Peled - nā wai iʻa wai mai loko o loko o keʻokeʻo. ʻO ka paona nui ka lōʻihi i hiki ai i ka peled he 5 kg, a ʻo ka lōʻihi ka lōʻihi ma kahi hapalua mika. He ʻano iʻa ʻo Pelyad, aia i loko o nā ʻaoʻao o nā wai anuanu o ka moana Arctic, nā muliwai o Siberia a me nā Urals a ua ʻike ʻia he iʻa lawa, no ka mea e makemake ʻo ia ka wai kahe e kahe. ʻAno ka peled i nā crustaceans, no laila he ʻiʻo ʻono kona ʻiʻo. Ma ke ʻano o ka hopu ʻana i ka ʻenehana, hoʻohālikelike ka poʻe mahiʻai i ka peled, kahi mea i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia e ke ʻano kūlohelohe o ka peled i ka noho.
ʻO keʻano
Peled or cheese is a lake-river fish, genus of whitefish. ʻO Pelyad (ʻo ka inoa ʻo "keso") kahi iʻa ʻaʻa pākahi, hopena i nā kino wai ma Lūkia. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka peled mai nā keʻokeʻo ʻē aʻe e ka waha hope, ʻo ka iwi ʻāeua o kēia ka lōʻihi wale nō ma mua o ka lalo, a me kekahi helu nui o nā lālā stamens (49-68). Ua kiʻekiʻe ke kino, a puʻupuʻu, mālamalama ma nā ʻaoʻao a me ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, nā wahi ʻeleʻele ma ke poʻo a me ka fin dorsal. ʻAno wale ka waha, akā ke kūhoʻo ka lalo o lalo. Ua haki iki ke kua o ke kua i hope o ke poʻo. Mawaena o nā forsal a me nā caudal fins ʻo ka pauku adipose. Hoʻokomo paʻa a kūpaʻa paha i ke kino. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ākea o ka ʻāpana o ka peled he ʻano like me ia o ka iʻa pelagic maʻamau: ʻeleʻele ke kua a me ke poʻo, he poʻo nā ʻāpana a me ka ʻōpū. Ma ka pa dorsal a me ke poʻo aia nā wahiʻeleʻele o ke kala ʻeleʻele. I loko o ka wā spawning, ʻike ʻia nā ʻōkuhi epithelial keʻokeʻo ma ke kino ma ke kahina ʻoi, ka mea i kapa ʻia "pearl rash", e nalo ana ma hope o ke kūlohelohe.
Hōʻike ʻia ka Pelyad e ka plasticity plasticity kiʻekiʻe a hiki iā ia ke hana i nā puka kūloko e kū like ai i ka morphology, ulu, ulu, fecundity a me ka meaʻai. Ka maʻa mau 3 mau hiʻohiʻona ʻano: ka muliwai hoʻokahi, ke noho nei i nā muliwai a komo i nā kahe wai waipuna no ka hānai, ka ʻula hoʻokahi, ʻaʻole ia e haʻalele i ka wai a i hōʻike ʻia no ka ulu maikaʻi a lohi paha, ʻo ka loko-wai ka mea hoʻokahi, ʻo ia ka mea nui i ka wai, a no ka hoʻoulu e kū aʻe i loko o nā kaʻi. Aia i kekahi mau loko aia kahi ʻano pākēnē o ka peled.
Ua helu ʻia ʻo Pelyad ma ka International Red Book.
ʻĀnō a me ka nui
Hiki i ka lōʻihi o ke kino ke hiki i ka 40-58 cm a me ke kaumaha a hiki i ka 2.7 kg. ʻO ka peled ka loko o ke kūkulu ʻākau e hiki ana i kahi paona a hiki i 5 kg. ʻO ka nui o nā loko he ʻano pākē. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo ka poʻe i kaupaona ʻia 0.4-0.6 kg ka nui o ka nui o ka hopu i ka wai peled. Hiki ke kahe ʻia o ka muliwai ma ka makahiki o 3 a 8, akā he mau puaʻa ma ka hapa ʻeono a me ʻehiku mau makahiki o ke ola. I kekahi mau makahiki, lanakila paha nā iʻa ʻelima mau makahiki i waena o nā mea hana. ʻO ka nui ka nui o nā makahiki he peled ka makahiki 13; ʻO ka hapa maʻamau o ka peled i ka Ob he 40 tausani hua. Kālaiʻī - 300 mano hua.
Ke noho maʻamau
Aia ka muliwai a me ka wai loko. I ka ʻōlelo o ke ʻano ola, ʻokoʻa lākou i nā neʻe. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā iʻa keʻokeʻo ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka peled i ka oxygen, no laila hiki iā ia ke noho a ma nā loko eutrophic inā ʻaʻole e hāʻule ka make o ka oxygen ma lalo o 2 mg / l. Ma ke kānāwai, haʻalele ʻo ia i ka wai e kahe ana, ʻo ka ʻohi ʻana i nā loko, nā lunakahiko, nā alawai. He kula iʻa ʻo ia. E makemake nui i nā loko, i nā muliwai - nā wahi mālie. Mālama ʻia ia i ka kolō wai. Hōʻalo ʻo Pelyad i nā wahi me nā mea kanu i kūkulu ʻia. I loko o nā loko a me nā mea hoʻopukapuka, ʻoi aku ka makemake o ka iʻa koʻikoʻi ma ke kauwela no ke noho kaʻawale ma nā wahi hohonu. Loaʻa nā ʻōpiopio i nā wahi kahakai me nā mea kanu maikaʻi ʻole. Ma hope o ka wehe ʻana i ka muliwai no ka hānai, ua hele mai ka ʻawa o ka muliwai i loko o ka loko wai, piʻi i loko o ka puʻu no nā wahi mamao, ka mea i kau ʻia i nā lehelehe fodder, nā lunakahiko, pili i ka wehe ʻana i nā wahi i loko. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka lōʻihi o ka hānai e ka pae a me ka manawa e kū nei i ka wai. Me ka hāʻule o ka pae wai, nā lau peled e ʻai ana i nā kahua a hoʻi hou i ka wai.
Hoʻaiho
Noho ʻo Pelyad i nā loko a me nā kahawai mai Mezen ma ke komohana a hiki i Kolyma ma ka hikina: ʻaʻole i kū ʻia i ka Dvina ʻĀina, e like me ka mea ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika (e hoʻāʻo hou ʻia e wehewehe iā ia ma ʻEulopa ma ka wā e noʻonoʻo pono ai ʻia). Ua nānā ʻia ma nā loko o ke Kanin a me Yamal Peninsulas, aia ma ka mokupuni o Kolguev, kū pinepine ia i loko o nā wai pohihihi o ke Kai Bay, akā, ʻaʻole i hele ka moana. ʻAʻole i hala nā nā wai.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka laulā o ka peled ma muli o ka hana acclimatization, me ka broodstock i hana ʻia i nā wahi he nui a i ʻole ke kūlohelohe maoli o ka peled. Ma loko o ka wā mua o USSR, ʻo kona kaila hou loa e hele nei mai ka wahi Murmansk ma ke kūkulu ʻākau a hiki i Tajikistan ma ka hema a mai Kelemania i ke komohana a hiki i Transbaikalia a me Mongolia i ka hikina. I ka hopena o ka acclimatization, aia i kēia manawa i ka peled i Kelemania, Polani, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Finland a me Mongolia.
Spawning
Ma ke ʻano kūlohelohe, ua hele ka peled i ka awelika o ka makahiki ʻeono, akā, acclimatized i ka loko i kahi momona ʻai momona no kēia iʻa, e lilo i ka moekolohe ma ke ʻano he ʻelua a ʻekolu mau makahiki o ka makahiki. Hoʻomaka ka spawning i ka wai o ka wai ma lalo o 8 mau degere, pinepine kokoke i 0 mau degere. Pahu ka lolo ʻana - ma mua o nā māla a i ʻili a me ka lepo ʻoi. Hoomaka ka ʻānā wai ma ka hopena o Kepakemapa - hoʻomaka o ʻOkakopa, loko o ka wai i loko o Nowemapa - Kekemapa. ʻO ke kūlohelohe i ka makahiki a i ʻole ka heʻe ʻana o hoʻokahi makahiki. Hoʻomoe ka wā incubation i nā lā 150-230. I ke kūlohelohe, mālama ka wai i ka manawa o ka inkubation o nā hua ma kahi o 0.2 tikelika. I nā mahana kiʻekiʻe, hoʻomohala wale ka caviar i nā lā mua ma hope o ka holoi ʻana. He lōʻihi loa ka lōʻihi o ka pūlū huluhulu 8-9 mm a hele i 5 mau manawa o ka hoʻolālā. ʻO ka hili ʻana e hānai me nā ciliates, cladocera a me nā crustaceans copepods e hoʻomaka a me nā koena o ka ʻeke ʻeke ma ka lā 5-15 ma hope o ka pā ʻana, a ka hele hope loa i ka meaʻai o waho i ka lā 15-25th. I ke kūlohelohe, 5-12 mau lā ma hope o ka hatching, hoʻomaka ka hua wī ma nā zooplankton. E lilo a Fry i ka wā e hiki ai i ka lōʻihi o ke kino o 31-36 mm.
Mea ʻai
Hoʻohana nui ʻo Pelyad i nā meaola planktonic. I ka hoʻoilo-hoʻoilo hoʻoilo, kahi kahi koʻikoʻi i loko o ka meaʻai i noho ʻia e nā larvae o chironomids, mollusks, a me nā ʻano o lalo cladocera a me nā copepods. Ma loko o ka ʻōpū o nā iʻa nui, caviar a me nā hakanui like ʻole o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe (ke kea crossp, perch, roach) i loaʻa i kekahi manawa. I ka wā mālama, ka loko, a me ka muliwai a i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana i ka wā e holo maikaʻi ʻole ai e ʻai maikaʻi ʻole.
Nā lawaiʻa lawaiʻa
Hopu ʻia ʻo Peled i kēlā me kēia makahiki āpau, makemake nui ia i ka wai anuanu, mālama i ka whirlpools. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka iʻa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka loko i kahi āu e hopu ai. Hiki iā ʻoe ke koho i ka wahi o ka peled e nā pōpiki a me nā ʻano kikoʻī ma luna o ka wai. Loaʻa ia e ka ʻupena a me nā gillnets i ka pūnāwai i ka wā e komo ai i ka ʻai, i ke kauwela i ka wā hānai ʻana a i ka hoʻoilo - i ka hoʻoilo i ka wā o ka spawning, akā ua pāpā ʻia i ka iʻa i loko o nā hale kō e lawe ai ka acclimatization.
I ka hoʻoilo, loaʻa ka peled ma kekahi koʻokoʻo maʻamau me mormyshka, e waiho wale ana ma lalo o ka pae o ka hau. I ke kauwela, hopu lākou i kahi papahele ihe me ka ʻole o ka hau a i ʻole ka lawaiʻa ʻana i ka lawaiʻa lōʻihi ma kahi lōʻihi, 5 mau mika. E kiola aku i ka nozzle hou aʻe mai ke kahakai a mālama iā ia i kahi mamao o ka 1 mika mai lalo.
Hiki ke ʻōlohelohe i nā namu, ʻawaʻawa, kahe koko, maggot, amphipods, gammarids, clam ʻiʻo. ʻAʻole hoʻohana pinepine ʻo Bait, me ka makemake ikaika, hiki iā ʻoe ke lure me nā mormysh.
