I kēia wehewehe ʻana, hōʻike i ka mea kuhiʻo Andrei Atuchin i kahi ʻaina o ka ichthyornis - nā manu manu o mua e noho ana ma ke kahakai, ka mea nona ka ʻāina o kā Volga kūwaho i ka makahiki Cenomania o ka manawa Cretaceous (100–94 miliona mau makahiki i hala). Kūkulu ʻia kēia kūkulu hou ʻana i kahi mea ʻike hou ʻole i hana ʻia e kekahi pūʻulu paleontologists mai Moscow, St. Petersburg a me Saratov. O kahi koina o ka tibia i loaa ma ka aina Saratov i lilo oia i ike mua i ko iththyornis ma Rusia, a he mea hou no ka i loaa aku no ke ao honua holookoa.

ʻO ka tibia Fragmentary o ichthyornis mai ka Volga Cretaceous mai nā kihi ʻokoʻa: A - nānāʻike hope B - cranial C - kūwaho D - caudal, E - pōkole P - kikā. ʻO ke kiʻi mai kahi moʻolelo e N. V. Zelenkov et al., 2017. He manu ka Ichthyornis-like mai ka Late Cretaceous mua (Cenomanian) o ka Lūkini Lūkini.

ʻO kēia ʻimi mākeke o ka iwi he hoʻokahi a me ka hapa kenimika lōʻihi ka mea ʻike maikaʻi ʻo ia ka mea noiʻi a nā mea noiʻi o ka manu e hana pinepine ai. ʻO ka mea pōpilikia, i ka hihia o nā manu, ʻike ʻia ka ʻōpala haki nui loa: nā hoʻokolohua lele i kau ʻia ka nui o nā palena i ke kino kino o nā manu a, inā paha, e hōʻemi loa i ka nui o ka ʻano like. ʻO ia ke kumu, mai nā ʻōpala o nā iwi o ka ʻōpū pale, ʻo ia ke hiki ke hoʻoholo me ka pololei i nā ʻano o nā mea a kēia ʻāpana a me kēlā ʻāpana. Ua loaʻa kēia tibia me ka ichthyornis.

ʻO ke kūkulu hou ʻana o ke ʻano o nā pā o ichthyornis mai ka manawa o Darwin. Nā kaha kiʻi mai ka puke W. J. Miller, 1922. Geology. ʻO ka ʻepekema o ka honua

ʻO Ichthyornis maoli nā fossile maoli, i ʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 19 ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika. ʻO ka mea nui i ka mōʻaukala o ichthyornis i mea nui loa - ua ʻike nui ʻo Darwin iā ia i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā manu toothy a kākau iā ia i kāna mau hoa hana ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻokūkū nui iā ia i ka pololei āpau o kāna ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. ʻO ia nā manu manu ʻona a ʻAmelika ʻAmelika (a ʻaʻole ʻo ka archeopteryx i kēlā me kēia) i manaʻo ai ʻo Darwin i nā ʻano transitile maoli ma waena o nā mea reptile a me nā manu o kēia mau lā. Mai ia manawa mai, ua loaʻa nā ichthyornis i nā helu nui ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Kanada a me Mekiko, akā ʻaʻole loa i ka Honua. Ma mua, ua manaʻo ʻia, he iwi o ka iwi mai Central Asia a me Mongolia e pili ana i ka ichthyornis, akā ʻaʻohe mea i hōʻoia ʻia.

Kahi wahi ʻike hou mai Saratov e hele mai i ka ʻimi i ka makahiki Cenomanian o ka manawa Cretaceous - loaʻa ka ʻike kahiko loa i ka ichthyornis ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika mai ka manawa like. ʻO kēia mea ma hope koke o ko lākou helehelena ʻana, ua pālahalaha loa ka ichthyornis i nā Papa Hemolele ʻĀkau. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia ua loaʻa nā ʻohana kahiko o ka ichthyornis ma ka Honua Mua (ma Kina), kahi e hōʻike nei ʻo kēia mau manu i kekahi wahi ma nā kahakai o nā kai kahiko o Eurasia.

