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Ua piha loa ka hapa nui o nā pepeke i ko lākou ola, lele lele wale ma luna o nā kula a me nā ululāʻau, ʻaʻole maopopo ka pili i nā mea paʻa a kuleana paha, a me ka hālāwai me nā mea inikua wale nō he mea e wānana a i ʻole he hoa manuahi. Akā aia kekahi mau inikua olakino, e like me ka pūpū a me kekahi mau manu ʻē aʻe, nā meli meli, nā ʻuʻuku, nā kime. Eia kekahi, aia nō kekahi, kahi hui maikaʻi loa o nā ʻenehana kūwaho - termites, a i ʻole "popo ants." ʻOiai i ko lākou inoa, ʻaʻohe o lākou mea i pili i nā popo - nā huaʻōlelo o nā hua pepeke he nui loa, kokoke i nā pepeke. ʻAʻole anuanu nā kala āpau i nā kala. Ma kahi o 2000 mau ʻano o ka huaʻōlelo i ʻike ʻia, he nui loa kā lākou helu, akā alakaʻi lākou i kahi nohona huna.

I ka ʻāina kahi i loaʻa ai ka termite, ua lawa ia e ʻokiʻoki i kahi lāʻau a i ʻole kekahi lāʻau e hoʻopuni ana a puni, a ʻike mākou ua ʻoki ʻia ka lāʻau i loko o nā kīwaha, kekahi mau pepeke manuahi liʻiliʻi e hūnā koke iā lākou. He nui wale nō o nā pepeke, he ʻano maikaʻi loa kēia no nā ʻano o ka honua: no ka mea, ʻaʻohe huʻahuʻu a he piʻo ikaika. ʻO kā lākou cuticle keʻokeʻo ʻaʻole pale i pale mai ka anu a me ke wela, i huki ʻia mai loko mai o kā lākou ʻeleʻele maluhia, make lākou i kekahi mau hola. Hiki iā lākou ke noho wela wale nō, akā luku ʻia i ka lā. Pono lākou i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa mau, akā noho pinepine lākou i nā wahi i noho ai ka ua ma kahi he hapalua makahiki. A ʻoiai, he lula, a he ʻiliʻokeʻo, nā ʻupena, ke kīpē ʻole ʻana o nā mea inikua, aia lākou i waena o nā mea hoʻomau like ʻole o ka honua. Ua wehewehe ʻia kēia e ka ʻoihana olakino o nā termites i ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o ke ola o nā pī a me nā wasps, ma o ke ulu ʻana i kahi hui like ʻole me nā microbes a me nā protozoa, a me ka mea hiki iā lākou ke hana i nā "kūlanakauhale" maikaʻi me ka microclimate kaohi.

ʻO ka luku ʻana i ka hua peni, ʻike mākou ʻaʻole i like like nā lālā o nā koloni. ʻO ka hapanui o kēia maʻa nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ʻūlū, nā ʻū ʻole a me nā poʻo poʻi a me nā ʻōpio liʻiliʻi - he poʻe ʻelemakule a he mau ʻōpio paha. ʻO nā poʻe ʻē aʻe - nā koa - ʻoi aku ka nui, loaʻa nā pale nui, lākou e hoʻohana ai e pale i ke kolone. ʻAʻole loa i hiki i ka poʻe mālama ke hānai iā lākou iho: pono nā mea hana e hoʻokomo i ka meaʻai i loko o ko lākou waha. Ke holo nei nā pūʻali koa i kahi i hoʻoweliweli ʻia ai ka nuku i ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka ʻenemi a i kekahi mau pilikia ʻē aʻe, a noho ʻē ma laila a pani ʻia ka wahie. ʻO kekahi hana a nā koa e hoʻokani kani i kahi kolone: inā pilikia, hoʻomaka lākou e lele koke i ko lākou mau poʻo ma luna o ka lāʻau, e ʻoki pū ana. ʻO nā termite i waena o nā limahana a me nā koa, he mau kāne a me nā wahine (ʻoi aku ka lō i lalo o ka moe), ʻaʻole like me nā pū, nā pīhoʻala a me nā popo, a ʻo kēia mau hale pili i ka wahine.

Ke noiʻi nei i ke ola o kahi nīnū me hua ʻōlelo, e ʻike ai mākou ma kekahi mau manawa o ka makahiki a ʻo nā mea ʻeleʻele hoʻi i ulaula, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o nā ʻēheu polelika ma mua o ke kino. He luahine kēia a mau wahine. ʻAʻole liuliu aku lākou e lele ma waho o ka nuku i loko o kahi ākea nui, ka hoa kāne a hoʻokumu i nā koloni hou. A ʻo ka hope loa, i waena o ka poʻe noho o ka pūnana hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i kahi manawa nui me ka "stumps" ʻike ʻia mai nā ʻēheu wāwahi ʻia - ʻo ia ka "mōʻī". Hiki i nā "mōʻī" kahiko nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo e like me ka pīkī a hiki i ka lōʻihi o 10 kenimika. Hoʻopili ʻia kona ʻōpū me nā hua i hiki ʻole iā ia ke neʻe. E hoʻopuni ʻia ka "mōʻī" e nā kauwā, hoʻomaʻemaʻe mau lākou iā ia a waiho i nā hua, kahi kahe mau e waiho nei i kona kino. Ma kekahi mau ʻano, e noho ana ka "mōʻī" me kāna kāne liʻiliʻi, ka "aliʻi", i loko o kahi keʻena "aliʻi aliʻi". Maanei, i waena o nā kauā lawehala, ke haʻi nei ka "mōʻī" i nā ʻōlelo a Maurice Meterlink, "e like me ke kohola e puni ʻia ana e ka perches".

ʻO kēia mau huaʻōlelo, ʻokoʻa i ka helehelena, noho i ka pūnana like, he mau ʻelele o nā castes like ʻole. ʻO "Tsar" a me "ka mōʻīwahine" i ko lākou wā ʻōpio ua mau ʻōpio kanaka ʻelemakule maikaʻi. Ma hope o ka wā e moe ai, ua ʻauheu nā ʻēheu ma lalo o nā laina o ka liʻiliʻi o ka ikaika ma ka waihona. Ke ʻike ana i kahi ākea i kahi lāʻau a i ka lepo paha, hoʻokumu nā aniani i kahi kolone hou ma laila. Hoʻopili ʻia kā lākou mau mea ola i ka hoʻopili hou - e hoʻopuni i kahi kahawai o ka pau ʻole. Inā pau ka "mōʻī" a "mōʻī" paha, hoʻomaka nā kihi i ka mea moeʻuhaneʻelemakule, akā ʻo ka ʻōpio ʻelua o nā limahana a me nā koa he mau ʻōpū. ʻO ia no ka pili ʻana i nā castes like ʻole, ua hoʻoili ʻia ka huaʻōlelo, a ʻo ke koa, a i ʻole "aliʻi," akā, ua lilo ka mea i makemake ʻia i ka caste kekahi mea paʻakikī e hoʻoholo.

Pehea ke ʻano o ka holoholona hihiu?

Hāʻawi ʻia nā huaʻōlelo i kapa ʻia "ka poʻe keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo" e ka poʻe no ka keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo a me ke ʻano ola. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hua manuahi, a me ka huaʻelima mai ka wā mai ʻaʻole ma ke kala wale nō, akā, ma ka nalo ʻana o kahi jumper ma waena o ka umauma a me ka ʻōpū.

E like me nā mea ʻino kaiāulu, ua māhele ʻia nā termites i ka kolone i loko o ka castes, kēlā me kēia o ka hana i kāna hana.

ʻO nā kāne a me nā kāne kāne o ka caste puaʻa, e like me kona inoa e hōʻike nei, i hoʻolālā ʻia e mālama a hoʻopaʻa i ka nui o ka ʻohana termite. Mai nā huaʻāina o nā castes ʻē aʻe, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou e ka hele ʻana o nā mea ʻike a me ka waihoʻoluʻu kino o ke kino, a me kekahi pūlua o nā ʻāpana like ʻole e pili ana i kahi e hāʻule ai ma hope o ka lele mua a me ka hope o ka mea hoʻokahi.

ʻO ke koena ʻoleu keʻokeʻo e lawe i ka kūkulu ʻana, ka pūʻali koa, ka palekana a me nā hana like ʻole.

ʻEpekema ʻepekema nā ʻikepili i kahi kokoke i ʻekolu tausani mau ʻano anai i loko o ke ʻano. Makemake kēia mau manuu i kahi mahana wela, no laila ma ke kūkulu hema o Rūsia he ʻelua wale nō mau ʻano o nā ʻeleʻula keʻokeʻo, ma nā ʻāina o ka USSR ma mua he ʻehiku wale nō ʻano. ʻO kekahi o lākou e hōʻeha nui i nā waiwai pilikino a me nā hana.

Nā Termites i ke ʻano

ʻO nā ʻāina āpau o ko mākou honua, koe wale no Antarctica, hiki ke hoʻohanohano no kekahi mau ʻano anai i noho ma luna o kā lākou holo ʻana. ʻO ke anuanu ke anuanu, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hua'ōlelo free.

ʻO ʻAmelika ka mea e hoʻopaʻa leo ai no ka nui o nā ʻano o kēia mau manu. Ua lilo i mau ʻāpana mika termite i lilo i mea hoihoi a me kahi kikoʻī o kēia mau wahi wela.

E kūkulu nā ʻūnū keʻokeʻo i nā hale kiʻekiʻe no lākou iho, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lepo, kā lākou wai ponoʻi a me kā lākou iho ponoʻī ʻana e like me ka lako.

Kahi mau ʻano ʻoi i ka nui o ka nui o ka hana a nā poʻe hana ʻole.

Mai kali i ka maikaʻi mai nā ʻohana kulekele

ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole lawa ka hoʻonāukiuki o nā papa huaʻōlelo hanohano. ʻAʻole makemake ka cellitose i ka ʻai me ka meaʻai, ʻaʻole hiki i kā lākou wahi ke lilo i ka wao wale nō, akā, no ka hale o nā kānaka, nā hale lāʻau. ʻO ia ke kumu no ko lākou helehelena, no ka mea ke ʻimi mau nei lākou i ka ʻai no lākou iho.

Noho nā poʻe o Asia, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Kina, ʻAmelika Hema, Australia i ka hapanui o nā pōpoki termite. ʻO ka poino i hana ʻia e kēia mau mea i mea e loaʻa ai he mau miliona kālā o kēlā me kēia makahiki. Hiki i nā paia o nā hale lāʻau ke hana e like me nā kāleka, inā hāʻawi ʻoe i ka hoʻōla maikaʻi ʻole i nā termite, ʻaʻole e haʻi pono i nā mea waiwai a me nā hale i kūkulu ʻia.

E ʻike ʻia paha nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo i ka hale inā loaʻa nā papa lāʻau. Inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka latitude kūkulu hema, ʻo ka hoʻokumu o ka pākīkia ʻaʻole i hoʻopakele mai ke komo ʻana mai o ka termites, e loaʻa iā ia kahi ala e komo ai i ka hale, ʻoiai inā e koi iki i ka hōʻaiʻē i ke ala ma nā paipu wai.

Aia kekahi termites ma ka hale?

Hiki i nā popo keʻokeʻo liʻiliʻi ke lawe mai i ka pilikia nui. I mea e pale aku ai i nā hoʻopiʻi a hoʻomaka i ka hakakā no kou home ponoʻī i kahi manawa kūpono, pono ʻoe e makaʻala. ʻO nā Termites i waenakonu o ka lumi lumi e kūkulu i nā pōpilikia, akā he mau ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe nā ʻano o ko lākou noho ʻana.

ʻO kahi hōʻailona nui o ka hele ʻana o nā mea kipa ʻole i ʻike ʻia i loko o kahi hale hale a i ʻole hale paha, i ka ʻaha me kahi hālāwai pilikino me nā pepeke, ʻo ka hele ʻana o nā lua liʻiliʻi i loko o nā mea lāʻau. E pono ʻoe e nānā pono i nā pani, nā puka makani, nā māka a me nā ala, nā mea pono ʻole, nā paia o ka hale lāʻau ma ka pae o ka papahele mua, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ka alapiʻi ma ka puka mua, no nā ʻāpana o ka ʻahaʻaina kahiko o nā popo keʻokeʻo.

Maanei hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka lehu lāʻau ʻike ʻulaʻula a i ʻole nā ʻulaʻula a i ʻole nā ʻeleʻele o nā huaʻai anai.

Inā kū ʻia ka haalulu i ka lāʻau, ʻo ka hōʻailona o ke ʻano o ke kani ana i ka wā e paʻi ʻia, hōʻike pū kekahi me kēia hana i nā hana anai.

Inā hiki ʻole ke ʻike ʻia nā huaʻōlelo i kā lākou iho, akā e mau nō nā kānalua, pono e kāhea ʻia nā loea i ka poʻe e hiki ke hoʻohana i ka mea noʻonoʻo kiʻi e hoʻoholo ai i nā wahi i hōʻuluʻulu ai nā pepeke.

ʻO ka mana o ka ʻōlelo ponoʻī

ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka mea e hoʻopilikia ai i ka home, ke ahi a i ʻole nā popo keʻokeʻo i loko o ka hale. Pehea e wehe ai i nā pōʻino huhū?

ʻO ke kumu nui o ka kāohi ʻana i nā huaele nā mea poʻomanaʻo kūikawā, ka hilinaʻi nui ʻia ma nā pūhui khine, me kaʻole o kēlā, ʻo ka palekana no ke kanaka a hoʻopōʻino i nā pōpilikia, hiki ke hōʻino i ka maikaʻi o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu, ʻo ia ke kumu a pāpā ʻia ʻole ʻia.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano o ka naphthalene, ka aila, ka paʻakai, ka waipona, ka ʻulaʻula, ka pauku boron, ka mercuric chloride, nā ʻano kūmole a me ka pā, ka lāʻau lāʻau mai nā lāʻau coniferous i hoʻohana ʻia no ka mālama ʻana.

Hōʻike ka hana i ka kū ʻole kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa me nā huaʻōlelo ʻaʻole no ka maikaʻi mau, no laila e waiho ʻia kēia mea i nā loea, a ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i nā hana pale.

ʻO ka hoʻomau huaʻōlelo termite

I loko o ka pūʻulu koa o nā loea mana termite, ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o nā mea i loaʻa i ka mākeke manuahi. ʻO ka luku ʻana i nā poʻe maʻi a me nā nāwaliwali, hiki i nā mea hana ke hoʻoikaika aku i ka kolone o nā termites i ola.

