Kelemania, a i ʻole huluhulu velvet (lat. Mutillidae) - nā mea manuahi fluffy mai ke kauoha nā pepeke Hymenoptera. Ma kahi o 8000 mau ʻāpana a me 230 genera ʻike ʻia i ka honua. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻelele ʻo Fossil i nā popo weli i Dominican amber, 25-40 miliona mau makahiki.
He ʻano like ʻole kēia mau pepeke fluffy i like me nā popo ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka inoa. Ua kapa ʻia lākou he mau ʻōmele ʻōpiopio ma muli o ka ulaula lau, ka mea e hōʻike ʻia ai e ka ʻāpana waihoola, me ke keʻokeʻo, uliuli, gula, ʻeleʻele, kālā, ʻulaʻula.
ʻO ke kala hoʻolaʻa ʻana i lawelawe ʻia i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole piha piha kēia mau ʻāpana i ko lākou poʻe ʻenemi. Ua ikeia ka poe Geremanana no ko lakou mau mea kaumaha nui loa, a ku hee ka poe e ikaika ana e pepehi i kekahi bipi. Ma ke kākoʻo ʻana i kēia, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomanaʻo hou i kekahi inoa inoa ʻole e ʻike ʻia no kēia mau pepeke, ua kapa ʻia ʻo "kill kill cow". ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i make ka holoholona mai i kahi aʻa o kēia mau manu, akā e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia ka ʻeha.
E like me nā hymenoptera āpau, hiki i ka wahine ke hoʻopili i kahi ʻuʻelo, no ka mea, ʻo ka ʻoʻe, ʻo ia nō kahi lālā wahine i hoʻololi ʻia (ovipositor).
He lōʻihi ke kino o 5 mau paha a ka huluhulu ʻōpiopio i 5 a 30 mm. Ma kekahi mau ʻōiwi, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine ke hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻāla i nā wahine ʻē ʻole i ka lewa no ka moe. He lei ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele nā polele: ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha me nā ʻulaʻula ulaula ma ka umauma, aʻo nā wāhine i ʻūkā ʻia i nā ʻōlamalama ʻoi aku - ʻoi loa ka ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ʻulaʻula paha. Ma ka ʻōpū o lākou kekahi hiʻohiʻona maʻalahi.
Akā ʻaʻole kēia ka kaina like ʻole o ka wahine: loaʻa nā maka o nā kāne, akā i nā kāne i hōʻemi ʻia lākou, i nā kāne ʻo ka ʻōpū he ehiku mau ʻāpana, a i nā wahine - ʻeono.
E like me nā mea wasits parasit, ʻaʻole nā hale o nā velvet i kūkulu i kā lākou mau nalo, akā makemake lākou e noho i nā malihini. Ma laila lākou i waiho ai i kā lākou hua ma ka laka o ka puʻuwai o kēia mōʻī, a laila hoʻi i lilo ai i kumu ʻai no ka larva. Eia hoʻi, lawe ʻia kāna ʻano haumāna. ʻAi hānai nā ʻōpū holime i ka nectar.
No kahi kanaka, ʻoi loa ka ʻeha o nā ʻaina manuahi. Pau wale ka ʻehaʻehā ma hope o kekahi mau hola.
No kahi kope piha a ʻāpana paha, pono kahi loulou i ka pūnaewele ʻo UkhtaZoo.
Wasps Kelemania fluffy wasps
Kalai mai 5 a 30 mm. He mea kupaianaha nō nā wasps Kelemania no kā lākou moʻomeheu koʻikoʻi. Loaʻa ʻokoʻa ke kino wahine a me nā wahine. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā mele ma mua o nā wahine. He ʻole nā ʻēheu o ka wahine. ʻO nā Males he 13 mau huakaʻi ʻehā, a ʻo nā wahine he 12-segmented antennae. Hoʻoulu ʻia ka maka i nā kāne, a hoʻemi ʻia i ka wahine. ʻO ka ʻōpū i nā kāne, ʻike ʻia nā 7 tergites a me 8 mau sternites, i nā wahine - ʻo 6 mau ʻāpana, nā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōpū o ka pūpū me nā puʻupuʻu pubescent, liʻiliʻi iki ʻole o lākou. He wahine ma ka 6 o dependite o ka ʻōpū e loaʻa ke kumu pygidial. ʻO ka hypopygium (kahi hoʻonohonoho o nā moʻomeheu kāne) ke maʻalahi, ʻaʻole i maʻalahi me nā kaʻina hana lateral. Waihona a me hind coxae i kontak. ʻO nā kāne kāne me nā sutures i hoʻomohala maikaʻi, i nā wahine me nā mea kolo ʻia i hoʻopuni ʻia. Hana kīkē ʻia nā striddle (ma nā kani e kani ai nā kāne no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā wahine), ʻaʻole i uku ʻia, aia i ka waenakonu o ka 2 a me 3 mau. ʻEleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha ka males, pinepine me nā ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ʻokoʻa o ka umauma, ua ʻiliʻili nā wahine, ʻoi aku me nā umauma ʻulaʻula manu. Aia ke kino i ka ʻeleʻele a me ka māmā o ka lauoho, ma ka ka tergal o ka ʻōpū pinepine e hana i kahi ʻano, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā wahine.
