Delia cilicrura, Chortophila platura, Hylemya platura, Phorbia platura, Hylemya cilicrura, ʻAle huaʻai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia,
Lele lele - pūpū o ka hoʻouluulu i nā hua a me nā hua o nā mea kanu like ʻole. Hoʻopili i ka bisexual. ʻAno ka holomua. ʻO ka puparia hoʻoilo ma ka lepo. I loko o ka manawa, e ulu i ka 1-2 mau hanauna ma ka wahi o Leningrad a hiki i ka 4 ma kahi o Tashkent a me Transcaucasia.
Laulima
Imago. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO 3 ka mm ka lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ka lele. He ʻeleʻele-hina ke kala ʻana. Mesoscutum me kahi pua melemele a ʻekolu mau manamana ʻeleʻele e hui pū me ke kino. ʻO ka māka waena loa ka mea ʻoi loa. He poʻo hina ka ʻōpū, me kahi kaula lōʻihi o ka ʻākau. Hina ke poʻo. ʻO ka laina mua no ka aniani māmā, velvety.
Hoʻoponopono maikaʻi i ke ʻano. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻokaʻawale nā mea like ʻole o ka kāne like ʻole i loko o ke ʻano o nā genital genital.
Kāne kāne. ʻO ka kihi o loko o ka hind tibia i uhi ʻia me nā lauoho loloa lōʻihi e hoʻohālikelike ai i kahi ʻano. ʻO ka wahine femora ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa ma ka ʻaoʻao o loko o ka setae lōʻihi.
ʻGpihi hiki i 1 mm lōʻihi, keʻokeʻo, elongated. Hoʻopili ʻia kekahi kihi, ua puni ka ʻokoʻa.
Larva, i puka hou mai i ka hua, hiki ke hiki i ka 1 mm lōʻihi. He palahalaha, he wai, ʻike ʻole. I ke kolu o ka lā a i ka lima paha, ke keʻokeʻo ka polima.
I ka wā hope loa, lilo nā larva i ka ʻiʻo keokeo a loaʻa iā 7 mm ka lōʻihi.
ʻO ka hope o ke kino o ke kino he ʻoki loa ʻia, a ma kona mau ʻaoʻao he mau pūʻali conical tubercles, he ʻehā lākou ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe a aia ma kahi mamao mai kēlā me kēia.
Ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka laki a ma lalo o nā pākani he nui he mau pākaʻi liʻiliʻi.
Hoʻopili ʻia ka mua o ke kino o ka larva, ʻike ʻia ʻelua mau ʻōpū kihi ʻeleʻele e ʻelua.
Pupa (puparia). ^ E Ha yM. Lōʻihi - 4-5 mm. ʻAno ke kala-ʻulaʻeleʻele ke ʻano, elongated-oval ke ʻano. ʻEhā mau ʻāpana nui i ʻike ʻia ma ka hope o ka posterior.
Phenology o ka holomua (i nā lā)
6-7 mahina
Hoʻohui
Imago. ^ E Ha yM. Pihi nā Flies i ka pūnāwai, i ka manawa like e hoʻomaka ai ka birch e pua. Ma ka ʻāina ʻo Leningrad kahi he ʻelua a ʻekolu paha o Mei.
Ka manawa ʻai. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻokomo nā wahine i nā hua ma lalo o nā ʻōpū o ka lepo, makemake i nā wahi hoʻoluʻu piha. Ke kapu - a hiki i ka 60 mau ʻāpana.
ʻGpihi. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻoulu ka ʻōpio i nā lā 2 a 10. Ke malo o ka lepo, make ke hua.
Larvahatching mai kahi hua, hiki ke pue i ka ʻāina no ka lōʻihi lōʻihi e ʻimi ai i nā hua kanu. I kēia manawa, hoʻomaikaʻi ia i nā lepo lepo. I ka loaʻa ʻana o ka lulu ʻana i nā hua kanu a i mea kanu o nā mea kanu fodder, e hōʻino ʻia e ka ʻili. I loko o nā kukama, hōʻino lākou i nā hua kanu ma o ke kāwele ʻana i kahi kuli a subucosal a komo i loko o ka lāʻau, kahi e hōʻeha ai i ka mea kanu.
I nā huaʻai o nā pīpī, soybeans, a me nā pi, nā ʻoka palā e kokoke ana i ke kaʻina o nā hua huahele a me ka lauka i loko o nā cotyledons. Ma kahi huʻai hoʻokahi, hiki i ka 30 ʻōpiopio ke ʻike.
I ka lupine, hoʻomāhuʻu i nā kolo nā hua, nā mea kanu a me nā nodules i nā aʻa.
ʻO ka hana pōpoi o ka kāpeti he like ʻole me ka lele o ke kolamu, a loaʻa pinepine nā ʻano ʻelua i ka manawa like. Hoʻomaka ʻia ka Zoophagy o nā pua. Hiki iā lākou ke ʻai i nā hua ʻala i nā ʻūhini ʻawaʻawa. Hoʻomoe ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lolo i nā lā he 10 a hiki i 40 lā, e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka wahi noho a me nā kūlana o ke anā.
Pupa (puparia). ^ E Ha yM. Ma hope o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ka pipi kōpili i ka lepo: ka mua a me ka lua o ka hanauna - ma ka hohonu o ka 3-7 cm, ke kolu - 10 cm. ʻO ka pupa (puparia) i ka wā o ke kauwela he mau loa mai 12 a 20 mau lā. ʻO ka moʻo nui haumāna.
Imago Ua puka mai nā hanauna o ke kauwela mai ka puparia, nā kāne a me nā hua ʻai ma ka lepo. ʻO ka lua o ka lele ma Iukopa ua ʻike ʻia ma Iune, ʻo ke kolu - ma ka hopena o Iulai.
