- KEKAHI MAUA
- Ka manawa ola a me kahi noho (manawa): ka hapa mua o ka manawa Cretaceous (ma kahi o 140-120 miliona mau makahiki i hala)
- Loaʻa: i 1822, ʻEnelani
- Aupuni: Nā holoholona
- Era: Mesozoic
- Kuhi: Nā Chordates
- Pūpū: Kahuna
- Kūkulu: Therapies
- Māhele: ʻĀina
- Kāhea: Nā Dinosaurs
- Naunawa: Ornithopods
- Kāohana: Iguanodonts
- Genus: Iguanodon
Lora a ʻai i ka pipi. Hoʻokele ʻia ko lākou ola ma nā loko liʻiliʻi, kahi i hoʻopuni ʻia ai e nā kumulāʻau mānoanoa. Hoʻohālikelike ko lākou mau niho me ka iguanas o kēia manawa, no laila ua loaʻa ka ʻūhā mua o kēia ʻano, ua ʻūlū ʻia nā mea ʻepekema me ka iguanas kahiko. Ma hope wale nō ke piha o nā pōloli a me nā niho nui i loaʻa.
Hoʻokomo wale kēia mākena i ka mea kanu, hiki ke neʻe aku i nā wāwae ʻelua a me nā wāwae 4. Ua hoʻopili mau nā nāhelehele mua.
He aha kāu mea e ai ai a me ke ʻano o ka nohona
Noho ka ola ma kahi o ke ao ʻākau o ʻAmelika, ma ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika a me ʻAsia. ʻAi lākou i nā lau mai nā kumulāʻau a me nā nāhelehele, e like me ākea nā niho a ikaika loa, hiki i ke zavr ke koho i loko o ka nui o nā lau ma nā pāpālina a me nā ʻūhā pono ʻia, ʻoi aku ka ʻai ʻana o nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka meaʻai.
Nā Limbs
He mau wāwae 4, ʻo ka mua o ka pōkole ma mua o ka hope. ʻO kēia wale nō nā meaʻokoʻa i hiki ke neʻe i luna o nā wāwae 2 a hoʻopau paha ma ka 4. He 3 mau manamana lima ma nā wāwae hind. ʻO nā wāwae mua me nā manamana lima ʻelima, kahi like ko lāua wahi me ka like o kēlā kanaka. ʻLelo kēia hōʻike hiki i ka iguanodon ke ʻoka i nā lau ʻaʻole wale me kāna beak, akā me ka paʻu mua. Aia nā puʻupuʻu koʻikoʻi ma luna o nā manamana lima āpau, akā ma ka manamana lima ma laila ua loaʻa kahi puʻupuʻu koʻikoʻi nui, hiki iā ia ke pale aku i ka poʻe hoʻouka kaua.
Hiki ke hoʻomohala i kahi holo holo i ka 25 km / h. Ua kōkua ka huelo i ka mālama kaulike ma ka holo ʻana.
ʻIke moʻolelo
ʻO Iguanodon ka loaʻa mua o ka dinosaurus herbivorous mua loa.
- Ua loaʻa ma nā wahi mua o Iguanodon i ka makahiki 1822 e Gideona Mantella ma ka hema o ʻEnelani ma kahi o ke kūlanakauhale o Sussex. Wahi a ka moʻoʻolelo, ua ʻike ʻia nā niho mua e ka wahine a Mantella i ko lākou hele wāwae ʻana i ka nahele, a laila kūʻai mai ʻo Mantel i nā iwi nui i loaʻa ma kahi pūlea kokoke iā Whitemans Green, ma laila ua hana ai ʻo ia i ka wehewehe o ka dinosaur i ka makahiki 1825.
- I ka makahiki 1834, ma ke kalana o Kent, kokoke iā Maidstone (ʻEnelani), ua loaʻa nā iwi o nā kahe like ʻole. Ua kūʻai aku ʻo Mantell i kahi poloka me nā koena i loaʻa no ka £ 25 mau paona a ma ka makahiki hoʻokahi i wehewehe ʻia a paʻi i ka wehewehe i ka ʻatikala i loaʻa.
- I Belgium (Bernissar) i ka makahiki 1878, he wahi kupapaʻu Iguanodon holoʻokoʻa i loaʻa i loko o kahi pākuʻi i ka hohonu o 322 mika. 38 loa nā mea i mālama ʻia i nā ʻōpala i mālama ʻia, ʻoiai ua kanu ʻia lākou i ka ʻōpala. Ke hōʻike ʻia nei lākou ma ka Royal Institute of Natural Science of Belgium.
- Ua ʻike ʻia nā pohō ma Mongolia, South Dakota, a me Tunisia.
Nā ʻano o Iguanodons
Iguanodonpaulinahal - he hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o ka iguanodan, kahi i hōʻike ʻia Boulenger ma 1881 makahiki, ua ʻike kokoke ia i Bernissard a ma loko oʻEulopa.
Iguanodon galvensis - kahi i hōʻike ʻia i loko2015 ka makahiki, ua loaʻa nā koena ma kahi o Teruel (Sepania) i nā waihona i ka pahu luna Barremian.