ʻO ka Ichthyornis kahi ʻohana pili pono o nā manu o kēia wā. Ma ka ʻaoʻao holoʻokoʻa, hoʻokahi nō lākou o ke ʻano kino like me nā manu ola, a ma ke ʻano ākea, e hoʻoponopono ʻia ana e nā koho ʻana, ua like lākou me nā gull. Ua ʻike mākou ua ulu wikiwiki lākou, e like me ka nui o nā manu o kēia wā, a hiki i ka nui o ka kino makua i kekahi mau pule. Hōʻike ka ʻili o ka ʻēheu e lele maikaʻi ʻo ia, a ʻo ke ʻano o ka ʻalike hind i hāʻawi aku i ka poʻe iʻa i loko o lākou. E like me nā kai kūʻono kai hou, ua kūkulu maikaʻi ʻia nā kūlohelohe o ichthyornises i mea e nui ai ka paʻakai mai ka kino. I ka manawa hui, ʻo ia ka mea i hiki i ka ichthyornis ke lanakila i nā pā wai nui, a wehewehe kēia i kā lākou ākea ākea ma ka Cretaceous.

ʻO kekahi o nāʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o ichthyornis a me nā manu manu hou he mau niho wale nō - ka hōʻailona koʻikoʻi loa i pā iā Darwin. ʻO ka ulu ʻana o nā niho i nā manu primitive ma muli o ka hoʻolālā maikaʻi ʻole o kā lākou mau iwi. ʻO nā manu o kēia mau lā e hoʻouluulu i nā ʻōpū ʻelua e like me nā tweezers - ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kīhaki ʻūlū loa i ka mea ʻai mai lalo, a me nā pihi ma luna mai luna mai. ʻO kēia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka pulupulu - kahi ʻano kaila o ka iwi i kēlā me kēia, kahi e hiki ai i nā manu ke mālama pono i ka meaʻai i kā lākou mau lāʻau. Ma ka ichthyornis primitive, kahi kinetism, ʻike ʻia, ʻaʻole i ulu ʻia, a no ka mālama pono ʻana i ka pio pono lākou i pono nā niho i loaʻa wale i ko lākou mau kūpuna.

ʻO ka hana hou o ka honua i ka wā Cenomanian. Kūpono mai ka ʻatikala K. J. Lacovara et al., 2003. Na Mokupuni Pōʻalima ʻO Florida.

ʻO ka kenekulia Cenomanian o ka manawa Cretaceous, kahi i loaʻa ai i ka Saratov kahi i puka mai ai, kahi hōʻike nui loa i kahi hana nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka pono o ka honua. ʻO ia kekahi hana o nā hana tectonic koʻikoʻi a me nā ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ke kai. I ka pau ʻana o Cenomanian, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kai he 300 mau kiʻekiʻe ma luna o kēia wā, a ua uhi nā wahi nui o nā ʻāina ma nā kai i pāpaku. I kēia makahiki, ua hana hou ke ʻano o ka hou ʻana o nā kaila o ka moana ma muli o ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ke aniani, kahi i hoʻohuli ai i ka huahana o nā wai. Ua hui pū ʻia kēia hoʻoponopono ʻana me ka hala ʻana o kekahi mau holoholona o ka holoholona a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hui hou.

No laila, ma ka Cenomanian, hoʻemi nui ʻia ka nui o ka lawaiʻa o ichthyosaur, akā ʻike ʻia nā mosasaurs - nā reptile moana ʻē aʻe i noho aliʻi ma ke kai i nā manawa hope loa o ka wā Mesozoic. Ua manaʻo ʻia aia ma ka Cenomanian ka loli ʻano o ka iʻa a ua puka mai ka ʻano nui o ka iʻa bony - nā mākaʻi nui o nā manu fauna hou. Aia ia ma ka Cenomanian kahi iʻa i ka iʻa aine iʻa iʻa - nā ʻohana pili kokoke loa o nā manu o kēia wā. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻohe nui o nā minuke Cenomanian a puni ka honua, ʻike mākou ʻaʻole e like me nā mea like o ka manu o kēia au mea nui. ʻO ia ke kumu i ʻike ʻia ai nā manu Cenomanian, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻōpiha nui ʻana. ʻO ka mea mahalo, ʻo kahi manu manu Cenomanian i hōʻike mua ʻia - ʻO ka cenomanica Cerebavisloaʻa ma Rusia, kokoke loa i kahi kahi i puka mai ai ka ichthyornis hou. Ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo Cerebavis he "lolo fossil" - ʻo ia ka loaʻa maoli o ka ʻeke o ka loko o ka manu o ka manu Mesozoic. ʻO nā mea kākau o ka ho'ākāka, me ka manaʻo e pili pū ana lākou me ka lolo, kūkulu hou i nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe i like ʻole i nā ʻano o nā manu, akā ʻehā nā wāwae ʻehā. ʻAe kēia i hiki iā lākou ke kiʻi i nā ʻōlelo e pili ana i ka neuro-ʻano kūikawā o ka mea nona kēia ʻona, kahi mea like ʻole me nā manu manu o kēia wā.