Uwiki wikiwiki a piliki ia mea i ka laina o ka lawaiʻa, pono ke kau koke, akā ʻaʻole koi palupalu ka lehelehe peled. Ke kū nei ka lawaiʻa ʻana i ka nui o ka lawaiʻa nui i ke kūpaʻa ʻana nui, hoʻomanawanui a hāʻawi i kahi laina lawaiʻa e huki aku ai. He mea hilahila loa ka peled, pono ia i kahi camouflage a me kahi lewa e hopu ai.
Nā lawaiʻa
ʻO Peled kahi holoholona waiwai koʻikoʻi, i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano o nā mea hoʻouluulu kūlohelohe, a me nā pōpoki o nā peled me nā ʻano keʻokeʻo ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa maikaʻi ʻoi aku ka puʻukū, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o ka ulu maikaʻi. ʻO ka ulu maikaʻi, kahi kū ʻole i ka maikaʻi o ka wai, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻai i ʻai ʻole ʻia e nā iʻa ʻē aʻe. ʻO kēiaʻano iho nei, ua kūʻai ʻia nā loko o ke kūkulu ʻākau-komohana o ko mākou ʻāina me ka peled, ʻaʻohe iʻa ma mua. Ma ka manawa like, ʻike pinepine ʻo ia i kāna mau hoahānau keʻokeʻo e ka nui o ka ulu a me ka lehulehu, me ka nalo ʻole ʻana o ka ʻono o ka ʻi. I ka wā e ulu ai i ka wā o ka hānai o ke kolu o ka makahiki o ke ola, ʻo kona lōʻihi ka lōʻihi i 33 cm, paona 690 g, a i ka makahiki ʻehā - 1120. ʻO ka puka lua mole ka liʻiliʻi a hiki i 500 g. ʻO ke kaumaha, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi. E like me nā iʻa keʻokeʻo ʻē aʻe, ka pīpī i hoʻowalewale i ka hāʻule, pinepine ma lalo o ka hau.
Ma nā wahi i loaʻa ai ka iʻa peled, manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kahi iʻa koʻikoʻi waiwai nui, akā naʻe, liʻiliʻi ka nui o nā iʻa o kāna hopu. ʻOiai i ka manawa Soviet, ʻo kona loaʻa ʻana kahi lōʻihi loa ma ka 200 tons. I kēia lā, ua liʻiliʻi loa ke ʻano. ʻAʻole ka pili ʻana o nā mea lawaiʻa i ka iʻa liʻiliʻi me ka liʻiliʻi o nā iʻa, akā me ka mea i noho ai ka peled ma nā wahi mamao a kokoke i haʻalele i nā wahi ʻākau o ka ʻāina. E mālama ʻia ana ka lawehala a me nā lawaiʻa e kū pono kokoke i nā wahi liʻiliʻi o ka Arctic.
Kuhi i ka nui o ka hopu maoli i ka peled, ʻaʻohe pono o ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka lawaiʻa ʻenehana. Akā ma nā ʻāpana ʻākau he mea iʻa ka lawaiʻa hākinakina. Hopu lākou iā lākou a puni ka makahiki āpau, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia e hele i ka lei. ʻO ka pilikia nui o ka lawaiʻa o nā lawaiʻa e pili ana i ka peled ke hilahila loa, no laila he paʻakikī loa ke hopu. Pono kēia i ka lewa a me ka hōʻole.
He waiwai waiwai
Nui ka loaʻa ʻana o ka peled i ka meaʻai me nā ʻano kūpono o nā hopena maikaʻi i ke kino. Hoʻomaka ka waiwai maikaʻi o ka iʻa peled me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka waiwai i loko o kahi pānaehana piha o ka macro- a me nā microelements e hāpai nei i ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana i nā cell a normalize i ka hana ʻana o ka nenoai. ʻO ka ʻiʻo peled ka nui o ka chromium, pono e mālama i nā pae o ke kō koko kiʻekiʻe.
Mālama pinepine ka peled i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka hiamoe, pale i ke ʻano o ke kaumaha a me ka huhū. Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka kūpono o kēia iʻa i ka hakakā ʻana i ka constipation a me ka halitosis. Ua kōkua nā mea i loko o ka ʻai o kēia iʻa e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano o ka ʻili.
ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka peled i ka meaʻai, hiki iā ʻoe ke lanakila i ka ʻōpū a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka kao. ʻO ka ʻai o kēia iʻa ka hopena kūpono i ka ʻoihana kūwaho, me ka kōkua i ke kaua ʻana i nā spasms a me ka hōʻeha i ka ʻōpū. ʻO ka paʻakai, ka momona i ka peled, hana ʻo ia i ka hana ʻana o ka puʻuwai puʻuwai, a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka phosphorus i ka hana o ke ʻōpiopio, ʻoi aku ka wahine.
ʻO Peled kahi prophylactic maikaʻi e kū'ē i ka atherosclerosis, me ka mea e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka cholesterol. A maikaʻi kāna maikaʻi ma kahi o kāna papa meaʻai, no ka mea, ʻo kāna haʻawina kalolo he 126 kcal wale no 100 g.
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole pono ka ʻokaʻeha o kekahi, no ka mea i ka wā e ʻai ʻia ai ka nui o ka ʻōpū, ka ʻōpū, ka ʻōpū a me ke ʻano he alia paha. He kūpono kēia no nā keiki ʻōpio.
Nā waiwai ʻino
ʻOiai ka nui o nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi, ʻaʻole palekana nā mea ke kālai:
- ʻAʻole ia e aʻo ʻia no nā keiki ma lalo o hoʻokahi makahiki.
- ʻO ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana, ma luna o 4 mau lawelawe i kēlā me kēia pule, hiki ke hoʻomake i nā rashes allergic, hōʻeha i loko o ka ʻōpū, a hiki i ke kumu o ka ʻōpū.
- ʻO Pelyad, ʻaʻole i hala i ka hoʻokele maʻa a i ʻole i ka wai lepo, e huehue ʻia a me nā pōpoki o ka opisthorchiasis.
Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia ka mea hiki ʻole iā ʻoe ke ʻai i ka iʻa. E like me kēlā me kēia huahana, he mea nui ia e hoʻomaʻamaʻa a me ka loli, e mālama ana i ka huli ʻana o ke kino.
ʻEnehana ʻōpiopio
No ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka loaʻa kālā o ka ʻoihana lawaiʻa o ka iʻa, ʻo ka peled breeding e hui pū me ka kanu ʻana o ke kalapu. Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka huahana o ka waihona kālā, maikaʻi nō kēia ʻano no ka mea ʻo ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka peled i loko o ka waihona wai, he mea maikaʻi ke pale ʻana i ka helminthiasis i nā iʻa ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka mea ʻai i ka peled crustaceans copepod - kahi paʻa i loko o ke ʻano hoʻomohala parasit.
ʻO ka ʻenehana manuahi Peled e like me ka wā like. I ka papa mua, loaʻa mai ka caviar mai kahi broodstock i hoʻomākaukau ʻia. No kēia pahuhopu, ua koho ʻia nā kāne a me nā kāne i koho ʻia i loko o nā loko liʻiliʻi, mai kahi e maʻalahi ai ke hopu iā lākou. I ka mahina o Nowemapa, ua noho lākou no ka ʻaila ʻana i loko o nā loko ihe e kahe ana i ka lumi.
ʻO kēia mau loko wai me kahi kekona e pili ana i 70 mika cubic i kahi ʻano elongated. I mea e ʻike ai ka iʻa i loko o lākou, pono e hoʻopiha hou ʻia ka wai i kēlā me kēia 8 mau hola. Ma kahi pākuhi hoʻokahi hiki ke kau ʻia ma mua o ka 1.5 mau mea hana. Hoʻomau nā mea hana no ka hoʻāla ʻana i nā pūʻulu o nā ʻāpana 250 kahi i hoʻouna ʻia i nā loko liʻiliʻi (4-5 cubic mita ma ka nui), kahi i koho ʻia nā caviar. ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻohana mau nā kāne i nā manawa pinepine (2-3), e haki ana i waena o ka hoʻohanaʻana i ʻelua a ʻekolu mau lā.
Hoʻouna ʻia nā hua momona i ka incubator, e hāʻawi ana i nā embryo me kahi pae kiʻekiʻe o ka saturation o ka oxygen a me kahi pae pH. Mamuli o nā kau ʻana i koho ʻia, ʻo ke ʻano o ka incubation mai 123 a 145 mau lā. I loko o kēia manawa, lawe ʻia ke kuʻuna o nā hua me nā hopena kūikawā ma ka manawa. Ma hope o ka hiʻohiʻona o nā palaka, hele lākou i nā kaila, a ma hope o 6-7 mau lā ua mākaukau lākou no ka hānai ikaika.
Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo Malkov i loko o ka loko i kahi wai makahiki, kahi e ulu pū ai lākou me ke kalapu. Kūkulu ka kanu ʻana he 20-25 tausani mau pua no kēlā me hoʻokahi hectare. ʻO nā loko me kahi hohonu heʻoi aku ma mua o 3 mika a me kahi papa o 15 a 20 hekere he kūpono kūpono. I kēia hihia, ʻaʻole mea nui ka nui o ka siltation, mai ka waiho ʻana o ka peled i ka puna wai me ka wai kahe. ʻAʻole pono nā kīpaha me ka ulu ʻana i ka wā ʻōpiopio a hiki i ka manawa ke ʻelua ai ʻelua mau makahiki o nā makahiki. I kēia wā wale nō ke pono e hana i ka kahe o kahi waihona kō.
ʻO wai ka iʻa peled?
ʻO Peled ka iʻa lawai-wai, kahi ulu nui e ulu wale ʻia ma ke ʻano kūlohelohe, akā ma kahi ʻano hana. I ka awelika, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka iʻa e hōʻea ma kahi o 40-55 sentimika me ke kaupaona o 2-3 kilamu, i kekahi manawa ke kino kino hiki ke 4-5 kilogram. ʻO ka ola ola o ke kīpē he 8-11 mau makahiki.
ʻO ka peled kahi kino i hoʻoiho hou ʻia i ke kala kala. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona kahi puka aniani a ʻike maka ʻia ma ke kino. Aia ma nā poʻo poli a me ke poʻo dorsal. He wahi hāpopo he nui, he nui nā kāpili gill a me kahi piko lōʻihi. No ka peled, ʻo ka heleʻana o kahi momona momona i waena o dorsal a me caudal e ʻano. Nui ka loko o ke kino o ka iʻa me nā mea kaupaona.
ʻEkolu mau ʻano o ka peled:
- E kanu nui ana. ^ E Ha yM. Loaʻa ʻia ma nā wai a me nā loko. Nā helu ma ke kolu o ke makahiki o ke ola.
- Lake dwarf. ^ E Ha yM. Loaʻa i ka iʻa kahi liʻiliʻi ma muli o ka noho ʻana i nā loko liʻiliʻi.
- Lake maʻamau. ^ E Ha yM. ʻAʻole ia e haʻalele i kona wahi, i nā manawa a pau kahi i kū ai.
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea hoʻokūkū i ka ʻōpio o nā ʻano iʻa ʻē aʻe, nā kūʻai a me nā tugun. ʻO ka ʻenemi maoli o nā iʻa he pike, burbot a me nā ʻano iʻa ʻē aʻe e ʻai ana i ka caviar.