He ʻano huila
ʻOi aku ka ikaika o nā wāwae huluhulu ma mua o nā forelimbs, a ʻoi ka mea kuʻi ma luna o nā wāwae ʻeleʻele e hōʻea i nā lau lōʻihi a i ʻole e ʻike i nā ʻāʻī lima. ka nui o ka waena 3 a nui a ua hoʻohana ʻia no ke kākoʻo. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona iguanodon he mau spike i loaʻa i ka manamana mua. Mālama ʻia ke kakā mai nā mea wānana a kōkua i nā kiniani pīlia, ua mua ia i hewa no ka pū ma ka ihu o kona ihu. Loaʻa i nā manamana lima o nā iguanodons he mau hua. ʻO ka manamana me ka spike he 2, ua hoʻoili ʻia nā manamana i koe ma waena o nā kuapo, penei: 3–3–2–4 phalanges. ʻO nā manamana lima liʻiliʻi, ka lima lōʻihi a me ke kūlike loa, e ʻae e hoʻopaʻa i nā kiʻi i hopu ʻia nā wāwae. ʻEkolu mau manamana laulu ma nā wāwae o nā manamana wāwae.
Pīhaʻu ʻia ka huelo mai nā ʻaoʻao, hana ia i ka mālama ʻana i ka kaulike.
He nā pāpale kamaliʻi kiʻekiʻe ʻo Iguanodon a me kahi puʻupuʻu elongated e kū nei me nā niho o luna, ka mea e kū ai i waho a kāʻei i ka meaʻai me ka ʻili o ka niho i ka iwi haʻahaʻa. Hoʻohālikelike nā niho i nā niho o ka iguanas, ua ʻoi aku ke kua o nā niho ma luna. Aia he 29 ma ka ʻaha o luna a me 25 ma ka haʻahaʻa. Aia ka hohonu o ka niho i loko o ka waha, a he ʻula pū kekahi ma ka waha e hoʻopaʻa i ka ʻai i loko o ka waha. Huli wale nā niho o Iguanodon i hoʻokahi manawa i ke ola.
ʻO nā pilina a me nā ʻohana pili
Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Iguanodons i nā holoholona he nui a ʻauwana no ka huli ʻana i nā kau wahi hou. Hāʻawi ʻia ka pale ʻana mai ka poʻe predator i ka hoʻohele ʻana i nā kuleana: ʻoiai hū kekahi, nānā pono kekahi i nā hoʻoweliweli a me nā ulu ʻōpiopio.
Kaauloa
I ka wā mua, ua kau ʻia ʻo Iguanodon ma kona mau wāwae haki hou i ke kūkulu ʻana, akā ma muli o ke kaʻina o nā iwi ʻōiwi ma ka ʻiwi i ka wahi pelvic, ʻaʻole i lawa ka pehu dinosaur, no laila he hiki ʻole ke kūlana kūpaʻa mau loa. ʻO ka ʻoi ʻana o ka mōʻaukala e hele nei ma nā wāwae ʻehā i ʻike ʻia e nā paʻi nui o nā wāwae wāwae a me ke kāʻei hele wāwae. Hiki i ka hiki ke piʻi i nā wāwae o ka hinduanodon ka maikaʻi o ka nānā ʻana ma mua o nā māla puaʻe mua, a me ke ʻano o ke ola i hiki ai i nā ʻāina ākea loa.
ʻO nā hale hana e hōʻike ana i nā manamana iguanodon
- I kēia mau lā, nā ʻulekoa a me nā mea ukanaodons a aneane kēlā me kēia musie paleontological, no ka laʻana, no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hale hōʻike ʻo Ubersee i Bremen.
- ʻO ka hana hou ʻana o ka iguanodon i hōʻike ʻia i kahi hōʻikeʻike honua ma ka Crystal Palace ma Ladana
- Royal Institute of Natural Science o Belgia
- Ke Kulanui o Transatlantic Ethnographic o Bremen, Kelemānia
E noho nei ma nā kāleka
- I loko o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni leo "Earth ma mua o ka hoʻomaka o ka manawa", hoʻokahi o nā ʻelima mau kiʻi nui - ʻo Ducky - he iguanodon liʻiliʻi.
- Kālā "Dinosaur". ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui o ke kāleka ka iguanodon Alladar. Aia pū kekahi i nā lizards Nira, Bruton a me Kron.
Baibala Hoomau
- ʻO ka poʻe ikaika o The World World e Conan Doyle lāua ʻo Plutonia e Vladimir Obruchev i hānai iā lākou
Ua mele ʻia kahi mele no kēia dinosaur
"Noho ke ola o Iguanodon, kaupaona ʻia he kanaha kumamāwalu.
Nā poʻomanaʻo e V. Berestov Music na S. Nikitin, sp. ʻO Tatyana lāua ʻo Sergey Nikitins
Wailua
Ua ʻike ʻia nā huaʻu Iguanodont mai ka wā ʻo Jurassic, akā naʻe, i ka manawa Cretaceous, ua lanakila nui kēia hui o nā ʻano mea kanu i ka pōʻaiapuni. I kēia manawa, aia ka papa inoa lōʻihi o nā taxa o nā "maju" e pili ana i nā iguanodont no ke ʻano o ka Cretaceous mua mai ʻAsia. ʻO ka like a me ka nui o kēia mau ʻano hoʻohālike e ʻike mua ʻia nā iguanodonts i Asia, a laila laha a hiki i nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka honua.
