailele manu he holoholona hānai. ʻO kā lākou ʻai pio he mau rodents, a me nā poʻe ʻōpio o nā ʻano nui like ʻole, e like me nā alopeke a i ʻole antelope. Hoʻopili i nā meaʻai, nā meli melemele i loaʻa nā manu a me kā lākou hua, nā reptile, e pili ana i nā kīwī liʻiliʻi a me nā meaʻawaʻawa, a me nā amphibians, carrion, nā pepeke pepeke, ʻoa a me nā invertebrates. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano mea ʻē aʻe o ka ʻai, nā mea ʻai meli e ʻai i ka mea kanu liʻiliʻi, mai loko aku o ka ʻai ʻana, nā huaʻaʻa, nā aʻa a me nā kūmato.
He mea pono ia ko lākou aloha o ka meli, nāna i hāʻawi ka inoa me ka meli i ko lākou inoa. E manaʻoʻiʻo nui ka ola o ka meli ma ka simbiosis me kahi ʻano liʻiliʻi o Aferika i loaʻa i kahi lāʻau i kapa ʻia (ʻo Indicator indie). Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ka mea honi i ka meli a ka meli me nā ʻūʻū kūikawā i nā hina, nā mea haki a ka meli me kāna mau puʻu, lick ka meli, a me ka meli o ka meli ua ʻai i nā ululā. I ka pili ʻana o kēia mau mea, ke kumuhana o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana, ʻaʻohe ʻano ʻepekema i kēia manawa.
Aia kā nā ʻatikala e pili ana i ka makahiki gestational o nā mea ʻai honi, aia no ia i ke ʻano o ka hoʻoulu ʻana o kahi hua i kanu ʻia, kahi o nā marten. Elima a ʻeono paha mahina a me ka hānau ʻana ma waena o ka moena a me ka hānau ʻana, akā ʻoi aku ka lono ma mua o ka hapalua. I loko o ka lōpela o nā meli melemele he ʻelua a ʻehā mau pēpē e hoʻopau ana i ko lākou mau pule mua i kahi hana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā mea maloʻo. Ke noho mau nei nā holoholona ʻōpio me ko lākou makuahine i ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻoi aku ia ma mua o hoʻokahi makahiki. ʻAʻole maopopo ka ola o ke meli kino i loko o ka nahele, i ka pio ʻana a hiki i 26 makahiki.
(ʻAuhau ʻauhau)
Hoʻonohonoho ʻia mai South-Western Canada a Central Mexico.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino he 42-75 cm, ʻo ka huelo he 10 cm cm.ʻO ke kaumaha a hiki i ka 10-12 kg.
Noho ka noho kahalaha a me nā wahi semi-wao i uhi ʻia me nā lāʻau lāʻau (wehe i nā wahi nahele, nā mahinaʻai a me nā wahi hānai). Loaʻa ia ma nā kuahiwi kuahiwi a me nā lau nahele subalpine (a hiki i 3000 m ma luna o ke kai), a pū kekahi me nā alpha tundra.
ʻO ka badgerʻAmelika mau mea nui ia nocturnal, akā ʻike pinepine ʻia i ka lā. Hoʻohui ʻo ia i nā hora ʻona i loko o kahi lua i ʻeli ai ʻo ia iā ia iho. Ke ʻeli nei i ka lepo palupalu, hoʻohana ʻia kahi pūpū i kāna mau ʻōpio a me nā niho, ke neʻe nei i kahi ākea, ke kanu nei iā ia iho i ka lepo a nalowale mai kahi ʻike no nā mau minuke. E hoʻopiha i ka lua, noho pinepine ʻo ia i nā ʻā o nā pōkā a me nā coyotes. Hoʻohana ʻo ia i kāna mau pono no nā kumu like ʻole, ka mea e hoʻoholo ai i ka paʻakikī o ka polokalamu, ka hohonu a me ka lōʻihi: no ka hoʻomaha o ke ao, ka hoʻoilo hoʻoilo, ke kanu ʻana a mālama pū paha i nā mālama mālama. Hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau lua ma kahi pōkole, ʻeli ʻia i kahi kūlana pōpilikia kūlana. He pahu hakahaka kahi lone badger maʻamau ma kahi o 10 mau mika ka lōʻihi o kahi lumi papa e noho ana ma kahi hohonu o 3 mau mika mai ka honua aku.
Lele ia i nā rodents a me nā holoholona liʻiliʻi: nā mānīkoi laʻa, nā chipmunks, nā gophers, skunks, nāhelehele, nā hua a me nā moa o nā manu e hoʻopailua ana ma ka ʻāina, nā pepelu a me ko lākou puʻupuʻu, nā ʻūhā a me ka lāʻau. Holo pū ka ʻōpala ʻAmelika i ka mauʻu, nā mea ʻala ʻono e maopopo maoli i kona ʻono. Inā kū ka pōleʻa i ka holomua, a laila huna lākou i ka nui o nā meaʻai i loko o kā lākou wahi e ʻai ai ma hope. Inā hele ʻia kahi pūʻino i kahi kihi, hiki iā ia ke hoʻouka i kāna ʻenemi. ʻO ka hulu ākea a me ka paakiki, nā ikaika ʻāʻī ikaika i pale pono iā ia, ʻoi aku, ʻeʻe, ʻeke a hoʻokuʻu i kahi mea hoʻowahāwahā maikaʻi ʻole mai nā kūpeʻe anal. Kū hou ka badger i ka lua kokoke loa, a hiki i ka lua, mai loko aʻe e puʻe i ka puka komo ʻana. Inā ʻaʻohe lua e kūpono ma kahi kokoke, hoʻomaka koke ka holoholona e ʻohi, e hoʻolei ana i ka lepo a me ka honua i mua o ka maka o ka mea nāna e lele. Maemae ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, mālama ʻo ia i kāna litter, a hoʻomaʻemaʻe pinepine ʻo ia iā ia iho, ʻīloʻi i kona kapa. Ma ke ʻākau o ka awāwa a i loko o ka puʻu e hāʻule ai i ka hiamoe hoʻoilo no nā lā a i hoʻokahi pule paha. I ka wā hiamoe, hāʻule ka mahana o ke kino, a pulu ka ʻōpū i ka hapalua. Ke komo nei i ka lua i ka wā e hiamoe ai, e piʻohiʻi ka badger mai loko. I ka hoʻoilo, ua haʻalele i kahi mea pōʻino i kona home no kahi manawa pōkole, akā ʻaʻole ia e neʻe hou aʻe mai kahi lua ma mua o 250 m.
He holoholona territorial ka ʻAmelika. Loaʻa kahi ʻāpana o ka kāne i nā ʻāpana o nā wahine. ʻAʻole mālama nā Badger i nā palena o nā pahale, akā mālama lākou i kā lākou lua i ke komo hewa ʻana o nā malihini. Hoʻohui i ka wā hoʻoulu a me ka ulu ʻana o ka hua, e alakaʻi ana i kahi noho kūʻokoʻa.
Noho ʻo ke keiki a hiki i 6 mau mahina. Hānau ka wahine i 1 a 5 mau makai wahine i loko o kahi pūnana i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i lalo o kahi kahe ma kahi lua paʻakikī. ʻAʻohe mau keiki hānau ʻole i ka makapō a uhi ʻia, uhi ʻia ma ka hulu manu. E hāliʻi nā maka i ka ʻehā pule. Aia ka lactation e pili ana i 6 wiki.
(Meles meles)
Noho ka aneane a puni o Europa āpau (koe wale nō nā ʻāpana ʻākau o ka kūleʻa Scandinavian, Finland me ka ʻāpana o ʻEulopa o Russia), ka Caucasus a me Transcaucasia, Crimea, Asia Minor a me Central Asia, Hema a me Middle Siberia, nā hema o ka Far East, East China, ʻo Peninsula ma Korea, a me Japan.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino - 60-90 cm, ʻili - 20-24 cm, paona - a hiki i 24 kg, ma ka ʻūhā, ma mua o ka hānau ʻana - a i ka 34 kg.
Loaʻa ʻia ka hapanui me nā ululāʻau ʻili a me ka pili ʻana i ka nahele, ma ka hema o ke kuahiwi. Hoʻopili ia i nā wahi maloʻo maikaʻi, hoʻopukapuka ʻia, akā kokoke loa (a hiki i 1 km) mauʻu kahi i loaʻa ai nā wahi kai, a me nā wahi i loaʻa ʻole ka meaʻai.
