ʻO nā mommals āpau, nā pāʻu e hoʻonāukiuki i ka lehulehu. Pili paha kēia e pili ana i nā hīnaʻi vampire, a i ʻole he kumu ʻē aʻe? Mai hopohopo. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻelele o kēia mau holoholona ʻano leʻaleʻa, ʻo ka hāmeʻa ʻikepili ʻikepili, he mea kupaianaha ia no kona ala kūʻokoʻa. A no ka pili pono o ka launa pū ʻana i kēia mau holoholona liʻiliʻi, pono ʻoe e noʻonoʻo i nā pono he nui lākou e lawe mai ai.

ʻO ka wehewehe

ʻO kēia mau mea ʻikena o nā kauoha o nā ʻōpū he mau holoholona liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka ʻaki ʻeke ʻākau nona, ka wehewehe ʻana o ia mau mea i hāʻawi ʻia ma lalo nei, ke kuhi nei ʻo ia i ka māhele o nā eheu i ka nui o ke kino. Inā he 4.9-6.4 cm ka lōʻihi o ke kino, a ʻo ka ʻēheu he 24-28 cm. Ua kuhikuhi ʻia ka ʻēheu, pōkole (i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe). He pōkole ke kaʻu, a hiki i 5 cm lōʻihi, me ke kaʻe ʻōkuhi mai ke kaʻi mai ka wahine ma 4-5 mm.

ʻO ka pepeiao ka hiʻi wili, hoʻopuni ʻia ma luna, me nā ʻili ʻili, uhi ʻia i ka hulu ʻeleʻele. I ke alo o ka puʻu auditory he puʻu pōkole ma luna o ka poepoe.

ʻO ka lōʻihi ka huluhulu o nā holoholona. Me ka nānā ʻole o ka pale o ke kaei, ʻoi aku ka laka o ka kua i mua o ka ʻōpū. ʻO kēia pā, ke kiʻi āu e ʻike ai, ʻokoʻa mai nā ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe o nā kime me ke kala gula o ka ʻāpana o ka lauoho, i kekahi manawa me kahi he metala. I kekahi mau kanaka, aia nā kuʻuna gula aia wale nō ma ka palahala, a ʻaʻole ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka hope. ʻO ka helehelena hiʻona a aneane hikiʻole ke nānā ʻia i ka wā o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka holoholona.

He ʻeleʻele ka ʻulaʻula, a laila he ʻulaʻula ʻia ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū. Aia ma Tuva, ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻahu hulu ʻahuʻula o nā pua hina-melemele me kahi ʻōpū-keʻokeʻo. ʻO ka mea wehewehe mana hoʻokahi a me ke kala polū me kahi ʻōpū ʻeleʻele. Hoʻolāʻau ʻia ka muzzle i kahi kala ʻeleʻele, aneane ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele.

He kanaka ka ʻili, no laila ua pale ʻia kāna iwi me nā niho 32-34. ʻO ka ʻōmuhi hoʻonaninani o nā māka o nā ʻano ʻōiwi penei:

• uʻi lima - 2/3,
• ʻangslelo 1/1,
• ʻauhau mua - 1-2 / 2,
• mau molars - 3/3.

ʻO ke kaumaha o ke kino mai 8 a 14 mau grika, he māmā ka laka, e ʻea ka lele ʻana i ka holoholona.

Apana ʻāina

Ma waena o nā kauka ʻike ʻia, ʻo ka ʻili ʻaʻā ʻākau ka mea kūleʻa loa i ka wela haʻahaʻa. Ma muli o kēia ʻano, hiki i kēia holoholona ke pālahalaha ākea a puni o Eurasia - mai ka ulu lāʻau-tundra a hiki i ka Siberian taiga. Hiki iā ʻoe ke kamaʻilio iā ia i nā semi-desres de Repubalika Tuva, a i nā kuahiwi o Kauikeu, ma ka ʻāina ʻo Mongolia a me ka mokupuni o Sakhalin. A hiki i ka hopena heʻele, eʻimi pinepine ana nā ʻili lole.

Ua ʻike ʻia kēia ʻano ʻāpua ma ke kahua o ke aupuni o Belarus. Ua loaʻa no ka manawa mua ma 1934 ma nā ʻāina o ka Berezinsky Reserve, a me kahi manawa ma hope iki - ma Belovezhskaya Pushcha. Aia ma kēia repubalika ua helu ʻia ka hiʻona ma ka Red Red Book.