ʻOiai ke pālahalaha pālahalaha loa, ke ʻano nui loa nā koena o ka iguanodonts o kēia manawa ke ʻoka loa ʻo ʻAmelika ʻAmelika. Hoʻohui nui ʻia lākou i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o Utah, nona ka makahiki 40 miliona o ka ulu ʻana (no ka laʻana, Nā huipuka o Hippodraco a Iguanacolossus fortis) .
He ʻauhau
ʻAuhau mua Iguanodontia kemuaia ana Dollo i ka makahiki 1888. Aia a hiki i kēia wā, ʻaʻohe ʻike o ka manaʻo e pili ana i ka pae ʻauhau o kahi pūʻulu. Iguanodontia hōʻike pinepine ʻia kahi infraorder ma loko o kahi papa hana ʻOnnithopoda, ʻoiai ma Benton (2004) i loko o nā papa inoa o nā ornithopods Iguanodontia inā ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka infraorder. Ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ua ʻākoakoa ʻia nā iguanodonts i kahi superfamily Iguanodontoidea a ʻohana Iguanodontidae. ^ E Ha yM. Eia naʻe, hōʻike nā haʻawina phylogenetic o ka iguanodonts kūloko he hui paraphyletic e alakaʻi i ka hadrosaurs ("dinuck-billed dinosaurs"). Nā hui e like me IguanodontoideaHoʻohana ʻia i nā manawa i like me ka peerless peerless i loko o ka ʻepekema ʻepekema, ʻoiai he nui nā iguanodonts kūlohelohe i hoʻokomo pū ʻia i loko o nā hui hou aku. Hadrosauroidea.
Hoʻohui i kekahi mau hui:
Ankylopollexia - waiwai i ka hui Iguanodontia, aia pū kekahi 2 mau hui o ka dinosaurs: ʻO Styracosterna (kahi hui o nā manu moa-dinosaur e noho ana i nā manawa Jurassic a me Cretaceous ma nā mokupuni a pau, ʻo Antarctica) a me Camptosauridae.
Koloa - waiwai i ka hui Iguanodontiame kahi ʻohana Kāhoʻoluʻuwai.
Kahi helu
He mau dinosaur nunui nā kaila o ka Iguanodon e hiki ke holo i nā wāwae ʻelua a ʻehā. ʻO nā poʻe inoa o nā ʻano ʻano he ʻokoʻa ka pili ʻana i ka ʻano o ka genuanodons, I. bernissartensis, he paona awelika like he 3 a me ka lōʻihi o ke kino ma kahi o 10 mika, ʻo ka lōʻihi o kekahi mau kanaka i hōʻea he 13 mau mika. He mau ʻupuʻupu nui a me a lākou hoʻi, ma ke alo o ka iwi āpau i loaʻa ai he puʻu e paʻa ana i ka keratin, i ukali ʻia e nā niho like me nā niho o kahi iguana, akā ʻoi aku ka nui a me ka pinepine pinepine.
Aia i ka aniani ma mua o kahi ʻāpana ʻeha ma mua o nā wāwae ʻeleʻele a i hoʻopau ʻia me nā lima lima lima, ua hoʻohui ʻia nā manamana lima ʻekolu ma luna o ke kākoʻo. Ma nā manamana lima nā kīwaha, manaʻo ʻia e palekana. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia XIX, ua ʻike ʻia kēia mau spike he mau pepeia a ua kau ʻia e nā paleontologists ma ka ihu o ka holoholona, ua hōʻike ʻia kā lākou kūlana maoli ma hope. ʻO nā manamana lima liʻiliʻi, e kūʻē i nā manamana lima ʻē aʻe a lōʻihi a hoʻonaninani. Kūpono nā manamana lima me nā phalanges i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e like me ke ʻano 2-3-3-2-4, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻelua mau phalanges ma ka lima, 3 ma ka manamana kikoʻī, etc. Ma nā wāwae hind, kūpono i ka hele wāwae, akā ʻaʻole no ka holo, ʻekolu wale nā manamana lima. Ua kākoʻo ʻia ka spine a me kāna huelo e nā tendons. Hoʻoulu ʻia kēia mau tendons i ke ola o ka holoholona a hiki i ka hope ossified (ossified tendons maʻamau i ka wā i hana ʻole ʻia ai ke kākala a me nā kiʻi.
E like me kona inoa e hōʻike ai, like nā niho o ka iguanodon me nā niho o ka iguana, akā nui nā nui. ʻAʻole like me ko lākou hadrosaurs, ua hoʻololi ko lākou mau niho i nā niho ma hoʻokahi wale nō i ko lākou ola holoʻokoʻa. Ma ka ʻaoʻao luna he 29 mau niho ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao, ma ka premaxilla ʻaʻohe niho o ka niho, ka niho o lalo ka 25 mau niho. Ua wehewehe ʻia ka ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o ka nui o nā niho i nā niho ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā niho ma lalo o ka iwi ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka puʻu. Eia kekahi, ma muli o ka loaʻaʻana o nā laina o nā niho, me ka ʻike ʻia o nā ʻano anatomical ʻē aʻe, ʻae ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea i loaʻa i nā iguanodons e like me nā pāpālina, e ʻae ana iā lākou e mālama i ka meaʻai i loko o kā lākou waha.