ʻIke pono nā limahana hana hoʻomaʻamaʻa pehea e wehe aku i nā popo keʻokeʻo i loko o ka hale. No ke kūleʻa i ka termite, hoʻohana ʻia ka mīkini kāmela, ka mea e hōʻuluʻulu i ka ʻaoʻao i mālama ʻia me nā mea kūikawā. ʻOiaʻiʻo, no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hopena kūpono loa, kūpono kēia ʻano hana i ka hihia o ke kāʻei ʻana i nā ʻano lāʻau lāʻau like like me nā mea ukana, ʻoiai ua lawe ʻia ka fumigation ma loko o nā keʻena kūikawā.

ʻAʻole wale ka lawelawe ʻana o nā lawelawe mālama i ka hale, nā hale noho a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i hoʻopili ʻia, akā e ʻike pū a hōʻiliʻili lākou i ka nalo o nā popo keʻokeʻo, kahi e hiki ai ke noho aku ma ka home. Inā ua koho ʻo anai i ka hale noho hale a i ʻole kahi hale o nā hoalauna, a laila e ʻoi aku ka holomua o ka pā hale holoʻokoʻa e ʻoi aku ka ʻoi o ka ʻenemi e kūʻē i ka ʻenemi.

ʻO ka meaʻoi aku o ka launa ʻole i nā termites he hauʻoli leʻaleʻa. No laila, ke kūʻai aku nei i kahi hale, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā wahi mahana, e uku ʻia ka nānā ʻole wale nō i ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana a me ka hanohano o ka wahi, akā ke hōʻailona nei i kahi "noiʻi" manuahi i ke ʻano o nā ʻano lāʻau.

Inā e hoʻolālā ʻia e kūkulu hale, a laila pono ke wahi e koho ʻia nā wahi, e pono e ninini ʻia ke kumu kiʻekiʻe, a ʻoi aku ka makemake o ka mea mete ma luna o ka pā lāʻau. Pēlā nō, no nā wahi o ka maʻi "thermite risk" kiʻekiʻe e hiki ai i nā mea lapaʻau ke hāʻawi i ka mālama pale i ka hale a me nā wahi e puni ana iā ia. Hiki i kēia mau hana ke hōʻemi i ka hōʻemi o nā hālāwai i makemake ʻole ʻia me nā popo keʻokeʻo i loko o kā lākou hale ponoʻī a i nā wahi hana.

Termeri

Aupuni:

Eumetazoi

Moulou

Nā pepeke manuahi

Maikuhi:

Termeri

Inoa kaʻepekema ʻenehana

Nā Kūlana, a i ole ʻōpio keʻokeʻo (lat. Isoptera), he infraorder o nā mea ʻalopona me nā loli piha ʻole e pili ana i nā ipo. No ka manawa lōʻihi, ua manaʻo ʻia ka aniani he detachment kūʻokoʻa (2009); i kēia manawa, ua kūkākūkā ʻia ko lākou kūlana taxonomic a manaʻo ʻia hoʻi mai ka infraorder (2011, 2013) a me ka ephemeral (Termitoidae, 2007) ma ke ʻano he kikowaena-like. E like me ka pīkoi a me ka meli meli, noho nā aniani i nā ʻohana nui me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā hana ma waena o nā lālā o ke kolone a me ka noho ʻana o nā ʻano castes (koa, nā limahana, nā nannies, ke aliʻi wahine,mōʻā a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). Pahu lākou i ka mea kanu mea kanu, lāʻau lāʻau make, nona ka cellulose, no ka hana ʻana i nā mea nona nā microorganism simbiotic i loko o ka ʻeha o ka ʻōpū. I nā tropic a me nā subtropics ke kuleana nui i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lepo. Maʻa iki ka Termites i kaʻai o kekahi poʻe a ua hoʻohana ʻia i nā lāʻau lapaʻau maʻamau. Loaʻa ka nui o nā ʻohana i kahi miliona miliona, a ʻo ke ola o kekahi mau aliʻi wahine ua ʻoi aku i nā makahiki he ʻumi. Hoʻokahi haneli mau ʻano nui i nā ʻoihana pōpilikia e hiki ai ke hoʻopōʻino i nā hale, nā mea kanu, a me nā mea kanu. Kekahi mau ʻano, e like me Kūkulu ʻia nā cryptotermesua manaʻo ʻia he mau mea hoʻopunipuni. 2933 ʻike ʻia nā ʻano anai o kēia mau ao i ka honua (data no 2013, me ka hua pua o 3106 mau mea).

Hoike ʻike

E like me nā mea piliona āpau, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā huaʻōlelo o nā hua ʻōlelo i ʻekolu huakaʻi nui: kanaka hana, koa pūʻali koa a nā mea pono i ka hānau ʻana i ka moekolohe. ^ E Ha yM. He paona keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ka paʻahana hana, ma lalo o ka 10 mm ka lōʻihi. Hoʻemi ʻia a nānā ʻole paha nā maka. Ma kahi hoʻohālikelike, he mau lima pōuliuli kekahi mau kānaka a me nā maka i hoʻomohala ʻia, a me ʻelua mau pūhaka o nā ʻēheu lōʻihi, a eia nō ka hoʻoiho ʻia ma hope o ke lele wale ʻana i ke ola o kahi kanaka hānau. He waiwai o lākou i ka punaewele.

Ma kahi hui, ulu nā huaʻōlelo mai nā ipo i loko o ka wā Triassic, ma ke kumu o kekahi mau entomologist i komo i ka termite i ke kauoha lipoa. Nā ipo o ka kuʻuna Cryptocercus, mea kaulana no kā lākou poʻe mamo no ka mālama ipo, lawe ʻia ka microflora i loko o nā ʻanā e like me ka huaʻelima, a ma waena o ka aniani he hana primitive Mastotermes darwiniensis, e like me nā hiʻohiʻona kokoke i nā ipuka a me nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole i ʻike maoli pehea ia i hele mai ai nā huaʻōlelo i ke ʻano kaiāulu, ʻokoʻa i waena o nā inisini me ka loli ʻole, akā ʻike ʻia ua ʻano ʻēheu nā kuʻuna mua a he ʻano like hoʻi. Loaʻa i nā koena Termite i kahi mahele o nā wā like ʻole.

Hoʻomoana ʻia nā kino o nā huaʻelima a me nā ʻēheu i nā kala like ʻole mai ke keʻokeʻo a ʻeleʻele. Hiki i nā poʻo o nā koa keʻokeʻo ke kukui, ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula a ʻeleʻele paha. I waena o nā pūʻali koa teritite, nā ʻelele o nā ʻano Atlantitermes snyderi (Nasutitermitinae) mai Trinidad a me Guyana (ʻAmelika Hema) 2.5 mm lōʻihi, a ma waena o ka nui loa - nā pūʻali koa ʻO ka lotereps Zootermopsis (Termopsidae) mai Arizona (USA) a me Mexico me ka lōʻihi o 22 mm. ʻO ka hapa nui loa i waena o nā kānaka ʻōiwi like ʻole o ka wahine a me nā kāne o nā moʻomeheu Aferika Nā Macrotermesʻo ka lōʻihi o kona mau ʻēheu i lele i 45 mm, a ma waena o nā aniani mau ʻae liʻiliʻi Serritermes serrifer (Serritermitidae) - 6 mm me nā ʻēheu. Nā poʻe Winged o kekahi mau ʻelele Lele a Glyptotermes (Kalotermitidae) a ā Apicotermitinae a i ka loa o lalo a 7 mm me na eheu. Hoʻololi ka helu o nā ʻohana, mai kekahi mau haneli termita (Kalotermitidae) i luna o kekahi miliona mau kānaka (Rhinotermitidae, Termitidae) ʻO ka momona o nā termites wingless Mastotermes hiki aku 52 mg.

He maʻi maʻamau nā Termites ma nā ʻāina a me nā subtropical, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻano he 2900 o kēia manawa. ʻElua mau ʻano anaiia e noho ai ma Rū (ma ka māhele o Sochi a me Vladivostok). Ma CIS he 7 mau ʻano o nā termites, ʻo ia mau 4 ʻano, e like me Turkestan (Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo Anacanthotermes turkestanicus) a me ka Trans-Caspian nui (Anacanthotermes ahngerianus), - hoʻomohala nui i ka home.

Kālā

Loaʻa nā Termites ma nā ʻāina āpau koe wale nō ʻo Antarctica. Ka helu iki lākou ma ʻEulopa (10 mau ʻano ʻano ʻelua o nā ʻano genera Kalotermes a Hoʻopau hou nā huaʻōlelo) a ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika (50 mau ʻano), ʻoiai ma ʻAmelika Hema, uaʻoi aku ma mua o 400 mauʻu, a ma ʻArika paha e pili ana i 1000 mau ʻano. Ma kahi o 1,1 miliona mau wahi paʻa mau i loaʻa i Kruger National Park (ʻApelika Hema) wale nō. Ma Asia, aia he 435 mau ʻano o ka anela, ka mea nui ma Kina, hema o ka muliwai Yangtze. Ua loaʻa iā Australia ma kahi o 360 mau ʻano o ka huaʻōlelo. Ma muli o ko lākou cuticle ohi, nā huaʻōlelo i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā ke anuanu a me ke anuanu. ʻO kekahi ʻano nui ʻAmelika ulu (Kūkulu ʻia nā cryptotermes) Ua hōʻike ʻia i Ausetalia.

Nā ʻano hua ʻōlelo

Asia	ʻApika	ʻAmelika ʻAmelika	ʻAmelika Hema	Europa	Nuhōlani
Ka nui o nā ʻano	435	1,000	50	400	10	360

Hoʻohui ʻenehana a me ke ʻano

E like me nā iniseti āpau, noho ka termites i nā kolone, ʻo ka nui o nā mea pākahi ke hiki ke hele aku mai waena mai o hoʻokahi haneri a i miliona miliona a me ka castes. Aia ka kolone maʻamau i kahi o nā larvae (nymphs), nā limahana, nā koa, a me nā mea hoʻohua. ʻO ka hana ʻana o ka anai he kuʻuna a termite. ʻAʻole e like me nā kūmole, ma ka nui o nā mea hoʻokūkū ākea o ka termites, ka lālā caste e hoʻopaʻa pono ana. I nā mea kikoʻīa mua loa, ka pili o ka caste o kekahi kanaka e pili ana i nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe e hānai iā ia i ka wā hoʻomohala a me nā pheromones a lākou i huna ai.

Nā kānaka kūmole

Mawaena o nā mea hānau i loko o ka pūnana, hoʻohanohano ka mōʻī a me ke aliʻi wahine. ʻO kēia mau poʻe he i pau i nā ʻēheu i kekahi manawa a me ko lākou mau maka a hana i kahi hana reproduction i ka pā. Hiki i ke mōʻī wahine i hiki i ka wā ke kūilima ke kau i ʻelua mau hua manu i ka lā, e hoʻohuli i ka ʻano o "kālai hua hua." I kēia ʻāina, ʻo ka wā o kona mau umauma a me ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, e hoʻolilo ana i ke aliʻi wahine i kekahi mau manawa he ʻokoʻa ma mua o ka manawa i hana ai (10 cm a i ʻole). Ma muli o ka ʻōpū nui, ua hoʻoneʻe ka mōʻīwahine i ka holo kūʻokoʻa, no laila i ka wā e pono ai ke neʻe aku iā ia i kekahi ʻāpana o ke kolu, e hui pū nā haneli haneli e hoʻoneʻe iā ia. Ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka kino o ke aliʻi wahine, kū ka pheromones kūikawā, i hoʻopihapiha ʻia e nā limahana, nā mea i hāʻawi ʻia i ka hui ʻana o ka ʻōpū. I kekahi mau holoholona, ua ʻoluʻolu loa kēia mau pheromones i nā limahana e kuʻaki lākou i kā lākou mandibles i loko o ka ʻōpū o ke aliʻi (akā naʻe, maʻa iki e alakaʻi iā ia i kona make).

Aia kekahi aliʻi i loko o ke keʻena o ke aliʻi wahine, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o kahi kāmele hana. Hoʻomau ʻo ia i ka lawe ʻana i ka wahine i ke ola holoʻokoʻa, like ʻole, no ka laʻaupaki, kahi e make koke ai nā kāne ma hope o ka moe ʻana, a mālama ʻia ka sperm i loko o ka mōʻī wahine (ʻokipuna) i nā pūpū o ka ovary.

Loaʻa i nā koena o ka nui ka nui o ka hua kōnū a lawelawe e hana i nā koloni hou. I kekahi manawa manawa lele ʻo ka lele ʻana mai waho aʻe o ka pūnana a me ka manō i ka lewa, ma hope o ka iho ʻana o ke kāne a me ka wahine, ua ʻoki i lalo o kā lākou mau ʻēheu a kūkulu pū i kahi koloni hou. Ma kekahi mau huaʻehā, ua kūkulu ʻia kahi podcast i kā podcast i mea e hoʻolālā ai i ke aliʻi a me ke aliʻi wahine i ka wā e make ai lākou. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe mea maʻamau loa kēia.

Nā ʻepekema ʻepekema o Yamaguchi University a me Tottori University i hopena i kēlā mau kuʻenehana termite Reticulitermes speratus ola ka lōʻihi ma mua o nā limahana, ma muli o ka hana nui o nā hua gena ke kuleana no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā enzyme antioxidant: catalase a me ka ʻohana o peroxyredoxins.

Nā mea hana

ʻAʻole e like me nā kūlū, ma waena o nā mea hana a me nā pūʻali koa o ka anai, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻokoʻa ʻia ma waena o nā kāne a me nā kāne. Hoʻohana ka termite i ka hana no ka mālama ʻana, ka mālama ʻana i ka meaʻai, ka mālama ʻana i nā hua, ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka kolone. ʻO nā mea hana wale wale nō ka mea i hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka hoʻōla cellulose i nā microorganism microionism hāpū. ʻO lākou nā mea hānai i nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke koloni hoʻi ua ʻai ʻia kāna mau hiʻohiʻona hoihoi i nā limahana.

Kūkulu ʻia nā paia o ka kolone mai ka hui ʻana o ka ʻākoakoa, nā lāʻau kalai a me nā wahi wai. Hāʻawi ka nūnū i nā wahi no ka kanu ʻana i nā māla fungal, mālama i ka hua a me nā ʻōpio ʻōpiopio, nā mea hoʻohua, me ka pūnaewele pū kekahi o nā ʻaluna o nā pono i hiki ke mālama i kahi microclimate mau loa i loko o ka uka termite. Eia kekahi, aia kekahi manawa aia kekahi hale no nā termite-philes - nā holoholona i hui pū me ka termites i ka simbiosis.