E like me kāu e ʻike ai, he ākea ka laulā o nā holoholona, ​​akā ʻo ke ʻano iho ʻo ia wale nō ka mea i ʻoki ʻia. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka noiʻi speleological ikaika, a me nā pōʻino o ke kaiapuni, a me ka deforestation, kahi e ola nei nā ʻopa. Inā ʻaʻole lawe ʻia ka manawa e mālama i kēia mau holoholona, ​​he mea hiki paha ke neʻe i nā mea ʻokoʻa ma mua o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻana o ka ʻāina.

Ke noho maʻamau

Loaʻa ka nohona o ke ola o kēia ʻano he 15 mau makahiki. Hānau lākou i loko o nā holoholona liʻiliʻi, kahi 20-30 o nā kāne (wahine). ʻOi aku ka makemake ʻo Males i ke kahe wale. I ka manawa haʻahaʻa, hūnā ʻia lākou mai ke anuanu a i lalo o ka pā o nā kumulāʻau, i nā ana a i ʻole a ma lalo o ka hale o nā hale, i nā pā a i ka hollows. Akā makemake wale ʻoe e hōʻike i ke mahana wela o ka thermometer ma mua o zero, ke waiho nei lākou i kahi o ka hoʻoilo a lele ka lele ʻana e holo koke ma hope o ka lā.

ʻOi aku lākou makemake e ʻimi i ka ʻai ma ka ululāʻau a i ʻole ka lihi o ka nahele, ma nā alanui o ke kūlanakauhale a i ʻole i nā hale noho kanaka. Ke kū nei i luna a hiki i 30 m, deftly, wikiwiki a wikiwiki pinepine i nā ʻēheu e lele ana, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka palaka ʻākau. He aha kāna mea e ʻai ai, āu i nīnau ai? ʻO nā ʻōlio lele lele āpau i hāʻule i nā niho koʻikoʻi o ka holoholona - pipi a me nā ʻōpala, nā momi a me nā momi, nā lauworm a me nā ʻili, nā ʻoni a me nā ʻoki. Ma ka ʻai ʻana, kōkua ka ʻāpala i nā hemo o ka ulu lāʻau a me nā mea kanu, hoʻopakele i ka hua.

Ke hele nei ʻoe i loko o ke ana i kahi e noho ai nā kolone, e makaʻu ʻoe i ka squeak a me ke aniani me ka kamaʻilio ʻana ma waena o kekahi. ʻO kēlā me kēia ʻano, e komo pū ana i ka ʻili o ka ʻāʻī ʻūlū, he mau ʻoniʻoni kūloko. No kā mākou mea ʻike, hōʻailona kahi hōʻailona i ka pilina mai 5 a 25 kHz. Akā ʻaʻole hoʻohana kēia ka squeak no ka kamaʻilio wale. Me kāna kōkua, ʻike ka holoholona "a hiki ke hoʻokele a hiki i ka pouli piha.

Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻoilo, ua neʻe kekahi mau hema, a ke waiho nei kekahi i kahi a peʻe ma nā wahi hoʻoilo.

Kahiki, hānau ʻana, hānau keiki

ʻO nā pāʻani o kēia mau pā ʻuʻuku e ʻike ʻia i ka ʻike, akā ʻike ʻia aia i hoʻokō wale ʻia he hoʻokahi makahiki i ka makahiki - i ka hāʻule. I ka manawa o kēia manawa, hiki i nā kāne a me nā wahine ke noho ma hope o nā lā, ʻo ke koena o ka manawa, makemake nā kāne i ka noho aloha. Ke ola nei ka wahine i ka hoʻoilo i ka wā e hāpai ʻia ai. A i ka hoʻomaka ʻana a i waena paha o ke kauwela, hānau ʻia nā pēpē. Hāʻawi ʻia kekahi bāk i nā kiʻi (hāʻawi ʻia nā kiʻi o ka holoholona i ka ʻatikala), maʻa mau he ʻelua, liʻiliʻi i hoʻokahi mau ʻāpana.

