ʻO nā Lizards nā māka o ka papa reptile, he nui ka nui o nā ʻano like ʻole. I kēia manawa, ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema i 6,000 mau ʻano meaola like ʻole. Maliʻa paha ma ka Pūnaewele, ʻoi aku ma mua o ka manawa i ʻike ʻia ai mākou i nā kiʻi o nā ʻano manu like ʻole, he paʻakikī loa e hoʻokaʻawale. No laila, e nānā pono mākou i kēia mau reptile kūikawā.
ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana iā Lizards
Noho ka poʻe ola ma ka nahele, ma nā pōhaku, ma nā wao nahele, i nā kuahiwi, etc. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi uhi scaly a hanu wale nō ma muli o nā māmā. He ʻokoʻa nā lizards mai ka hina a hina i ke kala. I ka awelika, heʻokoʻa ka nui o kēia mau reptile mai 20 a 40 cm, akā aia nō kekahi mau mea liʻiliʻi o nā lizards i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ʻilikai a ʻo ko lākou nui ka nui o 10 cm, a ʻo ka mea liʻiliʻi o ka mākaʻi ʻAmelika Hema a hiki i 4 cm ka nui.
Aia nō hoʻi nā ʻano nui o ka lizards - ka Puʻupuʻu, ka nui a hiki i ka 80 cm a me ka ʻākele ʻo Colorado, ʻo ia ka mākaʻi nui loa, ʻo ka nui o ka hōʻea ma kahi o ʻekolu mau mika.
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui o ka lizards ka hele ʻana o kahi kelepona helehelena, ʻaʻole like i nā nahesa, i loaʻa nā maka. Aia kekahi lua kekahi o nā mea lizards - ʻo ia ka hiki ke hoʻolei i ka huelo i ka wā o ka pōʻino, e like me ka pain.
No ka loaʻa ʻole o nā kelepona nā leo lima, ʻaʻole maopopo lākou i ke ʻano o kona mau, ʻo ia nō ka leʻa. Hoʻomoʻa ʻia ka hana hoʻokahe ʻia i loko o nā pōpoki i hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki.
Hoʻomaopopo!
- Kāneʻumeʻo
- ʻO ka waiho ʻana i nā hua
- ʻOka hānai hua hua hānau
Ma ke ola haʻahaʻa, hānai ʻia ka pēpē i ka lilo ʻana o ka makuahine. Hoʻokomo ka hua moa i ka hua ma nā wahi huna a hūnā. Ua uhi ʻia nā hua me kahi pelupua a i ʻole lau. Hoʻololi ka nui o nā hua mai ka 1 a hiki i ka 30. A i ka hopena hope, hoʻomohala ka cub i loko o ka kinipona i loko o ka ʻōpū o kona makuahine.
Nā kahu Lizards
Pahu nā Lizards i nā meaʻai like ʻole. Hoʻokomo kekahi i nā mea hihiu, a ʻo kekahi i nā meaʻai kanu. Nui kekahi ʻano o nā lizards e hānai wale ana i nā hua waina.
Akā hānai ka mea ʻai nui ma nā rodents a me kekahi mau ʻano o ka reptile.
ʻO nā mea lizards e hiki ke mālama i ka home
I nā makahiki, ua makemake nui nā kānaka i ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kīloi ma ka home. Hoʻolālā koke kēia mau reptile i ka hoʻopio a hāʻawi i ka hua me ke ola maikaʻi. ʻAʻole paʻakikī ka hānai ʻana i ka mea ʻai, no ka mea ua ʻai lāua i ka mea ʻai a me ka mea ʻai.
ʻOiai ka mālama o nā terrariums i kahi mahana, ke manaʻo nei lākou i ka loli o ke kau.
ʻ agamalani wahine
ʻO Boracoated agama - ka mea leʻaleʻa ka lizard ka nui o ka mō'ī, no laila ka poʻe hoʻomaka koke e hoʻomaka i nā kīloi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia mau ʻano. ʻIke pū ʻo ia i ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kala ma muli o nā loli i ke kauwela.
Kani iguana
ʻO Iguana maoli - kapa ʻia ʻo ia he "maʻamau", hiki i kekahi mau ʻano ke loaʻa ke nui. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia mau reptile i kahi nohona maikaʻi a ʻai wale i nā meaʻai kanu.
ʻO nā mea nui e pono ai no ka mālama nui ʻana, ʻo ia ka nui o kahi nui i ka terrarium a mālama i ke aniani.
Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Toki ʻo ka cuckoo asia, ma muli o ka hana maoli ʻana i nā kani, e like me nā hōʻailona o ko ʻAsia, ʻo ia ke kiʻi nei i ka hauʻoli i ka hale. ʻAi ʻia ka gecko mau mea kanu wale nō.
Kauhi
ʻO ka ʻikepili he holoholona i pili i nā papa o nā reptiles (reptiles), ka mana squamous, a me nā lizards suborder. Ma ka ʻōlelo Latin, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka inoa o ka lizard i Lacertilia, ma mua ʻo Sauria ka inoa.
Ua loaʻa i ka reptile kona inoa mai ka huaʻōlelo "lizard", ka mea i hele mai mai ka huaʻōlelo Lūkini kahiko "wikiwiki", ʻo ia ka "ʻili".
ʻIli kukui
Pehea ka ʻokoʻa o nā nahe i nā kīlio?
ʻO kekahi mau mea kīloi, e like me nā ʻohana keleawe, ua kuhihewa ʻia i nā nahesa. Ma muli o ka kānalua, ʻo ka moʻo e like me ka nahesa, ʻo ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻano like like ʻole. ʻO nā Lizers, ʻaʻole e like me nā nahesa, he mau paws. Akā pehea pehea e hoʻokaʻawale ai i kahi pīpī laʻa ʻole mai ka nahesa?