Noho ka badger i nā puʻu hohonu i ʻeli ma ke kahawai o nā puʻu one, nā pali lāʻau a me nā kuʻi wai. ʻO nā holoholona mai kēlā hanauna a i kēia hanauna e pili ana i kā lākou punahele punahele, e like me ka hōʻike ʻia e nā haʻawina geochronological kūikawā, ʻo kekahi mau kūlanakauhale maikaʻi loa he mau tausani mau makahiki. Hoʻohana ka poʻe hoʻokahi i nā pōkole maʻalahi, me kahi puka a me kahi keʻena. ʻO nā puʻu palaʻo badger kahiko he pānaehana paʻakikī ma waena o ka hale me ka nui (a hiki i 40-50) ka puka wai a me ka wehe ʻana o ka pilina a me nā kaila lōʻihi a (5-10 m) i alakaʻi i nā keʻena kikowaena ākea ākea e pili ana i ka ʻōpala maloʻo, aia ma kahi hohonu o 5 m. Hoʻokomo pinepine nā keʻena pilikino i lalo o ka mālama o kekahi aquifer, i ka mea e pale ai i ka ua a me ka wai i lalo o ka wai. ʻO ka wā maʻamau, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā lua e nā badger, ua hoʻolei ʻia ka lū kahiko. Noho pinepine nā ʻolua badger e lawelawe ʻia e nā holoholona ʻē aʻe: nā alopeke, nā ʻīlio raccoon.
Ke alakaʻi nei ka badger i kahi nohona nocturnal, ʻoiai hiki ke ʻike pinepine ʻia i ke ao - i ke kakahiaka a i ka 8, i ke ahiahi - ma hope o 5-6 mau hola.
He ʻono hewa ka hewa. Hoʻomaʻo ia i nā koina, a me nā baki, nā rula, nā manu, nā manu a me kā lākou hua, nā pepeke a me kā lākou pili, mollusks, earthworms, mau hua, nā hua, nā iʻa a me ka mauʻu. I ka wā o ka hopuʻana, pono i ka badger e hele i nā ʻāina nui, e hōʻuluʻulu i nā lāʻau i hāʻule, ka ʻalā ʻana i ka ʻoka o nā kumu lāʻau a me nā ʻalā i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā pōpoki a me nā pepeke. I kekahi manawa ke loaʻa ka badger 50-70 a i ʻole mau pahana, he haneli mau haneli a me nā ʻōlima i ka wā o ka ʻimi hoʻokahi.Eia naʻe, ʻai nui ʻo ia i ka 0.5 kg o ka meaʻai i kēlā lā i kēia lā, a ma o ka hāʻule wale nō e ʻai nui ai a ʻai i ka momona, kahi mea e lawelawe ai iā ia i ke kō i ka wā hoʻoilo moe.
ʻO kēia wale nō ka mea i kū i ka marten, aloha no ka hoʻoilo. Ma nā ʻāpana ʻākau, aia ka ʻōpala i ka mahina ʻokakopa - ʻūnaka o Nowemapa a hiki i Malaki - ʻApelila; ma nā ʻaoʻao hema, kahi ʻoluʻolu nā wint a me ka pōkole o ka wī, he ikaika ia a puni ka makahiki.
Nā Badger komo i ka monogamy. ʻO nā kāne a lākou i kū ai i ka hāʻule, akā ʻo ka māla a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā manawa like ʻole, e pili ana i ka lōʻihi o ka manawa hāpai, kahi lōlihi e lōʻihi ana ka loli, e hoʻololi. Hiki i ka wā hāpai i ka wahine mai 271 mau lā (i ka wā hoʻoilo) a he 450 mau lā (i ka hoʻoilo). Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Cubs (2-6): i ʻEulopa - i Kekemapa - ʻApelila, ma Rūsia - ma Malaki - ʻApelila I kekahi mau lā ma hope mai, ua ʻōlelo hou ʻia nā wahine. Hoʻomaka ʻike nā pā i nā lā no 35-42 mau lā, a ma ka 3 mau makahiki o kā lākou mau makahiki e hānai ai lākou i ko lākou mau pono. I ka wā hoʻoili, ma ka lā o ka lā hānau, e wāwahi a ʻōpala.
ʻO nā wahine'ōpiopio e lilo i aʻae makua i ka lua o ke ola o ka makahiki, nā kāne i ke kolu. ʻO ka manaʻolana ʻana o kahi puʻuwai he 10-12, i ka pio - a i 16 mau makahiki.
Palapala Arctonyx
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma Asia Hema: Bangladesh, India, Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia, e pili ana. Sumatra.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i 70 cm, ke kaumaha 7-14 kg.
Noho ka wahi nūhou i hoʻomāhelehele i nā ululāʻau, nā ʻāpana alpine a me nā puʻu (ʻo ka teledu ka piʻi ma 3,500 m ma mua o ke kai), nā wahi iʻa, nā nahele nū nui (ma ka nahele), a me nā mahiʻai.
E alakaʻi ana i ke ola ola nocturnal (akā ma India hiki ke ʻike ʻia i ke kakahiaka a i ʻole a i ke ahiahi paha), e hūnā ana i loko o kahi lua i ʻeli ʻia e ia i ka lā a i ʻole e hūnā ʻia i nā pā kūlohelohe (hollows ma lalo o nā pōhaku a i nā boulders, ma nā wahi o ka muliwai). ʻO ka hana hoʻoulu i Kina mai 3 a 5 i ke kakahiaka a mai ka 19 a me ka 21 i ke ahiahi.
Ke neʻe ʻia e ka poʻe predator, pale iā ia iho me kona mau palaka a me nā niho ikaika. ʻO ka telecud ka ʻili lolipopo e pale maikaʻi iā ia mai nā niho o nā ʻenemi. Hoʻolauna pū ka penaʻi ʻana i ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo he pōpilikia a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka waiho ʻana iā ia wale. E like me Kunim, loaʻa iā ia nā kūpeʻe anal e huna i kahi huna pungent.
Hōʻoiaʻiʻo, mai Nowemapa a Pepeluali (Malaki) hāʻule ka teledus i ka hiamoe hiamoe.
ʻO ka meaʻai ka: nā wīwī, nā invertebrates, nā aʻa, nā hua aʻa a me nā huaʻaiʻai, nā mōmela liʻiliʻi. Loaʻa iā ia ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka meaʻai no kāna ʻano ʻono, a me ke kōkua o nā molars a me nā mea e hoʻokau ai i ka ʻū o lalo i kā ia i ʻā ma luna o ka ʻula.
ʻO ka maʻamau paha, alakaʻi i ke ʻano noho mehameha, no ka ka ʻike pinepine ʻia i hoʻokahi manawa. I kekahi manawa aia nā wahine e neʻe pū me kā lākou poʻe keiki ma ka wahi o ka lua.
Noho ke kiaʻi ma muli o 10 mau mahina. Hānau ʻia ka wahine teledu wahine i hānai ʻia he 2–4 mau keiki (ka awelika o 3). ʻO nā pēpē wahine hou ʻo 58 kona mau g. ʻO ka lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ka 4 mau mahina. ʻO ka nui o kahi pupule holoholona makua e hiki i 7-8 mau mahina.
(Melogale personata)
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma Asia Hema (Nepal, India, Burma, Kina, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Java.).
ʻO ka loa kino 33-44 cm, ʻehā 15-23 keiki o ke kaupaona - 1-3 kg.
Ua ʻike ʻia kahi liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka badger ferret. Ke alakaʻi nei ʻo ia i kahi ola nocturnal, akā hiki ke loaʻa i ke kakilua. Hoʻopau ka holoholona i ke ao i kahi lua a i nā wahi paha. ʻAʻole eli nā ʻuʻuku a lākou iho, akā waiho ʻia nā ʻalo o nā holoholona ʻē. ʻOi loa kēia he holoholona ʻāina, akā, no ka hopu ʻana i nā mea aniani a me nā ʻōpū, piʻi i nā lāʻau.
No ka launa pū me nā hoahānau a no ka pale ʻana e hoʻohana i ka ʻōlelo huna o nā kulu anal. Ke huakaʻi nei kahi mea hewa i kona wahi, e hōʻailona i kona ala e hiki ai i hope ke loaʻa i ke ala a hoʻi hou i ka lua. Hāʻawi ʻo ia i nā palena o kāna kolo me nā kāpili like nō, me ka ʻōlelo ʻana ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia.
ʻO nā kūaloki, nāhelehele, nā mauleʻa a me nā ʻūhā i komo i ka meaʻai. Me ke ala, mālama i nā mammals liʻiliʻi (nā lālani ʻōpiopio), me nā ʻaka hoʻi, nā ʻūlū, nā lau liʻiliʻi a me nā manu. ʻAi ʻia ka pipi, nā hua manu a me nā meaʻai kanu.