ʻĀpana [|E huli ka mōʻaukala
ʻO nā niho o Iguanodon (Mantell, 1825)
ʻO Iguanodon ka loaʻa mua o ka dinosaurus herbivorous mua loa. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua loaʻa nā niho mua o ka iguanodon e Mary Ann, ka wahine a Gideona Mantella, me ia ka mea i kipa aku ai i ka mea maʻi ma Sussex, ʻEnelani, i ka makahiki 1822. Eia nō naʻe, ma ka makahiki 1851 ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ua loaʻa kāna mau niho, ʻoiai he hewa ʻole kēia moʻolelo, no ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai kāna mau puke e loaʻa ai ʻo Mantell i nā iwi palu nui mai ka waiwai kuauhau ma Waitemans Green i ka makahiki 1820.
I ka Mei 1822, ua hoʻopuka mua ʻo ia i kona mau niho i ka Royal Society ma Lākana, akā ua hōʻole ʻo William Bikane iā lākou, e noʻonoʻo ana iā lākou he mea puhi manuahi. Ma Iune 23, 1823, ua hōʻike ʻo Charles Lyell i kēia mau niho iā Georges Cuvier, akā ua noʻonoʻo ka mea kūlohelohe Farani kaulana iā lākou he mau niho no ka rhino. Hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, hoʻouna hou ʻo Mantell i nā niho o Cuvier, ka mea i aʻo ʻia iā lākou, ua hoʻoholo ʻia no ka nui o nā reptile nunui. Ma kāna puke i paʻi ʻia, hoʻopiʻi ʻo Cuvier i kona hewa ʻole ma mua, kahi i kaʻi ʻia ai ʻo Mantell, a me kāna pangolin hou ma ke kaiāulu ʻepekema. I Kepakemapa 1824, ua kipa aku ʻo Gideona Mantell i ke Royal College of Surgeons, e ʻimi ana e ʻike i nā niho hoʻohālikelike, kahi i ʻōlelo ʻia ai ʻo Samuel Stochbori i kōkua ke ʻano like me nā niho niho iguana, akā he iwakālua mau manawa ka nui. Ua hoʻopuka ʻo Mantell i kāna mau ʻike i ka lā 10 Pepeluali 1825 i kona wā i hāʻawi ai i kahi palapala i ka Royal Society o Ladana, kahi i haʻi aku ai ʻo ia i ka mea i loaʻa i lalo o ka inoa. Iguanodon peʻi lāku oru. Wahi a kāna mau loiloi mua, hiki i ka 18 mau mika ka lōʻihi (60 mau wāwae) ka lōʻihi ma mua o 12 mika (40 mau wāwae) Megalosaurus (Megalosaurus) I ka makahiki 1832, ua kūkulu ka German paleontologist Keleman von Mayer i ka inoa inoa o nā ʻano Nā lokoʻo Iguanodonhāʻawi ʻia i ka hoʻohanohano ʻana iā Gideona Mantell.
Maʻalike hoʻohālike, 1834.
ʻO ka hana hou o ka Iguanodon (Mantell, 1834)
Iguanodon ma Crystal Palace, 1854
Ma 1834, ʻaʻole mamao loa mai Maidstone, Kent (ʻEnelani), ua ʻike ʻia kahi puhoi hou o kekahi holoholona like. I ka hiki ʻana o Mantell ma laila, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻē ʻia nā fossil mai ka pōhaku me ka dinamite a he nui nā iwi i kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻano. Noi mai ka mea nona ka aina i ka uku o £ 25 no keia polaka a me Mantell, o ka ohi ana i ka huina kupono, loaa ia ia. Ma ka makahiki hoʻokahi, ua paʻi ʻia ka hoʻolaha ʻana o Mantella, me ka wehewehe o ka hoʻohālike Maidstone. Hana pū nō hoʻi ʻo Mantell i ka hana hou ʻana o ka nānā ʻana o kēia dinosaur, akā ma muli o ka piha ʻole o ke kumu, hana ʻo ia i nā hewa hewa, ua hōʻike ʻo ia iā ia he holoholona ʻehā ʻehā me ka pūʻeha ma kona ihu. Ua ʻike ʻia ma hope aʻe o Pelekikena i kēia mau ʻōlelo ʻana, e hōʻike ana ʻo ka "pepe" maoli nō ia o ka puʻu o mua. I ka makahiki 1838, ua loaʻa kēia kope (BMNH R.3791) e ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Pelekane o Hawaiʻi (ʻĀpana ʻo ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Kūlohelohe o London) no ka $ 4,000. I ka 1851, ua loaʻa iā Richard Owen i kēia ʻike Nā lokoʻo Iguanodona ʻekolu mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua kau ʻia nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi mua o nā kākāiwa mua - ka iguanodon, megalosaurus a me ka gileosaurus, i hana ʻia e like me nā manaʻo o Richard Owen, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ma Crystal Palace Park, kahi kokoke i Lākana. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i pau ka moʻolelo o Maidstone sample, ua kākau mua ka noiʻi o kēia mau mea i ka genant Mantellizaurus (ʻO Mantellisaurus), a ma ka makahiki 2012, hīmeni ʻo Gregory Paul i loko o kahi ʻano ulu a me nā ʻano ʻO ke kālai Mantellodon.