- ʻO ka mea e hiki ai i ke koho ʻokoʻa i waena o kēia mau mea ola, ʻo ia nā maka: ua ulu pū lākou i nā aheu a lilo i ka poloka, no laila ʻaʻole e ʻolinilo nā nā lālā o kēia ʻohana, akā ke maule nei ka mea hoʻomau i nā pūkele.
- I ka nahesa, ua puhi pū ʻia nā ʻōpū pepeiao, a me ka ʻīlio ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ke poʻo i aia nā pūlima pepeiao e uhi ʻia e nā eardrums.
- ʻO nā ʻawa a me nā lizards a me nā mea i hoʻopili ʻia e ke kaʻina.
Pehea e wehe ai i kahi mea hou mai kahi leka?
ʻAno, he mau mea like me nā ʻili a me nā kīwī: kahi ʻolima a i ʻole ka ʻili poʻohiwi, kahi ʻano like o nā wāwae a me ke kino, ke poʻo “ʻoki a ʻula,” a me ka palehalelo kaila ʻulaʻula, nā ʻāpana leo e uhi ana i nā maka. He mea maʻalahi loa ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka mea hou a me ka kaila. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka mea hou mai ka papaʻaina e kekahi mau hōʻailona.
- I waena o nā hōʻailona ʻokoʻa, pono ke ʻike i kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa o ka ʻili: ma nā lizards, he scaly, akā i nā mea hou, ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi ka ʻili, hina i ka pā.
- ʻO ka moʻo, ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea hou ke hoʻolei aku a hoʻoulu hou ʻia, ʻoiai ka līlio me ka "mālama" wehe i kēia ʻāpana o ke kino ma ka hopena o ka pōʻino.
Aia kekahi ʻokoʻa ʻana o ka ʻano o nā kino:
- ʻO ka mea maoli o ka lizards he koʻo ʻāʻī mau ʻia, akā i ka mea hou, he cartilaginous,
- Ua hanu ka palehaleka i ka māmā, i ka mea hou, i ka ʻōpala, a me nā koena i koe, a komo ka ʻili i ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū.
- Lizards - viviparous a lay hua manu - hilinaʻi i nā ʻano ʻano, makemake nui ka mea hou i ka huaʻu i loko o ka wai wai e like me ke kānāwai o ka spawning.
ʻO ka huelo o kahi mokulele. Pehea e hina ai ka līlio i kona huelo?
ʻO ka hapa nui o ka lizards he ʻano koʻikoʻi: ka hiki ke autotomy (hoʻolei i ka huelo), ka mea i hana ʻia e hoʻohana i nā hihia ulia. ʻO ka hōʻemi i ka ʻōpū e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke uhaʻi i ka puka cartilaginous i ka puka o ka vertebrae a hoʻokuʻu i ka hapa nui o ka huelo, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻāpana koko ua paʻa a ʻaʻole i pau nā koko. No kekahi manawa, kuʻowale ka huelo, i ka haʻalele ʻana i ka ʻenemi, a loaʻa ka līkia i ka manawa e pale ai i ka hoʻouka ʻana. ʻO ka huelo o ka reptile i hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia, eia naʻe, i kahi kūlana pōkole.
ʻO kekahi manawa ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi kīlī i hoʻokahi, akā ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mau huakaʻi.
Kauka (kala) o ka palia
He ʻāpana kala ʻokoʻa nā polika, ʻo ka mea maʻamau o ka hui pū ʻana o nā kukui, hina a ʻulaʻula. ʻO nā lekiu e noho ana ma ka wao nahele e hoʻohālikelike maoli i ke kala o kahi kahi nui - ʻo ia ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ko lākou pale ʻana iā ia iho. No laila, hiki i ka lizards me ke kala ke hoʻololi i ka kala kino.
Chameleon - kala kala hoʻololi ke kala
Pehea e hoʻokaʻawale ai i kahi kāne kāne mai kahi wahine?
Aia kekahi mau hōʻailona e hiki ai i ka ʻikepili, akā, naʻe, ʻaʻole naʻe maopopo i ka ʻenehana o ka punahele me ka hiki. ʻO ka mea nui loa, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i kahi lepa kāne mai ka wahine wale nō i ka wā ʻōpiopio, ʻoiai ua ulu ka male ʻana i loko o kēia mau kānaka i ka hopena.
- ʻO nā males o kekahi mau ʻano o ka lizard, no ka laʻana, he ʻanuʻu iguanas a i nā basilisks paha, he koloka ʻulaʻula ma ko lākou mau kua a me nā poʻo, a me nā ʻāpana nui hoʻi i ka ʻūhā.
- ʻO kekahi ʻano nui o nā "kāne" i loko o nā lepa ko lākou ʻōpala.
- Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia i ka ʻoka ʻo “ʻeke” i kekahi mau ʻano, ka scan preanal a i ʻole nā pā i hoʻonui ʻia ma hope o ka cesspool.
Ma ke kānāwai, ʻaʻole pono kēia mau kumu āpau: inā pono ʻoe e ʻike i ke ʻano o ka papa palani me ka pololei loa, a laila, he hoʻāʻo wale ʻia ke koko no ka pae testosterone i hana ʻia i ka mea loea loea.
Nā ʻano 'īlaha, nā inoa a me nā kiʻi
Koho ka ʻepekema i ka hapanui o nā mea palaka i 6 infraorders, ʻo 37 ka ʻohana.
- skraorder (Scincomorpha)
komo ka 7 mau ʻohana, aia kahi:
- mau pālika maoli e noho nei ma Eurasia, ʻApelika a me USA.