Ke alakaʻi nei i kahi noho paʻa a me ka noho ʻana. Noho ka ʻāpana o kēlā me kēia kāne i ka hetar he 4-9 hekuni, a e uhi ana i ka nui o nā wahine. Noho ʻo ka maʻi hānau ʻana ma kahi o 57-80 lā. Hānau ʻia ka wahine i 1-3 mau ʻīlio.Noho ka Lactation 2-3 mau pule.
(Lākra lutra)
'Aʻohe nui ia ma loko o kahi ākea e pili ana i ka hapa holoʻokoʻa o ʻEulopa (koe wale nō ʻo Netherlands me Switzerland), Asia (koe wale nō ʻo Arabian Peninsula) a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Ma Lūkia, he kaawale i loko o ka Far North.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o kona kino he 55-95 cm, ʻo kona ʻī he 26-55 cm, a ʻo kona paona he 6-10 kg. ʻO ka pōkole pōkole, me nā membrane peleke. He huʻihaʻu ka huelo, ʻaʻohe fluffy.
Ke alakaʻi nei ka otter i kahi nohona semi-aquatic, ʻoluʻolu holo, ka diving a loaʻa i ka meaʻai i loko o ka wai. Noho ka nui ma nā kahawai māla i waiwai i ka iʻa, ʻaʻole i loko o nā loko a me nā loko. Aia ia ma ke kahakai. E ʻoi aku ia i nā wai me nā whirlpool, me nā awāwa ʻole-hau ʻole i ka hoʻoilo, me ka wai i holoi ʻia, hoʻopuni ʻia me nā kapa wīwī, kahi nui o nā hale hilinaʻi a me nā wahi no ka kūkulu ʻana i nā ʻuā. Hoʻopili kekahi i kona ʻānela i nā ana, a i ʻole like me ka nalo, i nā mākuhi kokoke i ka wai. E wehe ʻia nā pūpū o loko o kona lua ma lalo o ka wai.
ʻO nā wahi hopu ma kekahi ʻāpana i ke kauwela ka mahele o kahi mahele o ka muliwai mai 2 a 18 km lōʻihi a he 100 m hohonu i loko o ke kahakai kahakai. I ka hoʻoilo, me ka hoʻohemo ʻana o nā huaʻa o ka iʻa a me ka manuahi me ka lāʻau ʻala, ʻo ia ka mea e hele hewa ʻole, i kekahi manawa ke hele pololei ʻana i nā wai kiʻekiʻe. I ka manawa like, iho mai ka otter mai loko mai o ka neʻe, ka iho ʻana i lalo iho i loko o kona ʻōpū a waiho i kahi hōʻailona ʻano i loko o ke ʻano o kahi luʻu. Ma kahi hau a me ka hau, e holo ana i kēlā me kēia lā a hiki i 15-20 km.
Mālama ka ʻawa i ka iʻa (carp, pike, trout, roach, gobies) a makemake i nā iʻa liʻiliʻi. I ka hoʻoilo, ʻai nui i nā rana, kūpono maʻamau - nā lālani caddis. I ke kauwela, he keu i ka iʻa, hopu i ka limulu wai a me nā rodents ʻē aʻe, a ma nā wahi e hānai pinepine ia i nā pena a me nā pika.
ʻO nā holoholona ʻona nā holoholona hūnā. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia nei, i kau ʻia i nā kūlana climatic, ma loko o ka puna (Malaki - ʻApelila) a aneane paha ua kokoke makahiki a puni (ma ʻEnelani). Pāʻai ʻāhu i ka wai. ʻO ka hāpai ʻana - me ka manawa lōʻihi e hiki ai i 270 lā, ʻo ka manawa gestation ʻo ia wale nō he 63 lā. ʻO 2 ka pipi makapō a ʻo ka brood. ʻIʻe ʻia ʻo Otter puberty i ka makahiki ʻelua a i ʻole ʻekolu.
(Lutra maculicollis)
E loaʻa i nā loko i loko o Victoria a me Tanganyika, a me nā pāpū ma ke kūkulu hema o ka wao Sahara. Noho ka ʻōpū i kahi kokoke i nā kumu wai kū ʻole a make paha i ka wā make. Paʻu ʻo ia i ka wai mālie a me nā kahawai pōhaku, ka mea i ʻike i nā loko, nā awawa, nā kahe, a me nā waikahe hoʻi i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. ʻAʻole ʻo ia e komo i nā waikahe me nā moʻo maloʻo ikaika a me nā papa pāpaku.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hiki i ka 57.5 cm, ʻehā 33-44.5 cm ka lōʻihi. ʻO ka nui o nā kāne he 4-5 kg, ʻo nā wahine he 3.5-4 kg.
Hoʻoiho i kēlā me kēia manawa o ka lā. ʻO kāna hana koʻikoʻi e hoʻomaka i nā hola 2-3 ma mua o ka hele ʻana o ka lā a ma hope o ka lā. Moe ʻo ia i kāna lua, ʻo ia ka mea kūpono i ka wai kokoke. ʻO ka ʻeke ʻūkini i kālai ʻia kekahi o nā lawaiʻa akamai akamai o nā otters wai hou. Ke pāʻani nei nā holoholona a hoʻolilo i ka manawa o ke pāʻani me nā otters, akā hiki iā lākou ke pāʻani wale. E ʻoi aku ka wai maʻa ma mua o nā wai hohonu, no ka mea, ua nui ka waiwai nui nona - cichlids. Hoʻomaka ʻia ka lawaiʻa ʻana ma mua o 10 m mai ke kahakai. Pono nui nā kīpiki iʻa no ka hopu ʻana i ka iʻa a lākou e ʻai ai mai ka huelo, i kekahi manawa e hoʻolei ana i nā poʻo. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā mākaʻi e maʻamau ka hopu ʻana i ka iʻa i loko o 10-20 mau minuke.
ʻO nā meaʻai maʻamau nā iʻa (barbs, clariasis, haplochromis, perch nui-mouthed, trout a me tilapia), nā bako, nā mea ʻuʻuku, nā mollusks, nā huaʻala a me nā hua lāʻau.
Ke alualu nei i kahi nohona waiho wale ʻana, koe wale nō nā cubs he wahine. Kahi ʻia nā ʻohana like ʻole (3-4 kanaka) e ʻike i ka wā mālama keiki. He ʻāina nui ka kāne i loko o kahi wahine nui e noho ai. E hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēlā me kēia otter i kahi wahi a hiki i 3.5 km o ke kahakai. ʻAʻole e pale i ka ʻāina o ka ʻāina, e ʻae ana i nā ʻoni e ʻimi i loko o ia mea.
Noho ke kiaʻi ma nā lā 60-65 mau lā. Hānau maila ka wahine i nā kau pēpē 2-3. ʻO ka wā'ōpiopio me kahi kapa hulu hulu e hānau ai. Hoʻomaka lākou e ʻauʻau i ka walu o ka pule. Noho ka Lactation a hiki i 12-16 mau pule.Ke pāʻani nei i nā ʻōpio ʻōpio he nui ia, e kōkua ana i kā lākou mau loilo manu hānai. Ke ulu nui lākou, noho ka ʻōpio ʻōpio a alakaʻi i kahi ola kūʻokoʻa.
(Lutra sumatrana)
Hāʻawi ʻia iā Asia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand, Indonesia). No ka manawa lōʻihi, ua manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻopau ʻole ʻia nā ʻano a hiki i, i ka makahiki 1998, loaʻa ka ʻike ma Thailand.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino he 50-82 cm, ʻo ka huelo he 35-50 cm.
Noho ka puʻu ʻana me nā puʻu e neʻe ana, nā ʻohe a me nā ʻoka, nā kaiāulu, nā kahe lau o nā kahakai a me nā hana ʻai, nā wahi nahele me nā nahele ulu.
Aneane ʻike ʻole kahi mea e pili ana i ke ʻano a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana o kēia otter.
(Lutrogale perspicillata)
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma Iraq, Hema a me Asia Hema, Hema Kina.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino me ke poʻo he 65.5-79 cm, ka ʻili - 40.6-50.5 cm. Mākaha - 7-11 kg.
Noho nā poʻe i nā puʻupuʻu nui - nā muliwai nui a me nā kahe, nā nahele nāhelehele kai, nā māla ma ka ʻaoʻao kahakai a me nā estuaries, nā māla lae, nā pā pōhaku (ma nā muliwai nui). Hōʻalo i ka wehe lepo lepo a me nā one.