Nā hiʻohiʻona. ^ E Ha yM. I ka ʻāina ʻo Leningrad, aia kahi ulu o 1-2 mau hanauna i ka wā e ulu ana, i ka waena o waena - 2-3, ma ka hema o Belarus a me Ukraine - 3, i ka ʻāina Tashkent - 3-4, ma Transcaucasus - 4.
Hoʻopiʻi mai ka lele lele
ʻAʻole i hoʻopōʻino ka mea i kahi puaʻe iā ia i nā mea kanu. Hoʻopau nā mea kanu i kāna hua ʻai, me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā hua o nā hua a i ʻole ka nui o ka lūlū hua ʻai, no ka mea ʻaʻole wale ka lāʻau wale nō i lilo i kumu no ko lākou hoʻouka ʻana.
Hiki ke hili i kēia ʻano o nā mea pest i ka ʻano o nā mea ʻai hua a me nā hua ʻai. Inā loaʻa i ka lāʻau kehelena o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kanu ulu, ʻo kā lākou pahuhopu nui ke kiʻi i ka wai wai.
I ka hopena, nawaliwali ka mea kanu, hiki ke maʻalahi i nā maʻi like ʻole, no ka mea, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka pale ʻole. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā huahana nui o nā hua ʻōiwi i kōkua i ka hiki ʻana mai o nā maʻi fungal. ʻO ka mea hope loa, hohola lākou i nā virus a me nā pōʻino.
ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana i nā pepeke
Kahi ʻike ʻia ka lele kō i luna o kukama; a he lōʻihi ke kino o 3 a 6 mm. He melemele iki kona kala me ka nānā ʻulaʻula ʻike. Ma ke kua aia he lālā poloka me nā kākēneka ʻekolu. Hoʻopili Abdomen me ka paina ākea ka lōʻihi. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ke poʻo hina i ka lae me kahi kaula kukui o ka ʻulaʻula.
Inā ʻoe e nānā pono i nā kiʻi o kēia mau mea hihiu, a laila no ka hoʻākāka ʻole ʻana i kā lākou wahine me ka paʻakikī ʻole. Ua ʻokiʻoki nā kāne i nā lauoho ma luna o kona mau wāwae. ʻEkolu a ʻehā paha ka lōʻihi o ka setae e ulu i hope o nā ʻōpū. ʻAʻohe ʻano wahine i ka wahine.
Hoʻokomo nā wahine i nā hua oblong a hiki i ka 1 mm ka lōʻihi. Hoʻokahi ʻia ka ʻōpū o ka hua manu.
ʻIke ʻia nā ʻōleʻa pākeke me he mau pūpū liʻiliʻi. Hiki i ka lōʻihi o ko lākou kino ke hiki i 5-7 mm. Ke keʻokeʻo ke kino o nā ʻōpiopio ʻōpiopio, ma o ia nei ke ʻike ʻoe i ka ʻōpū o ka pūpū. Ma hope iho, loaʻa iā ia ka hina hina, lilo i ʻiʻo. Ma ke alo o ke kino, 4 mau maka laka me ka mea e kani ai ka inisike i nā lau a i ʻole ka mea kanu o nā mea kanu maopopo loa.
ʻO Pāpā o nā lele kahe i ʻoniʻoni i ke kala me kahi lau melemele. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ko lākou kino e hele i 4-5 mm. Loaʻa lākou i ke ʻano o ka oval i hoʻoluʻu ʻia. Aia nā niho he 4 i ke kua.
Pehea e pale ai i nā kukama me ka ʻenehana ʻenehana kūpono
I mea e pale ai i nā kanu kukama mai kahi mokulele puna, pono ke lawe ʻia he nui o nā mea pale.
ʻO ka hana mua, ʻo ia ka hana he lula ʻana i ka lepo no ka kanu ʻana i nā kukama, e hana ana i kahi eli hohonu hohonu i ʻelua mau makahiki i ka makahiki.
Hoʻohana koʻikoʻi ka hana ʻana i ka hopena o ka hopena o ka hopena, ke hoʻomaka ka hau. Piʻi ʻia, hoʻā ka manu a nā mea make. Pono ʻoe e hahai kūpono i ka manawa i ʻōlelo ʻia no ka lūlū i nā hua ma kahi ākea a palekana hoʻi no kāu ʻāina.
Nā Manaʻo Biological
Aia nā ʻenemi nui i ka ʻenemi kūwaho e hoʻopau iā ia. ʻO kēia nā mea welo a me nā palaai e alualu ana i nā lele āpau i kā lākou kūkulu. I waena o lākou, ʻo nā mea momona loa he mau pīpī mai ka genus Aleohara a me nā Ktyri ʻelua mau pāpū ʻelua. ʻO nā maʻi parasit, ka pōʻino nui loa o nā lele lele e hana ʻia e nā mea hoʻomāliʻi mai ka ʻohana Eukoilid.
Nā parasit Nematode mai nā ʻohana Cephalobidae a me Rhabditidae ola i nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Mālama maikaʻi nā ʻōnaehana kūlohelohe i nā kukama mai nā lele lele.
Eia kekahi, he make kekahi mau mea ulu no lākou. ʻO ka mea ikaika loa o lākou nā mākaʻi o ka ʻohana Fusarium, a me ka musumae pūpono o Entomophtora muscae.
Nā Hoʻomaʻi Chemical
Hoʻohana ʻia nā kumuhana e pale i nā kukama mai nā mea lele e ulu mai ana inā he nui nā mea kanu i kanu a kanu ʻia paha i ka hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Aia a he nui nā mea hana kūikawā:
Ma mua o ka hoʻohana pono ʻana, pono e noʻonoʻo pono i nā ʻōlelo a me nā ala no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa kūpono.