ʻO ka mea ʻike kaulana loa ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hale kanu hale i ka iguanodon i loko o ka mine mine Saint-Berby, ma Bernissar, Belgium. Ma ka lā 28 Pepeluali, 1878, ʻelua mau mākaʻi, ʻo Jules Cretter a me Alphonse Blanchard, ʻoiai i kahi laina e neʻe ana i kahi pae hou ma kahi hohonu o 322 mika, ua hāʻule ʻo ia i ka waiho ʻana o ka pā o ka pālolo, ka mea i haki ʻia, ka papahele a me nā ʻōpala iʻa, kahi i hoʻohālikelike aku ai i kahi ʻāpana marsh. Ma Malaki 1, ua hoʻoholo ka hoʻokele e hoʻomau i ka huli. I kēia mahina, ʻike ʻo Kretter lāua ʻo Blanchard i nā iwi a me nā niho mua, akā ua manaʻo lākou e pili ana me ka lāʻau petrified. Mālama ʻia kēia mau hiʻohiʻona i ka hōʻiliʻili o ka Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Science me ka huaʻōlelo "nā koena o ka iguanodon mua, Malaki 1878". Mai ʻApelila 1 a ʻApelila 6, ʻo ka hui o nā ʻelima mau mina (kahi i loaʻa iā Kretter a me Blanchard) ka mea i alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā waihona kālā a ʻike mau, he nui nā minuke hou, ua uhi ʻia kekahi mau pyrite nui, kahi a lākou i kuhi hewa ai i ke gula.
I ke kanakolu o nā makahiki ma hope mai, ua haʻi aku ʻo Jules Cretter i kāna moʻolelo ma kahi huaʻōlelo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka lā 16 Iune, 1908:. ^ E Ha yM. He ʻuʻane paha ia e ʻike i kā mākou ʻike ʻana inā ʻaʻole mākou i ʻike inā ʻaʻole mākou i loko o kahi keki koena, ua hāhai mākou i ka pālolo, nā pōhaku a me ka ʻoloka, hoʻomoʻa i ka like ikaika o ka pua, ua komo mākou i loko o kahi kahe i ka wā i waimaka ʻia ai, a ʻo kēia paha kēia koʻikoʻi loa. Ke hele pū mākou me kā mākou mau piliki, he ʻumi mau mika, ʻike mākou i kekahi mea ʻē aʻe ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka mea ma mua o mākou ka mea ʻeleʻele e lilo i pōhaku, a ua paʻakikī hoʻi i ka lāʻau. Ua like nā ʻāpana me nā hehi ebony. Loha loa au, a pīhoihoi au, ua manaʻo wau he lāʻau koʻikoʻi kēia lāʻau, ʻokoʻa like ka mānoanoa, ʻeleʻele, a me ke kaumaha, ua paʻakikī loa lākou. ʻO ka luna hoʻomalu hele mai e hoʻolohe iaʻu, ua nānā pono i nā ʻāpana a haʻi mai iaʻu e hōʻiliʻili iā lākou a hāʻawi aku i ka keʻena. »
Ma ʻApelila 12, 1878, ua hoʻouna aku ka mea uʻi kuahiwi ʻo Gustav Arnaut i ke kelepona iā Brussels: “Loaʻa nā iwi he nui i ka loina mika Bernissart. Lūlū pyrite. E haʻi iā De Pau e hōʻea i ka hale hoʻokipa ma kakahiaka i ka hora 8:00. E la au ma laila. Ke noi mālie. ʻO Gustav Arnaut».