- nā mālamalama nocturnal e noho ana ʻo Cuba a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa,
- gerrosaurs - "noho" o ka Sahara a me Fr. Makakakeka,
- ukiuki - noho i nā wahi a pau, nui loa i nā tropic,
- ʻO Theiids - noho i ka Hema a me Central America,
- kāʻei - kūloko noho hema o ka Sahara a me Hawaiʻi,
- hymnophthalmids - i lawe ʻia mai ka ʻaoʻao hema o ʻAmelika Hema a i ke kūkulu hema o ʻAmelika Hema.
ʻO Gerrosaurus nui Gerrhosaurus nui
- i ka mea i loaʻa iā infraorder (Iguania)
he 14 mau ʻohana, ka mālamalama olakino nona ka chameleon e noho nei i ʻApelika, Hawaiʻi, ka Middle East, Hawaii a me kekahi mau ʻāina ʻAmelika.
Kumalaha (green) iguana Iguana iguana
- kikowaena gecko-like (Gekkota)
he 7 mau ʻohana, he mākaʻikaʻi hoihoi i kapa ʻia ʻo ia me ka lawaiʻa - nā ʻōpala liona ʻole e noho nei ma Australia a me nā mokupuni o New Guinea,
Lepidoptera (kaheka ula) Pygopodidae
- lōkuhi (Diploglossa)
loaʻa nā 2 superfamilies: nā ʻano like me ka lire me nā māla, a me nā ʻohana 5: nānā lizards, lizards make, spindleworms, lizards legless, xenosaurs.
Nui Xenosaurus Xenosaurus grandis
- infraorder worm lizards (Dibamidae)
nona nā 2 genera a me kahi ʻohana ʻohana vermiform lizards e like me ka honua. I loko o ka nahele o Indonesia, Indochina, New Guinea, Pelekania, Mexico,
Kōkohu o kahi nahesa ʻehā mau ʻuhane
- infraorder parasit (Varanoidea)
komo nā ʻohana he nui o nā kahe nui loa. ʻO nā māka maʻamau nā līlio monitor, he mea noho o ʻApelika, ʻAsia, Australia a me New Guinea, kona congener, he loiloi pepeiao ʻole, he kamaʻāina o ka moku ʻo Borneo, a me ka hāhiola venomous, i loaʻa i nā moku hema o USA a me Mexico.
ʻO ka suborder lau o ka lisitā pū kekahi me Shinisauroidea superfamily, kahi i loaʻa ai ka genus Shinisaur a me nā wale nō wale nō, ʻo ka buahi Shinisaur (ʻO nā crocodil Shinisaurus).
Shinizaur Crocodile (lat.Shinisaurus ka mākau hele)
ʻO ka mō'ī punahele nui loa o ka honua ka punahe Komodo.
No nā ʻelele mau o nā pīpī, ʻo ia ka nui o ka ʻikepela Komodo (ka loilo a Indonesia nui, ʻo Komodo lizard). Ke kilima nei kekahi mau lime i kā lākou ana, ka lōʻihi a kokoke i ʻekolu-lōʻihi ka lōʻihi a me nā kaupaona o 80-85 kg i ka wā ʻōpiopio. Ma ke ala, kahi "dragon" mai ka moku Komodo, i kaupaona ʻia 91.7 kg, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka Guinness Book of Records. ʻO kēia mau poʻe nunui i ka mea ʻai e ʻai ai i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi - nāu, nāu, nāu, nā mea hao, a me ka makaʻu ʻole e pili ana i kā lākou mea momona. Hōʻeu pinepine ka ʻōlapa Komodo i nā puaʻa hihiu, nā kao holoholona hihiu, nā holoholona, nā kao, a me nā lio.
ʻO ka mō'ī punahele nui loa o ka honua ka punahe Komodo.
ʻO ka mōʻī liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi loa i ka honua
ʻO nā puke liʻiliʻi ʻoi loa o ka honua ka Kharaguan Sphero (Sphaerodactylus ariasae) a me ka Gecko -edededuses (Sphaerodactylus parthenopion) ʻo Kharaguan Sphero. ʻAʻoleʻoi aku ka nui o nā pēpē i nā 16-19 mm, a hiki ke kaumaha i ka 0.2 grama. ʻO kēia mau reptile maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole e noho i ka Dominican Republic a me ka mokupuni ʻo Virgin.
ʻO Kharaguan Sphero (Sphaerodactylus ariasae) - ka kiʻi liʻiliʻi loa ma ka honua
ʻO Gecko Round-toed keiki lewa (Sphaerodactylus parthenopion)
ʻAuhea e noho ai nā lizika?
Noho ka ʻano ʻano like ʻole o nā lizards ma nā ʻāina āpau koe wale nō ʻo Antarctica. ʻO nā mākaʻi o nā reptile e pili ana iā Rukini he mau nika maoli lākou e noho nei ma nā wahi āpau: hiki ke loaʻa i nā kula, ma ka ulu lāʻau, nā kihi, nā māla, nā mauna, nā wao nahele, kokoke i nā muliwai a me nā loko. Hiki ke neʻe ʻo nā ʻano o nā lizards me ka holomua ma luna o nā mea a pau, e hoʻopili mau ana i nā ʻano kaulima a me nā lawaiʻa. ʻO nā mea nui o nā holoholona līlio he mau kamaliʻi punahele; ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pali o kēia mau mauna e piʻi i luna o 4 mau mika.
He aha nā meaʻaiʻaiʻai ma ka kūlohelohe?
ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ka wīwī kahi predator, hele nui i ka hopu kakahiaka i ka wā a i ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā. ʻO ka ʻai nui o nā kīlio he invertebrates: nā ʻano huaʻala (nā palu, nā ʻūhā, ka ʻūlū, ka slugs, nā snails, a me nā arachnids, nā ʻūhā a me nā molopele.