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kālā i manaʻo ʻia no ka ʻaihoe huakaʻi he hāʻawi nō hoʻi kahi hopena maikaʻi. No kēia mau pahuhopu, hiki iā ʻoe ke noi i nā insecticides "Actellik" a i ʻole "Spark". Aia no ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻāina me ka kemika, ua ʻōlelo ʻia nā poʻe noho kauwela e hoʻohui i kekahi mea inikini granular i ka lepo.
ʻO nā paʻi kuʻuna
Inā ʻaʻole i hiki ʻole i ka pīpī ke hopu i ka ʻāina āpau o ka māla, a laila hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaka i kahi hakakā me ia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoponopono pilikino i hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻowalewale i kahi lele e ʻimi e waiho i ka hua. No ka laʻana, e hilahila ai i kahi pōpoki, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻouka i kahi māla huaʻai me kahi infusion o ke kīwī wela a i ʻole lāʻau lāʻau. ʻAʻole makemake ʻo ia i nā mea inikini a me nā mea kanu, ua pau i ka kulu o ka lehu, ka lime, ka lepo lepo a me ka pauahi ʻula.
Wahi a nā mea māla, aia kekahi ala kūpono e kūleo ai i ka lele pua liʻiliʻi - e pale ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pepeke i nā lāʻau. No ka hana i kēia, uhi i nā moena me nā mea i kālai ʻole ʻia.
He mea nui e hoʻomaka i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pōpoki me ka manawa ua nānā ʻia i ka pūnaewele, a e poina e pili ana i nā hana pale.
Ka Weike Pest
Ua māhele ʻia ke kino o ka lele i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: ke poʻo, ka umauma a me ka ʻōpū. He ʻeleʻele-hina ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka ʻalike, ma ka mesentery he ʻekolu mau kao lōʻihi ka lōʻihi. He hina hina ka Abdomen. Hoʻopili maikaʻi ke kino me ka lauoho. Nui nā maka, e noho ana ma luna o ka wahi āpau o ke poʻo. Aia ka Antennae ma ka lae, ʻo ia nā ʻāpana o ke ʻano ʻala. No ka puʻu ʻo Diptera ka lele, ua lilo nā ʻelele o kēia hui i nā ʻēheu mua no ka lele, ua lilo ka mea i hope i ka pīpī lepo.
Hoʻomanaʻo. Pālahalaha ʻia nā mea hihiu ma nā wahi a pau, e noho ma ka ʻāina ākea a paʻa. Me ka lesi nui o ka pūnaewele, hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia nā wana āpau.
ʻO ka hana hou i kahi lele germ
ʻO ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka pōpoki he heoseosexual, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa ka pilina ma waena o ke kūkulu ʻana o ka kāne a ka wahine ma ka nānā mua. Hoʻohana ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona hemahema ma nā wāwae, lōʻihi ka hoʻokū lōʻihi ma luna o nā wāwae hind a me nā kuʻekuʻe. ʻO ke kino nui o nā ʻīlio he 3-6 mm. I nā wahi mahana, lele lākou i waho o ka honua i ke waena o ʻApelila, ma kahi pae wela - i ka lua a i ʻole ke kolu o Mei. Ma hope o ka moe ʻana, hoʻomoʻo ka wahine i nā hua ma ka lepo. Makemake ʻo ia i ka lepo, hoʻōla me ka manure, lepo. E keʻokeʻo nā hua, keʻokeʻo, me ke kumu hoʻomaha. ʻO kā lākou lōʻihi e pili ana i 1 mm, ʻo ka helu ka helu 50-60. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka hoʻolālā Embryo i 3 a 10 mau lā.
ʻIkepili. I ka ʻāina maloʻo, make koke nā hua.
E makemake ana ka pīpī i ka pīkī e hoʻoulu i nā kukama. Piʻi ʻia ʻo Larvae i loko o ka laʻau o ka mea kanu, e nawaliwali ana. I ka wā hānau, ua hala ka lōʻihi o ko lākou 1-2 mm. Ma hope o kekahi mau lā, ke keʻokeʻo ka palaka. Kūlike i nā kūlana a me ka mālamaʻai, lawe ʻia kā lākou uluʻana i nā lā 10-30. Ma mua o ka pupule, e lilo a maloʻo a io, ulu ka 7 mm. Hoʻopau ʻole ke poʻo i ʻelua, a ʻelua maka ʻāʻī mau puʻu e nānā ʻia ma ke alo o ke kino.
Hoʻomanaʻo. ʻO ka hana ʻino loa nō hoʻi ka hua o ka hanauna mua, ka mea e hōʻino i nā wana. ʻO ka hopena o ke kauā ma ka mea kanu ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka make.
Eia kekahi, pili ka larva i kahi chrysalis, ʻoiai e waiho mau ana i ka ʻili ʻōlaʻomaʻo, kapa ʻia ka puparia. ʻO kēia keʻokeʻo brown-yellow oval o 5 mm ka lōʻihi. I ke kauwela, puka ʻia kahi pākeke ma hope o 2 mau pule. Inā hana ʻia ka masonry i ka hāʻule, e waiho mau ia i ka niu a hiki i ka pūnāwai. Hoʻopili ka maʻi ʻona i ka lepo ma o 10 cm a e hoʻomāloi ai i kahi wā anu. Ke kū ʻa ka lewa i ka +10 0, e haehae i ka imago i ka pupala ma ke alo o mua e ku i waho a puka i ka wao. ʻO ka makahiki o ka lua o ka hua o ke au iā Iune a ʻo ke kolu ʻo Iulai.
ʻIkepili. ʻO ke kahua nui ma ke ola o kahi lele pīpī. Ma kēia hana, hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo ia a hoʻolilo i ka hapa nui o ke ola o ke ola. ʻO ka hana a nā pākeke ke noho hou a me ka hana hou.