Ke noho nei i loko o kahi pākeke, ʻo nā wahine wale nō e hānai i kā lākou mau keiki a hiki i ka wā kahiko, he mea i kū ʻia ma nā mahina he ʻumikumamākahi. ʻAʻole i komo nā Males i ka hānai ʻana o ka hanauna ʻōpio. He mea kupaianaha naʻe nā wā ʻōpio o nā lole ʻaile i hana pinepine ʻia i nā koloni o nā ʻano like ʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hui pū ʻia nā manu a me nā kukui ʻoihana pō. A ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻokuke aku iā lākou.

Malia paha i ka wā e ʻike ʻoi aku kākou i kēia mau holoholona maikaʻi, e hoʻopau mākou i nā huddling ke ʻike mākou i nā māka e lele ana i ka lewa pō. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, ʻo kēia ko mākou mau hoalauna e pāʻani i nā hana koʻikoʻi i ke alapine o ke kūlohelohe a pono ke ola.

ʻO keʻano

ʻEhā ʻia ka ʻōpū. Ke kaumaha 8-14 g. Ke lōʻihi o ke kino 49-664 mm, lōʻihi o ka ʻili 38-51 mm. ʻO 24īpeleka ka ʻēheu o ka ʻēheu he 38-43 mm. Piki liʻiliʻi ka ʻēheu, kuhikuhi. He ʻili lolipiki ka pepeiao, hoʻopuni lūlū ʻia ma luna o ka ʻōpala. He pākala a lōʻihi ka hulu. ʻOi aku ka māmā o ka lalo ma mua o ka pono, ʻo luna ka ʻulaʻula me kahi kāʻei gula i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā ʻāpana maikaʻi o nā lauoho. He ʻeleʻele-melemele ʻo ka lole ʻili ma Tuva. ʻO ka hope o ka huelo he 4-5 mm protruding mai ka membrane femoral.

Hoʻololi ʻē i nā ʻano ʻāpana ʻē aʻe i ke kala gula-metala ʻo nā piko o nā lauoho ʻokoʻa a i nā ʻōpū kūwili pohihihi paha i kūkulu ʻia ma ke kua he aniani a ʻulaʻula a me ke ʻano nui o ke kala ʻana o ke kino ma luna (ma nā holoholona molting, hiki i ke kahakaha gula "pale" "ikaika i hōʻike ʻia).

• Mai nā hiʻohiʻona uila, hōʻike ʻia nā kāmaʻa ʻeke ʻākau e kahi tragus i mua, ʻoi aku ka nui i ka waena ma mua o ka waihona.
• Mai ka pahu dwarf, ka bat Natusius, kahi o ka hikina a me ka Mediterranean i hōʻike ʻia e ka kaaka ʻole o ka niho prerooted luna.
• Mai ka pāpale lole ʻo Bobrinsky - i loko o nā kāʻei nui (ka lōʻihi o ka manamana lima ʻaʻole emi ma lalo o 38 mm).
• Mai nā ʻekika māmā a i lōkahi - i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi (ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka hulahula ʻaʻole ʻia ma mua o 43 mm).
• Mai ka paila ʻelua a me nā ʻili o Ognev - ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manawa kiʻekiʻe ma luna, a hiki i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka hapalua o loko (kū pono nō hoʻi kēia hiʻohiʻona no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā hiʻona hikina a i ʻole.
• I ka waena, ʻaʻole iʻokoʻa ka ʻokoʻa o ka ʻāʻī ʻulaʻula i like ka ʻili.

ʻO nā hōʻailona Echo mai 50 a 25 kHz, me kahi kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka 30 kHz.

ʻO ka lele ka wikiwiki, me ka hoʻopā pinepine ʻana, nā kau a me nā huli ākea. Noho ka ʻeleʻele i nā pona ʻākau i ke ao i nā alapiʻi me ka komo paʻa ʻana, i ka attics, i loko o nā poho o nā pōhaku. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā wahine i nā kolona a 30 a keu aku, he ʻokoʻa nā kāne. Holo pinepine lākou i ke ahiahi a i ke ahiahi, i ke kiʻekiʻe (i kekahi manawa e ala lākou i 20-30 m), ka mea maʻamau ma ka ulu lāʻau, ma nāʻaoʻao a me nā alanui o ke kauhale, ma luna o ka wai. Hoʻomau pinepine nā koena o ka mea ʻai i nā wahi e mālama mau ai. I Iune-Iulai, ʻoi aku ka hānau ʻana o nā wahine ma mua o ʻelua mau ʻāpana. Noho nā ʻili ʻili e pili ana i nā makahiki 15.