ʻO nā hua manu ʻē aʻe ka like me nā popo, kahi a nā inoa e kapa ʻia ai nā inoa "velvet ants".
Biology
ʻAʻole loa e kūkulu i nā wīwī Kelemania i kā lākou mau ʻuʻuku a pili i nā lehelehe o nā pi, spheroid a me nā ʻūhā e hoʻopilū ʻia ana, ʻaʻole hoʻi i nā mea inikua (lele Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Blattodea) Hoʻokipa ʻia kekahi wahine Kelemania i loko o kahi pūnana ʻēwau a waiho aku i nā hua ʻai ma luna o nā hua hoʻokipa, kahi e hānai ai i kā lākou pele. Ke hoʻomau nei i kahi koʻikoʻi lōʻihi, kūleʻa ka poʻe Kelemania iā lākou iho mai nā wasps a me nā pi, a hiki ke hōʻeha nui i kahi kanaka (nalo wale ka ʻeha ma hope o kekahi mau hola).
Kahele
Hoʻohana ma ka wao nahele a me nā wahi ʻino. ʻOi aku ma mua o 500 mau ʻano mai nā 9 subfamilies a me 54 genera i loaʻa ma Palearctic (Lelei, 2002). Aia ma kahi o ka 170 mau ʻano a me 27 mau genera i ka fauna o ka USSR ma mua (Lelei, 1985). E kahele ʻia e nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe: ʻo Italia - 60 mau ʻano (Invrea, 1964), Sepania - 37 mauʻu (Giner, 1944), Iapana - 17 mau ʻehā (Tsuneki, 1972), Kina - 109 mau ʻano (Chen, 1957), Mongolia - 26 mau ʻano ( Lelei, 1977), Afghanistan - 31 mau ʻano (Lelei, Kabakov, 1980).
Phylogeny
Ma muli he ʻāpana o ka ʻohana, ʻo A. S. Lelei lāua ʻo P. G. Nemkov (1997) i ʻike ʻia i nā mutillides haʻahaʻa (Myrmosinae, Kudakrumiinae, Pseudophotopsidinae, Ticoplinae) a ʻoi aku nā mea kiʻekiʻe i ka 2 mau lālā [(Myrmillinae + Mutillinae) + ((Rhopalomutillinae + Dasylabrinae + Efutinae + Sphaeropthalminae)].
Hōʻike ka cladogram ma lalo e pili ana i nā pilina phylogenetic o nā subfamilies ma kēia pūʻulu o nā hymenopterans stinging.
ʻIke ʻia o nā wahine Kelemania
He mea maikaʻi loa kēia maupaʻa a he ʻulaʻulaʻula. ʻAʻohe pili o nāpsu i nā ʻūpili me nā popo; Ua kapa lākou iā lākou no ka mea ʻo ka hulu hipa fluffy. Hiki i ka kala o nā wahine Kelemānia aʻokoʻa like: gula, ʻulaʻula, keʻokeʻo, ʻeleʻele, ʻulaʻula a me ka kala.
Wasps Kelemania (Mutillidae).
ʻO ka ʻōnuhi o kēlā me kēia anuanu maikaʻi i nā mea hoʻonāukiuki.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino o nā popo bulves he 5 a i 30 milimita. Ma kekahi mau ʻōiwi, ʻaʻohe ʻēheu nā wahine, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāne ma mua o lākou, no laila, i ka wā moe e hiki ai iā lākou ke hāpai i ko lākou mau kaʻa lele i ka lewa.
He mau lāʻau ʻūkahi kikowaena Kelemania.
I nā kāne, ʻeleʻele nā poli hulu melemele: brown me nā ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ma luna o ka umauma a ʻeleʻele paha. I nā wahine, ʻoi aku ka waihoʻoluʻu o ke kala - ʻoi aku ka ʻulaʻula a ʻulaʻula paha. Ma ka ʻōpū o ka wahine aia kahi kiʻi maʻalahi.
Ua kapa ʻia nā mea wili Kelemānia.