Nā poʻe kiaʻi

ʻO nā pūʻali koa he kiʻui kūikawā o nā poʻe hana, ka ʻike kūlohelohe a me ke ʻano, ʻoi loa ka kūʻē i nā ʻā. Nui ka nui o nā ʻōpala nui ʻole i hiki iā lākou ke ʻai no kā lākou iho. ʻO kahi mau mea kanu o nā nūhou o ka rhino termites ka puʻu kūikawā i ke poʻo ma kahi o lākou e pana ai i kahi wai pale.Ma nā huaʻōlelo e kālai i nā kahe i loko o ka lāʻau, ka mea nui i nā poʻo ākea ka poʻe koa e ʻae iā lākou e kāohi i nā kaila liʻiliʻi a pale i ka komo ʻana o ka ʻenemi i loko o ka pā. Ke wāwahi ʻia ka kūpaʻa o nā paia o ka puʻu uukele a ʻo ia ke kūlana e koi ai i ke komo ʻana o ka meaʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi koa, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā koa e like me ka phalanx a hoʻomaka e hoʻouka pākuʻi ʻia i kā lākou mea e make ai, aʻo ka poʻe paʻahana e pani i ka lua. Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, a laila hele mai ka phalanx i ka pōpilikia iho, ʻoiai ma hope o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o ka pā anai, ua pau ka manawa e hoʻi i ka termite.

ʻAʻohe pale palekana i nā ʻohana Termopsidae, Hodotermidae a Kalotermitidae. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā kelepona kūmole a ʻole labial i loko o nā āpau āpau a me nā castes a pau. Ma kekahi mau holoholona, hoʻopuka nā koa i nā mea huna, Mastotermes a he nui Macrotermitinae. ^ E Ha yM. Ua loaʻa pū ka glandrophic frontal salivary gland i kekahi Termitinae me ka kaomi ʻana i nā mandibles: ma ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi Dentispicotermes Kuhi ʻia nā mea huna o ka lepa ma ke kaʻe ʻana i ka gaio (autothisis, a i ʻole nāmū ʻana i nā paia o ke kino). ʻO kēia ʻōuli uku ʻole, ʻokoʻa i loko o ka honua o nā pepeke, he synapomorphy i loko o nā ʻohana Rhinotermitidae, Serritermitidae a Termitidae. ^ E Ha yM. Ke hana ʻole ʻia nei i nā limahana a me ka liʻiliʻi loa i ka imago moe kino, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kēia gland i nā koa a hana i nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻO kā lākou hoʻokuʻu ʻana ma o kekahi puka kūikawā ma ke poʻo, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo he pūnāwai. I kekahi mau termite, ua pani ʻia nā pale ku i mua, a no laila ua hoʻopili ʻia nā mea huna o ka umauma i ka ʻalae o ka aila āpau a me ka ʻōpū (autothysis), ma ka laʻana Nā huaʻōlelo a Nā Kahu Pūnaewele . ^ E Ha yM. Termeri ʻO ka molphureus Globitermes, i kapa ʻia ka huaʻōlelo kamikaze, e hoʻohana i kahi ʻano o ka altruism suicidal, i kapa ʻia ʻo autothysis, me he mea pale.

Mālama ʻia ka pale momona i nā mea huna ma loko o ka ʻenemi ma ke poʻo o ka caste a ke koa (no nā huaʻōlelo nasal, ʻo kēia puka kuamo i loko o kahi pali mua i loko o ka "ihu" o ke poʻo ulu. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka gland frontal i loko o ka ʻōpū o nā koa Rhinotermitidae (Nā ʻōpiha, Nā Psammotermes, Hoʻopau hou nā huaʻōlelo, Nā Prorhinotermes, Lahaʻāina)) a i ka poo o kekahi koa Termitidae (ulu i loko Nasutitermitinaeakā ua hōʻemi ʻia i nā subfamili Macrotermitinae a Termitinaepale ʻia e nā mandibles ikaika).

ʻO ka nui o nā koa i loko o ka kolone e hilinaʻi nei i ka hana o ka ʻohana a maʻamau e helu ʻia i kekahi mau pakeneka o ka heluna o ka heluna. Ma ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o nā ʻano, ʻokoʻa loa ka māhele o nā koa i ka 3%. Ma aneā 4-6% - i nā ʻano kikoʻī ʻO kā Cryptotermes (Nutting, 1970; Bouillon, 1970), Lele (Harvey, 1934; Nutting, 1970), Kalotermes (Harris, 1954; Grasse and Noirot, 1958) a Glyptotermes (Danthanarayana lāua ʻo Fernando, 1970). Ma kahi o 1-9% o nā ʻanoʻaoʻao Nā Neolermes (Nagin, 1972, Sen-Sarma a me Mishra, 1972), Nā Stolotermes (Morgan, 1959), ʻO Odontotermes (Josens, 1974), a Nā Macrotermes (Pangga, 1936). Wahi a Josens (1972, 1974) i hōʻiliʻili ma Ivory Coast (Komohana Komohana), he ʻokoʻa ka nui o nā koa ma waena o 12-16% i nā ʻano. ʻO nā palena basidentermes, Promirotermes holmgreni, ʻO Ancistrotermes cavithorax, ʻO nā microtermes toumodiensis, ʻO ka pūʻali koa Pseudacanthotermes. ^ E Ha yM. I nā kolone o nā nīnū nosed (i loko o ʻelua mau subfamilies: Coptotermitinae a me Nasutitermitinae) kahi i hoʻomohala ʻia ai ka ʻōloʻi mua, hiki i ka nui o nā koa ke kiʻekiʻe aʻe. Ma nā ʻōhua ʻO ka coptotermes formosanus a ʻO ka mea hoʻomohala Coptotermes, he koa o ka aneane 10% (Smythe lāua ʻo Mauldin, 1972, King and Spink, 1974, 1975, Pangga, 1936), aʻo Halemai haukapila (Pangga, 1936) a me nā ʻanoʻokoʻa o ka ʻano ʻano Nā Nasutitermes (Kfecek, 1970, Gay a me Wetherly, 1970, Holdaway et al., 1935), ʻo ka nui o nā koa nosed he 10% o ka ʻaoʻao holoʻokoʻa o ka heluna kanaka. Hāʻawi lākou i 15% -21% o nā ʻano Trinervitermes geminatus (Bouillon, 1970; Josens, 1974), 20% i nā ʻano Trinervitermes togoensis (Josens, 1974) a Nā Nasutitermes spp. (Pangga, 1936; Gay et al., 1955), 25% o nā anai Tenuirostritermes tenuirostris (Weesner, 1953), a hiki i ka 30% o termites ma nā nest laboratory Nā kumu kūʻai Nasutitermes (Hrdy lāua ʻo Zeleny, 1967). ʻO kēia paha ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o nā pūʻali termite nosed, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka nui o nā limahana. Termite - Xylophagus Cephalotermes (Termitinae) ʻo ka helu o nā koa he 0.2% wale nō. ʻO ka pau ʻana o ka kāpena koa i ʻike ʻia ma nā subfamili ʻelua o ka ʻohana termite Termitidae. ^ E Ha yM. I Apicotermitinae oi aku ma mua o ka hapa o ka nui o Aferika i nele i nā koa, e like me nā mea āpau neotropic. I ka ʻokoʻa, nā koa āpau o ʻAmelika Hema, he mau koa, ʻoiai he mea hōʻemi loa kēia kaila i waena o lākou (genus Nā Koho Pūʻōlelo No ka manawa lōʻihi i manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻohe koa koa. I loko o ka subfamili Termitinae, aia wale ma 3 genera ʻaʻohe kā ka mea koa: Nā Protohamitermes a ʻEntleloʻohana (ʻelua kihi kikowaena mai ka ʻāpana ʻĀina) a Invasitermes mai Australia.

Kāleʻa

Ke alakaʻi nei ka hoʻokūkū ma waena o nā kolana ʻelua i ke ʻano agonistic i ka pili me kekahi me kekahi, i hōʻike ʻia ma nā hakakā nui.ʻO kēia mau hakakā e hiki ai i nā make o nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua a i kekahi mau mea, he piʻi a nalowale paha nā wahi. Ma kekahi mau ʻano, kanu ʻia nā kanu ʻia i loko o ke ʻano o "nā lua kupapaʻu" ("Cemetery pits"), kahi i mālama ʻia ai nā kino o nā huaʻāina make.

Hōʻike nā haʻawina i ka wā e hoʻokūkū ana nā huaʻōlelo i kēlā me kēia i ke kau ʻana no nā wahi, e hoʻokaʻawale kekahi o lākou i nā pauku e pale aku i nā termite e komo. ʻO nā huahelu make mai nā kolone ʻē aʻe i loaʻa i nā ʻnekele ʻimi i alakaʻi i kēia kaawale i kēia ʻāpana a, no laila, i ka pono e hana i nā kaila hou. ʻAʻole kū pinepine ka hakakā ma waena o nā mea hoʻokūkū ʻelua. No ka laʻana, hiki iā lākou ke pāpā i kekahi i kekahi ʻO ka macrotermes bellicosus a Macrotermes subhyalinus mai hōʻike hewa i kēlā me kēia i kekahi. Loaʻa nā hanana Suicidal i nā ʻano ʻO ka coptotermes formosanus. ^ E Ha yM. I kekahi manawa he ʻelua mau kolana ʻē aʻe C. formosanus hiki ke ʻike i ke kumuwaiwai like ʻole a komo i ka hakakā kūloko. Ma ka manawa like, ʻike pinepine ʻia kekahi mau huaʻōlelo i loko o ka pau ana o ka wailele a make ma laila, ke kāohi hala ʻana i ka lau a ʻoi aku i nā kamaʻāina āpau o nā kolu ʻelua.

Ma waena o nā ʻelele o ka caste kaila, hiki i nā wahine neotenic (ʻōpio o hope) e hiki ke hoʻokūkū kekahi i kekahi e lilo i mōʻī wahine nui i ka wā kī ʻole o nā kānaka oviparous mua (aliʻi wahine, a i ʻole mea hoʻokumu kumu wahine o ka koloni). ʻO kēia hakakā ma waena o nā ʻōpio'ōpio e alakaʻi i ka make o lākou āpau, koe wale nō ke aliʻi wahine hoʻokahi, ka mea, me ke kāne nui (aliʻi) e hana i ka hana oviparous nui o ka kolone.

Hiki i nā Antsipū a me nā termite ke hoʻohālikelike kekahi i kekahi no kahi wahi huna. ʻO ka kikoʻī, maʻamau ka hopena o nā popo anai i nā ʻano Isoptera e pili ana i nā lāʻau.

Kamaʻilio ʻana

He makapō ka hapanui o nā huaʻōlelo, no laila ke hele nui kā lākou kamaʻilio ʻana me ke kōkua o nā kīpika, mechanical a me nā pheromone. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau kaʻina kamaʻilio i nā hana like ʻole, me ka nalo ʻana, ka nānā ʻana i nā castes, ke kūkulu ʻana i nā nests, ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻohana, i ka wā o nā huakaʻi ʻana, ka ʻike ʻana a me ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i nā ʻenemi, a me ka pale ʻana i nā nests. ʻO ke ala maʻamau e kamaʻilio ai i nā termite ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā antennas (antennae). ʻIke ʻia kekahi mau pheromones, e pili pū me ka pili ʻana i nā pheromones (kahi i hoʻoiho ʻia i ka wā e komo ai nā mea hana i nā trophallaxis a i ʻole nā mea kuhi) a me nā pheromones kaumaha, nā trace pheromones a me nā mea ulu. ʻO ka pheromones hopohopo a me nā mea palekana e pale ʻia mai ka gland mua. Hoʻokaʻa ʻia nā trace pheromones mai ka lelo sternal, a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pheromones sex mai nā puna ʻelua glandular: nā aniani sternal a me ka tergal. I ka wā e hele ana nā aniani i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, ʻai lākou i ka ʻai me ka ʻala o luna o ka ʻāina i nā kolamu ma o nā mea kanu. Hiki ke kuhikuhi ʻia ke ala e nā lehelehe fecal a i ʻole ke ala i huli hou ʻia. Ke waiho nei nā mea hana i nā pheromones ma kēia mau ala i ʻike ʻia e nā ʻohana ʻē aʻe e hoʻohana ana i nā mea ʻeleʻele olfactory. Hiki i nā Termites ke hana pū ma waena o nā hōʻailona uila, nā hiʻona, a me ka hoʻopili kino. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia mau ʻōuli e kamaʻilio pū aku ai i kekahi kanaka i ka hana o kahi kekona (kahi ʻōlelo hōʻeuʻeu) a i ʻole e loiloi i kahi kumu kumu.

I ka wā e kūkulu ai ka aniani i kā lākou mau nest, hoʻohana lākou i kahi pili paʻa. ʻAʻole kuleana ka hua'ōlelo no ke kūkulu ʻana i kekahi ʻāpana. Kūlike nā huaʻumi o kēlā me kēia kūlana kūikawā, akā ma ka pae pūʻulu e hōʻike nei i kahi ʻano o "kolepa manaʻo." ʻO nā mea pā hale a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e like me nā mea maʻa o ka lepo a i ʻole nā pou, e hoʻomaka ai i ka termites e hoʻomaka i ke kaʻina hana. Hoʻohui hou ʻo Termite i kēia mau mea i nā hoʻolālā i kēia manawa, a ua kōkua kēia ʻano i ke ʻano hana o nā limahana ʻē aʻe.ʻO ka hopena kahi kaʻina hana pilikino kahi e ʻike ai ka ʻike e alakaʻi ai i ka hana termite i ka hopena o nā loli kūlohelohe, ma kahi o ka hoʻopili pono ʻana ma waena o kēlā me kēia kanaka.

Hiki i nā Termites ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻohana kīwaha mai nā malihini me ka hoʻokaʻa ʻana i nā kemika a me nā hōʻailona ʻono o nā maʻi: nā mea kanu e pili ana i nā hydrocarbons hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka cuticle ae ʻae i ka ʻike i nā hua ʻāina haole. ʻO kona kolana kēlā me kēia ʻano momona ponoʻī. ʻO kēia ʻuhala ka hopena o nā ʻano genetic a me nā mea kūlohelohe, e like me ke ʻano o ka dietite hua a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā maʻi i loko o nā palu o nā termites.

Nā Nests

Ua kapa ʻia nā honu termite me nā kuaki termite a, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai nui, e like me nā kuahiwi nui e piʻi ana ma luna o ka honua. ʻO kāna hana nui ka pale i ka anaiā mai nā ʻenemi, maloʻo a me ka wela.