ʻO ka holoholona smter he holoholona holoholona ʻokoʻa ʻole. Noho a ʻo nā wahine a ʻo ka wahine hoʻi a hoʻākoakoa pū i ka ʻōpio. ʻO ka manawa, noho ʻo ka wahine ma luna o nā holoholona āpau o ka pūʻulu.
Noho ka wahi kai o ia kulana i kahi he 7-12 km 2 a he pā paha a i ʻole a i ʻole nā kahaha i koe ma ka liʻiliʻi o loko o ka wai. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā palena o nā palena i nā ʻōpū o ka litter a me nā huna huna musk o nā kulu anal i loaʻa ma ke kumu o ka huelo. Hoʻohana ka ʻumi i ka ʻohu no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā palena o ke kahua a me ke ʻano o ka kamaʻilio: hōʻailona lākou i nā mea kanu, nā pōhaku lepo a me nā palena o kā lākou wahi.
(Pteronura brasiliensis)
Noho ʻo ia i nā mākeke o Amazon basin. Loaʻa ka ʻōnaehana o ka muliwai, kahi i loaʻa ai kahi ʻoniʻaki i ke kanaka, a me nā muliwai ʻo Orinoco a me La Plata.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino a ʻelua mau mika (ʻo ia ka 70 cm ka huelo) a me ke kaumaha o ke kino ma mua o 20 kg.
ʻO ke ʻūleʻa nunui i ka hana i ke ao, ʻaʻole hoʻi he makaʻu. I ka wai, ʻimi ʻo ia i nā iʻa a me ka manu wai; ma ka ʻāina, ʻaʻole ia i hoʻowahāwahā i nā mau ʻiole a me nā hua manu. Hōʻulu ʻia ka huluhulu i loko o nā hui, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā lālā o kēlā ʻano lono holoholona hopu i kēlā iʻa i kekahi i kekahi.
He hole he noho, kahi komo i puka mai lalo mai o ka wai, kahi keʻena lehulehu e hoʻonohonoho mau i kahi kokoke. ʻImi ʻo ia i ka waiwai ma ka wai polū me kona mau maka, a me nā mea puhi ʻona ma lalo o a i loko o ka wai nalo. I nā makahiki 2-3, ua haʻalele nā ʻōpio ʻōpio i ka ʻohana ʻohana i ka ʻimi no ko lākou wahi. I ko lākou huakaʻi, ʻaʻole lākou e komo pū i nā pūʻulu i hana ʻia, koe wale nō ke hiki iā ia ke hoʻololi i kekahi o nā lālā o ka pālua. Inā ʻaʻole ʻike ka otter i kāna wahi a hoʻomaka i ka ʻohana, hoʻi ia i nā mākua.
ʻO kahi holoholona ʻĀpio manuahi he holoholona ola nui e noho nei ma nā hui ʻohana (4-8, i kekahi manawa a hiki i 20 mau kanaka), kahi e pili ai ka wahine i ka poʻokela - nona ka mākaukau e koho i ka manawa a me ka wahi no ka hopu a me ka ʻoliʻoli. Ke hoʻoneʻe loa nei ka male kāne i nā neʻe mai nā wahi ʻohana, a komo nā ʻohana a pau i ke kaua me nā lawehala. ʻO kekahi mau holoholona e hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine i nā palena o ke kaiāulu. ʻO ka hui ka pūʻulu o kahi pālua, hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha nā keiki ʻōpio a me nā holoholona ʻōpio. ʻO ka maʻamau ka like o ka helu o nā kāne a me nā wahine. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka poʻe palahele kekahi i kekahi: ke hiamoe pū lāua i loko o hoʻokahi lua, a i ka wā o ka huki ua paʻa lākou. ʻO ka nui o kahi papahele ʻohana e pili ana i ka manawa (12-23 km ma ke kaʻe a ʻo 20 km paha ma ka loko). Kuhi ʻia nā palena o ka pae me ke ʻano o nā hiona anal a me nā excrement. Mālama nā lālā a pau o ka hui i ko lākou mau pilina: ke nānā pono nei lākou i ke oho a ke ʻano, pāʻani, hiamoe a ʻimi pū pū kekahi, a mālama pū i ka hua, hoʻohua kekahi i kekahi ma ke ʻano ma ka lua.
ʻAʻohe manawa kau kūikawā. Noho ʻo ka wahine hāpai 65-70 mau lā. Hānau ʻia ka wahine i loko o ka lua e hānau ai nā kinipōpō 3-5 e kau ana i ka 200 gram. I ka wā hānau, ua loaʻa nā wahi ʻehā i nā cream. He ʻulaʻula ka hulu;I ka pule ʻehā, ua hāmama nā maka, i ʻelua mahina e aʻo ai lākou e ʻauʻau a hoʻāʻo e ʻai i ka iʻa. Noho ka lactation a hiki i ka 5 mahina.
(Lontra canadensis)
Noho ka ʻAmelika Hema mai Alaska a Kanada ma nā wahi a pau o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole o nā wahi kuahiwi o Texas, Arizona, Nevada a me Kaleponi i ke kūkulu hema a Mexico.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino e 90-120 cm, ʻīwī 32-46 cm. Paʻa - kau a hiki i 14 kg.
Ma ka maʻamau ʻo ka noho ʻana i loko o nā haneli mau mika mai kahi wai wai, akā hiki ʻole ke loaʻa i nā ākika a me kahi lāʻau.
ʻAi nui ia i nā holoholona aquatic, ʻoi loa nā amphibians, iʻa, spiny lobsters, crustaceans and other aquatic invertebrates. Aia nā hihia i ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā manu wai a me nā momi liʻiliʻi. Inā ʻaʻohe ʻai ʻē aʻe, ʻai nā otters i nā huaʻa (ʻoi aku nā blueberries) a me nā huaʻai. Ma kahi o 80% o ka nui o kaʻai o ka ʻawa ʻawa he mau mea kaona o ka wai.
ʻO ke ola o ke kaona kahawai Kanada he semi-aquatic. ʻO nā wāwae mua i ʻoi aku ka pōkole ma mua o nā wāwae hind, kahi e ʻae maikaʻi ai i kaʻauʻau. Ke holo mālie nā holoholona a holo, hele like lākou me nā wāwae wāwae ʻehā. I ka wā e holo wikiwiki ai a i ʻole ka lawaiʻa, ke kīwī nei ka otter i kāna mau wāwae mua i ka ʻaoʻao o ke kino, a hoʻomaka e hana me nā wāwae hind ikaika a me ka huelo, e hōʻalo ana i nā neʻe like ʻole. Hiki iā ia ke hana i nā kiʻīwili me kāna puʻupuʻu muscular, ʻoiai ʻo nā wāwae a me ka ʻāʻī ke lilo i kuleana nui i ka pale a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā neʻe. Hiki i ka otter Kanada ke kū i ka hohonu o 18 m.
Hoʻopili ʻia nā maka o ka otter i ka lawaiʻa ma lalo o ka wai. I loko o ka wai nāwaliwali, inā maikaʻi ʻole ka ʻike, ʻimi nā ʻōpio i ka maʻi ʻōpala e ʻike nei i ka piʻi ʻana o ka wai i hoʻoiho ʻia e kahi mea pōā.
ʻO nā mea kaha he kumu hoʻohālike maikaʻi. Hāpai lākou i kā lākou mea waiwai me kā lākou ʻoki, ʻaʻole ka wāwae. He pāʻani nā holoholona, e like me ke kahe ʻana ma ka silt a i ʻole ka hau, hiki ke hālāwai pinepine i ka pūʻulu o nā pāʻani otters.
Hoʻopaʻa ka hulu huluhulu i ke kino a maloʻo, ʻoiai hoʻi i loko o nā wai anuanu anuanu. Hāʻawi ka wai repellent i kahi hanu kūikawā. Akā i ka mea e hoʻopaʻa ai ka hulu i kāna mau waiwai, pono ka mālama pono no ia, no ka mea ʻo ka otter i hoʻolōʻihi i kekahi manawa. Ke ʻimi nei i kahi noho hou, e neʻe ka otter ma nā kahawai a i ʻole nā kahawai ma mua o ka hele ʻana i ka ʻāina. A ma ka pūnāwai wale nō, nā ʻōpio ʻōpio e ʻimi nei i kā lākou ʻāina, e hele hoʻi ka ʻāina.