He aha ka opisthorchiasis?
ʻO Opisthorchiasis he helminthiasis i hoʻoiho ʻia e ka mea nānā aku a me ka hana hou ʻana i nā ʻōwili Opisthorchis, kahi i kapa ʻia hoʻi hepatic hepatic, i loko o ke kino o ka mea lawe. ʻO kēia ʻano o ka wēlū e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana hepatobiliary - ka ate, ka ʻōpū, nā ana a me nā kumu a me nā pancreatic. ʻO ka hōʻeha koʻikoʻi o ke kino o ka mea e lawe ʻia ai e ka flukes hepatic i wahi a me ka mea hilo.
Hoʻopili ʻia ʻo Opisthorchias ma nā paia o ka papa dile ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kīʻaha suction, ka pohō ʻana o ke kahe koko i loko o ka mucosa, a i kekahi manawa hōʻino i ke kiko o kēia mau kino. ʻO ka hoʻonāʻana o ka helminth e nā ʻōpala a me nā hua o ka trematodes e hiki ke hana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā kumikā.
ʻO nā huahana ikaika o nā parasites e hoʻoiho i ka hoʻonāukiuki i ke kino, a me ka hoʻonui pū ʻana i kona naʻau i ka allergens. Inā ʻaʻole e mālama ʻia ka opisthorchiasis, a laila lōʻihi ka maʻi ma kahi ʻano maʻi me nā manawa o ka exacerbation, a i ka wā lōʻihi ua hiki ke hoʻonāukiuki i ka maʻi maʻamau maʻa.
ʻO ka papa inoa o nā iʻa kahi aia he opisthorchiasis he nui a he pū kekahi o nā ʻano o ka ʻohana cyprinid.
ʻO ka iʻa e noho ana ma waena a pae i lalo o nā muliwai Ob me Irtysh e hōʻike ana i ka nui loa o ka maʻi me nā flukes Opisthorchis hepatik.
Lawaiʻa Peled
Hiki i kēia iʻa i kēlā me kēia manawa o ka makahiki. ʻAʻole makemake i ke kīleʻa i nā mea kanu lāʻau a me ka wai kahe. No ka Pelyad nā ʻano o nā iʻa kula a noho nui i ka kolana wai. I kekahi manawa i ka ʻai o ka iʻa a hānai paha i lalo o ka waihona kālā.
Peled iʻa ʻino loaNo laila, koi aku nā lawaiʻa akamai i ka lawaiʻa e hoʻi i nā lāʻau kokoke loa a e komo i ka lole kamela. No ka lawaiʻa ʻana i ke kīleʻa pono e noʻonoʻo i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona:
- inā ʻaʻohe plankton, e ʻai i nā mea hoʻonaninani lalo loa, no laila keʻaʻa pinepine ia i nā mauʻu,
- hiʻohiʻona e nā lehelehe nāwaliwali, e haehae koke me kahi kaula ākea, hiki i ka iʻa ke hopu i ka mauʻu me ka pololei.
- no ka minidity mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e hopu i ke kū mālie piha ʻana.
Kāpili kele i ke kauwela ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau lawaiʻa. ^ E Ha yM. No ka umi e lawe aku ai - nā ʻuehu, nā nalo, nā kahe koko, ʻaʻole nā maggots pinepine.
I ka hoʻoilo, ua hopu ʻia ke kō ma mormyshka. I nā kūlana o ka lawaiʻa ʻana i ka hau, pono e hoʻomaʻal pono i ka lua, pīpī ʻia me ka hau. No ka hopu i ka peled i ka hoʻoilo, i ka hopena o ka wā, hoʻohana pinepine nā lawaiʻa i nā ʻōpala malo a maloʻo paha no ka maunu. No ka leʻaleʻa i nā meaʻai momona, kū ka ʻale a hoʻomaka i ka peck.
I mea e kūleʻa ai ka hopu, e ʻōlelo ʻia ʻaʻole ia e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka mormyshka hohonu, akā e hoʻokuke iā ia mai ka pā o lalo o ka wai me ka mamao o nā mamao o 10 cm. Inā ʻaʻohe mea māahi i nā papa wai o luna, a laila pono ʻoe e hopu i ka waena a a laila ʻo nā lalo lalo o ka wai.
Ma hea ʻo ia e noho ai a he aha nā kūlana e pono ai?
Loaʻa ka Pelyad i nā kino wai wai o Eurasia, ma nā muliwai a me nā loko, e kahe ana mai Karelia a hiki i Kolyma. ʻAʻole hele ka iʻa i ke kai, i ka wai paʻakai. Nā ʻawaʻawa i nā loko. ʻAʻole makemake i ka wai kahe wikiwiki. ʻO ka hapa nui o kona manawa a i loko o nā loko wai. Ma muli o ia mau hiʻohiʻona o ka peled, lawe ʻia kāna ʻano ulu ʻana ma kahi ʻāina nui, nui loa hoʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana komohana o Lūkia.
Akā noho kekahi mau ʻano o kāhi i ka wai e kahe ana o nā muliwai ʻākau. Pono nā paleds e mālama i loko o nā ʻeke, pale aku i nā mea kanu ma lalo o ka wai. Inā i kahi wā ʻōpio, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kekahi kanaka e ka ikaika, e waiho maʻamau i ka pā i ke kauwela a hoʻonoho i kahi hohonu. Hōʻikeʻike nā ʻōpio ʻōpio nui i kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe: noho lākou i kahakai kahakai a ʻauka i nā wahi i noho ʻia e nā mea kanu. Ma hope o ka hilo ʻana o ka hau i ka pūnāwai, ulu ka iʻa o ka muliwai i loko o nā loko wai wai, kahi e hiki ai ke ola hou ʻia, loaʻa ka ikaika a loaʻa ka lawa.
Eia kekahi, hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e loaʻa iā ia i loko o nā mea hāpai a i ʻole nā lunakahiko, kahi ma ka manawa wai i loaʻa i ka nui o ka uku no ka hōʻuluʻulu paʻaki. I ka wā e hāʻule ana ka wai, hoʻāʻo ʻo ka peled e waiho i kēia mau ʻōhua a hoʻi hou i nā muliwai.
Hoʻomaikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole
Hōʻike ʻia ka Peled i kahi iʻa momona a me nā ʻūhā, hiki ke hoʻolapalapa ʻia i kekahi ʻano. Ma keʻano he ʻai o ka ʻiʻo, ka nui o ka mea i loaʻa ka hapa nui o ka chromium, magnesium, calcium, potassium, fosfor. ʻO kēia mau mea maikaʻi ka hopena maikaʻi i ke kino:
- ka hoʻāla ʻana i ke kō koko
- Kōkua i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka momona o ke kino nui
- relieves constipation,
- Kōkua iā insomnia
- hoopau i ka hanu kino
- hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kahe koko,
- Kōkua i ka pale ʻana i nā hana ʻino, hopohopo,
- hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana,
- hoʻonui i ka cholesterol i ke koko.
He mea maikaʻi loa ka iʻa no nā wahine hānai a me nā makuahine hānai. He mea pono i Peled no nā kānaka o kekahi makahiki. Noea ʻia e hoʻohana i ka liʻiliʻi ma 2 mau manawa i hoʻokahi mahina no nā pono olakino.
Akā, ʻo nā mea pono āpau o ka iʻa, ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻai nui a pinepine. Hiki i kēia ke hopena i kahi hopena ma ke ʻano o ka hopena alerine, maʻa pinepine i nā keiki. Ma ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o kēia ʻano iʻa hiki ke nausea, ʻeha a me ke kaumaha i loko o ka ʻōpū. ʻAʻohe mea hoʻonani i loko. Mahalo i kāna mea waiwai nui o nā minima, momona waikawa a me nā protein, hoʻemi ʻia ka hopena o ka maʻi kanesa. I mea e pale ai iā ʻoe iho i nā mea maikaʻi ʻole, e aʻo ʻia e kūʻai i ka peled i nā hale kūʻai.
ʻŌpō kalala ʻo 100 g ka huahana -125.9 kcal. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia e komo i ka papahele no ka meaʻai kūpono, akā ʻaʻole naʻe e ʻai ma mua o ke ʻano maʻamau. Hoʻolako nui ʻia e ʻai ʻole ma mua o 2-4 lawelawe i kēlā me kēia pule me nā pono olakino.
ʻO ka papa ʻaina
Mai ka iʻa iʻa momona maikaʻi a me nā kīʻaha maikaʻi. ʻO nā papa ʻula ʻono. ʻO ka momona momona hoʻohaʻahaʻa a palupalu i ka hoʻāʻo. ^ E Ha yM. Nui wale ka mea e hoʻolapalapa ʻole ai, akā kāleʻa i ka paʻakai, paʻakai, a me ka ʻū. He nui nā liʻiliʻi o nā iwi ma loko, no laila e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻalike me nā hoʻopiha piha. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia i nā lau a kanu a kiki ʻia i ka ʻano momona.
No ka mea ke lilo ka peled i ka hui o nā iʻa kālepa waiwai nui, hiki ke kūʻai ʻia i ka maloʻo maloʻo He ʻono maikaʻi loa ka peledahi, he anu a he ʻaliki wela. Ke noi nui nei ka poʻe e noho ana ma ke kūkulu ʻākau i ka ʻokiʻoki a maloʻo.
ʻO nā ʻano o ka peled
Hoʻolaha ka Ichthyology i ʻekolu mau ʻano peled:
- wai kahe - hoʻopau i kona ola i nā kahe, e hōʻike i ka ulu wikiwiki, ka wā poperty i ke kolu o ka makahiki o ka noho ʻana,
- ka loko maʻamau - aia i loko o nā loko, ʻaʻole e waiho i nā palena o ka ʻāina kūlohelohe kahi i hānau ai ʻo ia,
- dwarf lake - noho i nā wahi liʻiliʻi me ka plankton maikaʻi, ulu mālie, ʻaʻole i hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia i nā waiwai lehulehu.
Hoʻonui ka manawa o ka muliwai a me nā kaona manu maʻamau i ka lōʻihi o 50-60 cm a hiki i ke kaumaha o 2-3 kg, i kekahi manawa hou aku. ʻAʻole hōʻea i ka 0,5 kg ka puka lua o ka loko peled.
ʻO ka pilina a me ka lōʻihi
Mai ka huluhulu palaoa a hiki i ka pākeke iʻa ʻoki mau ka mahina i loko o ʻeono malama, akā, hoʻopau ka wīwī i loko o nā loina wai i ka makahiki 3 o ke ola, ma ka loko - i ka makahiki 5-7. Ke ola nei ka peled 8-11 mau makahiki. Holo ka iʻa iʻa ma ka 6 makahiki.
No ka hoʻouluulu, pono ia i nā wahi mālie me ka wai kūloe. Hoʻomaka ʻia ka manawa hoʻomaka ma ka hoʻomaka o ka hoʻoilo, i kekahi mau makahiki ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻoilo, ke puka mai ka hau ma nā wai wai. No laila, ke ʻano o ka meteorological no ka manawa ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka spawning, hiki iā ia ke lūlū mai Kepakemapa a hiki i Dekemaba.
ʻO nā wahi kūpono no ka spawning lake peled ka wahi i puka aku ai i waho, a no ka muliwai kekahi, ma lalo o ka wai i kahi pāpaʻi a i lalo paha i ka wai kahe e hoʻokahe ʻia ka wai. Hōʻike pinepine ka hoʻohālikelike o ka peled i ka wai hoʻomehana ʻaʻole i kiʻekiʻe aʻe ma mua o 8 kiʻekiʻe, e kūpono loa i ka zero.