Pehea e pili ai i kahi lele pua
Mai ka manawa i ʻike ʻia ai lākou mai ka hua, he ikaika loa nā palaka, e kolo ana lākou i ka lōʻihi o ka ʻimi ʻana i nā hua a me nā hua kanu. I ka loaʻa ʻana o lākou, huehue nā cotyledons. I kahi 30 kolo i loaʻa i ka pīni a i ʻole nā ʻāpana. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea kanu i pāpaʻi me nā fungi pathogenic a me nā maʻi. Hoʻokumu nā mea inati i nā hōʻeha piha ʻole paha. Inā ʻaʻole e make ka hua, he lāʻau palupalu me nā mea liʻiliʻi e hua mai ana mai ia mea.
Hoʻomanaʻo. He polyphage ka pua e puka ana, ma ke kai o kāna ʻano ʻōpala he nui o nā ʻano hua like: melon, sunflower, kāpeti, ʻuala, kukama a me nā wai wai.
ʻO nā kaʻina e hoʻomalu ai i ka lele kō i kekahi mau wahi:
Nā hanana Agrotechnical
I mea e pale ai i ka laha o nā pōpoki, pono kekahi mau lula:
- E wehe pono i ka wā kanu o ka mea kanu i ka hāʻule, ʻo ia kahi o nā mea kanu pua.
- E lele i nā ʻōpala laikini i ka hohonu pāpaku; ʻoi ʻia ka lepo i ka ʻāina no ka hoʻopau ʻana. I ka wā kauwela-kauwela e koi ʻia kahi manawa hou he 2-3 e hana i ka ʻāina. E kōkua kēia i ka maʻi a waiho iā lākou e maloʻo ma lalo o ka lā.
- Ke hana palaoa nei i ka lepo, ʻaʻole ia e waiho ʻia ma luna o ka honua. Hoʻohuihui ka mea ʻalaʻehā i ka lele pua nāu aʻelemakule, e waiho ana i nā hua ma kahi kokoke. Hoʻohana maikaʻiʻia nā fertilizers Organic i ke kaʻina hana o ka eli hohonu.
- Hoʻomaka nā hua kanu a hiki i ka mua o nā kānaka ʻōpiopio a pōloli ma hope o ka hānau ʻana.
- Hōʻike ʻia ia e kanu i nā kukama ʻaʻole me nā hua, akā me nā hua kanu. Hiki i kahi lāʻau ulu ke ola i ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā pōpoki. He haʻahaʻa ia i ka pala a me ka maloʻo.
IIiiporocT. No ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā hua a hoʻoikaika i nā mea kanu, hoʻohana i nā minerala mineral.
Iniseti
Kekahi mau ʻano lāʻau o nā iniseti hiki ke hoʻopiʻi i ka nui nui, hiki iā lākou ke luku nui i nā hua kanu, e hoʻokau i nā pōʻino maoli. Hōʻike ka moʻolelo i nā hanana ʻūlū ʻo ka ʻūlū i hoʻopau i nā hua ʻai, e hana i ka poʻe e pōloli.
ʻĀnō, ʻaʻole e pale hewa loa ke kanaka, akā i kēia manawa nā pepeke mea kanu o nā mea kanu i kanu ai i nā poho nui.
He mau kaukani he nui nā manu pepeke, ʻo ka mea nui e hōʻeha ʻia e kā lākou pili, e loaʻa ana i ka makemake momona loa. I kekahi manawa ʻo nā ʻokaʻohanaʻohana kekahi i nā pōʻino nui, e like me ka pōʻino ʻino a me kahi pōpō palaoa.
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻelemakule ma mua o kahi mau haneli hoʻokahi hua, a me nā pōpoki pipi i hoʻokahi kaukani. He mea koʻikoʻi ke hiki i nā iniseti ke hoʻohua i ka ʻelua i ka ʻekolu, i kekahi mau hihia, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hanauna i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Wahi a ke ʻano o ka palaʻai, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pepeke manu nā mea kanu mea kanu i loko o kēia mau pūʻulu.
- Ua hoʻoulu maikaʻi ʻo Gnawing (nā manu i nā ʻōpala, ʻai lākou i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o nā mea kanu: nā lau, ke kumu, ke kumu a me nā hua).
- Stitching-hoke (ka waha o ka inika o ke ano o kahi proboscis, kahi i hoʻonāukiuki ai i nā puncture o nā mea kanu a hoʻopau i ka wai),
Nā pepeke kai ʻaiʻai
Hiki ke helu ʻia nā pōʻino kaulana e like me ka polyphagous: ʻūlū ʻāina a me ka migratory, nā ʻoka me nā leaka, ka hoʻoilo a me nā ʻahuʻula.
No ka laʻana, moe nui nā wīwī wahine hoʻoilo ma mua o hoʻokahi kaukani hua, mai nā mea kanu i kū hou mai. ʻO lākou, ma ka ulu ʻana, e hoʻoulu ikaika i nā hua kanu o ka hoʻoilo, nā ʻōpio o nā wai hoʻōla o ka aila, palaoa, pākeke, ka lā a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe.
Nui nā ʻai-ʻai he nui nā pepeke e noho ana i ka lepo. Kūpono nā mea kanu o nā mea kanu mahiai ma nā ʻāpana o ka mea kanu, kaomi pakiaka, nā hua a me nā hua. ʻO nā Beetles ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka nui a me nā mea pōpilikia - nā nutcrackers, cicadas, leeches, weevils, Khrushchev, nā pīpī uliuli, nā kukuna o nā butterflies scoop.
Nā lāʻau ʻaiwai palena ʻole (ʻai hoʻokahi)
ʻAi lākou i nā mea kanu, maʻamau pili i nā lāʻau.
Kuhi pū kekahi ʻano ʻōlima hui pū kekahi me nā mea ulana, a ʻai lākou i nā ʻano kanu kanu cruciferous, a ua lele aku ʻo Suèkanes i nā ululāʻau - ma nā cereals.