ʻIa wale ʻia a kani ʻole paha, akā i kekahi manawa i mālama ʻia nā ʻōpū i nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi. Ma ke kānāwai, kahi ʻohana nā ʻohana e pili ana i ka makuahine a me kāna hua.
ʻO nā wahi ʻuʻuku ma kahi o nā ʻāpana kahawai he nui a mau i kekahi mau kilomita (i kekahi manawa a hiki i 40-50 km) o ka kahawai kahawai, kahi mau e kipa ai nā holoholona i ka wā e holo ai. ʻO ka ʻ awelika helu nui he 1 otter no kēlā me 4 km o ka muliwai. He nui nā mea hou aku i nā wahine ma mua o nā wahine. He ʻāpana he ʻāpana he ʻona, akā ke ahonui a ka poʻe haole, a hoʻāʻo ʻia e pale i kēlā me kēia kanaka ma o ka hōʻailona ʻana i nā palena o nā plots me ko lākou honi (kahi hū i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ke kihi ʻana ma ka kumu o ka huelo, i ka urine a me nā feces).
He wahine wahine ʻāpana otter i loko o kahi lua ma ka lua ma waena o nā mea kanu i kokoke i ka wai a i loko o ka lua wai ma loko o ka wai a me ka puka o ka honua. Mai nā lālā liʻiliʻi o nā lau ma loko o ka lua i kūkulu ʻia kahi pūnana. ʻEhā mau wahine ʻehā o nā manamana. Hiki i ka wahine ke mare a 20 mau lā ma hope o ka hānau ʻana o ka ʻōpio.
Noho ka wahine hāpai i ka mau mahina 12 mau mahina. Ma hope o ka hoʻomakeʻa, hoʻokaʻawale nā hua i kekahi manawa, akā mai hoʻopā i ka pā o ka ʻōpū, a ʻelua mau mahina ma mua o ka hānau ʻana, komo lākou i ka pili me ke kino o ka makuahine a hoʻopau i kā lākou ulu ʻana. Hānau ʻia ka wahine i nā keiki makapō piha i piha i ka hulu. Holo nā maka ma hope o 3-4 mau pule. I nā makahiki ʻelua mau keiki, hoʻomaka nā pēpē e holo. Noho ka Lactation a hiki i ka ʻehiku mau hebedoma. A hiki i ka wā 6 mau makahiki, e mālama ka wahine i nā cubs wale nō, a laila hoʻomaka ka makua kāne e mālama i ka hua. ʻAi nā ʻōpio ʻōpio i kahi ʻohana ʻohana e aʻo e ʻau, dive a me ka luhi. A hiki i kēia makahiki ua kūʻokoʻa lākou iho. Haʻalele ka makuahine ʻōpio ke mākaukau ʻo ia e hānau mai i nā ʻōpala e hiki mai ana. ʻO ka hapalua wale nō o nā hua e ola ai no 2-3 mau makahiki.ʻO ka manaʻolana i ke ola ma mua o 12-15 mau makahiki, ma ka lawe pio ʻana a hiki i 23 mau makahiki.
(Lontra felina)
Ua kū ia ma ka mahana a me ka hululiwa o ke kahakai o ka Pākīpika o ʻAmelika Hema (mai ke kahakai ʻo Peru a hiki i ka palena hema o Cape Horn). Ua ola kahi kamaʻāina liʻiliʻi ma ʻAmelika ma ke kahakai hikina o ka Tierra del Fuego. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia kēia ʻano holoholona i ka mokupuni ʻo Falkland, kahi i lawe ʻia mai ai e ka poʻe kahu hānai, ʻoiai lākou e noho nei i loko o nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. I ka ʻākau, ʻaʻole e hele nui ka moana otter ma mua o 6 ° S, ma ka hema - ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 53 ° S.
ʻO ka lōʻihi kino - 57.0–78.7 cm, ka lōʻihi o ka huelo 30.0-36.2 cm.Pa ke kino - 3.2–5.8 kg.
ʻO ke kai otter, ʻaʻole like i kona mau hoa, e noho wale ma ke kai a kokoke i ia. Noho loa ia ma ka littoral zone ma kahakai, kahi e lele nui ai ka makani ikaika. Noho lākou ma nā wahi kīnā a me nā wahi o nā kahe wai o nā kahawai ka mea e pili ana i ka ʻĀina a me ka kahe o ka kauoha o 2.0-2.5 m, me nā waihona he hale pali paʻa o nā kumulāʻau a me nā kumulāʻau liʻiliʻi.
ʻO nā ʻenemi nui nā mea kohola luku (nā kohola pepehi kanaka). Hāpai ʻia nā ʻōpio ʻōpio e nā ʻakaʻaka, nā kai make kai a me nā holoholona.
Maʻa nui ke kai otter, e hānai iā ia iho i ka ʻāina. ʻO ka ʻai meaʻai kekahi kīʻaha (Lithodes antarctica), nā mollusks, nā iʻa, nā manu wai a me nā meaola ʻē aʻe e noho ana i ke kai. I kekahi manawa e komo i ka wai i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka ʻōpū o ka wai kai (Criphiops caementarius). I ka wā ulu o ka hua, ua ʻai ʻia nā hua o ke kanu kai mai ka ʻohana bromeliad. ʻO ka hoʻolālā kikoʻī o ka meaʻai: iʻa (30%), nā crustaceans (40%), mollusks (20%) a me nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe (10%).
ʻO ka holoholona otter he holoholona laka a hūnā, nā alakaʻi (ʻoi loa) ke ʻano hana i ke ao (i kekahi manawa hiki iā ia ke hana ma ke kakahiaka a me ke kakahiaka). I ka wai, nā holoholona i lilo i 60-70% o ko lākou ola e hana ana i ka hopu a loaʻa ka ʻai. E kahe ana i ka wai, e hoʻolaha wale i ke poʻo a i luna hoʻi.
Kuhi ka ʻōpū o ke kai i kāna mea pio 100-500 m mai ke kahakai, i ka hohonu o 30-50 m, ke kai kokoke ana i nā pali a i nā ulu lāʻau algae. Kahu ʻia kēlā me kēia diate 15-30 kekona. ʻAʻole hoʻohana kēia ʻano i nā pōhaku i mea hana no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā pūpū crustacean, e like me ka mahi ʻana o ka muliwai otter.
ʻOiai ke holoholona nui ka ʻaluna o ka moana, hele lākou ma ka ʻāina, ka neʻe ʻana mai ke kahakai a 30 m a hiki wale i ka wā e alualu ai i ka ʻai, hiki ke hele a hiki i 500 m. Ma ka ʻāina, piʻi ka ʻalo i nā pali kahakai. ʻO nā holoholona e makemake e hoʻomaha i nā mea ulu ākea e ulu ana ma kahakai kokoke i ka lihi o ka wai, ma kahi o 2-2.5 m mai ka wai. ʻO ka ʻalā o ka otter kahi torowelo a he puka ma kahi o nā manholes e alakaʻi i ka ʻāina a alakaʻi i nā mānoanoa pōkole. I ka manawa holo ʻole nā holoholona mai ka hahai holoholona, hoʻomaha lākou. Aia nā wahi punahele o ka hoʻomaha i loko o nā mea kanu maikaʻi loa. Hoʻohana ʻia nā pale e hānau ai nā hua, hānau, hoʻomaha a hiamoe. Makemake nā ʻōpū i ke kai i ka lā, e kau ana i nā pōhaku he 1 mika ma luna o ke kai. Hoʻonohonoho ʻo Otters i kā lākou rookeries a me nā ʻuʻuku i nā wahi i meaʻai nui ʻia.
Ke alakaʻi nei ke kai otter i kahi nohona kūʻokoʻa. ʻO ka awelika mauʻenemi lehulehu he 1-10 otters no hoʻokahi kilomita o ke kahakai. I kekahi manawa i loaʻa nā otters i nā hui o ʻelua a ʻekolu, akā ʻaʻole he. Ma ke ʻano he rula, makemake lākou e hoʻokō ʻaʻole kokoke i ka 200 m mai kēlā me kēia. ʻAʻole kēia mau holoholona teritorial a, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻonāukiuki ʻana, e pili ana i nā ʻano o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe o kā lākou ʻano o ka lākou wahi. Hiki i kekahi mau wahine ke noho ma kahi pūnaewele, kahi no nā kahua hopu, nā wahi hoʻomaha a me nā pua. I kekahi manawa he hōʻailona nā otters me nā urine a me nā feces maʻa a me nā limaha, akā ma ka laulā ka mea maʻamau lākou huli hewa i kahi i moe ai lākou.