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā paho i hōʻike ʻia iā Edward Dupont, ka luna o ka Belgian Royal Museum of Natural History (MRHNB).Ma ka lā 13 ʻApelila, 1878, ua hōʻea ʻo ʻo Luis De Pau, ka luna o ka ʻaha mālama ʻo MRHNB i Bernissard e nānā i nā ʻike. ʻ saidlelo ʻo ia, ua uhi piha ʻia nā paia o ka pā o ka ʻāina loiloi me nā iwi fossil, nā palu o nā mea kanu a me ka iʻa. ʻAʻole liʻuliʻu, ʻuʻuku nā mea miners i kahi wāwae ʻōpala piha, ua hoʻoholo lākou e hoʻāla ma luna o kahi papa uhi uhi ʻia. Eia naʻe, ma hope o ka 300 mau mika, ua hoʻomaka ka iwi i ka palu ʻana, ʻo kēia no ka nui o ka pyrite, i ka hoʻopili me ka ea. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona maʻi e hoʻoweliweli e nalowale i nā iwi āpau ua ʻike ʻia ʻo "maʻi pyrite." ʻO ka pyrite crystalline i loko o ka iwi ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia i ka hao keleawe, ma muli o kēia, ke piʻi nui ka nui, ma muli o ka iwi ua kīwaha a nahā. I ka wā i pio ai nā iwi i ka ʻeke, hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea lepo lepo kala ʻole ka mālama ʻia, pale lākou i ka ʻike i ka lewa. Ua maopopo ʻo De Pau ka pono o ka hoʻopiha o nā fossils i loaʻa ka pyrite. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka ʻenehana hou ʻekau hou a De Pau e hoʻohana ai i ka paleontology. No ka mālama ʻana i nā pua, ua hana ʻo De Pau i kahi ʻano maikaʻi loa: no ka mālama ʻia ʻana o kēlā me kēia kuʻekuʻe, a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kona kūlana ma ka pahu. Ma hope mai, ua māhele ʻia i loko o nā poloka kaawale, kahi wahi o ka mika, kahi i uhi ʻia me ka pale e hoʻōla i ka pepa ʻōpala a me ka gypsum, a me ka ʻatikala ʻia, a ma mua o ka lawe ʻia ʻana i Brussel.
Hoʻohālikelike Kuhi Mahu a Saint-Barbe
Mai Mei 15, 1878, ua hoʻomaka ʻia nā hana hoʻoweliweli ʻōwila. ʻO kahi wahi o ka osseous strata ma kahi hohonu o 322 a 356 mika, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hōʻea i ka ʻāina, nā kahawai a i ʻole nā lau, a me ka nui a me ka haʻalulu o nā iwi, hana ka nui o nā iguanodons he hanana paʻakikī a kūlohelohe, he nui ka manawa. I loko o ʻAukake 1878, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke laʻa ʻo De Pau i ʻelua mau hola i loko o ka pākuʻi, ma muli o kahi hoʻopilikia ʻāina. Ma ʻOkakopa 22, 1878, pono e hoʻokaʻawale ke kahaha, no ka ʻano o nā kahakaha ʻāina a me ke kaiakū ʻana, ua waiho ʻia nā mea hana a loaʻa nā poloka mineral. I kēlā manawa, ua ʻike mua i ka hui i nā koena o kaʻe ʻana heʻeono, ʻo ka mea mua loa i kuhi ʻia i kahi ʻāpana "A" (IRSNB katalapa helu 1716), kahi hiki ke hoʻāʻo ʻia. Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia kēia mea hoʻohālike i ka manawa mai ʻOkakopa 1878 a ʻApelila 1879 i ka hale moʻomeheu o ka'āina, i loko o ka hale pule o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o St. George's of Count Nassau, ma Kudenberg, Brussels (kēia manawa o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o nā ʻĀina Fine Arts o Belgium). Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā o ka hoʻoili mua ʻana, ka mea, ua nalo ka ʻōpala i ka ʻaoʻao mua, ua mālama wale ʻia ka specimen i ke ʻula o ka pelvic, nā ʻāpana ʻākau hema a me ka huelo piha, ʻike ʻia i ka hui anatomical.
Hoʻomau hou ʻo De Pau i ka hana ʻimi ma Mei 12, 1879, ma hope o ka pae ʻana o kahi kahua ma ʻOkakopa 22, 1878 ma kahi hohonu o 322 mau kahe. Ua ʻimi ʻia kahi pūʻulu ʻimi e 11 kanaka i kēlā me kēia lā mai 5:30 a 12:30. ʻO Jules Cretter ka mea mua i ʻike i nā mea i haʻalele ʻia a me nā poloka fossil i lawe koke ʻia. I Mei 1879, 14 mau kueana ʻaniodon, ʻehā mau ʻōpala ʻupena, ʻelua mau ʻauwaʻe o kahi ʻōhua dwarf (Bernissartia), hoʻokahi kihi o kahi ʻano nui (Goniopholis), ʻelua mau honu a me nā iʻa keu ʻole a i lawe ʻia nā koena o nā mea kanu. Mai ka hoʻomaka mua ʻana o ka papale osseous, ua hoʻonui ʻia ke kaila kumu mua ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina-hema ma ke hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻaoʻao o 50 mika ʻaoʻao. Ma Okakopa 22, 1879, he 38 mau mika mai ka puka ʻana, ua loaʻa kahi ʻelua o ka nui kahakaha Goniopholis. Ua loaʻa iā 60 mau mika mai kēia komo ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia he ʻewaluodons maikaʻi i mālama ʻia. I ka makahiki 1881, ma kahi kahua me ka hohonu o 356 mika, ua hana hou ʻia kahi puʻupuʻu hou, me kahi hohonu o 7-8 mau mika, ma kēia wahi ua loaʻa nā ʻōpala he ʻekolu o ka iguanodon.