ʻO nā mea mālama i nā mea kanu, e like me nā mea palala a me nā legumes, pā i ka lāʻau a me nā spikelets. Ma mua o ka ʻelima haneri o ia mau pōpoki, ka mea kaulana loa: lele ka ʻai, nā lehelehe palaoa, nā kao a Hessian, ʻūlani.
ʻAi ʻia nā papa o kēia mau pōpoki i ka lula o ka ʻano a me nā ʻano o nā mea kanu e hiki mai ana. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, e ulu maikaʻi nā mea kanu a hapa ʻole paha, e hoʻopiʻi ana i kahi maikaʻi o kahi maikaʻi maikaʻi.
Nā ʻelewele palaoa: kahi wīwī berena, kahi pipi Moorish, he pīhoihoi-manu - piʻi i luna o nā spikelets a ʻai i ka hua.Hiki i kekahi pīleʻa ke ʻai i ka 7-8 g o ka palaoa, a hana ʻino lākou ma ke kī ʻana i ka palaoa mai ka pepeiao.
ʻO ka mea nui nui ka maʻi gula o ka pīpī heev weevil. Mālama ʻo nā pua ʻōpeleka ma nā hua kanu o ka pīpī, akā hana nā ka pīpīʻō i ka pōʻino, ka mea hiki ke luku i nā hua o ka pīpī i nā wahi ākea.
ʻO nā pūpū o ka lānalulu he koopili me ka anuʻu i loko o nā hua a hoʻopau iā lākou. Hoʻopili maikaʻi ia i ka hoʻohuihui a me ka mahana. Hiki i kahi ngohi, me kā lākou hōʻiliʻili nui, ka mea hiki ke hoʻopau i ka ʻāina āpau me nā mākalakupua.
ʻO nā pōpō lōpela (nāheleopehu o ka lā) he pōpilikia pōpilikia. Hoʻomaka nā kukupu manu e lele ma mua o ka pua ʻana a waiho i kā lākou mau hua manu ma nā kete o ka mea kanu. Kūkū ʻia ka palaʻai a puni i ke ʻano a ʻai ʻana i kāna mau ʻāpana. Ma hope o ke neʻe ai i ke kiʻekiʻe, hele i nā lau, nā ʻōpala a hana i nā ʻalā, pau ka ʻai ʻana i nā ʻala, a waiho wale no nā "soothers" wale nō.
Puʻuwai kāwei - Shiponoski. ʻAi nā kīleʻa liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a hōʻino ʻaʻole e hōʻino i ka mea kanu, ʻaʻole like me kā lākou huʻaka, e komo ana i nā pāpale sunflower a hoʻomoʻa iā lākou iho me ka pulp. Ma laila lākou e noho ai a paʻa wale ka ʻiʻo o ke kino maloʻo. I ka wā o ko lākou noho ʻana i ka lua o ka pāpale, ua welawī ka ʻōkake ma nā kahawai i hāʻawi ʻia i ka meaʻai nā mea kanu, e waiho ana iā lākou i nā mea pono kūpono. I nā lāʻau koʻikoʻi i hoʻopilikia nui, hiki i ka 100 aila ʻōlima. Inā kuʻi lākou i ka lā i ka wā ulu, e make loa ka hua.
Hiki i nā pōpō lālani ke hōʻeha i ka nui o ka pohō, a hiki i ka manawa holoʻokoʻa lākou i ka hua kanu, no laila, i mea e pale ai iā lākou iho i kēia mau pōpilikia, ulu ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole. Hoʻoikaika ko lākou ʻili i nā papa mua, no laila ua lilo lākou i mea hiki ʻole no nā pepeke a me nā hua. ʻAi ka ʻōpala i nā lau, ua hiki i ka wā e ʻala i. ʻOiai lākou i ka loaʻaʻana o nā meaʻaila haʻahaʻa, ʻaʻole e pili ka hua i ka hua.
ʻLelo
ʻO nā mea mālama i nā mea kanu mea kanu - ʻo ka ʻōpala (brown brown mite, palaoa), hoʻopilikia i ka nui o nā mea kanu a me nā hua mea kanu. Nui ʻino lākou no ka nui o ka kolo ka liʻiliʻi, hiki ke ʻike wale ʻia ma ke neʻe, a me ka hoʻohana wale ʻana i ka microscope.
Hoʻopilikia pinepine ka spider mite i nā hua kanu, nā wai inu i loko o ia mea, hoʻomālaʻi ka ʻala i nā lau. Ma muli o kēia, ua hoʻololi ka mea kanu i kāna ʻano pili i ka melemele a i ʻole ka palaka a hāʻule paha, me ka pohō nui - make ka hua ʻai.
Mealy mite - hoʻomohala i ka palaoa, cereals, palaoa. Ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi loa, e hoʻopau ʻia ai ka lako i nā mea pōkole i ka manawa pōkole, e hoʻohuli iā lākou i mau ʻōpū polū.
Nematodes
ʻO nā palu nā mea kanu mea kanu he nematode; he nui nā ʻano o ka ʻōwili. Noho kekahi o nā mea i ka ʻāina, e hōʻeha ana i nā ʻōpū o lalo o nā mea kanu.
Wheat nematode - nā maʻi palupalu ma ka palaoa a me ka manu. Ke hoʻokala nei kāna mahele i nā aʻa, hana i nā kaʻau i loko o nā mea kanu, pale nui a hoʻonāwaliwali iā ia. Pōʻino ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu i nā mea pili i nā pepeiao, kahi i hana ʻia ai nā gandum huaʻala (tumors) i piha i hoʻokahi mau kaukanilima. Hiki i nā kāhea ke hāʻule me ka hua palaoa i loko o nā hale waihonahele a me nā mea kanu palaoa a wāhele paha i ka wā e ʻohi ai i ka lepo. Ma ka hope e kū mai ana, e kū mai ana nā palu e hoʻopili i nā mea ʻōpio.