Hiki i ka peled wahine ke kahu ma kahi o 80 tausani mau hua e pili ana i 1,5 mm o ka ʻāpana i kahi hāmele kala, e like me ke ʻano o nā ʻili o lalo. Ma hope koke o ka hipi ʻana, hiki ke pili ʻana i ka pili i 7-8 mm o ka lōʻihi o ke kino.
Ma lalo o nā kūlana kūlohelohe, ma hope o hoʻokahi a ʻelua mau pule ua ʻimi lākou e ʻai i ka zooplankton. Hoʻomoe ka wā inkubation mai 6 a 8 mau mahina, ʻo ke kākaka o ka palaoa e ka manawa e hoʻomaka ai ka hau. Ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻeke yolk, kūleʻa ka mea ʻōpio a pau e ʻai i ka zooplankton.
Ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻo ke kumukūʻai o ka iʻa wai kai he kauoha o ka nui o lalo o ka iʻa o ke kai, he manaʻo nui loa ia e hoʻoholo i ke ʻano o ka iʻa. kaiakao a i ʻole awa - hāʻawi i ka makemake.
I waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, nā iʻa lau, me nā ʻano awa wai ʻia like me nā kīnā ʻai me ka moa moa a ua manaʻo ʻia he kumu waiwai o ka protein no ke kino. Ma waho aʻe o ʻai peled he mau hiʻohiʻona gastronomic kiʻekiʻe, palupalu, ʻokoʻa loa, ʻaʻole hoʻomanaʻo, e hoʻomanaʻo nei i ka ʻono o ka ʻula omul, he mea waiwai nui ia, e like me ka ʻai o ke kolo.
Makai a caviar peled Loaʻa iā lākou kahi helu nui o nā mea pono e pono ai no ka hana olakino o ka pūnao, ka gastrointestinal tract, a me ka ʻōnaehana cardiovascular, he hopena maikaʻi loa i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o nā puʻupuʻu kino:
- chromium - hāʻawi mau i ka pae ʻai koko maʻamau,
- Kākoʻo - kākoʻo i ke kani o ka puʻuwai naʻau,
- Hoʻopili - nā hana maʻamau i nā hana o ka ʻōpiopio.
- kaloli - kahi hopena maikaʻi i ka iwi a me ka ʻili.
Hoʻohana ʻōnaehana ʻai peled hoʻomaikaʻi i ka mālamaʻana o ka nānā ʻana i ka meaʻai, hoʻohemo i nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi palupalu, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hiamoe maikaʻi, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka haʻalele ʻana o nā hōʻailona depressive a me ka huhū, nā hakakā haki i ka hana o ka ʻōpū gastrointestinal, hoʻomaikaʻi i nā ʻili a me nā lauoho.
Hiki ke kūʻai ʻia ke kuʻi ma nā hale kūʻai kūʻai kūikawā e kūʻai aku ana i nā huahana o nā iʻa a i ʻole ma nā hale kūʻai. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia ma ke kūʻai ʻana i nā iʻa i loko o ka wai hou-hou, ʻeleʻele a maloʻo paha.
Helu peled kau aku i ka ʻano o ka hoʻoili ʻana, a me ka nui: kūʻai ʻia nā kope nui ma luna o nā kope liʻiliʻi. Ma Moscow, ʻo ka awelika kūʻai kumukūʻai o hoʻokahi kileman o ka peled i hoʻololi i ka wahi o 200-400 rubles:
- hoʻomaloʻo maloʻo - 375 mau rubles no ka kg,
- hōʻaila ʻino - 375 rubles i kg,
- peled-hou-hoʻoluʻu - 215 rubles i pākeke.
ʻAi lākou i ka peled a me ka caviar, aia nā mea pono āpau maikaʻi i loko o kahi ʻano paʻa. ʻO ke kumukūʻai kūʻai kūʻai o 450 mau kalima o nā peled caviar liʻiliʻi he 900-1000 rubles.
Nā iʻa iʻa - ʻaʻi a me ka noho
ʻO Pelyad, i kapa ʻia i ka ʻona, kahi iʻa i loko o ka wai lauma i pauʻa i ʻāpana ʻia o ka ʻohana Sigi koi o ka ʻohana Salmon. Noho ʻo Pelyad ma nā loko wai wai e kahe ana i loko o ka moana Artct, a pēlā pū ma ka pūmū Amur. Aia kona neʻe ʻana mai ka muliwai Mezen ma ke komohana a hiki i Lake Ilirnei ma ka hikina. Hoʻopili ia, ʻike paʻa ʻia kēia iʻa i nā kino wai i ka waena o Russia a me Siberia hema.
ʻO Peled kahi kino kiʻekiʻe: kiʻekiʻe ke kino a ikaika loa ʻia ma hope. I ka lōʻihi, hiki iā ia ke piʻi i 55 cm me ke koʻikoʻi a hiki i 3 kg, i nā hihia kaʻawale, hiki ke ulu a hiki i 5 kg. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka peled mai nā iʻa ʻē aʻe o ke ʻano o nā iʻa keʻokeʻo ma o ke ʻano o ka waha (ʻo ka ʻōpū o luna e kūlahalaha loa ma luna o ka lalo) a me nā ʻano kamela he nui (a he 68 mau kihi). ʻO ka kala ma ka ʻaoʻao he kala kālā, he uliuli ke kua, a poni ka poʻo a me ka paukū dorsal me nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi.
ʻOiai ʻo ka peled ua manaʻo ʻia he iʻa ka loko o ka wai, ʻoi aku ka makemake o ka haʻalele ʻana i nā wahi me ka holo wikiwiki, makemake i nā loko wai, nā lunakahiko a nā wīwī lohi He ʻoluʻolu ko Pelyad i loko o nā loko i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ʻo ia ka mea e hōʻike pinepine ʻia i loko o nā loko liʻiliʻi a hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka mahiʻai iʻa.
Hoʻolaha ka poʻe loea i nā subspecies a i ʻole nā ʻano peled - nā kahe (ola ma nā muliwai, ulu nui koke, ʻūhū i ke kolu o ka makahiki o ke ola), loko o ka ʻona (maʻamau ka wai i loko o ka loko kahi i hānau ai ʻo ia) a me ka loko dwarf (ola i nā loko liʻiliʻi plankton-maikaʻi, ulu, ulu mālie, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka nui o ka nui). No laila, ʻo ka iʻa iʻa iʻa i noho ai i loko o ka wai - i ka māhu a i ʻole ka maʻamau - ke hilinaʻi nui wale ia i ka loko.
Kūpī ka peled i ka hāʻule i ka wā hoʻomaha, aia i loko o kona mau wahi e holo ana mai Kepakemapa a me Dekemaba. No spawning i loko o ka loko, koho ʻo ia i nā kī i nā puka i waho, a i loko o nā kahe - nā wahi o lalo i lalo. Mai ka pīkī a hiki i ka pākeke, hoʻomohala ka peled i mua o nā mahina ʻeono, akā hiki wale i ka wā ʻōpiopio no 3-8 mau makahiki o ke ola. Kuhi nui iki i ka makahiki 6 o kona mau makahiki. ʻO ka lōʻihi loa o ke ola o ka peled ua palena ʻia i 11 mau makahiki.
He manaʻo hoihoi. ʻO ka loko a me ka wai kahe a kahe a holo ʻana i ke kahawai ʻo deltas ka muliwai. Eia kekahi, i ka pūnāwai, i ka wā e kahe ana o nā muliwai ʻākau i nā wahi ākea o ka ʻArikika, holo ikaika nā peled i loko o ka waikahe wai, kahi nui ka ʻai. Akā i ka hoʻomaka koke ʻana mai o ka wai, hoʻi koke ka iʻa i kona mau kahawai a me nā kahawai.
Hopena peled
ʻOiai ke kū nei o ke kīpē i nā holoholona waiwai koʻikoʻi, ʻaʻole hiki ke kapa ʻia ka nui o kona hopu. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka iʻa o ka iʻa i ka loko o ka loko i kahi mamao a me ka nui o ka noho ʻana, a i kekahi mau manawa, ʻaʻole i noho ʻia i nā wahi ʻākau.
Nā lawaiʻapeled alakaʻi ʻia kokoke i nā kūlanakauhale liʻiliʻi a me nā kūlanakauhale o ka ʻAliki. I ka manawa o Soviet, ua hiki loa ka hopu ʻia o ka peled i ke kau he 200 tons i kēlā me kēia makahiki, akā i kēia manawa ʻoi aku ka emi o kēia helu. No laila, ʻaʻole pono ka kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka lawaiʻa kālepa. ʻO Pelyad kahi mea maikaʻi no ka lawaiʻa lawaiʻa ma nā ʻāpana ʻākau o ka ʻāina.
ʻEkele peled hiki ke hua i ia makahiki. ʻAʻole ia e pōʻino i muli o ka haʻahaʻa o ka oxygen hāhā i ka wai, ka mea e hāʻawi i kona maikaʻi i ka mālama ʻana i ka wā anuanu. I ka hopena o Pepeluali, i ka wā i hemo ai ka mālama ʻana i ka meaʻai, ua kahe ka iʻa i ka wai o ka wai ma lalo o ka hau, me ka nui o ka nui o ka lilo ʻana i wahi ʻai no ka lawaiʻa.
ʻO nā māla maikaʻi loa no ka hopu ʻana i ka tiū he mau hoʻoilo, ke hoʻoilo a me ka puna. ʻO ke kauwela, pale ʻia ka lawaiʻa e ka hele ʻana i ka loko o ka nui o ka nui o nā meaʻai kūlohelohe. Eia naʻe, hiki i ka lawaiʻa ke hōʻike i kahi paʻakikī i nā manawa ʻē aʻe o ka makahiki. Inā hala ʻole ka plankton, e huli ka iʻa i ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea ʻai lalo, a ʻaʻole e pau nā mauʻano maʻamau i mea hoihoi iā ia.
ʻO kahi peled ka hilahila, no laila ke kūlana maikaʻi loa no ka hopu ʻana e noho mālie, aʻo ka hana ʻana e pono e hana ma kahi mamao. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kahi lawaiʻa e koho i nā bala i hoʻohui ʻia i ke kala me nā ʻōpuni a puni.
E kōkua ke kahe ʻana i ka wai a me nā liʻuliʻu kūikawā e hoʻoholo i kahi o ka iʻa. Ua manaʻo ia inā ʻaʻole i ʻike ka ʻōpio i loko o hoʻokahi hola, ʻo ia ke ʻano ʻo ia ʻole ma kēlā mea, a kūpono ia e ʻimi i kahi ʻē aʻe.
I ka hoʻoilo, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i kahi lāʻau lawaiʻa maʻamau, a i ke kauwela ke holomua ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka iʻa lawaiʻa ke ana me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka punawai. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana ka lawaiʻa akamai hopu ʻia lele lawaiʻa me kahi koʻa lawaiʻa o 5 mika, ʻupena a me nā ʻupena hīmeni.
ʻO ka mea ʻāʻī o ka ʻōhi e like me ka kūho ʻoki. Hoʻopau nā spimensia nui i kahi paʻakikī i ka hakakā ʻana. Pono kēia e mālama pono i ka kau ʻana, e like me ka leʻaleʻa o nā lehelehe o ka peled, a hiki maʻalahi ke hōʻoki a hele i ka hohonu. I kēia hihia, pono ʻoe e ʻimi e hoʻopaʻa i kahi neʻe pōkole.