Ma hope oʻekolu mau makahiki o ka hoʻowalewale ʻana ma Bernissar, ua kū maila ke aupuni Belgian me nā pilikia kālā a mai ka manawa o 1882 ua hoʻōki ʻia ke kiʻi ʻohiʻohi. I ka holo ʻana o ka hana holoʻokoʻa, ua loaʻa nā iwi o nā 43 mau specimens o iguanodon, a me nā ʻōpala he 25 (ʻoi aku kekahi o 60% o ka piha) a me 8 mau mau kihi kekahi me nā mea fragmentary. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻopili pono ʻia nā ʻili āpau fossil osseous; ʻaʻole puni ka moena o ka fossil me ka iguanodons. I Ke Kaua Honua Mua o 1916-1918,
Iguanodon bernissartensis, Brussels, 1910.
Ua hoʻōla ka poʻe kolokani Kelemania e hoʻomau i ka hoʻokaʻawale, akā ua hoʻopau ʻia ka hana ma muli o ka pau ʻana o ka mumū. Ma hope o ke kaua, ua hoʻolālā ʻia ke alakaʻi o Belgian Paleontological Museum, ʻo Gustav Gilson i ke aupuni Belgian e hoʻokau hou i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, akā ʻo ka uku, ua manaʻo ʻia he miliona miliona francs, ua kiʻekiʻe loa ia. Ua pani ʻia ke kahua kūkulu ʻia ma ka pā hale ʻo St. Bourby ma ka hopena o ʻOkakopa 1921, ma muli o ke kahe wai. Ua hoʻopau loa ka hana ma Bernissard i ka makahiki 1926, a ua hoʻopiha ʻia nā puka o nā kuhuna i uhi ʻia a uhi ʻia hoʻi me ka papa lāʻau.
Louis De Pau (waena) a me ke kau ʻana o ka ʻūlani mua o ka iguanodon i loko o ka hale pule o St. George, 1882
I ka makahiki 1881, ua wehewehe ʻo George Albert Boulenger iā Zavogist Belgian i nā kumuwaiwai ma lalo o kahi nānā hou Iguanodon bernissartensis, a ʻo nā iguanodontidae liʻiliʻi wale nō mai Bernissard, ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka hoʻohālike IRSNB 1551, ua ʻike ʻo Bulenger i nā ʻano kaulana mai ʻEnelani - Nā lokoʻo Iguanodon. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO Louis Dollo ka makahiki 1882 a i ka makahiki 1885, he kauka kōkua nui i ka Oihana Fossil Vertebrates o ka Royal Belgian Museum of Natural Science, i hana i ka hana hou ʻana o nā ʻoka o nā iguanodons. I ka hōʻea ʻana o nā pīkē ma Brussels, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hua palapala ma lalo o ka mālama ʻana iā Dollo, ka mea nāna i hoʻomākaukau i nā pepa e pili ana i ka loaʻa no ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o nā ʻūhā o kēia mau mea. Ma kāna ʻano lapaʻau ʻepekema mua o 1882, ua ʻimi ʻo ia i ka kumu no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena Iguanodon bernissartensis a Nā lokoʻo Iguanodon. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka hopena o Dollo, he ʻelua mau ʻāpana like ʻole nā iguanodons mai Bernissard. Ua hoʻopuka mua ʻia ka hoʻopuka mua ʻana i ka puka o ka iguanodon i ka makahiki 1882.
ʻO ka huakaʻi iguanodon mua i kūkulu ʻia, mea hoʻohālikelike "Q" (IRSNB R51), 1883
Ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia nā huakaʻi i ka hale pule o St. George - ʻo ia wale nō ka hale nui e hana ai i kēia hana. ʻO ke kihi mua loa i kūkulu ʻia i loko o kahi pali paʻa ʻelua, ʻelua "Q" (IRSNB R51, helu 1534) i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o kahi hōʻike hōʻike no ka nānā ʻana i ka lehulehu ma ka pā o ka hale o Nassau, i Iulai 1883. Ma Malaki 2000, ua koho ka International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) Iguanodon bernissartensis mai ka Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Science me ka helu hōʻiliʻili o IRSNB R51 (kolaila "Q") i kahi neotype (holotype hou) o ka ʻano.
Ua haʻi ʻia kekahi moʻolelo e pili ana me kahi huahiʻo iguanodon mai ka waihona mela Bernissar, i kālai ʻia ma lalo o ka helu IRSNB 1551 (R57). Hōʻike ʻia kēia iguanodon liʻiliʻi e kahi ʻōpala piha kahi i ʻike ʻia, i loaʻa ʻia i kahi ʻano ʻike. Ua hanai ʻia ke keletkoi i ka makahiki 1882 a laila hana hou i ka hana no ka hōʻike ma ka 1884. Ua kiʻi ʻia kēia hana e George Bulenger a me Louis Dollo i kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe i hōʻike ʻia. Nā lokoʻo Iguanodon. ^ E Ha yM. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia iā ia ma ke ʻano Bernissart e pili ana i ka ʻelima mau ʻelima kūlā ʻelima, ʻaʻole i like me nā kekelē ʻē aʻe mai ka pākuʻi, he ʻeono mau pūlima kapu. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka pōkole o nā forelimb a loaʻa i kahi pālahalaha o 60% i ka lōʻihi o ka wāwae hind. No nā manu Bernissart, ʻo kēia kaona he 75%. I ka makahiki 1878, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Pierre-Joseph van Beneden, he wahine kēia holoholona liʻiliʻi, a ʻo ka Bernissart iguanodon he holoholona nui a ikaika hoʻi. Ua manaʻo ʻo ia ua lilo lākou i ka mea like ʻole, akā ʻaʻole hōʻoia ʻia kēia haʻaheo. I ka makahiki 1986, ua helu 'ia kēia mea e David Norman ma Iguanodon atherfieldenis, a ma 2008, hana ʻo Gregory iā ia i kahi holotype o kahi ʻano hou Pahuʻulainoa ʻia ma hope o Louis Dollo. Ma kahi noiʻi 2010, ʻike akula ʻo David Norman a me Andrew MacDonald i ka genus Dollodon me ka hewa a me ka wehewehe ʻana i kēia kuahiwi o ka iguanodontida mai Bernissard i ka huaʻōlelo. ʻO Mantellisaurus.