Aia nā puʻu Termite ma nā wahi me ka ua nui a me ka ua mau ʻana ka ua i ka pōʻino o kā lākou kūkulu ma muli o kā lākou hana lepo lepo. Hiki i kēlā mau nika ke kālele i ka lāʻau (chewed plant and most pulp laau) hiki iā lākou ke hāʻawi aku i ka pale mai ka ua a kū maoli i ka ua nui. Hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau wahi i nā mime termite e like me nā kaha ikaika no ka wāwahi a wā ʻole paha i ka nalo. No ka laʻana, he koloni Cubitermes ua kūkulu ʻia ʻia nā kaila pōkole, i hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā kaha ikaika, ʻoiai ke liʻiliʻi ka nui o nā kia i pale ʻia e nā koa. ʻO ka lumi mālama, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo ka "keʻena aliʻi", i loko o ke aliʻi wahine a me ke aliʻi a hoʻohana ʻia no ka laina hope o ka pale.

Nā ʻano ʻano genus Nā Macrotermespaha e kūkulu i nā mea paʻakikī loa i ka honua pepeke, e kūkulu i nā kuʻi nui. ʻO kēia mau huaʻōlelo loina ka mea ʻoi loa o ka honua, e piʻi ana i 8 a 9 mau mika, a he nui nā mau māka, nā kihi a me nā kuʻina. ʻO kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe, Amitermes meridionalis, hiki ke kūkulu i nā nests me ke kiʻekiʻe o 3 a 4 mika a me ka laulā o ka 2.5 mau mika. ʻO ka mea hana nui hua palapala nui i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo 12,8 mika kiʻekiʻe a ua loaʻa i Equatorial Africa ma ka Demokrat Republic Republic o Kongo.

Kūkulu kekahi mau kuʻuna i nā kuahiwi me ka ʻenehana paʻakikī. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike, e like me nā termites o ke ʻano ʻAmenika (Amitermes meridionalis a A. laurensis) kūkulu i nā pūkuniʻu "pūkuniahi" a "magnetic" paha, mai ʻākau mai i ka hema. Ma o nā hoʻokolohua, ua hōʻike ʻia ua kōkua kēia ʻikepili pale i ka thermoregulation. ʻO ka orientation mai ke kūkulu hema a hiki i ka hema ke alakaʻi nei i ka hāhi o loko o ka embankment e hoʻonui wikiwiki i ka wanaʻao i ke kakahiaka, e pale ana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana mai ka lā awakea. A laila kū ka mahana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wai (a ma ka pāpū kiʻi) no ke koena o ka lā a hiki i ke ahiahi.

E huli ma ke kumuhana

ʻO wai nā waiapela (ʻōpio keʻokeʻo)

Kākau: 1,017 Waiwai no nā pou 94,694 RUB (Nā ʻōlelo kikoʻī): 1,002 Nā mea i loaʻa: 1,467
ma 682 mau pou 144%

He mau lāʻau hānai lau na Termite i like ʻole me nā popo. Ma muli o kēia, ua kapa ʻia lākou i "nā ʻōpio keʻokeʻo."

Loaʻa ka termite i nā tropic, akā loaʻa nō hoʻi ia ma nā wahi me ke aniani. ʻO ka mālama nui ʻana o kā lākou meaʻai he cellulose i loko o ka lāʻau, mauʻu a me ka lau o nā kumulāʻau, no laila, hiki i ka anai ke mālama i ka hoʻopale moku, e hōʻino ana i nā hana lāʻau a me nā ʻano lāʻau.

ʻOkoʻa loa nā ʻili a nā Termite. Hiki iā lākou ke lilo i i nā pua a i ʻole nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻāpana, a i ʻole nā hale kākela i ka ʻūhā o ka ʻāina. ʻO ia ke kumu ua ʻimi pinepine ai lākou i nā kānaka.

I ka huina holoʻokoʻa, aia ma mua o ʻekolu mau ʻano o nā termite i ka honua, ma Rusia wale nō i ʻike ʻia nā ʻano ʻelua wale i noho ma ka ʻāina o Sochi a me Vladivostok.
ʻO nā ʻili a me nā mea ʻokiʻoki ʻole ka nui o ke aʻa. Eia kekahi, hiki i nā maʻi āpau i loko o nā kānaka, e hoʻomaka ana mai ka maʻi a me ka hopena nui loa me kahi hopena momona e hiki mai ana, ka hopena i ka edema pulmonary.Hiki i nā ʻōuli o kahi pūpū ke komo i ka hōʻeha i ka ʻāʻī i ka wā o ka hanu, ka maʻi nui, ka ʻeha o ka ʻōpū, ka pīhoihoi, a me ka nalowale o ka ʻike.

Kākau: 1,684 kālā no nā pou 59726 RUB (Nā ʻōlelo kikoʻī): 1,383 Nā mea i loaʻa: 1,253
i 511 pou 74%

He mau lāʻau hānai lau na Termite i like ʻole me nā popo. Ma muli o kēia, ua kapa ʻia lākou i "nā ʻōpio keʻokeʻo."

I ka huina holoʻokoʻa, aia ma mua o ʻekolu mau ʻano o nā termite i ka honua, ma Rusia wale nō i ʻike ʻia nā ʻano ʻelua wale i noho ma ka ʻāina o Sochi a me Vladivostok.
ʻO nā ʻili a me nā mea ʻokiʻoki ʻole ka nui o ke aʻa. Eia kekahi, hiki i nā maʻi āpau i loko o nā kānaka, e hoʻomaka ana mai ka maʻi a me ka hopena nui loa me kahi hopena momona e hiki mai ana, ka hopena i ka edema pulmonary. Hiki i nā ʻōuli o kahi pūpū ke komo i ka hōʻeha i ka ʻāʻī i ka wā o ka hanu, ka maʻi nui, ka ʻeha o ka ʻōpū, ka pīhoihoi, a me ka nalowale o ka ʻike.

Termites, ma nā ʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ua kapa ʻia lākou he mau ʻula keʻokeʻo, noho lākou i nā ʻohana nui a like i like me nā ʻalā maʻamau e kahe ana i ka hana no ka ʻohana holoʻokoʻa, aia ʻelua mau mea pale e mālama ana i ka hale a me nā hana aikua e hana a hana ana i nā hale, aia nā nannies e hānai ʻili i nā pēpē a me nā ʻano hana like ʻole. like me ke ola o ke kanaka)

ʻAi ʻia nā Termites i nā mea kanu, mea maʻamau pinepine nā lāʻau make i loaʻa i ka cellulose, ʻuʻuku ʻia a hūnā ʻia i nā hua na termite.

Hiki i ka poʻe ke hoʻohana i ka aniani no ka meaʻai a he mea maikaʻi ʻole hoʻi i waena o nā kānaka he nui, ʻoiai ka nui o nā aniani i loko o kahi ʻohana e hiki ke piʻi aku i ʻelua miliona.

No ka nui loa o ka huaʻī o ka huaʻī, he nui a make paha kekahi o kā lākou mau ʻano lāʻau a ʻokiʻoki paha i nā hale lāʻau kahiko, nā ululāʻau, a me nā mea kanu e ulu ai ka poʻe.

Hiki i ka Termites ke hōʻeha a me ka pono, ʻo lākou, a me nā ʻōpio, ke kōkua i ka neʻe ʻana o ka waihona ʻāina, hiki i nā wahi maloʻo kahi ʻaʻohe o nā palaile, e hoʻohuli maoli iā lākou a kōkua i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hua.

Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kekahi hoʻokolohua a hoʻonohonoho pū ʻia nā huaila me nā popo e hoʻonui i ka hopena gotybw e kahi hapakolu, he hopena maikaʻi loa kēia e mahalo i nā mea kōkua liʻiliʻi.

ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻopōʻino i nā aniani āpau, aʻo ka hapa wale nō o nā pakeli, ʻo ke kanaono kenekulia ka mea e hiki ke kōkua i kahi kanaka.

Nā kuʻuna

Nā Kūlana: 3,344 Loaʻa no nā pou 186016 RUB (Nā ʻōlelo kikoʻī): 6,198 Nā mea i loaʻa: 8,508
i 2,944 mau pou 254%

ʻO wai nā parani?

ʻAi ʻia nā Termites i nā mea kanu, mea maʻamau pinepine nā lāʻau make i loaʻa i ka cellulose, ʻuʻuku ʻia a hūnā ʻia i nā hua na termite.

No ka nui loa o ka huaʻī o ka huaʻī, he nui a make paha kekahi o kā lākou mau ʻano lāʻau a ʻokiʻoki paha i nā hale lāʻau kahiko, nā ululāʻau, a me nā mea kanu e ulu ai ka poʻe.

ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻopōʻino i nā aniani āpau, aʻo ka hapa wale nō o nā pakeli, ʻo ke kanaono kenekulia ka mea e hiki ke kōkua i kahi kanaka.

He mea like ʻole nā termites me nā popo, no laila ua kapa ʻia lākou he mau ʻāʻā keʻokeʻo. No ka Termite nā huaʻōlelo o ka ipo, noho lākou i nā kolana nui. Aia ma kahi o 3,000 o nā ʻolima. Nui ʻokoʻa nā aniani e loaʻa i nā ʻokoʻa: ka ʻāpana kino, ke alo o ke kuʻina o ka thoracic, ke kohu o ke kino me ka pū ka chitinous, ke poʻo nui me kahi puʻupuʻu ikaika. ʻO nā ʻano āpau āpau e ʻai i ka cellulose.
He lāʻau ʻino ʻole nā Termites, no ka laʻana, i ke aniani, ka māmā a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa hoʻi. ʻO nā termites nā pepeke pilikino e noho i nā ʻohana nui. Hiki ke ʻike i nā ʻōkuhi Termite ma lalo o ka lepo, ma ka ʻōnaehana o nā kumulāʻau, me nā wahi ʻala. A i nā meakanu termite, hiki ke ʻokoʻa ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā muula termite.
He mau huaʻawa maikaʻi nā Termites, akā mālama pū lākou i nā hana koʻikoʻi i ke ʻano, ma muli o ka pauku lula e hoʻopau i ka lāʻau ola ʻole.
Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻohana Termite i 3 castes: nā limahana, nā pūʻali koa, nā pūʻulu hānau. Ka paʻakikī loa ka ʻike ʻana i nā anai, no ka mea he nocturnal. E neʻe kā lākou hana i nā pou i hana ai lākou. I ka hoʻoilo, ua haʻalele nā aniani i kā lākou hana. Hiki i ka nui o nā anai ke mai he ʻumi a hiki i miliona miliona o nā iniseti o kēia mau kanaka.

Kākau: 262 Tupe no nā pou 8790 RUB (Nā ʻōlelo kikoʻī): 128 Likes loaʻa: 282
ma 145 mau pou

He pepeke nā Termites a ua like lākou me nā ʻomaʻi, keʻokeʻo wale nō i ka kala.

He makemake kēia mau mea kanu hānai i ka ʻahaʻaina i ka cellulose, kahi, i ʻike ʻole ʻia i ka lāʻau.
ʻO ia ka mea i ʻike ʻia no ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea āpau i ka lāʻau.
ʻOi aku lākou i ka kūkulu ʻana i kā lākou termite mounds, kēlā mau anthills, termites i kahi ma mua loa o ka poʻe.
Ua aneane kokoke ʻo Termites ma nā wahi āpau, me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole ka Antarctica.
ʻAʻole ʻai nā Termites i nā kānaka a makaʻu wale iā lākou, no laila e hoʻāʻo lākou e haʻalele koke iā lākou.
ʻAʻohe mea ʻano wale nō o nā huaʻōlelo, akā ʻaʻole.
Aia nā mea he ʻekolu mau kaukani o nā termites.

ʻO kekahi kekahi i nā huaʻōlelo pili pili i nā popo, akā ʻaʻole.
He ʻohana lākou o nā ipuka.
Ua kaulana ʻo Termites no ka mea i make kekahi mau mea i hala i ka wā ma mua, akā i ka manawa pinepine e loaʻa iā lākou i kahi ʻāpana.
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia kēia i ka poʻe he nui i ka wā i loaʻa ai ke koena a i ʻole ka mea ʻawaʻawa ʻo ia iho i ka amber.

ʻO nā puʻu Termite kekahi o nā hale ikaika loa, a hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā anthills. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ʻo Termitniki me ka sima.
A ʻo lākou, ma ke ala, ʻano ʻokoʻa.
ʻO nā termite, ʻaʻole e like me nā popo, ʻaʻole hiki ke noho ma luna o ka papa, no laila ka hapanui o ko lākou ola ma lalo o ka ʻāina.
ʻAʻole, ʻaʻole lākou e hōʻeha i kahi kanaka. Akā hiki iā lākou ke hana ʻino i nā hale a i ʻole nā kūkulu ʻana, ʻoiai inā e like me nā helu helu aia ma kahi o ʻumi hapa o kēlā mau hōʻino, ʻo ke koena hoʻi he kanaiwa ka mea e pono ai ka poʻe i nā ʻano.

Ke hoʻoponopono ʻia nei e olkavac, 10.16.2019 a 22:33.

Nā Kākau: 15,124 Kālā no nā pou 608,102 RUB (Nā ʻōlelo kikoʻī) makemake ʻia: 47.483 Nā Likes i loaʻa: 49.034
i 11,126 pou 324%

ʻO wai nā parani?

He pepeke nā Termites a ua like lākou me nā ʻomaʻi, keʻokeʻo wale nō i ka kala.

ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "popo keʻokeʻo" hiki i nā mele o nā popo, ke ʻike ʻoe i ka wā i wāwahi ai ʻoe i ka nano o ka ʻalopona a hopu nā kānaka i kā lākou hua a me ka pupae, a hele i lalo i lalo, a i ʻole ka huaʻōlelo. ʻO ka ʻili keʻokeʻo kahi inoa maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia no ka termites. E like me nā inoa maʻamau, kū ʻia kēia huaʻōlelo ma muli o ke ʻano o nā ʻano aniani.

ʻO ka huaʻōlelo maʻamau i alo ʻia e nā ʻĀina hale e pili loa i ka keʻokeʻo. ʻOkoʻa iki ka laulima o nā huaʻōlelo ma luna o nā mea a lākou e ʻai ai. ʻO ka lāʻau uliuli, e like me ka mahogany, e hāʻawi i nā termite i kahi kalaʻeleʻele inā pau. ʻO ka lāʻau māmā, e like me ka pine, ʻaʻole e loli nui i ka kala o ka anai.