ʻO nā mea kikoʻī nui nui, e like me ka lika pālima, mea pio ma nā holoholona liʻiliʻi - baki, nāhelehele, kā lākou iho, a ʻoliʻoli hoʻi i ka ʻai ʻana i nā hua manu a me nā reptiles. ʻO ka ʻānia mai ka mokupuni o Komodo, ka mākaʻi nui loa ma ka honua, e hoʻoulu ana i nā kīwī hihiu a ʻoi pū kekahi a me ka deer. ʻAe ʻai ka ʻeke moloch i nā semale, a ʻo ka ʻulaʻula ʻōlelo mau i ka pinkula e ʻai wale ana i nā mollusks terestrial. ʻO kekahi mau iguana nui a me nā ʻilikī me ka ʻilikai like ʻole e like me ka mea kanu i ka lau, ʻo kā lākou papa ka papa inoa o nā hua ʻai, nā lau, nā pua a me nā poline mai nā mea kanu.
ʻO nā kahu manu ma ka lewa he mea akahele loa a he huhū, hoʻokokoke ke hoʻokokoke aku i ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, a no ka hoʻouka ʻana me ka puʻupuʻu wikiwiki a hopu i ka waiwai i loko o ka waha.
ʻO Varan mai ka moku Komodo e ʻai ʻia nei
Pehea e hānai ai i kahi papaʻi ma ka home?
ʻO ka pīpī hale kūwaho kahi holoholona i haki ʻole ma nā kūlana o ka papa hana i kēlā me kēia lā. I ke kauwela wela, pono ia i ʻekolu mau lā i ka lā, i ka hoʻoilo, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka papa ʻaina i ʻelua mau meaʻai, me ka ʻoi ʻia o kona mau ʻano holo a me ka ikaika.
Ma ka home, ʻai ka līpī i nā mea inikini, no laila e mahalo nui kāu pēpē i nā ʻano "ʻono" o nā ʻikena, nā wīwī palaoa, nāhelehele, nā pūliki, ʻaʻole ia e hōʻole i nā hua maka a i ʻole mau ʻāpana. Makemake lākou i nā lizards home i kahi hui ʻana o ka moa iʻa ʻia, ʻaloti kalaka a me ka lettu a i ʻole dandelion. Hoʻohui ʻia kēia meaʻai me ka hoʻohui o nā huaora a me nā minerala - a aloha wale nō kā ʻoe holoholona. ʻO ka pīkī ma ka papa kia i ka wai wai no ka inu! ʻOiai inā hōʻole ka holoholona i ka meaʻai no kekahi manawa, akā inu ia me ka leʻaleʻa, ʻaʻohe kumu e hopohopo ai: ʻo ka lisitū i emi wale ia i ka hana a liʻiliʻi ʻole ka pōloli.
Piri holoholona
ʻO ka wā hānai o ka pīpī e kū mau i ka pūnāwai a me ke kauwela. ʻO nā ʻano nui o ka lizards e hoʻohiki i ka manawa 1 i kēlā me kēia makahiki, nā mea liʻiliʻi - i mau manawa i kēlā me kēia manawa. Hoʻokokoke nā hoaʻe kāne kāne ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, e hoʻāʻo ana e nānā nui. ʻO ka mea liʻiliʻi e hāʻawi ʻoi aku ʻole me ka hakakā a me ka hoʻi ʻana. Inā like nā lizards i ka nui like, he kaua koko e hoʻomaka ana i ka wā e maloʻo nui ai nā mea hoʻokūkū. Loaʻa ka mea lanakila i ka wahine. Hōʻea ka hoʻohālikelike o ka māhele wahine i kekahi o nā mea ʻīlio ke alakaʻi i ka parthenogenesis, i ka wā e moe ai ka lizards wahine i nā hua ʻole me ke komo ʻana o kahi kāne kāne. Aia he ala 2 e hoʻohua ai i nā mea hāmama: ke kau ʻana i nā hua a me nā hānau hānau.
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā wahine o nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ma mua o 4 mau hua, nui - nui a hiki i 18 mau huaʻehā. Hiki i ka paona hua ke loli mai ka 4 a i ka 200 kākā. ʻO ka nui o ka hua liʻiliʻi o ka mākeke liʻiliʻi ma ka honua, ʻo ka mea o ka gecko poepoe hoʻopuni ʻole, ʻaʻole iʻoi aku i ka 6 mm ka lōʻihi. ʻO ka nui hua hua o ka līlika nui loa o ka honua, ʻo ka Komodo litor, a hiki i ka lōʻihi o 10 cm.
Ke kanu nei nā "makuahine" i ka masonry i kā lākou lepo, e hūnā ma lalo o nā pōhaku a i ʻole i nā lua. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka manawa incubation ma ke ʻano o ka hopena lōkahi a lōʻihi mai 3 mau wiki a 1.5 mau mahina. Hoʻomaka, hoʻomaka koke nā pani kīnā hou i kahi ola kūʻokoʻa me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka makua. ʻO ka hapai ʻana o nā mea viviparous viviparous i mau mahina 3 mau mahina, nā ʻōpū o nā kihi ʻākau ʻoluʻolu i loko o ka ʻōpū. He ola lōʻihi ka līlī he 3 a 5 mau makahiki.
He aha ke ʻano o ka chameleon i loko o kahi hua manu?
Hānau hānau (species - sped leople eublefar, lat. Eublepharis macularius)
E hoʻopau i nā lizards i nā pōʻino pepeke, no laila e hāʻawi ai i nā pono kūpono loa i ke kanaka. He nui nā holoholona exotic he nui nā holoholona terrarium: bearded agama, real iguana, Yemeni chameleon a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Me ka mālama pono, ʻōlohelohe maikaʻi nā lizards i ka pio, e hoʻonui ana i ka heluna kanaka.