Nā Rodents, hare
ʻO nā mea mālama i nā mea kanu, nā mea kanu, nā māla a me nā meaʻai e pono ai: nā kiʻina, nā pā kīkīkī, nā pōpoki, nā hamsters, nā hares, nā pū ka ʻāina, nā kiʻi mole, nā kīhopa.
ʻO ka mea pōʻino loa he mau kiʻi like-mouse, me nā niho incisor i hoʻomohala ʻia, ʻāʻā lākou i ka mea kanu, ka hua, ka hua kanu, nā hua a me nā ʻili lāʻau. Ua kau lākou i kahi pōpilikia kūikawā, ʻoiai ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi e hoʻoikaika nui ai lākou.
ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana i ka lele germ
Inā ʻoe e noʻonoʻo pono i ke kino o kahi germ o ka lele, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka wehewehe maʻalahi i nā māhele 3:
Hoʻomoana ka pōʻino i nā kūpeʻe melemele-hina, ke uhi ʻia kona kino holoʻokoʻa me nā lauoho pōkole. Ma ke kua he 3 mau kala līlū heʻeleʻele. He hina hina ka ʻōpū. Piha nui nā maka a noho a puni ka ʻāina āpau o ke poʻo. ʻIke ʻia ka Antennae ma ka ihu mua, ka mea e pāʻani nei i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka honi.
Kahi ʻia ka lele puna e like me kahi dipteran. ʻAʻole lōʻihi kona lōʻihi i kahi 6 mm. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻēheu mua no ka lele, a me nā ʻēheu hind, i kapa ʻia nā hummers, e pono e mālama i ka kaulike i ka wā o ka lele.
ʻO ke ʻano o kēia lele he nui, hiki ke loaʻa ma kēia mau wahi:
He mea nui ke lele lele, hiki ke hao i nā hua ʻai i ka ʻāina ākea a pale ʻia. E pilikia ana kēia mau moʻomeheu penei:
ʻO nā hua o ka pūpū he keʻokeʻo ma ke kala a me ka oblong, ʻo ko lākou nui, ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 1 mm. Hatching larvae, hiki i ka lōʻihi o 7 mm, mua i ke kino ʻokoʻa, a laila hoʻololi i ke kala i ka ʻōpū ʻōpala. ʻO Pupae o ka palaʻa he oval, brown i ka ʻāpana, ʻulaʻula a 5 mm.
Pehea ia e hoʻomohala ai ka palu o kahi lele lele?
Hōʻike ka mua o ka hanauna mua i ka puna ma ka hāmeʻa o ʻApelila a me Mei. Hiki i kēia manawa ke neʻe i 10 mau lā ma kahi ʻaoʻao a i ʻole ke ʻano, e hilinaʻi ana ma ka wahi. ʻO ka hānai ʻana i ka nectar a me ka polī, hoʻomaka nā mākaka e ulu. Pono e waiho ʻia nā hua. Hāʻawi kekahi wahine i ka 50 a 60 mau hua i ka mane ka manawa.
Makemake nā wahine i ka waiho ʻana o ka hua ma ka lepo o ka moena o nā moena. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻolālāʻana o ka Embryonic mai 4 a 10 mau lā, kau ʻia ka manawa i ka mahana o ka lepo. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻōpio hānau ʻia e ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana.
Hoʻomaka koke lākou e neʻe i loko o nā moena, i ka ʻimi ʻana o nā hua lōlū. Loaʻa ka loaʻa o kēia hua, ua ulu nā ʻōleo ma kahi o ke ʻano e puka mai ai nā mea puna a ʻai i nā ʻike o nā huaʻala mai loko. Make nā hua kanu mai kēlā ʻike.
Ke loli nei ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka nui o ka meaʻai a me ke ʻano. E lilo paha ia he 10 a 40 mau lā. Ke hoʻokokoke nei ke ʻano o ka haumana, hiki ke kau i ka lōʻihi i ke kiʻekiʻe loa, ikaika nā kino o ke kino, a ʻokeʻele ke keʻokeʻo.
ʻO ka pipi nui i ka lālani ma ka stratum lepo, i ke kauwela ma kahi hohonu o 5 cm, a ma ka hāʻule, ua hele ke kaʻina ma kahi hohonu o 9 cm. Ma ka hope o ka manamana he 4 mau niho ikaika.
I ka papa haumana, noho ka lele i ka manawa ʻē i nā wā like ʻole. I ke kauwela, mau kēia mai 12 a 20 mau lā, a paʻa ka pupae hoʻoilo i kēia moku'āina no 180 mau lā. Lele ke lele o kahi pākē hele ma waho o ka pupae a pau ka hiʻi ʻana o ka iniseti.
Paʻi ola o ka pepehi kai lele i loko o ka māla
ʻO ka lele o ka pua kō, e like me nā māla mahiʻai, he nui nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe hiki ke kiʻi ʻia i ke kaua. Eia kahi mamao loa mai ka papa inoa piha.
- ʻO nā palupalu a Aleohar,
- mau ʻōpala ʻāina
- nā mea holo ʻeleilide
- nematodes Rhabditidae,
- Lele lele Ktyr
- nā ʻano o nā fungi.
ʻO kekahi o kēia mau mea make e ʻai ana i ka ʻai o nā lele pīpī, aʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e pehu nei i ka pupae manu.
Me ka hoʻouka kaua nui ʻana o nā lele ma nā mea kanu lāʻau, hoʻopōmaikaʻi wale ʻia nā mea kanu manu iā lākou.