ʻO kahi Cenomanian kiʻekiʻe kahi kiʻi nui loa e loaʻa mai i ka ʻāina Volga, ʻo ia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka manu fossil. ʻO ke kiʻi mai kahi ʻatikala a E. N. Kurochkin et al., 2005. Ma ka lolo o kahi manu aloha mai ka Cretaceous o ʻEulopa Rūsia.

Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka mālama ʻana ma mua o ka hoʻohālike i hōʻike ʻia ʻaʻole cerebavis ka nui o ka lolo fossil e like me ka haʻalulu ʻana o kahi ʻuā me nā wahi o ka lolo. Hoʻouka ʻia kēia hoʻoponopono ʻana iā mākou e noʻonoʻo i nā hiʻohiʻona i nānā ʻia. Ua ʻike ʻia i mua o mākou i ka ʻūhā o kahi manu o ka helehelena hou, me nā iwi ʻehā, me nā iwi ʻē, e like me nā manu ola. A i loko o ke ʻano o nā pauku o ka lolo e kaohi nei mai lalo aʻe o nā iwi cranial, ʻaʻohe mea maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, aia kēia ʻōpala i ka ichthyornis hoʻokahi, kahi ʻāpana o ka iwi limu i loaʻa i kēia manawa i kahi wahi kokoke.

Hōʻike ʻia o Ichthyornis

ʻO Ichthyornis, ʻaʻole e like me kona mau hoahānau pili pono loa i ka archeopteryx a me diatrim, ua nānā hou aku me he manu. ʻAʻohe ia i nele i ka nui o ka vertebrae o ka wahi caudal, a nalowale nā ​​ʻēheu i nā ʻāpana. Eia nō hoʻi, ke hōʻike pono nei ke ʻano o nā iwi o ka ʻāina thoracic, ua loaʻa iā ichthyornis kekahi mea e like me ke keel, a ʻo nā iwi hoʻi i nā ana i piha i ka lewa, e maʻalahi ai ka holo ʻana o ka lewa. ʻO ia ka neoplasm - keel - ua paʻa nā ʻōpū pectoral i nā mākeke i ka wā o ka lele.
ʻO ka nui, ka ichthyornis kahiko o ka nui o ka manu nunu, ʻaʻole kēia ma mua o 35 cm, akā hiki ke kiʻekiʻe i kona kiʻekiʻe 60 cm.

ʻO Ichthyornis, a iʻa manu

Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i nā ʻano moana like ʻole, aia i kahi hōʻailona hoʻokahi i ʻoi aku ke ʻano o ka poʻe kūpuna o nā reptile - ka hele ʻana o nā niho he nui, ʻo ia hoʻi, akā, ʻo nā loli a pau, i noho mau ai ka ichthyornis. ʻAʻole naʻe ʻo ia o kāna mau niho i ka puʻu maʻamau e like me nā ʻohana, akā ua loaʻa iā ia kahi alveoli.

ʻO kahi noho maʻamau ʻo Ichthyornis

Ua noi aku nā kānaka noiʻi ma muli o ke ʻano like o ke ʻano o ke kai a me kēia ʻano, i alakaʻi ai ʻo ichthyornis i kahi ʻano like like.

Mahalo i ka hiʻohiʻona o nā keel a me nā mākeke holomua, ua lele maikaʻi loa ka ichthyornis. Ma ka manawa like, ʻo ke kumu o ka meaʻai o kēia mau mea i ka manawaleʻa wale nō iʻa. A mai ia manawa ua uhi ʻia ka hapa nui o ka ʻĀpana o ʻAmelika i nā ʻano wai like ʻole, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia no ka nele o ka ichthyornis.
Ma muli o ka nui o ke kuʻi o ka ichthyornis e kūlou ana i hope, hiki iā ia ke hopu i nā iʻa i ke kī o ka iʻa i ka wā o ka lele.

Hiki i kēia mau manu kahiko ke lele lele a ʻauʻau ma lalo o ka wai

ʻ suggestlelo nā ʻepekema ʻepekema i ʻō kēia manu manu i loko o nā holoholona nui, e like me nā mea e like me nā mea e pili ana i ka moana o ka Arctic a me Antarctic i kēia lā. Eia kekahi, he ʻokoʻa ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o nā mea i loaʻa i loko o nā ʻano like ʻole e hōʻike ana i nā manu o nā iʻa i loaʻa i ka dimorphism moe, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne, a i ʻole kekahi.