ʻO ke kiʻi ma luna e hōʻike ana i nā aniani e hōʻike ana i nā koa a me nā limahana. ʻO nā koa Termites me nā poʻo melemeleʻeleʻele - i poʻe koa. Ke nānā pono aku nei, ʻike ʻoe i nā mandibles nui i hoʻohanaʻia no ka pale. ʻAʻole ʻoka nā mākaʻai o nā limahana, a ʻoi aku ka mālamalama o ko lākou poʻo e pili ana i ko lākou kino. E makaʻala e loaʻa i nā "bellies" ʻeleʻele nā mea lawelawe ʻē aʻe i hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka nui a me ke kala o ka lāʻau i hoʻopau ʻia e kēlā me kēia kanaka.

He ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa nā Termite i nā popo i ke ʻano, nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā pono o ka meaʻai. ʻOiai ke ʻano like loa nā anai i ka popo i ka nui a me ka nui, ʻo lākou kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona kūikawā e kōkua ana i ka ʻike.

ʻO nā ʻano āpau āpau ke ola i ka cellulose, ʻo ia ka mea ʻaʻole lākou wale e hoʻopau i ka hana lāʻau, akā hiki ke ʻai ʻia nā mea kanu, pepa a me nā pepa. Mālamalama nā Termites i ke kala, ʻoiʻe ke keʻokeʻo / ʻili, a hiki i kekahi manawa ke nānā iki.
Ua hoʻohālikelike lākou i nā antennas pololei i nā popo.
He mānoʻeke ākea nā Termites.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, he mau ʻomaʻomaʻomaʻu nā ʻomaʻoma a e ʻānai loa i nā mea āpau. ʻOi aku lākou makemake nui ʻia nā wai momona, a me nā hua ʻuʻuku kekahi o nā aphids he "bipi", pale iā lākou mai nā mea ʻino o nā pepeke a me ka "hoʻōla i ka wai" koko i ʻike ʻia e ka wai meli. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona o ka popo, i hōʻike ʻia ma lalo nei, e ʻokoʻa i ka termite no nā kumu he nui.

ʻO ka maʻamau ka maʻamau ke kala ma ia ʻano.
Loaʻa lākou i nā antennas elbow.
Ua ʻike ʻia ko lākou mau maka ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo.
ʻO kā lākou mau ʻāpana 3 - poʻo, ka umauma a me Gaster.
Hoʻohālikelike i nā huaʻī, he kīʻaha mānoʻolima, nā ʻōpū e hālāwai me ka ʻōpū.

Ke hoʻoponopono hope ʻia e 9solovey ma 10/16/2019 ma 21:27.

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ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "popo keʻokeʻo" hiki i nā mele o nā popo, ke ʻike ʻoe i ka wā i wāwahi ai ʻoe i ka nano o ka ʻalopona a hopu ka poʻe i kā lākou hua a me ka pupae, a hele i lalo, a i ʻole ka huaʻōlelo. ʻO ka ʻili keʻokeʻo kahi inoa maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia no ka termites.E like me nā inoa maʻamau, kū ʻia kēia huaʻōlelo ma muli o ke ʻano o nā ʻano aniani.

ʻO nā ʻano āpau āpau ke ola i ka cellulose, ʻo ia ka mea ʻaʻole lākou wale e hoʻopau i ka hana lāʻau, akā hiki ke ʻai ʻia nā mea kanu, pepa a me nā pepa. Mālamalama nā Termites i ke kala, ʻoiʻe ke keʻokeʻo / ʻili, a hiki i kekahi manawa ke nānā iki.
Ua hoʻohālikelike lākou i nā antennas pololei i nā popo.
He mānoʻeke ākea nā Termites.

ʻO ka maʻamau ka maʻamau ke kala ma ia ʻano.
Loaʻa lākou i nā antennas elbow.
Ua ʻike ʻia ko lākou mau maka ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo.
ʻO kā lākou mau ʻāpana 3 - poʻo, ka umauma a me Gaster.
Hoʻohālikelike i nā huaʻī, he kīʻaha mānoʻolima, nā ʻōpū e hālāwai me ka ʻōpū.

E ʻike i nā mea "TERMS" ma nā ʻatikala ʻē aʻe:

- (fr., mai lat. termes). ʻO nā pepona mai ke ʻano o nā orthoptera, ka mea maʻamau i kapa ʻia ʻo nā ʻepekema keʻokeʻo, e noho ana ma nā ʻāina ākea, e hoʻonohonoho ana i nā noho i nā wāwae he kiʻekiʻe. ʻLelo o nā hua ʻōlelo haole i komo pū ʻia me ka ʻōlelo Lūkia. Chudinov AN ... Ka ʻōlelo o nā ʻōlelo haole o ka ʻōlelo Lūkini

Hoʻopuka i nā iniseti lehulehu. ʻO nā kaiāulu, ka mahele ʻia i loko o nā hale kahe, nona nā mea ʻēheu ʻēheu a lele ʻole. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka lepo ma lalo o ka pae a i lalo (a hiki i 15 m kiʻekiʻe) nā nests. Kau. 2600 mau ʻano, ka nui o nā ʻone nui, ma Rūsia 2 mau ʻano: hoʻokahi ma ka ʻāina o Sochi ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Isoptera) he detate o nā pepeke. Hoʻopili i nā kūhoa a me ka pule mantis, naib, kahi hui mua i waena o nā iniseti lehulehu. Loaʻa i nā mea ʻēheu mau ʻōhua ʻelua o nā ʻēheu like like me ka ʻāʻī ʻana a me ka hana ʻana. ʻO nā mea hū ʻole

- (Termitidae) he ʻohana ʻohana hihiu nona nā kauoha Orthoptera, Orthoptera, i ke ʻano ʻo Corrodentia. He nui a poʻo wale ke poʻo o T., ua kūlike ʻia nā mea antennae 13 23 palahalaha, ʻike ʻia nā maka heʻe, he 2 nā maka, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻāpana waha a lawelawe no ... ... Brockhaus lāua ʻo Efron Encyclopedia.

KAHIKAI - (Termitidae) - nā mea inikua olakino, nā huahelu termite (Isoptera) me 1900 mau ʻano. Ua kapa ʻia lākou he mau ʻula keʻokeʻo, no ka mea, e like me kēia mau pepeke, noho lākou i loko o nā lehulehu nui a hoʻonohonoho i nā ʻuʻuku nui, pū me ka nui, ʻo lākou ... Life of in pepeke

Ov, lehulehu (ʻenehana huaʻōlelo, a, m.). [mai lat. huaʻā (termitis) mauʻu i nā pōlele manu] He ʻumi o nā pepeke mai nā ʻāina wela e noho ana i nā wahi nui o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole (ʻo ka terrestrial a i lalo i lalo). ◁ Termite, ʻae, ʻae. T. ... ... Koiā Encyclopedic

Termeri - Termite. ʻO TERMITES, kahi mea wehe i nā pepeke lehulehu.ʻO ke kū ʻana e like me nā popo nui. ʻO nā kaiāulu, ka māhele ʻia i loko o ka hale kaohi ʻia, nā manu me nā lehelehe (wahine a me nā kāne) a me nā ʻāpana ʻole. Lahi a hiki i 20 mm, "wahine" (nā wahine) a hiki i ka 140 mm. Kūkulu ... Hoʻohālikelike Encyclopedic Dictionary

ʻOi ʻia ka Termites i kapa ʻia i nā "ʻūpā keʻokeʻo." Ua loaʻa i kēia anima nā inoa no ka mea ʻo lākou, e like me nā ʻōpala, ke alakaʻi nei i ke ala "ola", kahi e hana pinepine ai i nā ʻano conical, e like me n ants, ua hōʻike ʻia e ka polymorphism (ʻoiai, ua ʻōlelo ʻia nā huaʻōlelo i nā polymorphism ma mua o kahi anteater), a me nā mea nui hana ʻia i ka mālama ʻana i ke ola o ke kolone i nā termites, e like me nā ʻōpala, ke pāʻani ʻia e nā mea lawehala. Akā o kēia mau mea like, i hoʻoholo ʻia e nā kūlana ola e like, e palena i ka like o nā aniani a me nā popo. ʻO ka termites kahi detachment o nā pepeke me ka loli piha ʻole, a ʻo nā ʻona elele ʻaʻole wale ia o kahi ʻāpana ʻē aʻe (Hymenoptera), akā he mea ʻē aʻe o kekahi ʻano ʻoihana manuahi - Holometabola.

ʻAʻole aneane ʻike ka termite i nā poʻe noho me ke anainu hoʻonaninani: ʻo kā lākou kumu nui ka nui o nā tropics a me nā subtropics, ʻoi pū nā tropics. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ua pālahalaha nui a ʻano lahilahi a hele a hōʻea, no ka laʻana, ma ka hema o ka SSR Ukrainia, a ma nā kūlanakauhale nui, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i ke ola i nā hale wela, hiki nō hoʻi ke loaʻa nā aniani i ka ʻākau: he nui nā huaʻōlelo ma Hamburg, a loaʻa iā mākou ka huaʻāina ma Dnepropetrovsk. Akā i ka laulā, nā kānaka noho aniani o nā tropik.

Ma ka huina, e pili ana i 2500 mau ʻano o nā huaʻōlelo i ʻike ʻia.

He nui nā huaʻōlelo nunui ʻo Termites. ʻO ka nui o nā kānaka i hoʻokahi ʻano a ʻoiai i loko o ka caste he nui maoli (i loko o Bellicositermes natalensis-hōʻino ʻaʻo termite Ka Hema Hema - he lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ka moekolohe i ka 1, 5 cm, nā limahana - 0, 5-0, 8 cm, mau koa-a hiki i ka 1, 5 cm).

ʻO ka maʻamau, ma ka ʻohana o nā haneli he mau haneli a he mau miliona a keu paha o kekahi o nā kānaka, he hoʻokahi wahine ʻoki manu ("aliʻi wahine") a me kahi kāne e hānai aku nei iā ia ("aliʻi"). He pena kolohe kanaka kēia i kiola ʻia o ko lākou mau ʻēheu. Eia kekahi, i kekahi mau manawa (ma mua o ke kahawai ʻana) he nui nā kāne ʻehā mau kāne a me nā wahine i honi ʻia i loko o ia mea, ʻo ia hoʻi, e waiho i kahi pūnana e hoʻokumu i nā koloni hou.

Hoʻohālikelike ka poʻe winged i ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻelua ʻelua o ka ulu like ʻana, e like me ka venation lōʻihi mau ʻēheu mau lōʻihi, lōʻihi nā ʻēheu e lōʻihi ana, i ka wā e hoʻopuni ai i ko lākou kua, protrude ma mua o ka hope o ka ʻōpū. E like me ke ʻano o nā ʻēheu, loaʻa ka inoa ke ala i ka inoa (Isoptera - "nā pihi" like). Mālama ʻia ka ʻēheu a me ka termite i ka umauma a me ka ʻōpū ma mua loa o ka sclerotized.

ʻO ka hapa nui o ka heluna o nā muina termite e hana nei i nā kānaka (Pepa 26). ʻO nā kāne hana wahine i lalo o ka male. I kēia mea, ʻokoʻa nā huaʻōlelo o nā papiʻāina mai nā ʻalā, kahi e like ai me nā hymenoptera ākea ākea, he mau wahine nā limahana. Ke hoʻohālikelike nei ka poʻe hana hana i nā huaʻōlelo termite - i ka neʻe ʻana, ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hana o nā huaʻōlelo hana ma hope o ka puka ʻana mai ka hua manu. He palupalu a me ka hoʻohuihui ʻole nā kānaka hana, i hui pū ʻia me ko lākou noho mau ʻana i nā hale pale, ma kahi lewa e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia me nā lua wai. Ma kēia hana, hoʻokahi wale nō ʻokoʻa i waena o nā termite. Kekahi Hema African Hema (Butotermes) loaʻa nā limahana e noho malihini ana, a he ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha ko lākou uhi. Akā, e like me ke lula ʻana, he palupalu nā palahalapala a palupalu, a ʻoi aku ka polapula o ke poʻo i ka palaka ʻia i loko o ka mau pua fula a bellicositermes natalensis a me nā kikoʻī o loko o nā mōʻī he loko ʻē aʻe ma o nā uhi.

Hāʻawi ʻia nā hana hana e ke poʻo lapuwelu, kahi ʻāina thoracic i ulu ʻole ʻia. Ma ka hope o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū - sensory 2-5-segmented cerci - kahi hōʻailona hōʻailona o nā hūnā. Hoʻopili nā maka o nā limahana, a mau pinepine ʻole.

ʻO nā pūʻali koa he ʻāpana kūikawā no nā limahana loea, ka hiʻohiʻona ʻia e kahi ulu caps head ulu a maikaʻi i nā mana kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻopau kēia mauʻaila i nā ʻenemi - nā huaʻōlelo o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, a ʻo ka mea nui loa, e kūʻē ai i nā popo.Ma kekahi mau pūʻali koa "nosy", hiki i kahi waʻa o ke kumulāʻau e hele i ke kao o ke poʻo kahi i hoʻoili ʻia ai ka wai i loko o ka ʻenemi, e hoʻopili ana i ka neʻe o ka pepeke.

Hoʻohana nui ka Termites i nā meaʻai kanu. Hiki i nā Termites ke mālama pilikino pilikino wale nō no ka hana pilikino. Ma muli o ka hoʻomohala nui ʻana o ka mandibles a me ka nāwaliwali o nā koena o ka waha o ka waha, ʻaʻole lākou i hānai. Ua hānai ʻia lākou e ka hana ʻana o kekahi kanaka me nā mea huna mai ka waha a i ʻole ka hoʻopā pololei ʻana mai ka pili kino - ua loaʻa mau nā mea momona no nā koa. ʻOi ka poʻe moe kino ma hope o ke kumu o ke kolone, e hānai ʻia me nā mea huna o nā kelepona salivary o nā limahana a i ʻole ʻōpio. Hana pū ʻia nā lālani liʻiliʻi loa e nā limahana, me ka hāʻawi ʻana iā lākou i nā mea huna o kā lākou kumulima liʻoniʻi a i ʻole hoʻi i nā ʻuʻū hāpau.

Ka meaʻai ʻōpala mua i hoʻopau ʻia e ka huaʻai ma nā ululāʻau ʻōlau - nā mea kanu a me nā koina holoholona i hoʻowalewale i ka lepo, humus nā meaʻokoʻa i koe ma ka lepo - ka ʻōpala lāʻau, nā lau, nā ʻano manu, ka ʻili holoholona - ke ʻai ʻia e ka hana huaʻāina, akā ʻaʻole ia i ka ʻai koke ʻia, a me nā mea ʻai e mālama ai i ka aniani. a laila ʻai ʻia kekahi mea lawelawe 'ole paha a i ʻole koa. No laila, ʻo ka ʻai like ʻole e hala ma waena o nā ʻalā a hiki i ke hoʻopili piha ʻia i ka kolone.