ʻO nā ʻāpana ʻōpiopio ʻikepili o ka ʻona (a hīmeni paha i loko o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi) i nā ana, nā mea a me nā keʻena liʻiliʻi ma kahi wela o 0 ° C, ʻokoʻa kekahi i ka hema - i ka Caucasus a me Primorye. I ka makahiki 1857, ua huki mua ʻo Blasius i nā mokulele o ka ʻeke peke ʻākau, i kona manaʻo, ua ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Russia wale nō he mau hebedoma i ka hopena o ke kauwela a lele hou i ka hema.

Kālā

E māhele ʻia ma ka ʻāpana komohana ʻākau o Eurasia mai nā palena hikina o Palani a hiki i ka Moana Pakipika, ma Mongolia a me Western China. Aia ʻia ma ke ala waena a ma ke ʻākau o ka ʻāpana o ka Lūkia (a hiki i ke komo ʻana i ke ʻano loea)

Aia ma ka'āina o Buryatia, aia i nā kuahiwi o ka ʻāina Baikal (ka Baikal, Barguzinsky, Ulan-Burgas, Khamar-Daban), i nā awāwa o ka Hūlā Pukaima, Barguzin, Selenga, Temnik, Uda, Chikoy, a me nā kaʻe Dzhidinsky a ma ka lālani ʻo Khamar-Daban.

Mālama ʻihi

ʻO ka nui o nā ʻano manuahi a he manawaleʻa ia. ʻAʻohe nui o ka ʻikepili ma kāna kūlana i ke ʻano. Ma ka Middle Urals ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻano līpona. Ke kaupalena nei i nā ʻano no nā ʻano: luku a luku ʻole hoʻi i nā wahi o nā pā o ke ao a me ka hoʻoilo. Ua hōʻike inoa ʻia nā ʻeke ʻōwili ʻōwili ma ka Red Books o Bashkortostan, Buryatia, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk a me nā Ulyanovsk Regions.

Mālama ʻia ka ʻike ma ka ʻāina o ka Deer Streams Natural Park, i ka Visim Biosphere Reserve a me ka Denezhkin Stone Reserve.

Kāleka.

ʻOkoʻa ka nui. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino he 50-60 mm, ʻo ka manamana he 38-43 mm, ʻo ka huelo he 39-47 mm, ʻo ka pepeiao ka 12-15 mm, ʻo ka tragus he 5-6 mm. . ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻeleele ka ʻeleʻele i ke kala me nā ʻēheu ʻuʻuku. Mai ka kua, ke kū i ka uliuli a i ʻole nā ​​kaila, kū i ke poʻe gula o kekahi mau lauoho. He palaa ka lole, lōʻihi a pāloʻo. ʻO ka haʻalulu ma ka haʻalulu paha ka ʻaoʻao o ke kino. ʻAʻeleʻele nā ​​membrane a me nā auricles, aneane ʻeleʻele. Hoʻopili ʻia nā membrane lepe i ke kumu o ka wāwae o waho o ka wāwae. Hoʻopili ka ʻāpeʻelima, me ka wehe ʻole o kahi septum.

Kālā.

He ʻano palearctic palu nui, e ulu hou ana i ka ʻākau i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. Hoʻopili ka awhi i ka māhele ʻākau o Eurasia. Ma Siberia, ma ke awāwa o nā muliwai nui e kipa ana i ka 69-70 ʻae. Hoʻohui pili ka palena hema me ka palena o nā nahele. ʻ notedlelo aku ʻo North ma Yakutia [4, 5]. Ma kahi o Krasnoyarsk Teritori, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ma nā wahi e ʻike ʻia o nā kahe o ke komohana o ka East Sayan.

ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau loa o kahi kolu liʻiliʻi o nā ʻāpana ʻākau i kū i ka muliwai kiʻekiʻe. Maymecha (68 ° N). Ma Khakassia, aia i loko o nā ana i ke kahe e pili ana i ka Kuznetsk Alatau (Efremka karst site) a me ka ʻāpana ʻaoʻao o ka ʻaoʻao o Kuznetsk Alatau (Kemerovo faritra). Ua manaʻo ʻia he mau mea maʻamau maʻamau, i kahele ʻia i nā ulu lāʻau coniferous a i hui ʻia, nā ulu lāʻau a me nā kuahiwi [6-12, 16, 18]

ʻO ka ecology a me ka biology.