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻomākaukau lāʻau kūlohelohe i kahi lele lele
Inā nui nā parasites i loko o ka māla a me ka hōʻeha mai iā lākou e hoʻonui mau ana - ʻo ia ka manawa e kau i kekahi ʻano o nā pepeke manuahi. Ua hiki i nā meaʻala i lalo ke hana i nā hana ākea:
Hoʻohana ʻia nā kālā i luna no ka pīpī ʻana i nā hua lāʻau i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka larvae. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka helu ʻai ʻana i ka lāʻau e like me nā kuhikuhi pili. Ma lalo o nā kūlana ʻole e pono e ʻoi aku i kahi kūpono i ʻōlelo ʻia, ʻoiai hiki i kēia ke alakaʻi i ka puhi o nā lau.
Nui nō nā ʻano lāʻau ʻē aʻe e ʻohi ai i nā hua aila ma mua o ka lūlū ʻana. ʻO nā hua ʻili, kōlei lele larva bypasses. No ka etching, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i ka Imidalit, Spark a me Actellik.
Hoʻopau i nā kānaka kū'ē i nā lele lele
Wahi a kekahi poʻe māla e hoʻokō lākou i ka kūleʻa i ka hakakā i ka lele sprout, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pono folk. He kuleana nō hoʻi kēia ʻano o ke ola, akā pono e hoʻohana me ka nui o nā pōpoki, a i ʻole e hoʻolalelale i nā iniseti.
ʻO nā paʻi maʻamau a maʻamau ka maʻi maʻamau:
1). Birch tar. Hoʻokumu i kēia huahana, hana ʻia kahi hana, kahi e hoʻoweliweli ʻia me nā hua o nā mea kanu kukala. ʻAʻole makemake ka lele i kahi mea ʻala o ka paona, a paʻa mau nā kukama. Hoʻomakeʻa ʻia ka ʻanake penei:
- e ninini i 10 mau wai i loko o kahi pahu
- hoʻohui iā ia i 1 tbsp. la l lākole tar
- hui aku i ka hui
- hoʻohana no ka pipiʻi.
2). Nā lāʻau lāʻau, nā ʻōpala o nāʻaila wela a i ʻole tansy paha. Hoʻokumu i kēia mau lāʻau a me nā hua, a hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i ka infusion a e hana i nā mea kanu o nā mea kanu i kanu ʻia me ia.
3). Hoʻomoʻa i nā mea kanu me nā ʻano waihona like ʻole. He kūpono kēia hui ʻana no ka lepo:
- lehu me ka pua wili,
- lepo lepo a me ka lime.
Ma hope o ka heluhelu ʻana i kēia kumuwaiwai, pono ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo pono iā ʻoe iho ʻo ka lele lele e lele ana i nā kukama e hoʻoweliweli ana me ka nalowale o kahi hapa nui o ka hua. I mea e pale ai i ka pīpī mai komo i kāna ʻāina, pono e hana kekahi i nā hana pale a kū kū i ka ʻenehana ʻana o nā mea kanu. Inā hōʻiliʻili ka mea ʻino i nā moʻo o nā mea kanu, pono ʻoe e luku koke iā ia.
Nā pili lāʻau Morologically
Wahi a morphology (hiʻohiʻona) ke kokoke loa ka imago i ka mea i hōʻike ʻia. Nā Delia angustifrons. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia e ka mastoscutum bluish-hina me ka nui o nā lauoho, he ʻōpū cylindrical me kahi ākea ākea median band a me nā kaila posterior marites o tergites.
Ma kahi o kēia ʻano, ua ʻike pinepine ʻia Delia pilifemurkokoke i kekahi i ka morphology o ka imago i ka Rostov Fly (Delia platura).
ʻAumea
Lele kahe - polyphage. Hoʻopilikia ia i ka hoʻouluulu i nā hua a me nā hua kanu o nā ʻano hua like ʻole: hu, ke pī, nā pōpala, kaapa, ka wai meli, paukena, melon, beets, spinach, kāpala, ʻala, ʻōpala, huina, lupins, ʻōpala, nā ʻuala, nā ʻuala. Hoʻohālikelike ʻōlaʻi. Ma muli o ke ola ʻana o ka ola, ka manawaleʻa ʻana i nā mea kanu a nāwaliwali hoʻi o nā hua kanu. ʻO nā pōpilikia palua, nā mea make a me nā puʻuwai pathogenic i hoʻomohala pinepine i nā hua a me nā mea kanu.
Ua ʻulu ʻia ka ʻatikala ma ke hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuhana penei:
ʻO Kou-Bienko G. Ya.ʻae kaila o nā iniseti o ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o ka USSR ma loko o ka nui. T V. Elua mau elele. Puʻu. Ma ka pauku o. Ka hale hoʻopuka "Science", Leningrad, 1970. - 945 p.
ʻO Kou-Bienko G. Ya.ʻae kaila o nā iniseti o ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o ka USSR ma loko o ka nui. T V. Elua mau elele. Puʻu. Mahele mua. Hale Paʻi "Science", Leningrad, 1969. - 810 p.
Vasiliev V.P. Nā mea kanu o nā mea kanu a me nā mea kanu lāʻau: I 3 mau makahiki - T. 2. ʻO nā ʻalāwaliwali weliweli, nāebrebrates. - 2nd ed., Rev. a hoʻohui. / Ma lalo o ka huina. en. V.P. Vasiliev, Luna Hoʻoponopono o ka leo V.G. Dolin, V.N. Stovbchatyy .-- K .: Anhi, 1988 576., ill. Kau
ʻO ka papa inoa o nā pesticides a me nā agrochemical i kālai ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ka ʻāina o ka Lūkini Lūkini, 2013. Ke Kuhina Kūʻai o ka Russian Federation (Kuhina Kūʻai o Rūsia)
Ka helu ʻāina o nā pesticides a me agrochemical i aponoia no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ka Russian Federation, 2016. Kuhina Kūʻai o ka Russian Federation (Kuhina Kūʻai o Lūkia) & nbspHoʻoiho iā >>>
ʻO nā pepeke a me nā ʻili he mau mea kanu. Helu IV Pūnaewele a hoʻoneʻe. ʻO nā mea hoʻoponopono o ka nui E.N. Narchuk, V.A. Tryapitsyn. Leningrad, "Pūnaewele", Leningrad Branch, 1981.