Ma nā huaʻai he nui, nui nā pulupulu i ulu nā ʻuʻu ("ʻāla māla palā", Fig. 139), e ulu ana ma nā mea i kālai ʻia o ka hoʻopulapula a me nā ʻāpana manu, ʻo ia nā mea maʻamau o nā pua fungi maʻamau. Akā wili kekahi mau limu i loko o nā nite termite ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻāina a puni a i loko o ke kino paha o nā termites (Termitomyces). Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia mau ʻūhā no ka hānai ʻana i nā hua ʻōpiopio.

Nui nā huaʻawa e ʻai ma ka lāʻau, ʻo kekahi manawa e hoʻopau i ka lāʻau maloʻo, ʻo ka mālamalama wale nō. Ke lawe ʻia nei ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o ka fiber i ka termites me ke kōkua o nā flagellates mai Hypermastigina (Trichonympha etc.), ka mea e kū mau ai i loko o kahi ʻōpū, kahi e hoʻopau ai i ka cellulose; ʻaʻole i hua nā huaʻala i kā lākou iho cellulase. Hoʻohana ka Termites i kā lākou mau palani hoʻonaninani a me ke kumu o ka protein. He mea hoʻohiwahiwa ka mau huaʻōlelo i loko o nā ʻōpū i like nā flagellates like i loaʻa i loko o nā ʻoki lāʻau hoʻopau lāʻau (Cryptocercus), hiki iā ia ke lawelawe me ke ʻano koi o ke ʻano o ka pili o ka mau ipukukui, ka mea e traceable i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā hōʻailona he nui o ka hui o nā pepeke o kēia mau kauoha. Eia kekahi, nā bacteria bacteria simbiotic e hiki ke hoʻoponopono i ka nitrogen i loaʻa i kēia mau iniseti, he kumu o ka protein nitrogen no ka termites.

ʻO kēlā mau huaʻawa e hānai ana i ka lāʻau a me nā kao ke poʻokela i kekahi manawa e pili ana i ke kumu o ia meaʻai, akā i kekahi manawa he picky lākou. Aia kekahi, no ka laʻana, ʻo Trinervitermes i ʻAmelika Hema e ʻai i nā mea kanu maloʻo hou loa.

Hoʻomaka ka ʻohana ʻohana Termite me kahi kauwela hoʻoiho. I kekahi mau manawa o ka makahiki (i ka pae wela o ka pūnāwai a i ke kauwela kauwela) ʻike ʻia nā mea lele i ka nests o ka termites, e noho nei ma ka pūnana a hiki i kahi kikoʻī: i nā wahi maloʻo - a hiki i ka ua, a paʻa i nā ʻōpala kūwili - a paʻa i kahi mahana a maikaʻi ʻole nā haʻalulu. I ka manawa makemake no ka lele ma ka nalo, inā ua pani paʻa ʻia, hoʻopiʻi ʻia nā lua ma o nā mea lele lele lele ka lele. Hōʻeu ka nui o nā anai i ka lewa. Hui ke kāne kāne lele wahine lele e kū i ka lewa, noho lākou a kau a aloha, a ʻōleʻa kā lākou mau ʻēheu i lalo i ka waihona. Ma hope o ke kauwela Aniani Turkestan i ka Hana Kūʻai, kahi i hōʻeha ʻia i nā puʻupuʻu a pau nā ʻāpana o ka ʻēheu i hoʻopau ʻia i nā ʻēheu i wāwahi ʻia. I ka wā hoʻākoakoa a ma hope o ka hoʻololo ʻana i nā ʻēheu, kīnā ʻole nā anai i nā manu a he manuahi pepeke nā ʻuʻuku iā lākou i kahi helu nui, nā manuahi hihiu, spider, millipedes aʻai ʻoluʻolu e ʻai iā lākou ma ka ʻāina anai.

Hoʻomaka ka poʻe i nā mea e ola nei e hoʻomākaukau i ka nalo.He mea kupaianaha naʻe, ʻaʻohe mea e pili ana i ke kuʻi i ka huaʻōlelo i ka wā e hiki mai ana, hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kahi koloni hou ma ka eli ʻana i ka lua i ka lepo (Fig. 140) Ke wāwahi ʻia ka lua, ma kahi lumi liʻiliʻi no loko, ua waiho ka wahine i kekahi mau huaʻala, mai nā ʻōhua like me nā aniani no ka like ʻole. Hoʻohana nā mākua i nā hua liʻiliʻi, a i ka wā e nui aʻe ana nā ʻōleʻa a ulu lākou, lawe ʻia ka meaʻai iā lākou. Hoʻomaka ka poʻe wā'ōpio i huli i nā limahana e hana i ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi pānaʻi a ma ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻai a me ka hānai i ko lākou makuakāne a me ko lākou makuahine. I ka wā mua, ulu wale ka poʻe hana mai ka hua, a laila hana nā limahana a me nā koa, a me nā mea ʻēheu wale nō i loko o nā nī nui.

Ke ulu nui nei ka koloni, e loli nui ka wahine. ʻO kona mau ʻiwi lele, a me nā ʻūhā o nā manamana, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mākala o ka waha, atrophy, a he "ʻōpiopio i hoʻolālā ʻia". Akā e hoʻohiki nui nei ka ʻōpū i nā hua hua. Noho ʻole ka wahine, piha loa i ka poʻe hana e hānai iā ia, hoʻopiʻi ʻo ia i kāna mau hua a pau i nā manawa āpau, a hānai nā limahana i nā hua ʻōlio, e huli ana i nā limahana hou. Aia kēia mau mea i ka telegon (inā ʻaʻole, nā pheromones) e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻōpū. Pau ka ulu ʻana o ka colony a i ʻole nā nāwaliwali a ka wahine hūlū, hoʻomaka nā hūloʻi.

He mea kupanaha ka momona o ka wahine. I huanana anai (Microtermes arboreus) wahine waiho i ka 1680 huaʻai i kēlā me kēia lā, a Surinamese termite (Nasutitermes surinamensis) i kau ka wahine ma kahi o 3,000 mau huaʻa ma 28 mau hola. Noho ʻia ka nui o ke ola o nā wahine i mau makahiki, a me ka nui o ka ulu ʻana - i loko o nā miliona o nā hua i kau ʻia. Inā make ka wahine, hoʻomaka nā hili wahine i ka ulu ʻana. Ua hānai ʻia lākou mai nā palu, kahi e hoʻomaka ai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā ʻēheu. ʻAʻole hana nā "substitutes" i nā holo, akā e hoʻomau i ka hoʻopuka. I ke ʻano o nā hiʻohiʻona, lilo lākou i ulu a like me ka makuahine i ka manawa, akā maʻalahi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana iā lākou - ʻaʻole lākou i nā koena o nā ʻēheu i hoʻokuʻu ʻia.

Kūkulu nā Termites i kā lākou nests ma nā ʻano like ʻole.

I nā ʻāina wela me ka panakū neʻe, kahi e loli ai ka wā mālo a me nā wā maloʻo, ka wā e kūkulu nā anai i nā ʻano kiʻekiʻe loa - nā huahe termite, e like me nā hale e kāʻei ʻia ma luna o ka mauʻu. ʻAʻole e like me kā mākou mau puʻukapu, a ʻo nā puʻupuʻu termite e hōʻike i nā hana nui loa i hana ʻia me ka pālima ʻia cemented i kekahi manawa a hiki ʻole ke paʻakikī. ʻO kēlā mau huaʻōlelo kai (ʻo ka papaʻa 27) he hale ma luna o ka pā o lalo o ka pā; i loko o kēia mau hale i kau ʻia nā lumi ʻelua a me nā iʻa ʻōpio. ʻO ka meaʻoiaʻiʻo ʻelua mau huluhulu, a me nā limahana huaʻōlelo, a, ʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻi, "ke aliʻi wahine" waiho ʻana i ke ʻano o ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻohemo ʻana i ka lewa. Akā ʻike lākou e hoʻoheheʻe i ka wai. No laila, kūkulu lākou i kēlā mau ʻuʻuku, nā pā o ka palaka o ka wai, i loko o kā lākou iho i hana ai kā lākou microclimate. I nā wahi ākea, ua hoʻonohonoho pinepine ʻia nā hana anai i nā wahi i ʻole e hoʻomākiuki ʻia e ka lā wela - ke ʻano he elongated kahi elitated a ua loaʻa kahi kūpono no ka neʻe ʻana o kāna kiʻi mai ka ʻĀkau a i ka hema (Papa 27). I kekahi manawa he conical, e hoʻolako ana i ka ae o ka wai ma nā paia, a i kekahi manawa i hana ʻia me ka hale e overhanging - ʻākoʻi ulu-ʻano. He manawa haʻahaʻa loa lākou, a e hōʻea pinepine i nā kau palena like ʻole, no ka laʻana, ma India nā holoholona nui, ʻaʻole wale nā poʻokela wale nō, akā he kiʻi pū nō hoʻi i loko o nā pali termite i hoʻopau ʻia. elephales.

Ma nā ululāʻau kai maoli, kahi e nui ai ka ua a me ka hau o ka ea me ka umu, ua nui nā ʻano hua anai e paʻa i ka lepo, akā ma ka lāʻau, i kekahi manawa i hoʻokuʻu ʻia me ka hale wale.

Ma nā wahi maloʻo, kahi e ʻokoʻa ai nā kūlana, no ka hoʻohālike, i Central Asia, Transite-Caspian termite (Anacanthotermes ahngerianus) hana i nā nest e pālahalaha ana i nā wahi onikona i ka hohonu o 12 m, a he mea ia e ʻike i ka helehelena o nā termites i ka nalo i ka maka o ka ʻāina.

Pono ke kamaʻilio pū ʻana me nā puna wai no nā huaʻumi; ma nā wahi maloʻo kahi e hoʻonoho ai lākou i ka wahi e hiki ai ke hele i nā ʻāpana me ka wai ʻana. Akā hoʻopili pololei ʻia me ka wai no kēia mau iniseti he nui ka uhi ʻana.

He mea paʻakikī no mākou ke noʻonoʻo i nā kuleana e pāʻani nei ka termite i ke ola o nā mea kūlohelohe, i ke ola o nā poʻe noho wela o nā ʻāina wela.

Ma nā ululāʻau kaiāulu, termites ka mea nui i nā mea kanu āpau. ʻO ke kāpili ʻana o ka lepo i nā ʻulipuna, ka hoʻohui ʻana o kona mau ʻāpana, ka lūlū ʻana o nā mea i loko o ka ʻā anuʻu kahi kaʻina i hoʻoholo ʻia e ka hana o nā termite. ʻAʻole noho kekahi mau holoholona lepo i nā nahele ulu nūhou, akā he mau nā aniani. Me nā ʻokoʻa ʻole, ʻike ka ʻai i nā lāʻau make wale no ka lāʻau ululāʻau a ma ka ulu lāʻau wana i ka nui ʻike i ka ulu ʻāina. Akā ke kūleʻa nei ka manaʻo o kahi kanaka me ka termite, a ua hoʻi hou kā lākou kūlana kūpono ma mua o ka hana ʻino a lākou e hana mai nei iā mākou.

Aia nā kumulāʻau lāʻau āpau i nā hana luku o ka anai. He kumukūʻai wale nō ka hale hale hale. Akā, ʻaʻole e hoʻopakele i nā kumu lāʻau pōhaku nā hale lāʻau o nā hale mai nā termite. ʻO kēia mau mea kanu hū a me ka maiʻa i nā mea hihiu e kūkulu i nā ʻili paʻa i ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana pōhaku o nā hale, e hoʻopili ana iā lākou mai nā pālika lepo i ka launa pū me ka lepo. E hoʻōla ʻia ka termite ma luna o ka mana o loko o nā pauku me ka wai e hoʻokuʻu i nā mea e mālama ai i ka haumia pono o nā ala.

I loko o ia mau ala, ua komo nā anai i nā papa lāʻau a moʻo maoli ke kahakaha iā lākou, ma muli o ke hiʻi ʻana o nā kihi, hāʻule nā papahele, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ma kahi hale i waiho ʻole ʻia no nā mahina he nui, hāʻule nā hāmeʻa mai ka mālamalama mālamalama - nā mākaʻikaʻi o nā hua ʻōlelo i kā lākou neʻe ʻana i nā mea lāʻau, no laila aia wale nō ke waiho i ka papa i ka palupalu ma ka ʻaoʻao e pale mai i ka lewa hāmeʻa, ʻaʻole hiki ke kūpaʻa ka huaʻī, a me nā mea pupu limu i loko o nā papa, e kākoʻo ana i nā mea māmā. Ma ʻAmelika Hema, ʻike pinepine kekahi i kahi puke ola i paʻi ʻia ma mua o 50 mau makahiki i hala. Ma ʻApelika, India, ʻĀsia Hema, he nui nā hihia i ka wā e hoʻoneʻe nā aniani i nā kūlanakauhale holoʻokoʻa a me nā kūlanakauhale - e hōʻeha nui lākou. I kekahi manawa ua kōkua nā aniani e hoʻolele i ka make o nā lāʻau hua.

Ma India, ua kuhi ʻia nā poho o ka makahiki he 280 miliona mau tausani.

ʻO ko mākou'āina, he mea maʻamau ka nui o nā aniani ma Central Asia: ma Karakum, Kyzyl Kum, i ka Hungry Steppe, nui ka poʻe i hana i nā ʻuʻuku o lalo. Transite-Caspian termite (Anacanthotermes ahngerianus) a Aniani Turkestan (A. turkestanicus). ʻIke ʻia nā ʻōlelela hua ʻōlelo Trans-Caspian e ka ʻāʻī convex, nā ʻāpana ākea ākea, e ke kala o ka ʻōhū, ʻokoʻa ʻole ka ʻāpana ʻana mai. A ʻike ʻia nā hua ʻōlelo Turkestan i nā ʻāpana ʻeleʻele i waiho ʻia ma nā wahi lāʻau me nā kumu wai o ka nāhelehele wao nahele.