Gecko Toki Gekko gecko
Līwī Viviparous (Lacerta vivipara, a i ʻole Zootoca vivipara)
Kihikihi
Aupuni: | Eumetazoi |
Moulou | Lepidosauromorphs |
Kiʻi papa: | Kihikihi |
Kihikihi (lat. Lacertilia, Sauria ma mua) - he palapala o nā reptile mai ka pā nui e like me ka ʻauhau kūlohelohe.ʻAʻole kahi kākākūkā ka lepili i kahi māhele biologically i wehewehe ʻia, akā pili pū me nā mea scaly a pau, koe wale nō nā nahesa a (ma kahi o nā mea maʻamau). Mai ka nānā ʻana o ka papa helu cladistic o kahi māhu, he hui paraphyletic, kahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā pūʻulu monopolletic liʻiliʻi, a i ʻole nā kikowaena o nā nahesa a me nā wāwae ʻelua i haʻalele ʻia mai loko mai ona. No ka hoʻohālikelike, he huahele na nāhelehele i nā kīlio a pili pono nā pilina me nā mea e pili ana i ka iguanoid a me nā mea manuahi spindle. Toxicofera. I keia ala, Wahi a nā kumumahuʻo cladistic, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia nā nahelani, a kahi ʻike wale ʻia e nā systematist kūlohelohe i kahi papa ʻokoʻa. Wahi a ka Reptile Database, ʻo Iune 2017, ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā ʻano hemo i ka 6332.
Nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona
ʻAʻole i like me nā nahesa, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā lizards (me ka hoʻoweliweli ʻole o kekahi mau ʻano limu) i ʻole nā mea hou a i hoʻomau ʻia. ʻOiai nā lizards legless e like me ke ʻano o nā nahesa, ua loaʻa nō iā lākou he sternum, a ʻo ka hapa nui loa - nā ʻāpana wāwae, ʻaʻole like me nā nahesa, nā ʻaoʻao hema a me ka ʻākau hema o ka ʻōpio kikoʻi. A ʻano ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka suborder ka piha piha ʻana i ka ʻāpana anterior o ka pahu lolo a ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelua mau sacral vertebrae. Ma nā lizards legless, nā maka, e like me ke lula ʻana, ua paʻa ʻia nā pūlima hoʻoliʻewa ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai i nā nāhelehele ua ulu pū nā pūlima, e hoʻokumu ana i nā "lens" ma nā maka. Hoʻololi ʻē aʻe kekahi i kekahi ma nā ʻano o nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe, e like me ka laʻana, ka mana a me ke ʻano o nā unahi.
ʻŌnaehana ʻōnaehana
ʻO ka puʻuwai o ka lizards he ʻekolu-kākā, ʻelua o ka atria a me kekahi ventricle, i māhele ʻia i ʻekolu ʻāpana: ka puʻu laupana, ka puʻu arterial a me ka pulmonary lua. ʻO ke koko-maikaʻi ʻole o ka oxygen ke komo i ka lua anu mai ka atrium kūpono, a me ke koko momona maikaʻi o ka oxygen mai ka atrium hema a komo i ka lua ʻimi. Ke waiho nei ke koko i ka naʻau ma o ka aruhe pulmonary e hoʻomaka ana ma ka lua pulmonary a ʻelua mau aorta aortic e hele mai ana mai ka puʻu venous. ʻO nā paila ʻākau a me ka ʻākau kūpono o ka aorta e hoʻohui i hope o ka naʻau i ka dorsal aorta. ʻEkolu a ʻekolu o ka puʻuwai o ka lizards e kamaʻilio, akā he mauʻu a me kahi pākia o nā lua o ke ventricle e hōʻemi ana i ka hui ʻana o ke koko (bypass) i ka wā o ka hana maʻamau. Kahe koko oxygen e hoʻoneʻe mai ka lua venous a i ka pulmonary, a ka atrioventricular valve pale i ka hoʻohuihui ʻana me ke koko-momona o ka oxygen mai ka ʻuā arterial. A laila ke kaomi nei o ka ventricle i kēia koko mai ka pulmonary lua i ka ʻonipala pulmonary. Hoʻopili nā atrioventricular a laila hoʻokaʻa, e ʻae ana i ke koko momona o ka oxygen mai ka lua ʻatikala e komo i ka venous a waiho i ka naʻau ma nā kahe aortic. No laila, ʻokoʻa ka naʻau nui o ka keʻena ʻekolu o ke keʻena. Ua loaʻa i nā lizards kahi hoʻokaʻawale i ka pulmonary a me ka hoʻokahe koko ʻōnaehana. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka shunting control ke waiho i ka hana physiological i kekahi mau hihia, no ka laʻana, me ka waʻalolo mau ʻana i nā ʻano wai aku.
ʻŌnaehana huhū
ʻO nā mea kanu herbivorous, e like me ka green iguana, nā kūlima paʻakai nasal. Ke piʻi ka osmotic o ke kaila o ka koko, ua hoʻoneʻe loa ʻia ka nui o ka sodium a me ka potasi ma o kēia mau kuhi. Hāʻawi kēia hana iā ʻoe e mālama i ka wai a i ʻole e pupule ʻia nā maʻi o ka ʻōnaehana.
I nā lemi primitive, ua ʻōleʻuku kēia mau ʻeke i nā pōpō me ka loaʻa spongy. I ka nui o nā mea ulu, ʻāpana ka hakahaka i nā septa e hoʻopili ʻia. ʻO nā pūpū o nā lepili monitor he nui-keʻena, me nā bronchioles, ʻo kēlā me kēia me kēia ma kahi faveola. I loko o nā chameleons, ka puka ʻana o nā pulu o nā pūpū i nā ʻeke e waiho ana ma nā kihi o ke kino, ʻaʻole ia e komo i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kinoea, akā e lawelawe e hoʻonui i ke kino, no ka laʻana, e hoʻohālikelike ana i nā poʻe predator. ʻO kekahi chameleons he lobe lapiki e kū ana ma mua o ko lākou forelimbs. I nā kaʻina maʻi, hiki ke hoʻopiha ʻia me ka exudate a kumu i ke kī ʻana o ka ʻāʻī.