I ka lawaiʻa lawaiʻa, kahi lawaiʻa lawaiʻa me ka diameter o 0.2 mm e hoʻohana ʻia, ke koho ʻia nei ka māka ma ka helu 4 a 5. No ka lawaiʻa no ka peled, he pono a pobedok - kahi lāʻau maʻamau ma kahi o ka mika lōʻihi, kahi mākaʻi lawaiʻa o 3-4 mika me ʻelua a ʻekolu mau alakaʻi me ka ʻole a mākū.
E hoʻopili i kekahi pobradok i hoʻokahi manawa. Hele ka lawaiʻa ʻana i ka hohonu o ke kahawai a hoʻāʻo e hoʻoulu i ka wai, no ka mea, ua hoʻihoʻi ka wai lepo i ka tiʻa. Manaʻo ka iʻa e loaʻa ka ʻai ma ke ao ao. Ke ʻike nei i ka maunu, hopu ʻo ia iā ia.
A me nā lawaiʻa, e paʻa ana i ka pobedok kokoke i ko lākou mau wāwae, e kiʻi i ka hopu maʻalahi. ʻO ka papa o ka muliwai e lawe i ka maunu, no laila e huki hou ʻia i kēlā me kēia manawa. Ma hope o kahi hapaha o ka hola, pono ʻia kēlā lawaiʻa e hele i kahi mau mika i luna o ka muliwai a hana hou i ka hoʻokipa.
I ke kauwela, hoʻohana pono nā māka i nā ʻūlū, mollusks, a i ʻole wīwī na ka lāʻau no ka pain. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o Maggot, akā aia kekahi manawa ua hoʻohana ʻia. Pelyad makemake e noho ma kahi mamao e pili ana i hoʻokahi mika a me ka hapa mai ka lalo.
I ka hoʻoilo, e hele a maikaʻi loa ke hoʻololi i ka maunu ola me ka mormyshka. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana lawaiʻa ma ka hoʻoilo me ke kōkua o nā ʻili polū: nā mea paʻahana akamai i hoʻopuni i ka lua a me ka hau me ka uhi ʻana o ka pale mai ka pahu hau ma luna o ka wai i loko o ka lua.
Hoʻokumu ʻia kahi pale hau ma kahi kiʻekiʻe mika. Noho ʻia ka umit e pili ana iā 5 cm mai ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻai hau ma ka hoʻopiha ʻia me ka wai. Inā ʻaʻole e hoʻopuka ka ʻano like ʻole i ka hualoaʻa, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻāʻo i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka mauʻu i ka hohonu hohonu a kau paha i lalo o ka hau.
Ma waho aʻe o ka lawaiʻa ʻana i nā kūlana kūlohelohe, ʻo ke kekona ka makemake e like me ka iʻa i loko o ka pāʻai i nā mahiʻai.Ua pani ʻia ʻo ia ma Central Russia, ma ke kūkulu ʻākau a me ke kikowaena o ʻEulopa, a i ʻĀsia hoʻi.
ʻO ka waiwai koʻikoʻi o ka peled
Ma nā wahi i loaʻa ai ka iʻa peled, manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kahi iʻa koʻikoʻi waiwai nui, akā naʻe, liʻiliʻi ka nui o nā iʻa o kāna hopu. ʻOiai i ka manawa Soviet, ʻo kona loaʻa ʻana kahi lōʻihi loa ma ka 200 tons. I kēia lā, ua liʻiliʻi loa ke ʻano. ʻAʻole ka pili ʻana o nā mea lawaiʻa i ka iʻa liʻiliʻi me ka liʻiliʻi o nā iʻa, akā me ka mea i noho ai ka peled ma nā wahi mamao a kokoke i haʻalele i nā wahi ʻākau o ka ʻāina. E mālama ʻia ana ka lawehala a me nā lawaiʻa e kū pono kokoke i nā wahi liʻiliʻi o ka Arctic.
Kuhi i ka nui o ka hopu maoli i ka peled, ʻaʻohe pono o ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka lawaiʻa ʻenehana. Akā ma nā ʻāpana ʻākau he mea iʻa ka lawaiʻa hākinakina. Hopu lākou iā lākou a puni ka makahiki āpau, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia e hele i ka lei. ʻO ka pilikia nui o ka lawaiʻa o nā lawaiʻa e pili ana i ka peled ke hilahila loa, no laila he paʻakikī loa ke hopu. Pono kēia i ka lewa a me ka hōʻole.
Akā e like me ka loko iʻa o ka hoʻoulu ʻia o nā hua lehelehe, peled ka mea makemake nui loa. Ma waho aʻe o Central Russia, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia kēia mau iʻa e nā poʻe kālepa ma waena o ʻĀpana a me Central ʻEulopa, a ʻo Ākena Kalika.
Iʻa iʻa ʻia - nā waiwai kūpono
Nui ka loaʻa ʻana o ka peled i ka meaʻai me nā ʻano kūpono o nā hopena maikaʻi i ke kino. Hoʻomaka ka waiwai maikaʻi o ka iʻa peled me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka waiwai i loko o kahi pānaehana piha o ka macro- a me nā microelements e hāpai nei i ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana i nā cell a normalize i ka hana ʻana o ka nenoai. ʻO ka ʻiʻo peled ka nui o ka chromium, pono e mālama i nā pae o ke kō koko kiʻekiʻe.
Mālama pinepine ka peled i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka hiamoe, pale i ke ʻano o ke kaumaha a me ka huhū. Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka kūpono o kēia iʻa i ka hakakā ʻana i ka constipation a me ka halitosis. Ua kōkua nā mea i loko o ka ʻai o kēia iʻa e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano o ka ʻili.
ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka peled i ka meaʻai, hiki iā ʻoe ke lanakila i ka ʻōpū a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka kao. ʻO ka ʻai o kēia iʻa ka hopena kūpono i ka ʻoihana kūwaho, me ka kōkua i ke kaua ʻana i nā spasms a me ka hōʻeha i ka ʻōpū. ʻO ka paʻakai, ka momona i ka peled, hana ʻo ia i ka hana ʻana o ka puʻuwai puʻuwai, a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka phosphorus i ka hana o ke ʻōpiopio, ʻoi aku ka wahine.
ʻO Peled kahi prophylactic maikaʻi e kū'ē i ka atherosclerosis, me ka mea e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka cholesterol. A maikaʻi kāna maikaʻi ma kahi o kāna papa meaʻai, no ka mea, ʻo kāna haʻawina kalolo he 126 kcal wale no 100 g.
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole pono ka ʻokaʻeha o kekahi, no ka mea i ka wā e ʻai ʻia ai ka nui o ka ʻōpū, ka ʻōpū, ka ʻōpū a me ke ʻano he alia paha. He kūpono kēia no nā keiki ʻōpio.
He aha kā ka peled ʻai?
ʻO ka papa kaiʻai nui o ka tīʻaʻa he zooplankton a me nā crustaceans. Hoʻopiha nui loa kēia i ka lawaiʻa o ka peled: ʻaʻohe lohi ʻo ia ma luna o ka mauʻu, nā mea maʻamau o nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o ka ichthyofauna. Hopu ka hopu i kekahi manawa o ka makahiki. I mea e ʻike ai i kahi o nā iʻa e ʻai ai, e makaʻala nui i nā pōkole kikoʻī a ʻū nui ma luna o ka wai o ka wai.
Hiki ke hoʻohana i ka peled ke hoʻohana i nā maggots, nā wili, nā namu, nā kahe koko, nā mollusks, amphipods, gammarids e like me ka meaʻai. No kēia kumu, i ke kauwela, hoʻohana nā lawaiʻa i ke ʻano non-muscular no ka lawaiʻa.
Aia anei aia he opisthorchiasis ma pike?
Ka pane i ka nīnau inā he opisthorchiasis ma pike e waiho ana ma luna o ka ʻili. ʻO Pike, nā poʻe iʻa ʻano ʻai, e like me ka hapa o ka poʻe loea, ʻaʻole hiki ke maʻi me ka maʻi helminth. ʻAʻole e ʻae nā mea pale i nā loina o kēia ʻano. No laila, ʻaʻole e pane ka pane i ka nīnau inā he maʻi paha ka pā me ka opisthorchiasis me ka 99% pololei.
ʻO Opisthorchiasis ma kahi pai i kekahi mau hihia e ulu paha ke ʻano o ka iʻa ʻia i kahi iʻa ʻia kahi pōpoki, akā loaʻa ʻole nā hihia like ʻole. He mea paʻakikī loa ke maʻi ka maʻi maʻi me ka opisthorchiasis mai ka pike, akā inā ʻoe e ʻai i ke ake o ka iʻa nāwaliwali nāwaliwali, a laila e piʻi aʻe ka nui o ka maʻi maʻi, no ka mea pinepine ka pā ʻana o nā trematodes i kēia kiko.
Pehea e pale ai i ka pūpū o ka ʻino
I mea e pale ai iā ʻoe iho a me kou ʻohana no kahi opisthorchiasis i weliweli, pono ia e loaʻa wale i nā peled ma nā wahi hilinaʻi. Pono ka mea kūʻai aku i nā palapala e hōʻoia ana i ka palekana o ka waiwai a me kahi o kā lākou lawe ʻana. ʻO kahi huahana i hala i ka mana maʻemaʻe e lawe mai i ke kino i ʻoi aku nā pōmaikaʻi hou.
Ma muli o ka hiki ke kūpono i ka maʻi a me nā wīwī, ʻaʻole ia e kuhi ʻia e ʻai i ka iʻa a maikaʻi. Me ka hana o ka ʻai maka, hiki iā ʻoe ke manaʻo i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi maʻi ʻōpio o ka opisthorchiasis me kahi 100% hōʻoia. ʻO kahi hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū kūʻokoʻa o ke kaʻina o ka iʻa i ka iʻa e pale ai i ke komo ʻana o nā parasit i loko a pale i kou olakino.
He mea nui ia e ʻike ʻo ka larvae (metacercariae) he paʻakikī paʻakikī. Hiki iā lākou ke kū i nā hopena o nā mahana koʻikoʻi a mālama i ka hiki ke mālama no ka manawa lōʻihi. Eia nō naʻe, inā ʻoe e ʻimi i nā lula maʻalahi, hiki iā ʻoe ke pale i ka nahu o ka maʻi a he palekana maoli i ka kuke ʻana i nā kīʻaha kīʻaha. I kēia hihia, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia i ke ʻano nui o nā kuhi e ʻike ʻia.
- no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka huahana pono e loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi pahi ʻokoʻa, ka papa a me ka poʻi.
- hoʻoholomua ka hoʻomau i mua o ka iʻa ma mua o ka kuke ʻana i ka luku ʻana i nā palaʻa āpau i loko ona.
- i ka wā e kuke ai, pono ia e mālama i ka huahana i ka wai hoʻolapalapa no ka liʻiliʻi loa he 15 mau minuke,
- i ka wā o ka hoʻopalapula ʻana i ka iʻa e pono ai e uhi i ka pā no 20-25 mau minuke, no ka mea ʻoi aku ka hopena, hoʻomohā mua ʻia ke kāwili me ka kuke ʻana.