Ma nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale hou, ʻo kēia mau huaʻōlelo ua hōʻino loa i nā hale. Hoʻopau lākou i ka adobe (ka lepo palapū o ka lepo me ka mauʻu), mai ka maʻalahi a maʻalahi hoʻi e kūkulu i nā wahi maloʻo. Hoʻopau lākou i ka papa lāʻau o nā hale, ʻoiai ke ʻano maʻamau i loko o nā kūlana kūlohelohe a aneane ʻaʻole waiho lākou i kahi lepo. No laila, aia kahi hihia o ka haki o nā pā o kekahi o nā mea waiwai ma Ferghana, a ma hope o kahi lū nui i Ashgabat ua huli ka mea i hoʻopā ʻia nā kumu pā hale o nā hale he nui.

Ma nā wahi kahi i nui nā termite, ma mua o ka waiho ʻana o nā hale, ka primed i ka lepo, ua kūkulu ʻia ke kūkulu ʻia ma ka hale kūkulu, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻaoʻao o nā hale i nā pūhui anti-thermite, nā mea moe hiamoe e kālai ʻia me nā mea paʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, hana ʻia nā nānā maʻamau i nā kumu o nā hale, e wāwahi ana i nā ala o nā termites i hoʻoponopono ʻia.

No laila he - takyr, lepo lepo. Ma kahi āu e nānā ai, he pāpala hina-hina melemele, paʻi mai ka wela, a hiki i kahi kikoʻī. Malaila ka ʻenekia i laila, aia ka lāʻau. ʻO kekahi mau manawa wale nō ka wikiwiki, kahi popo-ʻōlū ʻōhaka. ʻIke ʻia ʻaʻohe ola o ke ola ma takir. Akā huna ka nohona ma ka wao nahele. ʻAʻole ʻoe e ʻike koke iā ia. Ua hoʻouna ʻia kā mākou holo mua e noi i ke ola huna a hoʻouna ʻia ʻia ma ke kūkulu hema o Turkmenistan. Eia ka pahuhopu - nā puʻu haʻahaʻa liʻiliʻi, e like me kahi elongated i ka hikina. ʻO kēia mau huaʻawa kaiāulu - ka noho ʻana o nā huaʻōlelo Trans-Caspian nui.

ʻAʻohe mea nui e hana ʻia, pono ʻoe e hoʻopilikia i ka maluhia o nā mea ʻona. ʻAʻole hiki koke ke uha i ka wili paʻa o ka termite me ka spatula. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi. I loko - kahi labrimo o nā neʻe a me nā mea he nui - nā kāmera. E like me nā pūlima, hoʻāʻo nā iniseti e holo manu ʻole mai ka mālamalama, peʻe i loko o nā ana. Mālama wale lākou i kahi mea, ʻaʻole like me ka popa. Hoʻokomo wau i kekahi: ua lōʻihi ka ʻōpū, keʻokeʻo, ʻūnū ke poʻo. I waena o nā mea inikini, ʻaʻole pili iki nā ʻohana pili o nā aniani, akā, ʻaʻole like like me lākou.

Ke paʻa ʻoe i kēia pepeke kūlima me nā manamana lima ʻelua, aʻa iki ʻole ʻoe e mahalo no ia. Ua ʻike ʻia lākou ma ka Honua 400 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ma mua o nā mea ʻaina weliweli ʻoi loa. ʻO ka maʻomaka wale nō ka make i hala ma hope loa, a ua ola nā anai i ko mākou manawa. Ke mau miliona o nā makahiki, ua loli iki kēia mau inikini. I kēlā mau lā, ua wela ka Honua a me ka ea: no laila, nalo, ʻo ka hapanui o nā termites i kēia manawa e noho ana ma nā wahi kuʻuna, a he mau wale nō e piʻi i kēlā mau wahi "malulu" e like me Turkmenistan.

E hoʻokuʻu i ke pio. I kēia wā ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻike iā ia i waena o nā hoahānau like ʻole. Akā, ʻaʻole like nā huaʻōlelo a pau. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka poʻe o ka huaʻōlelo e like me ka hoʻokuʻu i hoʻokuʻu ʻia. He poʻe paʻahana kēia. ʻO ko lākou poʻo, nā ʻaukā, nā wāwae e aahu ʻia i nā pū ʻūahi pakeke, i mea e maʻalahi ai ka hana. ʻAno nā peʻa, māliki, ikaika: ʻo ka "limahana" ʻaʻa i kahi palupalu kapa. He palupalu ka umauma a me ka ʻōpū, nā ʻōpio ke ʻano, he translucent, ka mea hiki ke ʻike i ka hoʻopili.

ʻO nā mea a nā "limahana" e hana ai i ka huaʻōlelo ua maopopo mai kā lākou inoa. Hana lākou. A me nā mea hou aʻe. Kūkulu nā limahana o ka huaʻolelo Trans-Caspian i nā ʻaoʻao kūlū papahele-papahele o kā lākou hale adobe. Hoʻomau kūpaʻa ʻole i nā ala hoʻoneʻe a me nā ala lalo o lalo i hoʻokahi mau mika mai ka anai a i nā lāʻau maloʻo, kahi e hele ai nā pepeke. ʻAʻole hana maʻalahi ka hana hana. ʻAʻole palolo ka lepo lepo, akā ʻaʻohe wai ma ka wao nahele. A lawe ka paʻahana i ka wai, eli i kahi papa - ka pūnāwai a hiki i 15 mau hohonu. Lawe mai lākou i ka wai mai ka luawai ma kahi hoʻonui kūikawā o ka esophagus, i ka goiter. ʻO ka uha ʻana i ka ʻāpana maloʻo me ka ʻōpū, ninini ka wai-me ka wai mai ka goiter, e hiʻi ma kahi e pono ai a me nā hipa kāne me kona poʻo. No laila, ke kūkulu ʻia nei ka ʻāpana a me ka kūkulu ʻana. Ke hana wale nei nā Termites i ka pō a me nā lā e ao ana: ʻaʻole lākou i makemake i ka lā. Loaʻa i ka huaʻōlelo hana no nā meaʻai. Hoʻopili iā lākou, liʻiliʻi kekahi e ʻai i ka mauʻu maloʻo, ka lāʻau, manure. Hiki i nā Termites ke noho lōʻihi i kahi pahu aniani kahi i waiho ai lākou i kahi pala. He kūpono kūpono nā meaʻai iā lākou. (Ma ka laulā nui, hiki i nā anai ke ʻai i kekahi mea, makemake lākou i kekahi mea hoihoi, no ka laʻana, he ʻaʻoma ʻauʻau hou?)

Loaʻa i nā pili o Trans-Caspian nā huaʻōlelo maʻalahi i ka meaʻai. Noho lākou i ka hehi lāʻau. Ke neʻe nei ʻo Gnaws i kēlā me ka hua ʻōlelo i ka lāʻau, a i ka manawa like a hiki iā lākou ke pāʻina aku. Pono nā aniani termona e lawe i nā ʻoki liʻiliʻi o nā kumulāʻau a me ka mauʻu maloʻo mai kahi mamao. Akā ʻaʻole kēia! Pono nā limahana e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka poʻe noho o ka pūnana, hānai iā lākou, mālama pono i nā hua a me nā ahelehe, lawe aku i ka ʻōpala i loko o nā keʻena kūikawā, a i ka wā e hoʻouka ana i nā ʻenemi, komo pū me ka nui e hiki ai i ka pale aku i ka pūnana.

ʻOiai wau e noʻonoʻo nei i ka ola paʻakikī o nā limahana limahana, ua hoʻokō lākou i waho e nalo wale a ka leʻe wale o nā koa o nā koa o ka paita. Ua kau ʻo ia i kāna manamana lima - hopu koke kekahi. Ua huki au. Auwe, he poʻo nui!

He mau ʻāpana ikaika nā koa koa o ka mea koa i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i nā neʻe ikaika, e like me nā mea aʻoaʻo Turkish. ʻAʻole kūpono kēlā mau ʻōpala i ka hana. He mea kaua keia.ʻOiai he mau lehelehe a me nā līlū maluhia, he nui lākou i nā ʻenemi, a pono hoʻi nā koa no ka pale. ʻO ke poʻo o kahi pūʻali koa me nā ʻami hoʻowalewale i aneane kokoke i ke kuʻikuʻi o ka puʻu wai, ʻo ia wale nō ke kāohi i ka heiʻau ʻana o ka pūʻali koa o nā ʻōpala nui. Akā i kahi lumi ākea a i kahi ākea ākea paha, ma luna o ka papa, ka maʻalahi o ka poʻe koa. Huli a ʻoi ʻoi a puni iā lākou mai hope aku a haehae i kahi ʻōpū, ʻaʻohe pale. Akā ʻaʻole e pau ka koa make i ke hoʻopili a wehe i kona mau ʻōpū, hoʻopili i nā popo i nalowale i ka mālama ʻana.

Kekahi manawa i loko o ke keʻena nui o ka uka anaiā ua loaʻa iaʻu kahi ʻōpala maloʻo o kahi keneta tenimita tenimimita -. Ma kona ʻaoʻao hoʻi ʻewalu mau koa e hoʻopaʻa ana i ko lākou make make, maloʻo nō hoʻi. ʻAʻohe mau hōʻeha ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻia ma ke kino o ka scolopendra. ʻO kēia ʻaihue, pinepine ka piʻi ʻana i nā pali termite, ʻaʻole loa i make i ka kaua, akā naʻe i ka wī, no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke puka i waho o ka pūpū me nā wahi kuʻuna a me nā koa i hopu ʻia e ia.

I ka wā mua e like nā hana āpau e hana wale i ka mea e holo ai lākou i hope a me nā ʻaoʻao a me nā kāmera. Akā inā e ʻeli ʻoe i kahi huaʻōlelo, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā kamaʻāina mau. I loko o kahi hale papaʻa e loaʻa ai iā ʻoe he ʻumikūmālua a i ʻelua paha ʻōnaʻi keʻokeʻo, hoʻokahi a i ʻole ʻelua mau koa i hele a i ʻaneʻi, ʻelima a ʻeono paha mau limahana e hoʻololi mau nei. ʻO kekahi manawa ke kamaʻilio pū ʻana he hua hua termite e paʻa pū ana ma laila - he mau cylinders melemele liʻiliʻi.

Pono ʻoe e eli i ka wā lōʻihi ma mua o ka ʻimi ʻana i ka lumi nui a ka nui o ka pume termite, kahi e noho ai ka mōʻī nui. E nānā pono - ʻaʻole nui loa ʻo ia, a nui loa kona ʻōpū. A puni ke mōʻī nui nui, ʻākeʻe ka poʻe hana puni. Hoʻopili a hoʻomaʻemaʻe lākou iā ia, lawe mai i kāna meaʻai. Ua hemo hoʻi ke aliʻi. ʻO ia ka hapalua o ka nui o kāna wahine, no laila he mea ʻakaʻaka loa nā kāne aliʻi. Ma kahi mamao ua hele ai nā koa.

Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka mōʻī termite no kāna mau lā lōʻihi: ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke haʻalele i kona hale aliʻi - ʻaʻole e ʻili e kona ʻōpū hohonu i kahi wahi paʻa. ʻO nā mea hana a me nā koa nā mea nui: ʻo nā kāne a me nā wahine ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole lākou e lilo i pākeke. E ulu pono kahi mea hana. ʻO ka nui o nā hua ʻōlelo i loko ona, ʻo ka ikaika ka ʻohana. ʻO ke aliʻi a me ka mōʻīwahine nā kāne kahiko a me nā wahine i hoʻokumu kahiko i ka mea hana huaʻōlelo, ʻo nā limahana a me nā koa a pau kā lākou keiki no nā makahiki he nui. I kekahi mau huaʻōlelo, e hānai aku ka wahine i hoʻokahi haneli miliona hua ma kona wā o kona ola ʻana. Inā make ka mōʻī aliʻi, ulu nā hua mai loko mai o ka palalāʻau, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahine ʻoi aku ka wahine ma mua o ka mōʻīwahine maoli. Nui nā mea hoʻohālike, a hiki i ka 30 mau pālua.

ʻO ka kokoke e hāʻule, nā kāne ʻōpio a me nā wahine - nā mōʻī a me nā aliʻi wahine o mua - e ʻike maʻalahi i loko o ka home o ka Transcaspian termite. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o lākou a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka nano, a ua lōʻihi lākou a paʻa ʻia ma nā ʻēheu hemo i hope. Me he mea lā e pono nā mea a me kēia mau aliʻi i kahi e hoʻolaʻa ai - ma kahi e lele ai ka lalo. A ʻo nā mea ʻēheu ʻo lākou nō, me kā lākou i kapa ʻia ʻoi aku, he mea ʻole o nā puni termite: hele lākou i ka nalu o ka neʻe ʻana. Akā ma ka kaiāulu aniani, a ma ka maʻamau i ke kūlohelohe, liʻiliʻi ka liʻiliʻi. Hoʻomaopopo nā mea āpau inā ke kipa aku ʻoe i ka mime termite i ka pūnāwai. Aia ka wai i ka puna - ʻo ka manawa o ke kaʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka haʻalele ʻana o nā kāne ʻalulu a me nā wahine mai kā lākou ʻūlū ʻūlū no kahi mea koʻikoʻi loa: ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pualikoa hou. ʻO kēia makahiki wale nō o ka makahiki ma waena o nā limahana limahana e hana i kahi ahiahi mahana o Aperila ma hope o ka wela ʻole o ka wela.

Hoʻomaka ka hanana ʻana e like me kēia: hana ka poʻe paʻahana i nā lua o ka hale i ka uaki o ka hua a mai, A laila he ʻelua a ʻekolu mau kānaka hana koa a hele paha e hele i ka lehelehe. ʻO nā mea hae o ka anai, ʻoi loa ke kime, ʻaʻole e ʻalo a hoʻoweliweli i nā inikini i hele mai i ka papaʻi. No laila, pono e hoʻohui i nā pehu i kahi hoʻomaha me kahi kaua.

Ma hope o kekahi manawa, ʻike ʻia nā mea ʻēheu. Holo aku nei i hope a lele lākou, a lawe i waho. He ʻano ʻakaʻaka paha nā Termites, no ke kumu ua wāwahi ʻia nā ʻēheu.Pihi loa lākou, lele palu me nā koena liʻiliʻi o nā ʻēheu, akā, me ka maopopo o ka loaʻa ʻole o ko lākou lanakila i ka haʻalele ʻana, ua hele wāwae lākou.