Loaʻa nā kaula vocal a hiki ke hoʻoulu maikaʻi ʻia, no ka laʻana, i kekahi mau geckos hiki i nā leo nui.
ʻAʻohe kahi pena i ka diaphragm a me ka hanu ma o ke neʻe ʻana o ka umauma. He kīkī piha ʻole ka mea lizards a me nā puʻu, ka mea kaawale i ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū mai ka ana o ka umauma, akā ʻaʻole i komo i ka hanu. Hoʻopaʻa pinepine ʻia ka glottis, koe wale nō nā manawa inhalation a me ka hoʻopuʻi. ʻO ka pīpī o ka ʻāʻī ʻaʻole e alakaʻi i ka hanu hoʻonui nui ʻana, akā kahi mea kōkua no ke ʻano o ka honi. Hōʻalo pinepine nā lizards i ko lākou māmā a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe e ʻike nui i nā manawa pōpilikia.
Hiki i kekahi mau ʻano ke loaʻa ka anaerobic respiration i ka wā i hala ʻole a kali ʻole o ka maʻamau maʻamau.
ʻŌnaehana nenoaiu
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā lehelehe o nā ʻili e ke ʻano he ʻili, akā naʻe i ka neʻe ʻole. ʻO nā niho nā mea he pleurodontic i hoʻopili ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao o nā ʻūhā ʻole o ke kāʻei), i nā agamas a me nā chameleons - acrodontic (pili i nā kaʻalā o nā ʻalā o nā ʻūpihi me ka peke ʻole). Hoʻololi ʻia nā niho Pleurodont i ke ola. Hoʻololi wale ʻia nā niho Acrodontic i loko o nā mea ʻōpio loa, ʻoiai paha e hoʻohui hou ʻia nā niho hou i ka pihi o ka iwi nui i nā makahiki. ʻO kekahi mau puʻuwai mau ʻia nā niho pleurodont fang e like me ka mua o ka iwi ʻehā me nā niho acrodont maʻamau. Pono e mālama i ka mālama ʻana i nā niho acrodontic irreparable i ka wā e wehe ai i ka waha o nā agamas a me nā chameleons. ʻO nā maʻi o ka periodontium (kūʻai a puni nā niho) i nānā ʻia ma nā ʻano me nā niho acrodont. Hoʻololi pinepine ʻia nā niho o ka kīlaha e hopu, e hōʻeha a e ʻohi paha i ka ʻai, a no nā mea kīloi - e ʻoki ʻia.
He nui nā ʻano ʻāpana o nā pūʻulu. Toxicofera, e komo pū me nā lojelaid a me nā mākaʻikaʻi kiaʻi. Eia nō naʻe, ua pihoihoi wale nā venomotors i ka wā i ka hunai a pale ʻole ʻia:Helumerma suspectum) a me ka pakele (Heloderma horridum) He mea palupalu o ko lākou mau niho me ka anatomically unuhi ʻole ʻia me nā muʻala pona ʻona e waiho ana ma lalo o ka alelo. Paʻu ka ʻona i nā ʻōpū o nā niho a komo i ka ʻālo o ka mea make i ka wā o kahi kue. ʻO nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka makeʻe e pili ana i ka ʻeha, hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, nā palpitations, nausea, a me ka luaʻi. ʻAʻole i loaʻa ka antidote.
ʻ difflelo ka ʻōlelo o nā mea manu ma ke ʻano a me ka nui o nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, maʻalahi a huki koke ʻia i ka waha waha. Kūkulu ʻia nā ʻōkuhi momona i loko o ka lepa me ka ʻōlelo palupalu a nalo i nā ʻano ʻōpiopio e uhi ʻia ana kona alelo me ka keratin, no ka laʻana, i nā mākaʻi kiaʻi. Aia hoʻi ka ʻōpū ma loko o ke kakā. ʻO nā Lizards me kahi alelo ikaika e bifurcated (e nānā i nā lizards a me ka tegu) pana iā ia e hoʻopuka i nā molekōne odorous i ka vomeronasal (Jacobson) o ka honi. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka ʻōlelo ʻili i ka lawe ʻia ʻana o ka meaʻai mai nā chameleons. I ka iguanas ʻōmaʻomaʻo, keu ke ʻano o ka alelo ke ʻulaʻula. ʻAʻole kēia he hōʻailona o ka palu. E hāwele ʻia nā pūloko ʻo Jacobson me nā pū liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka ʻaha o ka iwi o luna, a ma hope koke o lākou o nā pūloko o loko.
ʻO ka ʻōpū o ka pīpī he māmā, J-ʻano. ʻAʻole maʻamau ka huki ʻana o nā pōhaku no ka hana ʻana.
Aia ka cecum i nā ʻano nui. ʻO ka pāʻai nui he mau pā liʻiliʻi a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā uaua lipine ma mua o ka ʻōpū a me nā ʻili liʻiliʻi.
Nui nā mea kanu puaʻa i ʻalena, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o nā keʻena no ka hoʻomau ʻana piha o nā kīʻaha meaʻai. Kēia ʻano like me kēlā me ke aniani kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ʻoi loa ka mīkini, kahi e pono ai e mālama i ka hana microbial. No ka lībana pū kekahi ke kūpaʻa ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka cesspool i nā ʻāpana ʻekolu: coprodeum, urodeum a me proctodeum. ʻO ka anus i nā līkela ke hoʻololi.