ʻO nā ʻano lāʻau nahele, akā ʻo nā mea i hū ʻia ma nā wahi ākea: ma luna o nā mālamalama a me nā aniani, ma luna o nā lei aliʻi a me nā loko. Noho pinepine ma kahi o kekahi i nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale. E like me nā pale o ke kauwela, hoʻohana ia i nā hale kanaka, nāniki a me nā ʻapa i loko o nā pōhaku, nā ana.

Hele kiaʻi ʻimi ma hope o ka lā. Pākuʻi ʻo ia i nā kihi o ke ululāʻau i kekahi ulu lāʻau ulu, pinepine i nā hale ma ke ala o nā kauhale a me nā kauhale. Paʻa ʻia ka lele a me ka wikiwiki, me ka pīhoihoi a me ka hoʻolei pinepine ʻana ma hope o ka lele lele ʻana. Hoʻopihiʻia hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki. ʻO Gon ma ʻOkakopa-Nowemapa. Hānau ʻia nā wahine i ʻelua mau lā o Iune a ʻo Iulai mua. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka males ma nā kolone brood [1, 16].

Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka hiki o kēia ʻano i ka hoʻoilo ma nā wahi maloʻo, kahi e hiki ai ke mālama i ka mahana i kekahi mau haʻahaʻa ma lalo o 0 ° C. Ma nā kuahiwi e loaʻa ai ma mua o nā kumulāʻau mua-alpine. Ma nā ʻāpana kūwaho Krasnoyarsk i nā ana. Ke ʻike nei i nā mahina hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo ma ʻOkakopa-Nowemapa, haʻalele - ma ka hopena o Malaki. Noho ʻo 5-6 mahina i ka hoʻoilo. Hiki ke hana i nā kala neʻe ke kau.

Ka ikaika a me ka kaupalena i nā mea kumu.

ʻOiai kona pālahalaha ākea, ua nui loa kona nui i loko o nā ana. ʻO Overwinter hoʻokahi, ʻelua kanaka, akā hiki ke hōʻuluʻulu i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a hiki i 10 mau mea pākahi. ʻAʻole ia e hoʻokumu i nā ʻili nui. ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe i nā wahi hoʻoilo i marten, rodents, a me nā karnivora.

I ke kauwela, lilo lākou i mau pōpoki, nā ʻōpala a me nā pōpoki. ʻO nā kumu nui e hoʻopiʻi ʻia ana i ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka pā i: ka hōʻemi a me ka nalo ʻana o nā hale kūlohelohe ma muli o ka hōʻola hou ʻana o ka nahele, nā loli i nā ʻōpala a me nā microclimate, nā kauhale o nā kauā, nā ahi ulu, nā mea ulu ulu o ka speleotourism a, ma muli o ke hoʻonui ʻana i ka hopohopo o nā pā i ka wā hoʻoilo a me nā loli o nā kahe.

ʻO nā ana palekana.

ʻIke ʻia i loko o nā puke ʻulaʻula o ka ʻĀkau o ka ʻIuleka o Lūkia, ʻAkēneka Primorsky a me ke Kina Kemerovo. ʻAʻole i kūkulu ʻia nā kaʻina kūikawā no ka ʻāina. ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho o nā mea noho loiloi ma nā kahe kahi i nui ai ka hoʻoilo o nā ʻano he anu. Pono ʻia ka hana wehewehe i waena o ka lehulehu.

Nā kumuwaiwai o ka ʻike. Buke Red o ka Terekia Krasnoyarsk. 1. Kuzyakin, 1950, 2. Botvinkin, 2002, 3. Kozhurina, 2009, 4. Naumov, 1934, 5. Tavrovsky et al., 1971, 6. Efanova, 2004, 7. Vinogradov, 1927, 8. Kokhanovsky, 1962 9. Emelyanova et al. 1962, 10. Yudin et al., 1979, 11. Efanova, 2001, 12. Sokolov et al., 1985, 13. Shvetsov, 1977, 14. Khritankov, 2001, 15. Efanova et al. ., 2002, 16. Stukanova, 1982, 17. ʻO ka Buke Moʻolelo o ka Teritori Krasnoyarsk, 2004, 18. Vassenkov et al., 2008.