Hāpai ke kahawai i nā lā 60-70. Hānau ʻia ka wahine i ʻelua kamelika (i kekahi manawa 4-5). Noho ka lactation i mau mahina. E noho ka poʻe ʻōpio me ko lākou mau mākua no 10 mau mahina. Lawe mai nā mākua i ka meaʻai i nā pēpē a aʻo iā lākou i ka holo ʻana.
(Lontra longicaudis)
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia mai Mexico mai ʻAmelika Hema (Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Brazil, ʻĀpana ʻAmelika).
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino he 50-75 cm, ʻo ka huelo he 37.5-57 cm.Kauka kino - 5-15 kg.
Noho ana ia i nā loko, nā kahawai, nā ʻūlapa a me nā anae o nā ʻano heʻe i loko o ka wao lau a hiki i nā wana lau nahele. Makemake nā mea e noho i nā kahawai, kahe kahe a kahe. Aia kahi hōʻikeʻike o ka ʻĀmelika Hema e noho ana i ka kanalū o ka māla laʻu a me ka pulupulu i Guyana.
(ʻAnakeha ʻāpana o Amblonyx)
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma Indonesia, Kina Hema, South India, Asia a me Philippines.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino me ke poʻo he 45-61 cm, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka huelo he 25-35 cm.ʻO ke kaumaha o ke kino he 2.7–5.4 kg.
Noho ʻo ia i ka haʻalulu i nā ʻāina manawaleʻa a me nā pāpū o ʻAmelika Hema. ʻO nā hale nui: nā kahawai liʻiliʻi, nā ʻāpana pāpū a me nā mahina laiki, ma nā ʻāina uka a me nā wahi i kahakai. Hōʻalo i ka wai hohonu.
Paʻu ʻia i nā crabs, snails, lobsters, mollusks, baki a me nā holoholona liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻokumu paha ka ʻoihana pua i ka manawa ma ka ʻāina ma mua o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. E like me ka raccoon, loaʻa ana iā ia ka mea pōʻino, e kuʻi ana ma lalo o ke kula me kāna mau wāwae, e kahe ana i ka ʻoka o lalo a hoʻohuli i nā pōhaku. ʻO nā ʻawa ʻawa ʻawaʻī i kāʻili i nā ʻāpana ma mua o ka hoʻouna ʻana i loko o kona waha. ʻO Otters wale nō ka mammals, kahi ʻokoʻa nā primates, hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ko lākou mau "lima" e like me ke kanaka. Holo ʻia ʻo Shellfish me kahi ʻoki otter i kapakai a waiho ʻia i ka lā. Ma hope o ke kali ʻana e hoʻomaloʻo nā mollusks a wehe iā lākou iho, ʻai nā holoholona iā lākou.
ʻO nā ʻōpio manawaleʻa he mau holoholona, akamai i ka holoholona. I ka wā ʻaʻole lākou e hiamoe, pāʻani lākou, ʻauʻau a ʻike paha i ka rummage ma lalo o ka pālolo. ʻO kahi ʻano o ke kamaʻilio ma waena o ka otters he pāʻani. I ka holo ʻole o otters i ka pāʻani, hoʻōlapa lākou i ka pōhaku, ke kū ʻana o ka lā ma ka lā, pe ʻeleʻele maikaʻi paha no ka leʻaleʻa. Kūkulu lākou i nā lua kokoke i ka wai me kahi kaila i puka ʻia i kahi hohonu e pili ana i ka 90 cm ma lalo o ka wai, ʻoi aku ka nui o kahi komo i luna o ka wai. ʻO nā clawless otters i nā palupalu nāwaliwali, no laila hiki iā lākou ke eli i nā lua i nā lepo palupalu wale nō, ʻoi aku ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pā i nā mea maoli a hoʻohana i nā lua o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka holoholona clawless ʻehā ka holoholona pili holoholona. ʻO ka wahine Monogamous e hoʻomalu i nā kāne. Nui nā otters, i hiki aku i ka wā makua, e noho pū me ko lākou mau mākua, no laila hana i nā hui o 4-12 a hiki i 20 mau kanaka. No ke kamaʻilio, hoʻohana nā otters i ke kamaʻilio leo kani a me ka honi. Hoʻohana lākou i kahi ʻala no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā palena o ka ʻāina a hāʻawi i ka ʻike e pili ana i kekahi kanaka (wahine, ʻano, ʻike, manawa ma waena o nā kipa). ʻO ka ʻala o kēlā me kēia otter he ʻano like me kahi manamana lima.
Aia nā papa he ʻelua litters i hoʻokahi makahiki. ʻO Estrus i loko o kahi wahine ʻehiku i nā lā ʻehiku māmā mau lā no 3 mau lā, a inā ʻaʻole i hiki mai ka palaka, hoʻomaka hou ka hopena ma hope o nā lā 28. ʻO kahi wahine mākaukau no ka moe ʻana, e hūnā ʻia i ke kuʻi ʻana me nā mea musky mai nā aʻi ʻala keu (aia i ke kumu o ka huelo). ʻO ke kāne, ua loaʻa i kēia ʻono, hoʻomaka koke e mālama aloha i kāna hoa pili, a pili ʻo ia iā ia i nā pāʻani i ka wā moe. Ua hānai ʻia ʻo Offspring e nā mākua ʻelua. Lawe ke kāne i ka ʻai no ka makuahine a me ka ʻohana a hiki ke hoʻomaka i ka ʻōpio ʻōpiopio i kā lākou iho.
Noho ʻo Pregnancy ma kahi 60-64 mau lā. Aia he 2-6 cubs i loko o ka litter, ka mea i hānau i kahi kapa ʻole ʻole ai. ʻO ko lākou paona he 40-50 g, ʻo ko lākou lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o 14 cm. ʻO ka waiū ma ka hikina clawless otter he aila maoli (ʻo ka momona o ka momona ua aneane 6 mau manawa ma mua o ka waiū bipi), ʻoiai me kēia, ulu mālie nā keiki. Kau nā maka i ka lā 40. I nā hebedoma he 9, hoʻomaka lākou e ʻauʻau, a ma nā lā 80 e ʻai ai lākou i nā meaʻai a nā pākeke.
ʻO ka manaʻolana i ke ola ma ke ʻano he 12-14 mau makahiki, ma ka hoʻopio - ʻo ka lōʻihi o 22 mau makahiki.
(Aonyx capensis)
E māhele ʻia ma Aferika mai Senegal a ʻAulopa, ma ka hema e hiki mai i ʻAmelika Hema, i ke ʻākau a hiki i Abyssinia. ʻO nā maʻamau ma Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Senegal, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia a me Zimbabwe. ʻOi ka mea maʻamau ma Angola, Benin, Botswana, Chad, Sierra Leone, Swaziland a me Uganda, ma Ivory Coast.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino me ke poʻo he 60-100 cm, huelo - 40-71 cm.ʻO ka paona mai ka 12 a 15 kg.
Noho i ka nahele ulu nūnū, nā mākeke a me nā wīwī semi. Hoʻonohonoho ʻo ia i kahi kokoke i kahi wai puna (e kahe kahe o nā kahawai, ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā loko o nā loko a i ʻole nā kahawai)
Hoʻokele ia i nā pahu, spiny lobsters, mollusks a me nā baki. ʻOi aku ka nui o kāna papa ʻaina i nā honu, nā iʻa, nā mōloli, ka wai wai wai a me nā wai liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.
Ma ke ala o ke ola, nā holoholona a me nā wai kokoke. E makemake ʻia i nā mākeke liʻiliʻi nā māka liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka heluna kanaka e noho i nā wai wai wai, noho nā koena i ke kahakai. Pono ka puna o ka pipi i ka wai wai a no laila pono lākou e noho kokoke i nā wai wai.
Hoʻolaha ka ʻawa i ka nui o kona ola i ka wai, ka ʻauʻau ma ka ʻaoʻao a me ka diving e hopu i ka waiwai pio. I ka wā o ka hopuʻana, ʻōwili ka otter me kāna mau wāwae ma lalo, ma waena o nā pōhaku a me ka pā. A ʻike ka ʻona i ka mea make, kū ka ʻū, a hoʻopaʻa iā ia, a hoʻi i ka ʻōpū. Hopu pio, ʻo ka otter paʻa paʻa i kona mau wāwae, a inā pono e kōkua ʻo ia iā ia iho a me kona mau niho.