ʻŌnaehana Genitourinary
ʻO ka metanephric kolo me metanephric a loaʻa i ka hope o ka lua o ke kino a i ʻole ka hohonu o ka kanā pelvic, pili i nā ʻano. Ma muli o kēia hopena, hiki i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka maʻi no kekahi mau kumu ke alakaʻi i ka uha o ke koloka, kahi e hele pololei ai ma waena o lākou.
ʻO ka hope o kaʻeha o kekahi o nā geckos, skinks, a me ka iguanas ma kahi o ke kāne. Ua kapa ʻia kēia wahi ʻo ia i ka māhele māhele genital. I ka wā moe, hoʻonui ka nui o kēia mahele i ka nui a hāpai i ka hana ʻana o ka wai seminal. ʻOkoʻa paha ka ʻāpana o ka māhele kāne.
Hoʻopau ka huahana i nā metabolic waiwai o ka nitrogen mai ke kino ma ke ʻano o ka uric acid, urea a amonia paha. ʻO nā kihi reptile me kahi helu liʻiliʻi o nā nephrons, ʻaʻohe ona pelvis a me nā loina o Henle a hiki ʻole i ka nānā ʻana i ka urine. Akā, hiki ke hoʻihoʻi i ka wai mai ka lā mai, e hoʻopiʻi i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka urine. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka urea a me ka ammonia i nā poho nui o ka wai, no laila, hoʻopau wale ʻia ka lepo mai nā mea ʻala a me ka semi-aquatic. Kuʻu ʻia nā mea i kanu ʻia i ke kūmole ʻric uol.
Kokoke kēlā me kēia kīleʻa ke kīwaha o ka palaka. I nā hihia ʻaʻole ʻia, kūkulu ka urine i ka kua o ke koloka. Mai ka holo ʻana i ka urine mai ka palu ma ka urethra a i ka cloaca ma mua o ke komo ʻana i ka puhaka (a i ʻole ʻulaʻula), ʻaʻole ia ka lau, like me ka mammals. Hiki ke loli i ka ʻano o ka urine i loko o ka puhipuhi, no laila, ʻaʻole like me nā hopena o kāna loiloi e hōʻike i ka hana o ke keiki. E like me nā momi. Hiki i nā pōhaku kōpula ke hana ma muli o ka pohō nui ʻana o ka wai a i ʻole kaiʻai i ka momona. ʻO nā papa ma keʻano he hoʻokahi, me nā kihi kūpono, nā ʻili a me ka nui.
Hoʻoholo ʻia ka manawa o ka mākeke e ka lōʻihi o nā hola o ke ao, ke ʻano wela, ke ʻano haʻahaʻa a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai. I nā kāne, hilinaʻi i ka manawa hana, hiki ke hoʻonui nui i nā hōʻike. ʻO nā kāne kūloko kāne male i ka wā moe e lilo i ka ulu aʻe.
ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana. ʻO nā ʻōlima kāne he mau hemipenis huakaʻi, ʻaʻohe ona cavernous ʻili. Ma ka hoʻomaha, aia lākou i kahi kūlana i ke kumu o ka huelo a hiki ke hana i nā puna i ʻike ʻia. Hoʻohana wale ʻia ka Hemipenis no ka hana hou a ʻaʻole i komo i ka urination.
ʻO nā lizards wahine nā paila ovaries a me nā oviducts e wehe ana i loko o ka cloaca. Hiki i ke kauā Clutch ma mua i ka wā ʻaʻole i ʻōleʻa ka ovulation a noho mau nā follicle i loko o nā ovaries, a ma hope o ka wā i hoʻomaha ʻia ai nā hua i loko o nā oviducts.
He paʻakikī ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka moe ʻana i nā keiki ʻōpio; ʻO nā iguanas kāne makua nui nā kukuna dorsal nui, nā umauma, a me nā ʻōpū he hemipenis i ke kumu o ka huelo. ʻO nā chameleons kāne pinepine ke kamaʻilio pinepine i nā kāhiko i kā lākou poʻo i ke ʻano o nā pepeiaohao a he ʻola paha. ʻO nā huaʻili o nā kīloi pinepine nā poʻo nui, nā kino, a me nā kala kala.
ʻOi aku ka nui o nā pulu wahine a me nā precloacal no nā kāne. ʻO kēia paha ke kumu kūpono loa e hoʻoholo i ke ʻano o ka moʻo kanaka makua. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua sex me ka iguanas a nānā i nā mea kilokilo, akā me ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku. ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka paʻakai i ka waihona o ka huelo no ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o ka hemipenis e pono e hana me ka mālama nui ʻole e hōʻeha i ka hemipenis. ʻO ka hoʻopiʻi maʻamau ʻo ka nekrosis. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia ala i nā ʻano holoholona i ka paʻakikī o ke ʻano ma o nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe - tegu, nā skinks nui a me nā niho venomous. Hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia Hemipenises i nā kāne ma lalo o ka hanu ma o ke kaomi ʻana ma ke kumu o ka huelo a ma hope koke o ka cesspool. Hemipenis o nā kahiki ākea nui ua kalā ʻia a hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma nā x-ray. No ka hoʻoholoʻana i ka moe kolohe, hiki ke hana ʻia kahi enoscopy e nānā i nā gonads. Hiki i ke kaona keʻike i nā gonads i loko o ke ana o ke kino a i ʻole ka i ʻole a i ʻole ka hemipenis i ke kumu o ka huelo.