Akā, ʻo kēia mau mea like o ka wahine a me nā kāne. ʻO nā mele, e like me nā hepona āpau, he maka nā maka, a ua hōʻemi ʻia nā wahine. ʻO ka pūpū ma nā wahine he 6 o nā ʻāpana, a ma nā kāne - ʻo 7.
Ke ola wahine wasp German
E like me ka hapa nui o nā wasps parasite, ʻaʻole kūkulu nā wasps i kā lākou mau wili. Noho kūpaʻa lākou i nā nest o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. Mālama nā wahine i nā huaʻai i nā hua pepeke manu, a laila no ke ʻano o ka meaʻai no lākou. Ma ka pūnana o kāna haku, ʻo ka larva o nā haumāna pōlani.
He punana nāu manuila.
Pāloo ka wahine makua Keleman i ka nectar pua.
He ʻuʻuku ʻo wasp German kahi mea ʻeha loa. ʻO kēia mau pelu ua kapa ʻole ʻia ʻo ia he "kaikuaʻana pipi," no ka mea ua ʻeha ko lākou ʻōpio he mea e make ai ka bipi. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole make ka holoholona mai ka ʻuʻā o kahi fluffy, akā e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia ka ʻeha.
Hiki ke loaʻa kahi mea pīpī mai kahi wahine wahine Kelemānia.
I loko o kēia mau wasps wale nō ka pipi wahine. Mai ka wili ʻana he ovipositor ua hoʻololi ʻia. No ka poʻe, ua ʻeha loa loa kēia mau pōpoki - ʻo ka ʻeha ma hope o kahi aʻa o kahi aneli pōpū e noho wale ma hope o kekahi mau hola.
Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.
NUI O VELVET ANTS
ʻO ka dimorphism ka wahine (ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kāne a me nā wahine) i Kelemania he nui loa, ʻo nā ʻelele o nā kāne like ʻole a maʻalahi hoʻi e lawe no nā ʻano like ʻole. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia lākou ʻaʻole wale ma ka hiki ʻana mai a i ʻole ka ʻēheu o nā ʻēheu, akā nō hoʻi i ke ʻano kino a me ka nui. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā kāne o ka poʻe Kelemania, maʻa mau ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha, pinepine i nā ʻōpū ʻulaʻula pua i ko lākou mau pahu. He ʻāpana lōʻihi ko lākou - 13 mau ʻāpana, a ʻaʻole he 12, e like me nā wahine. He ʻoi aku ka māmā o nā wahine: ua ʻulaʻula ʻia ka umauma, a ma ka ʻōpū aia ke ʻano o nā lauoho ʻulaʻula a me nā keokeo keʻokeʻo, me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā wahi mālamalama. ʻO ka nalowale i ko lākou mau eheu, loaʻa i nā wahine i ke kani e hiki ai i ko lākou hakakā ke hiki ke lele i loaʻa i ka wahine o ka puʻuwai i ka labyrinths o ka ʻēheu o kahi ʻē aʻe (ʻoiai, e like me nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe, ua kū mai ka mākeke ma waho o ka pūnana). Hoʻopili ʻia ka leo me ka hana stridulation - ka friction o nā kūkulu kūikawā i kū i kekahi (ʻoiai, no ka laʻana, i ka ʻūlini a me kekahi mau spider). Aia kekahi ʻōlaʻi stridulatory hoʻolimalima ma luna o ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka ʻōpū, ma waena o nā māhele ʻelua a ʻekolu.
Maʻa mau ʻōpū nā ʻēheu o nā osmos wahine i nā lehelehe he 12, ʻoiʻa ka ʻōpū ma mua o nā kāne, a ua emi nā maka.
ʻO nā wahine lele lele like ka popo, kahi i kapa ʻia ai nā Kelemania he "semu velvet" (unuhi ʻia mai ka inoa Pelekane ka inoa o nā ʻōpū velvet). ʻAʻole kahaha ko ka mea like ʻole i nā ʻolua, no ka mea, nā meli a me nā popo, a me nā wasps hou e iho mai ana i kekahi kūpuna kūpuna. Eia nō naʻe, e ʻike koke ke kahawai loea i ka ʻokoʻa o ke kaona o nā antennas: i loko o nā semal, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo antennas i kapa ʻia i loko o ke kihi i kahi kihi nui, a ma Geremania kokoke lākou i pololei, ʻoiai me ka pīhoihoi iki.