E make loa ʻo Helminths i nā hola 32 i kahi mahana a -28 tikelī, a ma -40 ua luku ʻia lākou ma 7 mau hola wale nō. Hiki i nā iʻa maka i loko o ka manuahi maʻamau maʻamau no hoʻokahi mahina. Hoʻololi ʻia ka huahana ʻana i nā huahana ma ka t -8-12 mau kekelē liʻiliʻi ma kahi o 20 mau lā a ma ka t -26-32 tikelika ma ka liʻiliʻi loa he 3 lā.
ʻO ka iʻa opisthorchiasis?
ʻAʻole maʻamau ka noʻonoʻo o nā kānaka a pau i ka pōʻino e hiki ai i nā poʻe ʻaiʻa ke kali ke kū ma hope o kahi kahawai. Ma kahi kokoke i 90% o ka iʻa i hoʻopilikia ʻia me nā nole o opisthorchiasis. ʻO ka iʻa me nā ʻōleʻa helminth i hopu ʻia ma nā muliwai like me ka Volga, Ural, Ob, Irtysh, Dnieper, a me Dvina ʻĀina.
Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia ka pili ʻana o nā mea maʻi i ka iʻa o ka ʻohana cyprinid. Ua manaʻo ʻia ia ʻaʻole mea e peled me ka wīwī. Akā, ʻaʻole pololei kēia.
Manaʻo ka iʻa ʻona i poʻe alakaʻi i ka mahele o ka maʻi, akā i ka manawa like, ʻo nā ʻano iʻa ʻē aʻe e makemake i ka wai anuanu e lilo i ka maʻi. Hiki i ke Opisthorchiasis ke aʻa i ke kino o nā iʻa he nui, i kēia hihia ʻaʻole nā mea peled. I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua ʻike pinepine ʻia nā pathogens o opisthorchiasis i loko o kēia ʻano ʻoihana keʻokeʻo. No kēia kumu, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻai ʻana i ka iʻa no ka meaʻai, no ka mea aia ke ʻano o ka maʻi me nā ilo.
ʻO ka hele ʻana o nā ʻōpū ma kahi peled e hilinaʻi ana i kahi e noho ai ka peled. Ma mua, noho ʻo opisthorchiasis i loko o nā mollusks a me nā iʻa o ka ʻohana cyprinid. Hiki ke kīpī ʻia ka ʻōhi inā me ka cyprinids i ka wai like.
ʻO Peled kahi iʻa lawaiʻa e ʻai ana i ka ʻi a me nā iʻa ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia ke kumu i lilo ai i maʻi no kekahi. Hoʻopili nā hua o nā pūpū i ke kino o ke kao me nā mea ʻai i ʻai;
Māmā maʻalahi e hoʻomaopopo i ka parasite i ka wā e nānā ana i nā ʻōiwi o ke kupapaʻu o ka iʻa. ʻO nā ʻōleʻa o nā ʻōleʻa e like me nā puka atypical ma ke ʻano o nā ʻala lau ʻala. Ke ʻike nei i kēia, ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo i ka kānalua, ka maʻi o ka pīpī me nā ʻōpala. I ka ʻai ʻana i nā iʻa i maʻi ʻia, e noho ana nā wīwī i loko o ka ate a me ka papa ʻana o kahi kanaka, kahi e hoʻomaka ai lākou e waiho i ka hua.
ʻA ka lawaiʻa kauwela
Hiki iā ʻoe ke hopu i ka peled i nā makahiki a puni, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka lawaiʻa ʻana i ke kauwela. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi wahi lawaiʻa e ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi e ka splash i loko o ka wai a me nā pōkole kahaha. ʻO ka lawaiʻa me ka lāʻau lawaiʻa me ka ʻauʻau ʻole he ala maikaʻi loa. He mea kūpono ke hopu i ka peled a lele i ka lawaiʻa me ke koʻokoʻo lawaiʻa a hiki i 5 m.
ʻAla lawaiʻa ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mānoanoa 0.2-0.22 mm. ^ E Ha yM. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka maikaʻi №4 a i ʻole №5. ^ E Ha yM. Me ke ʻano o ka iʻa iʻa maka, akā he mea kēia e noho wale nō inā noho kekahi iʻa nui. A laila makemake ʻoe i ka mākaukau a pau i ka hakakā ʻana.
I ka Volga lawaiʻa ʻia no ka lawaiʻa e lawe ʻia ana me ka pobradok, kahi koʻokoʻo lōʻihi mika me nā lawena lawaiʻa mai 2,5 a 4 m. ^ E Ha yM. Nui nā pēpē i kēlā mau hanana. Hele lākou i ka wai i ka wai a e hoʻomālamilulu ka wai. Hoʻolohe kēia i nā iʻa, ke wikiwiki ʻo ia i kēia uaki, me ka manaʻolana i ka mea pio. Nana aku la i ka mauaka, hopu ia. I kēia manawa, pono kahi kākoki kūpono akā koi. E nee hoʻoneʻe mau ʻia ka lahui e nā mea i kēia manawa a pono hoʻi e huki koke ʻia, a laila e piʻi aʻe i kekahi mau pae aʻe i luna.
No ka pain, e hoʻohana i kahi kaona ʻōpala maʻamau, ʻoki ʻia i ka ʻiʻī o ka clam, ka moka a i ʻole ke kahe koko. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka Maggot. ʻAʻole koi ʻia Bait. I kekahi manawa hoʻohana lākou i ka mormyshka. Pono e mālama ka maunu i ka lōʻihi o ka hapalua mika mai lalo, aʻo nei ka hohonu o ka peled.
Ke kiʻi nei i ka peled i ke kauwela no ka lawaiʻa ʻana, wikiō.
Kāohi
I mea e pale aku ai i ka maʻi me ka opisthorchiasis i ka wā e pau ai i ka peled, pono ia e nānā i kekahi nui o nā kaʻihele a me nā lula no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i kēia iʻa momona:
- no ka ʻoki ʻana i ka iʻa, pono ʻoe e loaʻa kahi papa ʻokoʻa a me kahi pahi, e hoʻomākaʻa maikaʻi ʻia me ka wai wela a me ka detergent ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana, a mālama ʻia pū hoʻi me kahi kīʻaha o kahi kīhini,
- ua ke kauoha ʻia e hoʻohāʻule hohonu ka puhaka hou, i kolo ʻia nā iʻa liʻiliʻi ma ke pāhana o -28 ° C a hoʻonui ʻia i kahi mau hola, nui - 3 mau lā,
- ina aia ka pāhana ma lalo o 40 mau degere, hiki ke luku ʻia nā palaʻa ma ka hola 7-10, inā e kamaʻilio nei mākou no kahi hale kīʻaha hale - mālama lākou i ka iʻa ma loko o ka liʻiliʻi o hoʻokahi mahina.
- hiki ke hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka maʻi manuahi hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻopau loa i ka ulia parasit, ʻoiai me ka pīhoihoi o ka hua o ka helminth pōʻino e hiki ke ola,
- ʻo 20 ka mau minuke ka paila ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻōpū o ka opisthorchia
- pono ke pīkī i ka iʻa i ka pā me ka pale no 20-30 mau minuke,
- Ma mua o kahi hoʻomākaukau ʻana, pono e ʻike ʻia ke kupapaʻu o ke kao no ka ʻōpala (metacercariae) a kāpae ʻia,
- hoʻonui ʻia ka peled a i ʻole ʻia paha, ʻele ʻia ka iʻa liʻiliʻi ma loko o 5 mau lā, a ʻo nā ʻōpapa nunui ʻaʻole i emi iho ma mua o 10 mau lā,
- Manaʻo ʻia e huki i ka peled wale ma ke ala wela, ʻaʻole pono ka lawaiʻa maloʻo no kēia iʻa, ʻaʻole make nā opisthorchis.
Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole i ʻōlelo ʻia e hānai i nā holoholona, ʻoiai ʻo ka moa, me ka iʻa ʻawa a i ʻole o kāna mau ʻili. Ke ʻai nei i nā holoholona i hele pū ʻia, aia nō ka hopena o ka hoʻouka ʻana a me nā maʻi opisthorchiasis
Hiki ke pale ʻia ka maʻi inā ʻohi ʻia nā mea āpau i ka wā e ʻoki a hoʻomākaukau ai i ka peled
ʻO Peled kahi iʻa kūmole mai nā ʻano keokeʻo keʻokeʻo. ʻO ka paona nui ka lōʻihi i hiki ai i ka peled he 5 kg, a ʻo ka lōʻihi ka lōʻihi ma kahi hapalua mika. He ʻano iʻa ʻo Pelyad, aia i loko o nā ʻaoʻao o nā wai anuanu o ka moana Arctic, nā muliwai o Siberia a me nā Urals a ua ʻike ʻia he iʻa lawa, no ka mea e makemake ʻo ia ka wai kahe e kahe. ʻAno ka peled i nā crustaceans, no laila he ʻiʻo ʻono kona ʻiʻo. Ma ke ʻano o ka hopu ʻana i ka ʻenehana, hoʻohālikelike ka poʻe mahiʻai i ka peled, kahi mea i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia e ke ʻano kūlohelohe o ka peled i ka noho.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka lawaiʻa mo ka hoʻoilo
ʻAʻole ʻokiʻī ka iʻa iʻa ʻia, ʻaʻole pono ia i kahi o ka oxygen, no laila i ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo i ka hemahema ma lalo o ka hau. Akā ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻoilo, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka iʻa e hānai. I kēia manawa, holo ʻo ia i nā papakihi ma lalo o ka ʻona iā ia iho. ʻO kahi maunu i kēia manawa, ke kī no ka lawaiʻa e kūleʻa ana.
Paʻa lākou i ka peled me kahi koʻokoʻi lawaiʻa maʻamau me mormyshka. ʻAʻole pono ke ola ola. Hāʻawi ʻia ʻoe i ka hilahila o ka iʻa, e pono ʻoe e iʻa ma o ka hoʻopalike ʻia o ka lua poloka. No kēia, kūkulu ʻia nā ʻōwili mai ka hau ma ka lua. Pono ke kiʻekiʻe o ka kiʻekiʻe e liʻiliʻi e hūnā i ka lua ma ka pale.
Hoʻokomo ʻia ka bait i kahi hohonu ma mua o 5 cm mai ka palena lalo o ka hau. Inā ʻaʻohe māuʻu, pono ke hopu a hohonu a i ʻole ma ka pae o ka wai. I kēia manawa, pono ʻoe e hānai i ka iʻa me ke koko maloʻo. No ia mea, e piʻi ka iʻa mai ka hohonu a e hoʻomaka nā aniani ikaika.
Kaʻa ʻaʻa
He keʻokeʻo ka ʻiʻo o Pelyad, ʻaila wale wale nō, ka iwi spinal a me nā iwi iwi, ʻoluʻolu wale i ka ʻala, he hoʻomanaʻo i kahi kukala hou. Hōʻoluʻolu kēia i ka kukeʻana i ka pāʻina culinary. No kēia kumu, ua loaʻa i ke aloha o nā ʻōwaha a me nā hale kūʻai. Ma hope o ka mālama wela, e nānā ke ʻano o kahi kīʻaha a loaʻa ke ʻano ʻono. Loaʻa nā kīʻaha maikaʻi loa mai nā iʻa iʻa hou ʻia.