Hiki i ka lizard ke oviparous, ovoviviparous (i ka wā e waiho ana nā hua ma loko o ke kino o ka wahine a hiki i ka hānau ʻana), viviparous (me kahi ʻano placental a i ʻole ka pilina o ka helehelena) a hoʻonui ʻia e parthenogenesis. ʻO kekahi mau iwi i ka ʻohana o nā lizards ʻoi aku (kekahi mau ʻano mai ka huaʻehā Lacerta) a kauhaʻi laumanana (Cnemidophorus) nā wahine wale nō e hoʻopiʻi ʻia e ka parthenogenesis.
He pepeiao
Hana ka pepeiao i nā hana o ka lohe a mālama i ka kaulike. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia ka membrane tympanic i loko o nā pohihihi liʻiliʻi i nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo. I uhi ʻia me ka ʻili, ka pito o luna e loli ai i ka wā o ka molting. I kekahi mau holoholona, no ka laʻana, i ka mōlani maʻa ankleless (Holbrookia maculata), ua uhi ʻia ka pale me ka ʻili ʻili. ʻElua mau iwi auditory wale nō: ʻo nā māla a me kāna kaʻina cartilaginous. Hoʻopili nā kūpeʻe Eustachian i ka puʻu pepeiao waena a me ka pharynx.
Na maka
Hoʻohālike ʻia ke ʻano o nā maka o nā reptile me nā lua ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka iris he striated, ma mua o nā moʻo, nā ʻōpū o nā māla, no laila ʻaʻohe hopena o ka mydriatics.
He maʻamau a piʻoloke ka haumāna i nā ʻano o ke ao a loaʻa i ke ʻano o ke kū kaole i ka pō. ʻO nā haumāna o nā geckos he nui i ka aniani nā kihi, ka mea i ʻike ʻia i ka wā e hoʻopili ʻia loa ana. Ke kiʻi pinepine ʻia nei ke kiʻi o ia mau mea i ka retina, e hiki ai ke ʻike i nā geckos e ʻike i ke kukui haʻahaʻa loa. ʻAʻole neʻe ka lens, ua loli kona ʻano ma lalo o ka mana o nā kinikina o ka ʻili o ke kino ciliary.
ʻAno ka pīpī makaʻi. ʻAʻohe hoka melemet i ka cornea.
ʻO ka maʻamau nā manawa kuʻuna, koe wale no kekahi mau geckos a me nā ʻeke o ka iwi Albepharushe kahakaha nā maka o ko lākou mau maka, e like me nā nahesa. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o ka maka haʻahaʻa e ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku, a e pani i ka maka inā pono. I kekahi mau lizards, hiki ke kahikaha, kahi e hiki ai iā lākou ke ʻike, ʻoiai e hāʻawi ana i ka pale maka. ʻ presentlūlū ʻia ka membrane maʻamau.
ʻO ka retina he hanana palaka, akā loaʻa i ke kino papillary - kahi nui o ka pili koko e hāʻule ana i ka vitreous.
Loaʻa ʻia ka "maka maka maikaʻi" i kekahi mau ʻano ma luna o ke poʻo. ʻO kēia ka maka ma loko o ka mea pale a me nā manamana, a hoʻopili ʻia e nā niva i ka lela lua. Hoʻokani kēia hui i ka hana o ka hormone, thermoregulation a ʻaʻole hoʻokumu i nā kiʻi.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ke kāʻei o nā kīhini
He nui nā lizard e hiki i ka autotomy - kāpae i ka huelo. Mālama pinepine ʻia ke kala i mea e hoihoi ai i ka manaʻo o kahi mea nāna e kiʻi. Kahi mau ʻōlima mau pelekikena ʻo nā palala o nā cartilage a i ʻole paha i hoʻopili ʻia ai i loko o ke kino a me kahi ʻāpana o ke aʻa i nā kiko o ka caudal vertebrae I iguanas, hui kēia iwi i ka nui o ka makahiki, a lilo ʻo ia ka ikaika. ʻO ka huelo i ulu hou aku i kahi kala kala maʻamau, he kumu hoʻololi a me ke ʻano.
ʻIke pinepine ʻia nā iwi ma nā vertebrae āpau koe wale o ka caudal.
ʻŌnaehana Endocrine
Hoʻoholo ʻia ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka sex sex i ka lōʻihi o ke ao, ka mahana, a me nā hāmeʻe makahiki.
ʻO ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo thyroid, ma muli o nā ʻano, hiki ke kū hoʻokahi, bilobate a i ʻole ʻaina a mālama ʻia i ka molting. Hoʻopili nā mau parathyroid pili i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka calcium a me ka phosphorus i ke kaila koko.
Aia nā kelepa adrenal i ka ligament o ka testis a ʻaʻole pono e haʻalele i ka wahi me ia i ka wā o ka castration.
Hana ke pancreas o nā reptiles i ka hana exocrine a me ka endocrine. Hoʻokomo nā mea i nā Beta i ka insulin, akā ua loaʻa iki ka maʻi maʻamau i ka lizards a ua pili pū kekahi me nā maʻi ʻōnaehana ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka insulin a me ka glucoseagon e hoʻomehana i nā pae o ka suka gula plasma.
Kōkou
Wahi a kekahi ʻaoʻao, ka ʻikepili o ka fossil lisit is specimen he ʻelele o ka hui Iguania. Tikiguania estesiloaʻa ma India i loko o nā lepe mai ka wā Triassic (ʻoi aku paha ma kahi o 220 miliona mau makahiki). Akā ka mea like Tikiguania me nā haʻuki hou i neʻe ai i nā kānalua e pili ana i kona makahiki. Ma kahi ʻano i hoʻokaʻawale ʻē aʻe, ua manaʻo ʻia e pili ana kēia mau pua i ka Late Tertiary a i ʻole Quaternary manawa, a ma nā pōhaku Triassic no lākou i hoʻohui ʻia ai kēia mau pōhaku me ka poʻe hou aʻe.