Ke ʻai ʻia nei nā holoholona ʻai holoholona, hoʻohana ka ʻakaʻāahi clawless i nā peepī a me nā niho ikaika ka mea hiki ke haki i ka pōʻai mollusk. No ka wehe ʻana i nā kolo lōʻihi, hoʻohana ʻo ia i ka pōhaku ma ke ʻano he mea hana. Ma hope o ka hopu ʻana, puka mai ka otter mai loko o ka wai, e ʻōloi ma luna o ka mauʻu a i ka ʻū a hiki i ka maloʻo ʻana, hoʻomaʻemaʻe i kona ʻulu a pinepine hoʻi i nā ʻūo i nā mea like ʻole: nā kumulāʻau, nā ʻōpala, nā papahele earthen, nā pōhaku wīwī, a laila ʻāwī paha otter i ka lā.
Loaʻa nā Lavatories ma kahi kokoke i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me nā wahi hoʻomaha, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wā, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻaoʻao o Aferika i nā wahi kūikawā e kokoke ana i ka wai no ka pono. ʻO ka mamao ma ka "palekele" a i ka wai ma ka awelika 4.2 m. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā kaila (85%) o ka otter i waiho ʻia ma kahi mamao o 1-7 m mai ka wai a 15% a hiki i 10-15 m mai ka wai. Holo ka ʻōpio e noho ana ma ke kahakai i huni ma ka moana a i nā ʻāpana kahakai me ka wai hou. I ka wā maloʻo, koi ʻia ʻo ia e hele a makaʻi i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kūlana kūpono.
No ka lā hoʻomaha, a no ka wīwī, hoʻohana pinepine ka ʻakaʻā mau pua i nā ʻuʻuku i ʻeli ʻia e nā holoholona ʻē aʻe, a i ʻole i ka nui o nā mea kanu lāʻau e kokoke ana ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā kahawai a i ʻole nā kahakai. Hoʻopili kekahi manawa i kona ʻūlū ma lalo o nā pōhaku, nā ʻalā, nā lāʻau i hāʻule a i lalo o kahi ulu lāʻau. I ka papa wili, ʻōloi ka ʻūleʻa i nā lua. Loaʻa kekahi mau puka i loko o lalo a i lalo o ka pae o ka wai, a eli iho i nā kaila mai ka 1.9 a 2.9 m ka lōʻihi. ʻO ka inleti he 246-361 mm kiʻekiʻe a 32-85 mm ākea (hilinaʻi ʻia i ka nui o ka pahu hoʻokipa). Hoʻololi ka lua i ka lua me ke anawaena o 30-40 cm, kahi e waiho mau ʻia me nā mea kanu. Loaʻa i ka otter kona waiwai ponoi ʻoi aku ma mua o 15 (emi mau maʻa 50 m) mai ka pūnāwai wai. Aia kahi noho o nā wahi noho i loko o hoʻokahi mile o kekahi.
ʻO ka ʻāpana ʻāwā o nā ʻAmelika, i ka lima hoʻokahi, he holoholona kaawale, akā i ka manawa like i mālama ʻia nā holoholona i nā pūʻulu pili, nā wahi hana i kipa pinepine ai. ʻO ka waiwai pio ma ke kaona he 17 km, wahine - 14, ʻoiai ua pau lākou i ka hapanui o ko lākou ola ma loko o ko lākou wahi home, ʻo ia ka hapa o ka nui o ka hopu. Pāʻai pinepine nā ʻōpū mai nā ʻohana e noho ana i ke kaiāulu, e kū pinepine pinepine ana i nā palena o kā lākou paena i nā malihini.
ʻO ka lnbncz wahine e pili ana i nā lā 63. Hānau mai ka wahine i nā kau pipi 2-5 (ma ka awelika - 2-3). ʻO nā keiki pēpē hou ua makapō a hānau mai i uhi ʻia i ka hina hina, ulu maikaʻi ka hulu. I loko o kahi hebedoma, pili nā pēpē i kahi 260 g, a me ʻelua hebedoma mau makahiki - 700-1400 g. Hoʻopili ʻia nā pēpē i ka manawa mai 16 a 30 mau lā. Hāpai ka wahine i nā pēpē me ka waiū: ʻelua mau pūʻulu kāne o kā lākou mau umauma. Ma waena o 8 a 16 mau hebedoma mua loa, ua loaʻa nā pipi kīlea mākaukau e pili ana i ka 330 mau pākahi. i K puleana. Kū ka wahine i ka hānai i ka waiū ma nā lā 45-60 makahiki. Noho ʻo Offspring me ko lākou makuahine i hoʻokahi makahiki a keu paha.
(Enhydra lutris)
Mahele ʻia ma ka ʻāina mamao Lūkini mamao, ma waho o ke kapakai o Alaska a i waho i ke kapakai o Kaleponi.
Kaupaʻa nā kāne makua mai ka 22 a 45 45 kg a ulu a lōʻihi mai ka 120 a 150 cm.
Ke koʻikoʻi nei nā ʻĀkau o ke kai i ka ōlia o ke kai, e pale ana i ka nui o nā urchins moana. Ke hoʻomoʻa ʻole ʻia ana kēia mau invertebrates e alakaʻi i ka luku ʻana i nā algae.
Ke alakaʻi nei ka ʻōpū o ke kai i ka nohona maʻamau o kēlā me kēia lā, ka manawa ma ka wai. I kēia manawa, aia nā ʻĀpana kai e noho ana i nā wahi i hiki ʻole i ka poʻe, no ka laʻana, ma ka mokupuni ʻo Mednoy, e noho mau ana ka pō ma luna o ka ʻāina 10-15 mika mai ka wai, nui i ka wā ʻino. I ka pilikia loa ke kai, hele pinepine nā holoholona kahiko a maʻi paha i ke kai, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe lākou i ka ikaika e kū ai i ka heʻe. Hoʻohui ʻia, hānau pinepine nā wahine o nā ʻōpū o ke kai i nā ʻehā i ka ʻāina: i ke kahakai a i nā pōhaku kahakai. I kekahi hoʻoneʻe, aia nā ʻōpū o ke kai e noho nei ma nā wahi i noho ʻia e nā kānaka, e like me Kalepona moana otters, ʻike ʻole i waho o ka wai. ʻAe ke kino o ka ʻawa kai e hiki iā ia ke hiamoe maluhia i ka wai i kahi kūlana ma luna o kona kua, no ka nui o ka pīpī o nā holoholona me ka paʻa ʻana i ka ea e hiki ai i ka holoholona ke mālama i ka buoyancy. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka ʻona ua loa ka wai maoli a palekana no ka ʻona kai. Hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻōpū o ke kai no ka neʻe i ka wai ma mua o ka ʻāina; i ka wai e makemake ai nā holoholona e ʻai i ka ʻai. I ke anuanu, ua haʻalele nā otters kai i ke kahakai no ka mamao o 25 mau kilomita, i nā wā ʻino e makemake lākou e noho i loko o ka wai pāpaku.
He holoholona holoholona aloha nui nā ʻale kai, e pili ana i kekahi me kekahi a me nā holoholona e hoʻopuni ana, koe wale nō ka mea i komo i ko lākou papa. ʻO ke kai ʻoniʻoni ʻo cohabit me nā aniani hulu, nā leona kai, nā koholā, i kekahi manawa e kaʻana like i ko lākou mau moena. Lele loa nā hakakā ma waena o kēia mau holoholona. ʻO ka hoʻonā i kū nui ʻia ma waena o nā kāne territorial, akā ma ka hapa nui he hōʻailona ia.
Noho hoʻokahi wale nō nā ʻōpū o ke kai, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hui liʻiliʻi me nā hōʻailona ʻole o kahi hui hierarchical. ʻĀnō ua ʻae nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻo kēia mau hui ʻaʻole i hōʻike i nā alakaʻi. Hoʻopau kekahi mau holoholona i nā pūʻulu like ʻole, i kekahi manawa ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea hou i nā pūʻulu, a hālāwai kekahi poʻe ʻē aʻe i nā mea hou hou maikaʻi, ʻaʻole hoʻi i ka huhū, e like me nā ʻano holoholona ʻē aʻe he nui. ʻO nā hui ʻē aʻe, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, i hana ʻia ka ʻōpūʻū a nona nā kāne, a hoʻokahi wahine paha, a i ʻole nā wahine me nā ʻāpana. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana o kēlā mau hui o nā ʻāpana moana. I loko o ke ao, e kolo ana ka hui o nā ʻoni kai i loko o kahi o ka 5.5 km 2, a ʻoi aku kekahi mau kanaka i ka holo ʻana ma mua o 2 km i kēlā me kēia lā. ʻAʻohe ala manawa hele mai nā ʻāina moana. No ka mea ua liʻiliʻi ʻole ʻia nā ʻaleka wahine i kahi wahi ma mua o nā kāne teritorial, ʻaʻole paʻa mau nā pūʻulu i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā holoholona. Loaʻa ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā hui i nā wahi like, ʻoi aku ka kūpono loa no ka hoʻomaha ʻana, ma kahi o ke kala ākea loa. Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻāpana ʻōpio hoʻokahi i nā mea nui loa.