Lele lele
Lele lele | |||||||||||
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![]() kāne kāne | |||||||||||
Kahi ʻano ʻepekema | |||||||||||
Aupuni: | Eumetazoi |
Moulou | Nā pepeke manuahi |
Maikuhi: | Nā lele lele |
Kekaha: | Muscoidea |
Lāpala: | Anthomyiinae |
Nānā: | Lele lele |
Holo a lele (lat. Delia platura) - kekahi ʻano pipi i ka ʻohana o nā kaikamahine pua. Aia ka ʻike ʻike. ʻO nā mea ʻōpule he pōpoki o nā hua kanu he nui o nā mea kanu i kanu ʻia i ka ʻāina ākea a paʻa. Nā 2-3 mau hanauna i kēlā me kēia makahiki. No ka hōʻemi i ka pōʻino, ʻoi aku ia e hoʻohui i nā hana mahiʻai, ke koho ʻana i ka manawa kūpono e lohi ana i nā hua kanu a me ka hoʻopuka ʻana mai nā insecticides. Mai kahi ʻike Delia florilega Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ka lele popout i ka imago a i ʻole nā molekina genetic ʻano hana.
Biology
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa lākou i nā aʻa, nā mea kanu a me nā mea kanu i nā mea kanu i kanu ʻia, e pili ana i nā kukama, aʻala, pala, melon, pākala, pī, ʻala, bula, mau ʻuala, ʻanuʻu, ʻili, ʻili, kalala. Hiki ke kolo aku i nā ʻōpala o nā ʻūhā ʻūlū a luku iā lākou. ʻAiʻi Delia platura ʻike pinepine me nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ka ʻano hānau Delia .
I nā kūlana kūpono, i ka hema o ka lehele, hiki ke piʻi i ʻekolu mau hanauna, i ke alanui waena - 2 mau hanauna. Hōʻike ka hanauna mua i nā kūlana o ka mokuʻo Samara i ka makahiki mua o Mei, ka lua - i ka waena o Iune, a ua lele nā lele o nā hanauna ʻekolu i ka hopena o Iulai a i ʻole ʻAukake. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka lua a me ke kolu o ka lā ma kahi o 40-48 lā. E haʻalele nā lā haʻalele a me ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā kūlana o ka wā. No ka hoʻolālāʻana i ka hanauna mua, ka nui o ka pono o ke kū ʻana o ka mahana kūpono no 155 ° C, ka lua - 399 ° C, ke kolu - 301 ° C.
Hoʻomaha lākou i ka lepo ma ka moʻo haumāna a hiki i ka hohonu o 20 cm. Lele nā pākeke mai ka hoʻomaka o Mei a Kepakemapa. Hoʻokomo ka wahine i nā hua ma kahi kokoke i ka mea kanu meaʻai ma ka lepo. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻolālā embryonic mai 2 a 7 mau lā. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana i ka hua, loaʻa ka larva ʻōpio i nā hua a me nā hua o nā mea kanu like ʻole. Pono ia i mau lā 10-12 e hoʻomohala i ka ulana. A pau ka hoʻomohala ʻana, lele ka ʻōpala pua, a ma hope o nā lā 10-14, lele ka lua o ka lua o ka lua. Noho nā pākeke no nā lā 10-12. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina i Iowa (USA) i hiki i nā hua o ke lele germ ke hele i kahi o ke kauwela diapause.
Hana ʻino a kāohi
ʻO ka ʻoi loa ka hapanui o nā ʻōiwi mua. Hoʻopau lākou i nā hua a me nā hua kanu o nā mea nui. Hoʻokomo ka pākeke i ka pālahalaha o nā pathogens o nā ʻano lāʻau like ʻole. Hoʻopili ʻia nā insecticides e hakakā i ka lele puna, e hoʻopili ʻia i ka lepo a i ʻole nā huaʻī. ʻO ka hemahema o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea pesticides ka mea e hoʻomohala ai i ka pale ʻana iā lākou i ka pōpū a me ka paʻa o kekahi o nā māla hoʻomākaukau. ʻO nā hana Agrotechnical e hōʻemi i ka pōʻino mai ka lele puna e komo i ka mahi kanu mua ʻana a me ke koho ʻana i nā lā kanu kanu kūpono. I ke kūleʻa i ka lele pīpī a me ka lele o ka puliki, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka ʻano hana i loko o ka hoʻomohala kūlohelohe o nā ʻōpala i kahi pāʻai me ka radioactive cobalt (Co 60). Ke alakaʻi nei ka hana irradiation i ke ʻano o nā lele sterile, kahi i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
Kālā
ʻEulopa, ʻApika ʻAmelika, ka Middle East, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan a me Central Asia, Siberia, ʻAmelika Hema, ʻApelika Hema, New Zealand, Australia a me ʻAmelika. ʻAʻole i hōʻike ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hema, ma ʻAmelika Komohana, India, Malaysia a me Indonesia. Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻelua mau ʻōiwi holoʻokoʻa o ka lele pehu i ka neʻe ʻana o DNA. ʻO ka laina, i koho ʻia ʻo AAG2511, e pālahalaha loa i ʻEulopa, Asia, i ʻike ʻia ma Greenland, hikina Canada a me Alaska. Loaʻa ka laina AAA3453 ma Kanada a me USA, Costa Rica a me South Africa.