ʻOiai ʻo nā huaʻōlelo ʻehā i nā ʻēheu lōʻihi, he mau mākia hewa lākou: a ka mākia wale lākou e ka makani ma nā wahi a pau. ʻO ka lele wale nō i ke ola ʻaʻole mau lōʻihi. Pau ka ʻeha a hāʻule i luna o ka ākea, hāʻule lākou i ka ʻāina a hoʻomaka i ka wāwahi ʻana i nā ʻēheu, hoʻopili i nā ʻōmole o ka ʻāina a i ʻole ka mea kanu. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole nui ka hōʻeha o nā termites: e haki nā ʻēheu ma kahi kuʻekuʻe kūikawā. A laila neʻe i ka wāwae. I ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi kūpono e pono ai no ka ʻohana, ʻeli lākou i nā hohonu, hana i ke kāmole mua a e pani i ka puka. ʻO ka mea mua, hana ka ʻohana imperial i nā mea āpau iho: ma kēia manawa paʻakikī, ke huli nei ka mea e hiki i nā aliʻi a me nā aliʻi ke ʻāʻī, kūkulu, a ulu a kīloʻi. Aia wale nō nā mea hopohopo a hoʻoneʻe ʻia i nā limahana.

ʻO nā mea hoihoi e hūnā i ke ola o anai. No ke aha i noho mau ai nā kolo a loaʻa mai nā limahana a me nā mea koa mai lākou, ʻoiai e ulu ana a lilo i mau kāne a ʻoi aku nā kāne. No ke aha e hāʻawi ai kahi larva i kahi koa a me kahi mea hana? Nui ka poʻe ʻepekema a puni ka honua e hana ma nā wahi o nā termites.

Pono ke aʻo ʻana i ke ola o kēia mau pepeke no ka ulu lāʻau, ʻoihana a me ka ʻoihana. Hana ʻino nā Termites i ka luku ʻana i nā papa lāʻau, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā ʻāina kaiua, kahi e ʻai ai nā mea inikini i nā papa mai loko. ʻO ka nānā ʻana o ka hale e ʻai ai lākou ma waho, akā i ka lā e hiolo ai ia i ka lepo ma luna o ke poʻo o kānaka.

Hiki ke hānai ʻia nā Termite me nā mea synthetic. Hoʻopili lākou i nā lako hana, ʻai i ka insulasi, hōʻino i nā ʻāpana o nā mea hana. ʻO ia ke kumu i lako ʻia i nā ʻāina he nui, hana nā limahana, ka hana e ʻike ai i nā mea hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻāina hema, kahi nui ka hua ʻōlelo, hiki ke loaʻa ia mau mea no ka hoʻomoʻokeʻe ʻana i ka lāʻau a me nā mea synthetic i lilo ai lākou i hana no kēia mau inika.

KAHIKAI (Isoptera), he papa hopu o nā mea make holoholona. ʻOiai ua hoʻohana ʻia nā huaʻōlelo i kapa ʻia he mau ʻeleʻele keʻokeʻo, mamao loa lākou mai nā ʻoka maoli. ʻO ia nā mea mua o nā pepeke lehulehu. Hoʻokumu ʻia kā lākou hoʻokumu kaiāulu hou i nā hana like ʻole o nā castes ʻekolu - nā mea hana, nā pūʻali koa a me nā limahana. Loaʻa ka hapa nui o nā huaʻōlelo ma nā ʻōkuhi, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka mea i loaʻa i nā wahi me ke aniani. ʻO kā lākou kīʻaha nui he cellulose, aia i ka lāʻau, mauʻu a me nā lau lāʻau, no laila hiki i ka termites ke hōʻeha i ka hoʻopale moku, e hōʻino ana i nā hana lāʻau a me nā ʻano manu. ʻO ka ʻeha i hoʻoilo ʻia e lākou he mea nui i nā wahi a me ka wela o ka wela, ʻoiai ke mālama ʻia nei ʻo ia ma Kanada hema, ma waena o France, ma Korea a me Iapana.

Nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā castes.

ʻOkoʻa nā Termite i nā mea inikini ʻē aʻe i ka hui pū ʻana i ka helu o nā hōʻailona. ʻAʻohe maikaʻi kā lākou metamorphosis, i.e. ʻā kekahi kanaka makua (ʻōpiopio) ulu mai kahi larva (nymph) ma hope o kekahi o kāna mau molts. I nā pepeke kaiapili ʻē aʻe, ua pau ka metamorphosis: huli ʻia ka larva i kahi chrysalis ma mua o ka lilo ʻana o ka pākeke. ʻO nā ʻēheu, nā mea i ʻike wale ʻia i nā kānaka reproduction, aneane like, lōʻihi, me kahi seam ma ke kumu, kahi e holo koke ai ma hope o ke kauwela. ʻO kēia kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona kaʻohana o nā kāne a me nā wahine. ʻElua mau maka maka (ʻelua) nā maka he ʻelua māmā, ma luna o nā maka maʻalahi ʻelua, a me nā mandibles pōkole pōkole. Hoʻopili ʻia nā pūʻali koa me nā hiʻohiʻona o kā lākou papa hana e pale ai i ka kolone mai nā poʻe predator. ʻO nā ʻenemi nui kāna mau ʻāpana. ʻO ka maʻamau, he mau poʻo nui nā koa me nā mandibles ikaika, akā ma kekahi mau ʻano ua hōʻemi ʻia ko lākou mau mandibles a ulu ʻia kahi mea kaua ma ke poʻo, kahi o nā mea kipi o nā honu kūikawā (i kapa ʻia nā "nosy") i hoʻoili ʻia i ka ʻenemi. I kahi kolone, he mau koa o ʻelua a i ʻole ʻekolu mau ʻano, e hōʻike ʻia e nā mea pale.I nā koa a me nā limahana limahana, nā mākaʻi, nā ʻēheu a me nā maka i he ʻole a i ʻole a i ʻole. ʻO kēia mau castes he mau kāne hana ʻole wahine a wahine ʻole. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea hana i ka hoʻokalakupua holomua keu o ka anai me ka ʻōlelo hana pōkole pōkole. I nā ʻohana mua loa, mālama ʻia nā hana o ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka meaʻai a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā kiʻina e like me nā hana nymphs. ʻO ka inoa "ʻili keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo" e pili pū ana me ka ʻoniʻina o nā huaʻōlelo hana, ʻoi mau ia i maʻalahi a ʻeleʻī paha. Mai nā huaʻumi huaʻōlelo nā mea a pau i waho, i ka ʻole o ke kuʻikahi kuʻuna e hoʻokaʻawale ana i ka umauma mai ka ʻōpū.

ʻO ke kumu o ke kolone.

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā kolone hou e nā kāne ʻōpio me nā wīwī. I nā mokupuni, ʻike pinepine kēia i ka hoʻomaka o ka ua nui. ʻAuhele lākou i waho o ka nalo o ka makua ma o nā puka i hana ʻia e nā mea hana a i ʻole nā nymphs. No ka lele ʻana mai luna mai o nā haneli he mau haneli, pae lākou, hoʻoheheʻe i nā ʻēheu a hoʻokumu ʻia i nā pālua. ʻAno ke ʻano wahine i ka kāne me ka ʻike huna o ka ʻili o ka ʻōpū, ma hope ona e ʻimi aku ai ʻo ia, ua ʻeli lāua i kahi lua, a hoʻopaʻa i ke komo i loko a moe ka wahine i loko. I kekahi lā, e waiho ʻia nā hua mua. Mālama nā mākua i nā nymphs e hū ana iā lākou, a ʻo ka poʻe i hana i nā manawa he nui i lilo i limahana a koa paha. ʻIke ʻia nā mea kū i ke kolu e kū wale ana ke "wā ʻoi a", i.e. E lilo i lehulehu, i nā makahiki ʻelua a ʻekolu paha. E mālama pono ka poʻe hana i nā mea e pono ai ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai a me ka kūkulu ʻana.

Mea ʻai.

ʻO ka kīʻaha nui ma ka aneane āpau ʻo cellulose a i ʻole kona mea i hānai ʻia. ʻAi ʻia nā Termites i nā lālā make a ke ʻoki ʻana i nā ʻāpana o nā lāʻau lāʻau, ke hōʻā wale nei i nā mea ola a lākou, ʻoiai ke hōʻike nei kekahi ʻinoʻino kekahi mau lāʻau ulu mua a me nā hua lāʻau. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻelele o ka subfamily Hodotermitinae e hōʻoki i nā mea kanuʻai ma ʻApelia a me ʻAsia. Nui kekahi mau holoholona i ʻai i ka cereals, hōʻiliʻili i kā lākou maloʻo ma nā keena o ko lākou mau kikowaena a i ʻole nā puʻu wai ʻano hua ʻōlelo. No kekahi mau termites, ʻo nā lau make i lilo i meaʻai, a no kekahi mau lā - ka humus o nā ʻōpala. Nā poʻomanaʻo o ka subfamily Macrotermitinae hoʻokumu i ka mea i kapa ʻia lemi kīlaʻi, hoʻomālamalama i kā lākou excrement a i ʻole nā mea kanu uū me ka lemi mycelium, a laila ʻai ia.

Pākuʻi protozoa.

I loko o ka hua ʻōpiopio o ka huahelu mai nā ʻohana ʻohana ʻehā (Mastotermitidae, Kalotermitidae, Hodotermitidae a me Rhinotermitidae) ola i nā protozoa flagoto (Protozoa). Hoʻokomo lākou i kā lākou huepule i cellulose i loko o nā honi kūpaʻa, e maloʻi ʻia ma ka waena o nā iniseti. Aia ma kahi o 500 nā ʻano protozoa e alakaʻi i kēlā me kēia ʻano ʻano like like o ke ola, a, ʻike naʻe, ua ulu hou lākou i ka pilina pili ʻana i kā lākou haku me nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua ʻaʻole i kū kekahi. ʻO ka ʻohana termite holomua ka nui, ʻo Termitidae, ka mea e hoʻohui i ʻehā mau hapaha o nā mea ola a pau, ʻaʻohe mea maʻalahi nā hōʻailona. ʻO ke kiko o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā cellulose a me nā mea waiwai e kēia mau mea hihiu ʻaʻole i maopopo maopopo loa.

Nā Mālama

Aniani nā huaʻilima o ka paʻakikī mai nā puʻu maʻalahi i kahi lāʻau a i ʻole ka lepo i kahi kiʻekiʻe, i komo ʻia e ka pūnaehana o nā pihi a me nā keʻena o nā keʻena (termite mounds) ma ka papa o ka honua. ʻO ka maʻa pinepine - ua noho ka keʻena - a noho ʻia kahi keʻena o nā kāne - a me ke aliʻi me ka mōʻī, a ma nā wahi liʻiliʻi, aia nā hua liʻiliʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana. I kekahi manawa ke hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā hale meaʻai i loko o kekahi keʻena, a me nā nests o Macrotermitinae nui i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no nā māla ulu. I nā ua ʻōkuʻi, ua noho mau ʻia nā pakanā me nā hale ʻōlima i nā māka lā a i ʻole, inā loaʻa ma luna o nā lāʻau lāʻau, uhi ʻia i nā mea ʻike loiloi ma luna o ka pale iā lākou mai ka wai. Papa kikowaena o ka genus Apicotermes i Aferika ua lako lākou i kahi ʻōnaehana ventric paʻakikī, e like me nā hiʻohiʻona i hiki i ka mea hoʻokolokolo i nā pilina hoʻomohala o nā ʻano o kēia pūʻulu.

Hōʻike ke ʻano o nā moʻo termite i nā hiʻohiʻona o kā lākou mea hana.Kūkulu ʻia ka pūlea e nā limahana mai ka honua, lāʻau, a lākou iho a me nā mea a pau. ʻO ka like ʻana o ka nests o nā koloni like ʻole o nā ʻano like ʻole e wehewehe ʻia e ka nohona genetite o nā keiki hānau, i.e. kahi like ʻole inborn. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka hoʻohuli ʻana a me ke aʻo ʻana mai nā termite. Kohu maoli ka nui o nā nests i nā mau nui he nui, a i ʻole nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hua like, hiki i kekahi ke ʻike i nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o nā kuʻuna huahelu. Pēlā, ua maʻamau ka ulu ʻana o nā "māla ulu" i nā mea āpau o nā ʻāpana, a hui pū me nā 10 genera me 277 mau ʻano, ʻoiai nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ko lākou mau māla.

ʻO ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka loli kuana.

ʻO ka mea, ke hoʻoponopono ʻia ka nui o nā poʻe o kēlā me kēia ʻano. Pono pono ka kāpili pua nui no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kūlou hou a me ka hoʻomoʻa hua. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo nā poʻe a pau o kahi kolana, kahi e hiki ai nā manawa 3 miliona mau nāhelehe o nā castes ʻē aʻe a me kahi pae o ka hoʻoulu, ʻo lākou nā hua o kahi mōʻī a hoʻokahi mōʻīwahine. ʻIke ʻia nā mea lele o ka wahine ʻelua i kekahi manawa no ke kauwela hoʻoiho. I ka prima termite, liʻiliʻi ka nui o nā mōʻī, a ua hoʻonui wale ʻia kā lākou ovaries me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka nui o ke kino, akā, i nā kaila kiʻekiʻe e ulu ana, ʻo ka ʻōpū i hoʻomaka e hoʻouluulu i nā wahine a nui a hui maoli ʻia me nā hua. ʻO 2-10 ka lōʻihi o nā aliʻi o nā ʻōlaʻi he 2-10 cm, a kau lākou i 8000 huaʻai i kēlā me kēia lā. I ka nui o nā ʻōiwi holomua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā limahana, a he 1-15% wale nō o nā kānaka i lilo i koa.

I nā kolone hoʻokolohua, ʻo ka lawe ʻana i hoʻokahi o nā mea hoʻohua a ʻelua paha ka alakaʻi i kā lākou "deputies" mai nā nymphs - ʻaʻole ʻēheu a i ʻole ko lākou primordia. Hoʻonohonoho ka koa koa i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā nymphs undifferentiated. ʻO ka lula ʻana o ka mana kolone o ka ʻōpuni e wehewehe ʻia e nā mea i kapa ʻia "Ka manaʻo o ka paʻa." Ua kuhi ʻia ua huna kanaka ʻōpiopio me nā koa i kekahi mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia (telegon), hoʻopiʻi ʻia e ko lākou mau hoahānau. Ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke kelepona kūʻokoʻa ma waena o lākou ("ʻai hānai", a i ʻole trophallaxis), hiki i ka nymphs, ke kīpē ʻana i ka hoʻolālā ʻana ʻana o ka hopena i loko o nā castes kūpono. Me ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o nā pūʻali koa a i ʻole nā mea hana (a i ʻole ka kahiko o ka pālua o ka tsar), ʻaʻole i hiki i ka nui o nā kelepona ke piʻi aku i ka pae paepae, a huli nā nymphs i ka poʻe i makemake ʻole i nā mea huna.

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