A mākia nā wāwae paʻa iā lākou e holo maikaʻi

Ma ka hopena o ka Cretaceous, ua make loa ka manu toothy ichthyornis ma luna o kā mākou honua. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā o kona ola ʻana, ua hoʻokō ʻelua mau genera i loko o ke kauoha ichthyorniformes, ua komo pū he 9 mau ʻano o kēia mau manu kahiko.

Inā loaʻa ʻoe i kahi hala, e koho i kahi ʻāpana a me ka paʻi Ctrl + Kākau.

E nānā i nā mea ichthyornis i nā ʻatikala ʻē aʻe.

IHTIORNIS - he manu paʻa. ʻO ka nui o kahi kukupa. Noho ʻo Ichthyornis i ka manawa Cretaceous ma ke Komohana. ʻAmelika. Well flown ... Papa kiʻi nui Encyclopedic

ichthyornis - huaʻōlelo, helu o nā ʻenehana: 1 • manu (723) kahi ʻ .lelo Pelekikena ASIS. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... ʻ Dictionarylelo Pelekane

ichthyornis - (ichthyos. gr. ornis bird) manu o ka wā Cretaceous (ʻike i ka Mesozoic), kahi i kapa ʻia ma muli o ka like ʻana o ka biconcave vertebrae me nā iʻa, ua loaʻa ma Sev. ʻAmelika. ʻ dictionarylelo hou o nā ʻōlelo haole. na EdwART,, 2009. Ichthyornis A., M., Odush. (... Kumuhana o nā ʻōlelo haole o ka ʻōlelo Lūkini

IHTIORNIS - he manu paʻa. ʻO ka nui o kahi kukupa. Noho ʻo ia ma ka manawa Cretaceous ma ke ʻĀkau. ʻAmelika. Ua lele maikaʻi ʻo ia ... ʻO kaʻepekema kūlohelohe. ʻ .lelo Pelekane

ichthyornis - Ihti Ornis, a ... Papa Kuhina Kūlana Lūkia

ichthyornis - (2 m), plural ichthio / rnis, R. ichthio / rnis ... 'ōlelo waha o ka' ōlelo Lūkia

ichthyornis - (gr. Ichtyos, omis bird) zool. ua haʻahaʻi ka manu mai ke koena o ka lā ma Kansas, GARDEN ... Makedoni komohana

Ichthyorniform -? † Ichthyorniform ... Wikipedia

ʻEthlelo - ka puka i ka iwi i loko o ka lua waha i ka poʻe a me nā holoholona vertebral maxillary (ma kekahi mau iʻa i ka ʻāʻī), hana i nā hana o ka hopu ʻana, mālama i ka ʻai, a me nā mea ʻimi pono ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia.

NA PAAKOA - (Aves) he papa vertebrate e hui pū ai i nā holoholona i ʻokoʻa i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe i mua o nā pale hulu. Kahi ʻia nā manu ma ka honua, ʻokoʻa ʻē, lehulehu a maʻalahi hoʻi no ka nānā. Kēia ... ... Collier Encyclopedia

ʻO keʻano o ka hua'ōlelo ichthyornis He aha ka ichthyornis?

He manu ʻokoʻa ka IHTIORNIS. ʻO ka nui o kahi kukupa. Noho ʻo Ichthyornis i ka manawa Cretaceous ma ke Komohana. ʻAmelika. Ua lele pono aku ʻo ia.

Halepule Papakaumaha Nui

ʻO Ichthyornithes (Ichthyornithes), kahi pūpau piha o nā manu faned. Unahi kauoha - Ichthyornithiformes (Ichthyornithiformes). ʻAʻole maopopo ka wahi i kahi o ka ʻōnaehana. Ua ʻike ʻia lākou mai ka Upper Cretaceous (Kansas, Texas a me Wyoming, USA, i Rusia - Uzbekistan).

Ichthyornits (Ichthyornithes), he kīpī o nā manu toothy mau. Ua maʻamau lākou ma ka Cretaceous. 2 genera, ʻike ʻia mai ʻAmelika Hema. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kino a hiki i ka 1 m.

Ichthyorniformes (lat. Ichthyornithiformes mai nā ʻ Greeklelo Helene ἰχθύς (ichthys) - "iʻa" + ὄρνις (ornis) - "manu") - he ʻoki o nā manu kūloe manuahi, ʻo ia wale nō ma ke ʻano o ichthyornis (Ichthyornithes).