He maikaʻi ka iʻa no ka papa mua, a hoʻomākaukau ʻia kekahi mea momona a maikaʻi ia mai ia mea. Pono ʻia ka peled waila ʻia he mea maikaʻi ʻole hoʻi. ʻO ka nele o nā iwi liʻiliʻi i ka ʻiʻo i hiki ai ke kuke i ka iʻa i kī ʻia, kahi e kī ʻia ʻia ma ka ʻano kirima. Hoʻopili ʻia i ka kuke ʻana i ka kuke, palaoa, kālua ʻia i ka kīʻaha mākaukau ma loko o kēia iʻa, maloʻo ka peled, i ulana ʻia i ka wela a wela Akā i kekahi ʻano, hoʻomau nā ʻano iʻa me ka pono o ka iʻa.
Hoʻohana maikaʻi o ka peled
ʻO ka ʻiʻo peled ka nui o ka waihona microelements pono: potassium, kaleta, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, hao a me ka zinc. Nā huaora PP a I. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻoholo i ka waiwai ʻai no 100 g o ka huahana:
- Kaloli kalima 126 kcal,
- Nā Palapala 19.2 g
- Momona 5.4 g
- Waiwai 74.1 g.
ʻO kēia set o nā mea waiwai e waiwai i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kino o ke kanaka.
He waiwai waiwai. ^ E Ha yM. Ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻai peled e kōkua i ka hoʻomaikaʻi i ka metabolism, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻōnaehana nūnē, hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano o ka ʻili, hoʻoikaika i ka ʻōpū o ka naʻau, hoʻoponopono i ke kō koko a me ka kolamu, hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kahe koko.
Hiki ke hōʻeha mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka peled
ʻAʻohe kālaiʻai ma ka peleda me nā momona momona unsaturated, e hana ana me ka antiioxidants, e hoʻohālike ʻo ia i kāna lāʻau lapaʻau i ka hakakā ʻana i ka maʻi kanesa.
Hoʻohana pinepine nā kīʻaha mai kēia iʻa, ʻoi aku ma mua o ka wae paʻa ʻana, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻonāukiuki, ma nā keiki a me nā pākeke maʻi. Aia ka manawa kūpono, ka hōʻeha a me ka manaʻo o ke kaumaha ma loko o ka ʻōpū.
ʻO ka pōʻino nui loa i ke olakino kanaka ka hopena i ka hopena o ka maʻi me nā flatworms e nā parasites o ka papa flukes. Hiki iā lākou ke komo i loko o kahi kanaka e ka ʻai ʻana i ka iʻa i hoʻopiha ʻia. Hoʻokahi i loko o ke kino, hiki i kēia mau palaka ke maʻi i nā maʻi e hiki ke make. Eia nō naʻe, ua hele mai kēia hoʻoweliweli mai i kekahi iʻa.
Ma mua ua manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole hiki ke peled i ka helminthiosis, akā naʻe pēlā kēia. Noho ka puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi ʻoi aku ka noho ʻana i nā mollusks a me nā crustaceans, ka mea e mālama ai i ka meaʻai no ka peled a laila e hoʻopilikia i kahi kanaka mai lākou.
Ka awelika kumukūʻai i kg
ʻO Pelyad kahi malihini kipa ma nā pale ma nā kikowaena waena a me ka hema o ka ʻāina. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hālāwai me ia hou. Inā ma nā wahi e hopu ai i nā kūlanakauhale e lawe ʻia ai ka lawaiʻa. No kēia kumu, ʻo ke kumukūʻai o nā peled i hoʻokū hou ma Chelyabinsk paha ma ia wahi 180-200 ʻōpala. no 1 kg, a in Moscow Hiki iā ʻoe ke kūʻai ma ke kumu kūʻai 270 rub i ka kg.
"> Ke kūlana / kahi | "> Moscow a me ka Wae | "> Saint Petersburg | "> Koho kūlanakauhale nui loa (Novosibirsk, Ulan-Ude, etc.) |
"> Hou-ʻaole | »> Mai 250 rubles no ka kg | »> Mai 230 rub / kg | »> Mai 190 rub / kg |
"> S / m glazed | "> Mai 270 mau rubles i ka kg | »> Mai 250 r. | "> Mai 230 mau rubles i ka kilogram |
"> Uahi kino a maloʻo loa | "> 500-650 rubles no ka kg | "> 430 mau rubles / kg ma luna | "> 300-350 mau rubles i kg ka poki |
"> Kahi | "> Mai 560 mau rubles i ka kg. | "> Mai 530 mau rubles / kg | "> Mai 330 mau rubles (Ural) |
Eia kahi mamao aku i kou kūlanakauhale mai ka wahi i hopu ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lilo ʻana i ka peled. Hoʻopilikia ʻia ke kumukūʻai e ka nui o ke peled a me kona ʻano hou.
Nā hiʻohiʻona
Hiki i ka peled hopu ke loaʻa i kahi mau pilikia.Ke nele nei o plankton, e ʻai ka iʻa ma nā mea ʻai iho i lalo, no ka mea ʻaʻole e hoʻomoe ʻo ia i ka maunuʻai maʻamau. ʻAʻole makemake ka iʻa me ka hoʻokau koi, no ka mea ke alakaʻi nei kēia i nā hua nāwaliwali nāwaliwali. Hoʻopau kekahi wahi iʻa keu me nā iʻa e hele hohonu.
Ka manawa lawaiʻa
ʻAi lākou i ka iʻa i kēlā me kēia makahiki, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kauwela. He hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa ka iʻa - ʻoluʻolu i ʻae i ka nele o ka oxygen i ka wai, e ʻoluʻolu iā ia i ka hoʻoilo. I loko o ka manawa ma mua o ka hopena o ka hoʻoilo, ua maikaʻi nā kino wai i ka meaʻai a ʻo kahi mea ʻai e hoihoi ai no ka peled. I kahi kūlana, e puka mai ia ma lalo o ka hau, kahi hiki ke maʻalahi i ka mea lawaiʻa.
Kūpono
ʻO ka Peled he iʻa hilahila, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e hopu iā ia me ka pau ʻole. Hiki iā ia ke hele i ka lawaiʻa i kēlā me kēia manawa o ka makahiki. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi kahi e kōkua ai i kahi kahe i loko o ka wai a me nā liʻuliʻu kūikawā. No ka lawaiʻa lawaiʻa, ʻōlelo ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o kahi lāʻau lawaiʻa haʻaila, a i ke kauwela, kahi iʻa ʻia ka loko iʻa ʻole me ka lāʻau maʻa. He mea like nō hoʻi e hopu i ke kao ma luna o ka lawaiʻa lawaiʻa me kahi koʻokoʻo o 5 mika, nānū ʻupena a me nā ʻupena.
No ka hopu hopu ʻia ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka laina lawaiʻa me ka mānoanoa o 0.2-0.22 mm. Pono ke koho ʻia i ka helu 4 a 5. ʻO ka huʻi o ka iʻa e like me ke kuʻikiʻe. Inā hele mai kekahi kanaka nui, e loaʻa nā pilikia i ke ola.
No ka hopu ʻana i ka peled ma ka Volga, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā pobedok me ʻoe - he koʻokoʻo mika lōʻihi mika. ʻO kahi laina lawaiʻa he 2.5-4 mau mika ka lōʻihi a paʻa ʻia iā ia. Ma ke kaʻina lawaiʻa, hoʻohana ʻia nā pobradoks. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka lawaiʻa me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ke hele nei ka lawaiʻa i ka hohonu a hoʻāʻo e hoʻomāno i ka wai, no ka mea he nani maoli nā peled. Hāʻawi ʻo ia no kahi ao umu, e helu ana i ka waiwai maikaʻi. E nānā ʻo ia i ka maunu a loaʻa iā. Pono pono ka ʻōpiopio ʻana, akā i ka manawa like me ka manawa, ʻoiai paha he hopena no ka nalowale o ka hopu.
Hiki i ka peled nui ke hoʻolele i ka laina lawaiʻa no ka manawa lōʻihi, a hiki i ka lawaiʻa e hoʻoikaika i nā mea e huki ai i ka iʻa. Ua kau nā lawaiʻa loio i ka ʻūlū ma lalo, ma nā wāwae, e paʻa ana i luna. E hoʻoiho koke ʻia ka manawa i ka maunu, no laila ke kumu e huki hou ʻia ai lākou. Ma hope o nā minuke 10-15 o ka lawaiʻa ʻana, piʻi lākou i kekahi mahele pae i luna, a hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka hana.
Bait
I ke kauwela, hoʻohana nā lawaiʻa i ka ʻōiwi maʻamau, mollusk a i ʻole wīwī ke ʻano he maunu. Hiki iā ia ke ʻimi e hopu i ka peled i nā maggots, akā ʻo kēia mauʻano, ʻaʻole e like me nā koho ma mua, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka paʻa ma waena o ka pou wai. ʻO ka hohonu o kahi peled e manaʻo ʻia e kahi mamao loa mai lalo o kahi e pili ana i 70-150 kenimika.
I ka hoʻoilo, mai hoʻohana i ka mauʻu ola. I kēlā kūlana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mormyshka.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻonui i ka manawa i ka hopu ʻana i nā peled ma kahi ala ʻē aʻe: e hoʻohana i kahi puka ākea kūikawā. Hana ʻia kēia hana maʻalahi. Mai ka hoʻoilo, hana i nā ʻōwili e hoʻopuni nei i ka lua o ka wai mai ka lua mai o lākou mai ke pani i ka wai o ka lua. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ia ʻano kaʻa e pono ai ma kahi o 1 mika. Mālama ʻia ka paʻu i kahi hohonu i lalo o ka 5-6 sentimita mai ka ʻaoʻao o lalo o ka hau. Inā ʻaʻole e hoka nā iʻa, e kauoha ʻia e hopu ʻelua i ka hohonu a me ka kokoke o ka hau.
Hiki paha ke pā a ulu iʻa iʻa?
Hiki ke hoʻonui i ka loaʻa o ka ʻoihana lawaiʻa ʻana i ka lawaiʻa i ka wā e kālai ʻia ana i ke kalapu. Ma ka hoʻonui aʻe i ka loaʻa o ka huahana o ke kō, e hāʻawi ana kēia ʻano i ka maikaʻi loa i ka pale ʻana i ka helminthiasis i nā iʻa ʻē aʻe, no ka mea ʻoi ka peled no ka ʻai ʻana i ka crustaceans copepod, kahi mea nui i waena o ka pōkole hoʻomohala parasit.
Hoʻopilikia ʻia ka hānai a me ka hānai ʻana i ka iʻa.
- Hana mua nona ka broodstock i hoʻomākaukau mua ʻia mai kahi caviar i loaʻa. No kēia, koho ʻia nā kāne maikaʻi a ʻoi aku nā kāne kāne, ua hoʻokumu ʻia lākou i loko o nā loko liʻiliʻi, mai kahi aku i ka hopu ʻia ʻana. I ka Nowemapa, kanu ʻia nā iʻa ma nā loko wai kahe i loko o ka lumi no ka ʻala ʻana. ʻO ka nui o nā loko wai he 70 mau mika cubic a loaʻa kahi ʻano elongated. I mea e ʻoluʻolu ai ka iʻa i loko o lākou, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka wai - i kēlā me kēia 8 mau hola. Hiki iā ia ke ʻae i nā mea ʻoniʻoni ma mua o 1,500 mea hana pilikino i hoʻokahi loko.