Ke alakaʻi nei ka moana otters i kahi ola hoʻoikaika, a ma hope o kēia, ke hoʻopau nei lākou i ka nui o ka ikehu e mālama ai i ko lākou kino kino (38 ° C), ka nui o ka manawa i ka wai. Ma kēia e pono ai, e ʻai nā otters wai i ka meaʻai i kēlā me kēia lā i ka nui o 20-25% o ke kaumaha o ke kino. ʻOi ka kiʻekiʻe o ka metabolism o nā moana otters he 8 mau kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā momona ʻāina o kahi like like. No laila, ʻai nui lākou i nā ʻoka moana a nui a.
Maikaʻi ka ʻai ʻana i nā kai otters, akā i nā ʻano he nui ʻana o nā urchins kai, mollusks a me nā ʻōpala. Kūkā pinepine nā ʻupena moana i ka wai i loko o ka wai pāpaku a hōʻiliʻili i ka waiwai mai ka lalo i loko o kahi ʻeke kūkaʻi ʻia e ka ʻili ʻili a waiho ʻia ma lalo o ka wāwae hema.(Loaʻa ia mau peke ma lalo o ka paepae pololei, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻele ʻia nā moana moana i ka mea, no ka mea, e like me ka nānā ʻana, he kūpono kēlā a pau. I ka ʻohi ʻana i nā ʻāpana he nui, aia nā ʻalika i ko lākou mau kua i luna o ka wai o ka wai a hana maʻa i nā ʻano minima he hoʻokahi mai kā lākou mau eke, wehe, ʻāwī paha a nahā iā lākou, a laila ʻai ʻia lākou. Mai ka manawa aku, i kēlā manawa, ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka otter o ke kai he 360 ° i loko o ka wai e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ai i ka ʻōpū mai nā puʻupuʻu, a ʻaʻole kīwī ka pīpī mai kēia hana. He mea nui kēlā hana e mālama i ka huluhulu.
ʻO ke kaona mana o ka gastrointestinal tract o ke kai otter e hiki iā ia ke ʻai i nā ʻano meaʻai. He ʻoiaʻiʻo, i ka pōloli, kaomi ʻia i nā ʻōpū o ke kai no ka hopu ʻana i nā manu lele, a i kekahi manawa, e like me ka poʻe lawaiʻa, ʻai i ka ʻai o nā holoholona hāʻule, ʻoi aku hoʻi nā ʻalopelo manuahi. Ua inu ka ʻōpū o ke kai i ka wai o ke kai, a i ka nui o nā holoholona ʻē, aia paha no ko lākou ʻai ʻana i ka nui o ka protein.
ʻAʻole i ʻōlelo ʻia nā moana otters i nā wā moena, no laila, ʻo ka moe ʻana a me ka hānau ʻana o nā cubs ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa. Eia naʻe kekahi mau ʻepekema, ʻoiai naʻe e ʻike i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka puna kamaʻilio ʻana i kekahi mau wahi o ka noho ʻana.
Ma ke ʻano o ka makahiki o 5-6 mau kāne ka ʻōpio moana e noho i nā wā o ka male (a hoʻomau i ka hiki ke hoʻohālikelike a hiki i ka hopena o ke ola), nā wahine - ma lalo o 4 mau makahiki, ʻoi mau ka pinepine o 2-3 mau makahiki. Mālama ʻia ka hoʻokolokolo ma nā ʻāpana moana i ka pāʻani me ka neʻe nui ʻana. ʻO ka luahine a me ka kāne ka lawaiʻa a hoʻoiho i kekahi ma hope o kekahi no kahi lōʻihi a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ke kaʻina pololei. Pahu ʻo ia ka hana ʻana i ka wai, akā i nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa i kēlā me kēia wahi o ka noho ʻana, eia nō naʻe, ʻo ke ʻano nō ke ʻano nui o ke kāne i ka wahine me kona mau niho ma ka ihu, a pau ka māla me kahi ʻokaʻeha. I kēia mau mea, loaʻa nā hiʻohiʻona wahine me ka nānā ʻana i ka mau ʻōlia ma kā lākou ihu. Loaʻa i ka wā i ka hoʻowahāwahā ʻana a i ka wā hana moe kāne, aia ka kāne i ka wai, alo i lalo, i kekahi manawa e mālama ana i ka wahine ma lalo o ka wai. I kēia mea, i nā hihia loaʻa ʻole, hiki i ka wahine ke moe i ka wahine. ʻO nā "ʻohana" o nā ʻeleʻa moana he polygamous, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke hānai aku i ke kāne i kekahi wahine i ka manawa like. E noho mau ke kāne me ka wahine no 3-5 mau lā a i kēia manawa ke pale aku iā ia mai nā mea hoʻokūkū, akā naʻe, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka hakakā ma waena o nā kāne a pau, akā ua hoʻoholo ʻia ma ke ʻano hoʻoweliweli.
Hoʻomaka ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻōpū o nā moana ʻĀina me ka lohi, hele mua ka embryo i kahi mahele latin 2-3 e mau ana, a ʻo ia ka mea e pili ʻole ai i ka pā uterine (ma kahi o 100 mau ʻano like ʻole o ka mamela i kēia hiʻohiʻona, hiki i kēia ke kino o ka makuahine ke koho i ka manawa maikaʻi loa no ka hapai ka wahine iho). Noho ka wahine i ka wā e pili ana i 6 mau mahina (7-8 mau mahina ma ke ʻākau kahakai).
ʻO nā wahine wahine i ka wahine o ka hapanui o nā subspecies e loaʻa ana ma luna o nā pōhaku kahakai a i ʻole ka ʻāina. I nā mea he 99% o nā hihia, hoʻokahi hānau ka hānau (ʻo ka "bear"). I nā hihia maʻamau, hānau ʻia nā māhoe, akā ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau he hoʻokahi wale nō e ola. Hānau ʻia nā kerubē brownish-ʻulaʻula i ke kala, kaupaona mai ka 1,5 kg, uhi ʻia me ka pēpē i lalo. ʻO nā hana ʻē aʻe o nā cubs haole he mea maʻamau i waena o nā ʻāpana o ke kai, no laila he ola ʻelua kālua paha inā i hāpai ʻia e ka wahine nāna i make.
ʻAʻole hiki i ke ola hou no ka mālama ʻana ma luna o ko lākou mau mahina. ʻAʻole komo nā mele i nā hana hoʻonaʻauao a haʻalele i nā wahine i hoʻokahi lā a ʻelua paha ma hope o ka moe ʻana. ʻO nā mahina mua o ka make o ke kai otter, mālama ka makuahine iā ia ma kāna ʻōpū, hānai, hoʻonaʻauao a kāʻili pū i waho, ʻo ia wale nō ka waiho ʻana mai i kāna pēpē ma luna o ka pōhaku a i ka wai paha e mālama ana i ka ʻai nona. I kēia mau manawa, kuhi pono ʻia kahi kai otter liʻiliʻi i ke alualu ʻana, e kali ana i ka makuahine e hoʻi.Hiki i ke ʻōleʻa moana hou ke kū kūʻokoʻa ma luna o ka wai ma kahi kūlana, e like me ka "float", akā ʻaʻole hiki ke kolo, loaʻa ka ʻai ponoʻī a ʻaʻole maopopo iā ia ke ʻano. Ke hilinaʻi nei nā otters i ke kai i ko lākou makuahine mai 5 a 15 mau mahina (ʻo ka awelika o 6 mau mahina), ua kiʻekiʻe loa ka make ʻana o ka pēpē: e pili ana i 30% o nā cubs i make i ka makahiki mua o ke ola.
I ka mahina mua, hānai ka makuahine i ka cub i ka waiū ona, a ʻoi aku ka like me ka waiū o nā momona manu ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka waiū o nā marten ʻē aʻe, a loaʻa ka 23% momona, 13% protein a me ka lōwa wale nō ka 1% lactose. Ma hope o kēlā, hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hānai i ka pēpē i ka meaʻai o nā pākeke. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa mau ka makuahine i ka cub i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hopu ʻana, i ka ʻai ʻana i ka 'ai' kūpono, ʻomo a me nā akamai ʻē aʻe.