KAUA O PARASIS, MAUA O Predator
Kūkulu ka poʻe Kelemania i ka hu o nā pihe manuahi (no ka laʻana, a me nā piʻoni ʻarthen e), nā ʻōpala hūnū (a eli i nā wasps, a i ʻole sphycids, a me nā punawai alanui, a i ʻole nā pompilides), a me nā pūlima manuahi ʻehā. Wahi a kekahi hōʻike, hiki i ka mutilides ke hoʻohui i nā ʻohana o ka meli meli a me nā ʻano like ʻole o ka bumblebees. Hoʻohui ʻia, hōʻike ʻia nā ʻelele o nā kauoha inikini ʻē aʻe. ʻO kēia māhele ākea he nui o nā pūʻali. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hoihoi ka poʻe Kelemania i nā lako i mālama ʻia e ka mea nona ka mea nona nā hua a lākou e ʻai ai. Ke ʻōlelo pololei nei, ʻaʻole i kapa ʻia ʻo nā wahine Kelemānia ʻo parasites, ʻoiai he mea hoʻohiki maoli lākou e pepehi ana i kā lākou mau ʻai. ʻImi ka wahine i ka pūnana a ka mea nona ia a komo i loko o ka puka nui a e hoʻowalewale ʻia i kahi pahu ʻē aʻe i alakaʻi i kahi papa me nā lako a me nā hua. He wahine ikaika ʻo ka wahine, he manaʻoʻiʻo ia e hoʻomaka e loaʻa ʻo ia i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea hoʻokele manu. Eia nō naʻe, ma ka hui pū ʻia o nā pī me nā wasps, paʻa wale nō nā pua a me nā pupae, ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻike i ke kū kūʻē i ka ʻaihue, a me nā nīnū o nā pepeke lehulehu, kahi nui o nā limahana hana kaua, ʻoiai ʻo ka ikaika ikaika loa hiki ʻole ke kōkua i ka hoʻokūkū me nā pūʻali koa ikaika. Aia kekahi wahine Kelemania e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka nuku o ka mea hoʻokalakupua, a inā e ʻōloʻi i loko o kahi mink, ʻōpiopio ʻōpiopio e hele ana i ka ʻāina.
KAHAKAUIA MA KĀWEHEA
E puka mai ka male mai ka pupae mua a piʻo ʻia ma luna o ka ʻāina i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kaikamāhine. ʻAi lākou i ka nectar i nā pua a huki i nā mea huna honi i nā mea kanu. Loaʻa nā wahine i nā mea kanu, akā ʻokoʻa pinepine. Loaʻa i kahi wahine makua Kelemania kahi waiwai o loko i mālama ʻia ma ke kahua larval no nā pule ʻelua. Ua hōʻike ʻia e hānai nā wahine i nā kino o nā pepeke a lawe i ka hapa wai o ka ʻai mai ka nectar a me ka polena i mālama ʻia e ka mau pua hoʻokipa.
KE KOMOHANO O KE KINO
Paha loa ka Parasitism i waena o nā mea inikini hymenopteran e kūkulu nei i nā ʻuʻuku a mālama i ka meaʻai i loko. ʻO kahi hale me nā moku i loko a hiki ʻole ke hoʻowalewale ʻo ia i nā ʻaihue a me nā pōā - maikaʻi ia, akā he poʻe lawaiʻa. Aia nā parasites ma waena o nā wasps a ma waena o nā pi. Aia ma kahi o 3000 mau puaʻa, nā piʻohiʻi palapela e pili ana i nā piʻolima, a i ʻole nā mea kau inoa, - 1200 nā mea i loko o ke ao honua o nā mea pīhoihoi maikaʻi loa e kiʻi nei i nā kuahiwi o nā manu ākea a me nā meli. ʻO nā ʻōnaʻi o nā ʻano pili ʻole i ʻole nā palu palu i nā aihue. No laila, i ka hopena o ke kauwela - i ka wā lūlū mua, i ka wā i liʻiliʻi ai nā mea kanu, hiki i ka ʻohana kaiāulu pili ke hao i ka ʻohana nāwaliwali o ka meli melemele i loko o ka apiary me ka huki ʻana i ka meli āpau ma waho. Hoʻololi pinepine ʻia nā aniani o nā ʻano pili manu nā manu a me nā piʻolo, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā ʻano loea, e hānai i ka parasite.
KĀLOHE ALOHA
- Kākau: pepeke.
- Kauoha: Hymenoptera.
- ʻAna ʻohana: nā Kelemania.
- Palapala Latin: Mutillidae.
- Kahi: mai 5 a 30 mm.
- ʻAeʻulaʻula: ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha nā kāne me nā ʻulaʻula ʻalaʻawa ma ka umauma, nā wahine me nā umauma ʻulaʻula a me kahi la ākea a me ke keʻokeʻo ma ka ʻōpū.