- Hana ʻelua i loko o ka mea maoli e hoʻouna ʻia ana nā mea hana mākaukau i loko o nā hui 250 o kekahi mau i nā loko liʻiliʻi, kahi i koho ʻia ai nā caviar. ʻOi aku ka hoʻohana 'kāne' i nā manawa he mau wā o 2-3 mau lā. Hoʻouna ʻia nā hua momona i ka incubator - e hāʻawi kēia i nā embryos i kahi pae kiʻekiʻe o ka saturation o ka oxygen. Mamuli o ke kumukūʻai wela, mālama ka manawa incubation i nā lā 123-145. I kēia manawa, pono ia e hoʻokō i ka hoʻoheheʻe pale ʻana i ka caviar e hoʻohana ana i nā hopena kūikawā. Ma hope o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o nā palā, e hoʻouna ʻia ana i nā cages. Ma hope o hoʻokahi pule, ua mākaukau lākou eʻai ikaika.
- ʻEkolu hana hoʻomaka me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pā i ka wai i loko o ka wai makahiki, kahi e ulu pū ai lākou me nā kalapu. Hoʻopili ʻia nā mea kanu kanu ma ka pae o 20-25 tausani pālua no ka 1 hectare. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi, inā ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ka hohonu o ka punawai ma mua o 3 mika, a ʻo ka ʻāpana he 15-20 ʻeka. Ma kēia hihia, ʻaʻole kumu no ka nui o ka palau ma lalo o ka waihona waiwai, no ka mea, e waiho pū ka peled me nā wai i hoʻolawila ʻia. ʻO nā kīpē me nā holoholona ʻōpio ʻaʻole pono nā filtration no ʻelua mau mahina. Aia wale nō ka loaʻa ʻana o nā iʻa o kēia au, e koi ʻia ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi kahe wai kahe.
ʻOiai ka peled ke hōʻoluʻolu i ka wai mahana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka paʻa ʻana i loko o kahi loko i kahi o ka mahana o ka wai ʻaʻole iʻoi aku o 22 mau kiʻekiʻe. Loaʻa ka tīhi i ka wā e hāʻule ai ka hōʻailona i nā 5 kiʻekiʻe a i lalo.
I kēia lā, ʻo ka peled survival e pili ana iā 50%, ma kahi o 2 mau mea i loaʻa i ka iʻa mai ka 1 hectare me ka paona awelika o nā makahiki he 20-25 mau grama.
ʻO nā ʻeleʻele Pelad pinepine i ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo i nā cyprinids, aʻo ka waihona o ka oxygen ma kahi o 5 mg / l. ke kanu ʻana i nā makahiki maʻi peled i 1 hectare a hiki i ka 120 tausani. I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ke kūkulu nei nā māla iʻa i nā hōʻuluʻulu hoʻoilo no nā makahiki peled, ʻo ia hoʻi nā “wai ʻona” i kanu ʻia i 2 mau mika i ka lepo.
E pili ana i ka manawa lawaiʻa no ke kūʻai aku ʻana, he paʻakikī ke pane me ka pololei. Ma ke kai kūlohelohe, ʻo ka paona o ka peled i ʻekolu makahiki he 200-350 grama, mai iʻa he ʻano makahiki ʻehā makahiki - 300-600 gram, o kahi ʻelima mau makahiki ʻelima - 500-700 kākā. E ʻoi aku ka uku ma mua o nā wahi no ke kūʻai ʻana i nā iʻa i ka makahiki ʻelua.
ʻO nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi
ʻO ka maʻi Opisthorchiasis e hele mai i ka wā i ʻai ʻia ka iʻa aʻai inā ʻaʻole i lawa pono ka huahana. No laila, ʻo nā ʻaha o ka lahui nā poʻe e hoʻohana i nā kīʻaha iʻa kūlohelohe, e like me ka muksuna, e ʻehaʻeha loa lākou i ka maʻi.
Ana i ke kino, ua hana ʻole ke helminth no nā pule ʻelua ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha i hoʻokahi mahina. Pono kēia manawa no nā wīwī e hū mai ka palolo a hiki i nā dile bile - kahi puʻupuʻu punahele. Hoʻomaʻa kēia punahele i nā membrane mucous.
Aia nā koho 2 no ka papa o nā maʻi: nā maʻi a me nā maʻi. Inā hoʻomaka ka lāʻau lapaʻau e pili i ke kino, a laila ma loko o ka hebedoma e ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona o ka opisthorchiasis: ʻo ka lethargy a me ka ʻala.
A laila, no kekahi lā 15 mau lā, indigestion, luaʻa a me ka urticaria. Kū mālie ka mahana i ka 39 degere, hoʻomaka e wāwahi i nā ʻōpū, nā lymph node a ulaula.
A laila, ma muli o ka hoʻopōʻino nui i nā mea pili i loko, hiki i ka jaundice ke hōʻailona - kahi hōʻailona e make ana ka leʻa, me ka ʻeha hoʻi i ka umauma.
I loko o ka hana maʻamau o ka opisthorchiasis, hiki paha i ke kanaka ke kānalua i ka manawa i loaʻa ai kahi parasit i mau makahiki, a ʻaʻole e maʻi ʻo ia. Akā i ka manawa o kēia manawa, ʻo nā wīwī mai muksun a i ʻole i nā iʻa gourmet kahi i kēlā me kēia wahi a e hoʻopaʻa i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi:
- Pāʻālua. Hōʻike ka maʻi kuʻi e ka ʻeha ma ka wahi o ke kō, a hōʻemi i ka makemake. Ma hope mai, hepatitis, cirrhosis a ʻoiai ke kanesa e ʻike ʻia.
- Pancreas ʻAʻole ʻike ka ʻeha i kēia hihia ʻaʻole ma ka hypochondrium ʻākau, akā ma ka hema. Eia kekahi, loaʻa nā hōʻeha o ke kāʻei. Hoʻomaka ka Gastritis, a ʻo kahi ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū e wehe.
- CNS. I kēia hihia, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia kekahi pilikia neurological, ʻo ka: ʻeha, ka puʻu ʻana, ke ʻano a me ke kaumaha, nā hana hiamoe.
He meaʻoluʻolu, e maʻalahi ka maʻi o ka maʻi maʻi, pono ʻoe e hana i nā hoʻokolohua no ka opisthorchiasis, he mea lapaʻau a hiki pinepine i ka make. Akā hiki i ka opisthorchiasis hiki ke hāʻawi i ka nui o nā mea leʻaleʻa maikaʻi. No laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mālama ʻana i nā pale e pale ai i ka hiki ʻana o nā hiʻohiʻona o nā helminths he nui i ke kino.
Ke ola a me nā huahana ʻoihana
I ke kauwela mua o ke ola i loko o nā loko, ʻo ke ola o ka peled he 80% o ka nui o nā larvae i kanu ʻia, i ka makahiki lua o 80-90% i nā muliwai, 60% i loko o nā loko o ka nui o nā makahiki kanu i kanu ʻia. A hiki i ka peled i kona mau makahiki he ʻekolu, lohi ka ulu a laila, ʻo ia ke kumu i kahe i nā loko. ʻAʻole like me nā keʻokeʻo ʻē aʻe, ka peled i kūpono i ka pae o ka oxygen i ka wai, ma muli o ia e hoʻomanawanui loa i ka mahana o ka wai ma kahi o 0 tikelē.
ʻO ka uluʻana o kahi pēpē mau makahiki ʻelua i ulu i loko o ka wai i kaupaona ʻia ʻo 350 mau kekona he 15 tausani mau huaʻai, a he 500 mau huaʻai ʻo 200 mau huaʻai i hoʻokahi peled wahine.
ʻO ka huahana o nā iʻa i loko o nā loko pāpū ke wā i ulu pū ai me ke kalaka he 100-120 kilograms i kēlā me he 1 hectare, i loko o nā loko - a hiki i ka 250 kilograms no 1 hekahi. Manaʻo ia e ulu i nā peled i loko o nā loko nui, kahi e loaʻa ai ka nui o nā wahi ma kahi o 100 hec.
Naʻi hoʻolika
E hōʻike aku i ka opisthorchiasis, pono ia e nīnau i ke kauka maʻi maʻi maʻi a ma kekahi o nā hoʻokolohua:
- hōʻike nā hoʻokaʻina koko ʻōlapa e hōʻike i kahi kiʻekiʻe o nā keʻena koko keʻokeʻo a me nā eosinophils, aʻo ka hemoglobin e emi iho,
- e hōʻike i ka nānāʻana fecal i ka loaʻa o nā hua pathogen.
Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ke ola ola o ke palaʻa, pono e hoʻāʻo ʻia nā hoʻokolohua, i ke ala wale nō e hōʻoia ai a haʻalele ʻole i ka maʻi me ka opisthorchiasis me ka hilinaʻi. Hiki i nā ʻano diagnostic hou ke hōʻoia i ka hoʻouka ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka assun immunosorbent e pili ana i ke koko, kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hoʻoholo i ke ʻano o nā antibodies.
Bait
No ka lawaiʻa manuahi, hoʻohana ʻia ka paʻu kūikawā - hoʻoili ʻia ka ʻai a maloʻo paha ka mormysh i loko o ka lua. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā mea hoʻonaninani ma luna, me ka panana wai, a me ka hoʻopulu ʻia. Ma muli o ke ʻano lau ʻole manu, ʻo ia nō hoʻi i ka wai anuanu ka ulu ʻana i ka hopena a me ka huki i ka zooplankton.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pīpī ʻana i ka hau ma kahi kokoke i ka lua me ka hau, ʻoiai ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā peked peled ma nā wahi ʻeleʻele. Inā ʻaʻohe mea kiʻekiʻe o ka puʻu o ka loko, pono pono e ʻike i ka wai hohonu. I kekahi mau wahi, hopu ʻia nā iʻa ma kahi lele e kūlohelohe. Hoʻohana ʻia ia no ka lawaiʻa ʻai ʻana me ka ʻole o ka replanting hou i ke ʻano o nā koko koko.
Nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi
Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻano hoʻohui kemu o nā mea kālai ʻia me kahi ʻike i ʻike ʻia o nā mea i hiki i ke kino no ke kino. Ke hoʻohana pono ʻia, hiki i ka iʻa ke hoʻokō i nā pono maʻamau o ke kino kanaka, i hāʻawi ʻia ka pono kūpono o nā pauku mineral. ^ E Ha yM. Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa i ka mīkini huahana waiwai momona o nā huahana. Inā ʻoe e hōʻino i nā lula o ka hoʻohana ʻana, hiki i ka supersaturation kiko me nā minerale e hiki mai ana, i alakaʻi ʻia ai:
- Kahula.
- Nā Aliʻi.
- Ka-pua.
- He kaumaha ma ka ʻōpū.
- Allergic reaksi (ma ke ano o nā keiki).
No ka hōʻalo ʻana i nā hopena ʻaoʻao, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻokomo i ka papa huahana huahana pinepine ʻole 4 manawa i ka pule. ^ E Ha yM. ʻAʻole kōkua ʻia e hoʻohui i kēlā iʻa i kahi meaʻai i manaʻo ʻia no nā keiki ma lalo o ka makahiki hoʻokahi makahiki. Kūkala nā Nutrist i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia huahana pono a me ka mālama pono, me ka mālama ʻana i nā hopena o ke kino.
ʻO nā kino wai i lawaiʻa ʻia i ka iʻa e hoʻopilikia hou paha. ʻAʻole ia e hāʻawi ʻia i kūʻai aku i nā huahana i hala i ka nānā kino.