Iguanodon mantelli (IRSNB 1551), 1884
Wahi a Norman, ma kahi o 33 mau kuhi mai Bernissard e pili ana i ka ʻano Iguanodon bernissartensis a eono paha i nā manapu, ʻeono ʻōpala. Hōʻike ʻia ka mantellizaurus i hoʻokahi kikoʻī kūʻokoʻa o IRSNB 1551 a ʻo ia paha kekahi i hana ʻia piha. ʻO ke kolu ʻo nā hanana hiki ke caudal vertebrae, ossified ligament, a me kahi niho liʻiliʻi. Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻo Norman i kahi kikoʻī kikoʻī o nā iguanodons mai ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Science (RBINS), e like me Norman, ʻekolu mau kime mai Bernissard he mau holoholona hānai.
Iguanodon ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Pelekania, 1895
Ua kau ʻo Dolo i ka huakaʻi mua ma ka makahiki 1883, ua lawe ʻia ʻo ia e L. De Pau, i ka makahiki 1902, ua kau ʻia nā mea he ʻumi he 10 i kūkulu ʻia i ka ʻaoʻao o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻĀina ma Leopold Park. ʻO ka lōʻihi o nā dinosaurs i kūkulu hou i kahi kūlana paʻa mai 6.3 a 7.3 mika, a ʻo ke ulu ulu mai 3.9 a 5 mau mika. ʻO ka hapa nui o Iguanodon ka liʻiliʻi loa, e hōʻea wale ana ma kahi he 3.9 mika lōʻihi a he 3.6 mike ke kiʻekiʻe. Aia ma laila nā mokulele mai ka makahiki 1902 a i ka 1932, no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka lewa, ka haʻahaʻa a me nā ʻokoʻa, hōʻoli nā iwi i ka palupalu. No laila, i ka manawa mai 1933 a 1937, ua huikau nā pelekikopa āpau a uhi ʻia me ka uhi pālua o ka ʻona a me nā pulupulu, ʻo ia ke kumu i loaʻa ai ia ʻulaʻulaʻula (a ʻaʻole no ka mea ua loaʻa i loko o kahi pākana ahi. Ua haki hou ʻia nā kuʻekuʻe i 1940 ma muli o ka hopohopo e hiki ke hoʻomau ʻia a e hōʻoki ʻia paha i ka wā o ka hoʻopuʻi, i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II. Hoʻokomo ʻia ke koena i loko o nā papahele, nā puka i paʻa i nā kāʻei lole. Akā, he lāpau loa i laila ua neʻe ʻia lākou i luna ma mua o ka pau ʻana o ke Kaua Honua II.
I kēia manawa, aia nā paleahi ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Nā Kānaka Kūlohelohe ma Brussels, kahi e hōʻike ʻia nei nā hōʻikeʻike i ka kaulana "Dinosaur Gallery", aia nā 10 mau kikoʻī he kū i kahi kūlana kūloko, ma kahi hōʻike hōʻike kīkaha, a he 12 mau mea kikoʻī he mau ʻōpala a nā kaukani ʻewalu o nā ʻāpana he ʻewalu i piha ʻia. ka hoʻōho, a i ke kūlana i ʻike ʻia e lākou. ʻO kekahi kope o ke huāhuā, ʻo kekahi o nā ʻaha hope loa o ka iguanodon mai Bernissard, i hoʻouna ʻia i ka hale moʻomeheu o Sedgwick, University of Cambridge, i makana na King Leopold II. I ka makahiki 1895, loaʻa hou i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Pelekānia kahi kope o ka Bernuanartan mua Bernissart a hoʻokomo iā ia i kāna hale kiʻi ʻo Reptile. E mālama ʻia nā hoʻolālā hulina āpau i loko o nā waihona o ka Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Science. Mahalo i kēia mau hoʻolālā a me nā palapala he nui, ua hiki ke hoʻihoʻi i nā kūlana no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka iguanodon. ʻO Gustav Lavalett a me nā mea kākau ʻē aʻe o ka hale moʻomeheu ma Brussels, ka mea i hana ma ka wahi kiʻi ʻimi, ua hana i nā kiʻi kikoʻī o nā iguanodons a me nā kolamu i loaʻa i ka waihona, kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai lākou i kahi pose kahi i loaʻa ai lākou.